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Transcript of Korean Architecture
7/16/2019 Korean Architecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/korean-architecture 1/101
bardelosa . conde . de leon . espiritu . parungao . razon . santos f . tolores . urquiola
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Korea is an East Asian
geographic region that is
currently divided into two
separate sovereign states—
North Korea and South
Korea. Located on
the Korean Peninsula,
Korea is bordered by the
People’s Republic of
China to the
northwest, Russia to the
northeast, and is separatedfrom Japan to the east by
the Korea Strait and
the Sea of Japan and
separated from
the Taiwan to the south by
the East China Sea.
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Archaeological and
linguistic evidence suggest
the origins of the Korean
People might havebeen Altaic Language-
speaking people from
south-central Siberia, who
populated ancient Korean
successive waves from
the Neolithic age to theBronze Age. The adoption
of the Chinese writing
system (“HANJA" in
Korean) in the 2nd century
BC, and Buddhism in the
4th century AD, had
profound effects on
the Three kingdoms of
Korea.
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Korea was united byEmperor Taejo of the Goryeo Dynasty in
936. Goryeo was a highlycultural state and createdthe Jikji in the 14thcentury, using the world'sfirst movable metal typeprinting press. The
Mongol invasions in the13th century, however,greatly weakened thenation which was forcedto become a tributarystate. After the Mongol’sEmpire collapse, severe
political strife followedand Goryeo was replacedby the Joseon Dynasty in1388.
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The first 200 years of Joseon were
marked by relative peace and saw
the creation of the Korean
alphabet HANGUL by King Sejong
the Great in the 14th century andthe rise in influence
of Confucianism in the country.
During the latter part of the
dynasty, however, Korea's
isolationist policy earned it the
Western nickname the “Hermit
Kingdom". By the late 19th
century, the country became the
object of the colonial designs
of Japan. In 1910, Korea was
annexed by Japan and remained
so until the end of World War II in
August 1945.
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• In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japaneseforces in Korea and Soviet troops occupied north of the 38th parallel while U.S. troops
took surrender south of it. This decision by allied armies soon became the basis for
the division of Korea by the two superpowers exacerbated by their inability to agree
on the terms of Korean independence. The two Cold War rivals then established
governments sympathetic to their own ideologies, leading to Korea's current division
into two political entities: North Korea and South Korea. The ensuing conflict betweenthe two was largely a proxy war.
• North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a single-party
state with a centrally planned industrial economy. South Korea, officially the Republic
of Korea, is a free market, democratic and developed country with membership in the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of
Twenty.
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Korean architecture, the built
structures of Korea and their
context. Like the other arts of
Korea, architecture is
characterized by naturalistic
tendencies, simplicity,economy of shape, and the
avoidance of extremes. What
was a sharply curving Chinese
roof was modified in Korea
into a gently sloping roof.
Sharp angles, strong lines,steep planes, and garish
colours are all avoided. It
typically exhibits a quiet
inner harmony.
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Ancient Architecture
Three Kingdom Period
United (Unified ) Silla Architecture
Goryeo Architecture
Choson Architecture
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Neolithic remains are relatively
abundant in Korea and some
remains can be traced back to the
fifth millennium B, C. according to
archaeological verification. Korean
neolithic culture is classified into
two different kinds in terms of the
potteries which are found with
artifacts at remain sites. The early
culture is characterized by the
comb-pattem pottery and then the
later culture is by the burrlished
plain pottery with bronze making
techniques which started around
the seventh century B. C.
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The evidence of ONDOL:, the unique Korean floor panel
heating system, was found at the remains of the burnished
plain pottery culture and the development of the vertical
wall was evident in the primitive houses of this culture.
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Dolmens, which were primitive
tombs of important persons,have been found all over the
Korean peninsula. There are two
types of dolmens: the southern
type, which is rather low, often a
simple slab without supporting
stones; and the southern type,which is larger and more definite
in shape. The distribution of the
dolmens would imply some
relation to the megalithic
cultures of the Western world. In
the development of Koreanarchitecture
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it can be said that the building technique of houses evolved from a pit dwelling to
that of a earthen wall with thatched roof, and finally, to a raised floor construction
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The Three Kingdoms of
Korea refer to the
ancient Korea kingdoms
of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla,
which dominated the Korean
paeninsula and parts
of Manchuria for much of the Ist
millenium. The Three Kingdoms
period ran from 57 AD until Silla's
triumph over Goguryeo in
668, which marked the beginningof the North and South states
period (남북국시대) of Unified
silla in the South and Balhae in
the North.
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Three kingdom period were
renowned for its mountainfortresses built horizontally and
vertically along the incline of
slopes.
Ruins of Hwando Mountain Fortress, a major
Goguryeo fortification
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Goguryeo architecture show
vigor, boldness and rusticity,with a hint of nomadic quality.
Tomb of the general, presumed to be tomb of
great goguryeon king – northeastern korea
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The plans of Buddhist temples were
characterized by one centrally located
pagoda, entrance gate, main hall,
lecture hall and rectangular cloister
enclosure, all were arranged in a
symmetrical layout along the north-
south axis.
Chongnim Temple Pagoda, one of the oldest
surviving pagodas in Korea. Baekje period,
Buyeo, South Korea.
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Baekje Architecture
had a touch of elegance, refinement
and warmth
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Silla architecture was well
developed in the Kingdom
and was evident in the
remains of Hwangnyong
Temple, built in the sixth
century as the nationaltemple. It was constructed in
a curious manner using
stone cut into the shape of
bricks and hence it was
named "Mock-brick pagoda.
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Silla architecture was apparently much more
conservative than the other two kingdoms,
and preserved its customs, ideas and cultural
identity longer than the others.
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Architecture flourished in the
royal capital of Gyeongju,
though almost all traces of
the former glory havevanished at the present time.
The city with nearly a million
inhabitants at her peak was
strategically located at the
junction of two rivers and
three mountains encircling a
fertile basin of about five by
seven miles in area.
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Buddhist temples were characterized
by two pagodas in front of the
central main hall in a symrnetrical
layout on the north-south axis with
other buildings. The stone work of
the two story platform exhibits a
superb sense of architectural
organization and advanced building
methods. Two stone pagodas stand
in front of the main hall of the
temple. The simpler Sokka-toplocated to the left of the court
represents Buddha's manifestation in
a transcendent calm. It has three
stories with two pedestal layers and
a total height reaching about twenty-
five feet. The pagoda consists of simple undecorated pedestal slabs
and three story stupa each of which
has five stepped eaves and truncated
roofs. These characteristics
constitute a typical form of the
Korean stone pagodas
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The design motif of the lotus
flower is apparent in
mouldings and other details
of the pagoda.
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Intercolumnar bracket
system were adopted to
make buildings more
stable.
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The Joseon Dynasty was founded by anambitious general, Yi-Songge, in 1392, and
continued until 1910, The history of Choson
architecture would be described in three
periods of the early, the middle, and the late
period, in accordance with the cultural and
architectural development.
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The architecture developed as a
succession from the cultural
inheritance of the previous dynastywith the new political guiding
principles of Confucianism, that
took the place of Buddhism.
Through the influence of
Confucianism, a refined aristocratic
taste of the previous era was
replaced by the characteristics of
unsophisticated, simple and
humble beauty with the qualities of
commonness and steadiness. The
intercolumnar bracket set system
was used in building the most
important edifice on the premises.
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HANOK. is a term to
describe Koreantraditional houses.
Korean architecture
lends consideration to
the positioning of the
house in relation to its
surroundings, withthought given to the
land and seasons.
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GIWAJIP. (houses with
tiled roofs) Hanokoccupied by the nobility
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CHOGAJIP. (houses with
straw-thatched roofs)
Hanok inhabited by the
peasantry.
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MARU. The wooden floor
was made to store grains
and link rooms. It was also
used as a place of sacrificial
ancestral worship. To avoid
the humidity and heat
during the summer, the
wooden floor is made so it
doesnt touch the ground. Soit helps ventilation in the
house. It is not known
exactly why and how the
"maru" came to be, but
scholars say it was to
prevent the heat in southernareas of Korea. Its key use
was to help ventilate the
house.
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ONDOL. Made by putting
mud over under-floor
heating stones, "ondol" is a
main feature of traditional
Korean houses. If lighted on
the morning and evening, itwitheld a pleasant l5 degree
Celcius. This shows that the
"ondol" system is quite
based on scientific terms.
These days steam heating is
used more than 'ondol'.
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GIWA. If you look closely at Korea's
roofs, you'll see the no roofs are flat.
Almost all are in shapes of curved lines
and surfaces. The curves of the roof shows the originality of Korean
architecture. It is not known when tiles
were first used. Before using tiles (giwa)
people had used plates of wood and
bark but most were covered with
bundles of grass. The tiles were made sothe roofs could be slanted and was
useless in making flat roofs. If the angle
of the roof was exact, it was easier to
drain away rain water. The size and
shape of the tiles affected the angle of
the roof and the angle is determined bythe weather conditions of a certain
region.The giwas or tiles, were made of
clay from the rice paddy fields. Different
shapes and sizes were used for each
different places of the roof.
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HANJI. (traditional
Korean paper made from
bark of mulberry tree) is
pasted on the wooden
window frames and
doorframes.
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A Jjimjilbang (찜질방) is
a large, gender-
segregated publicbathhouse in Korea.
Jjimjil is derived from
the words
meaning heated bath.
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MUNGAN CHAE.Traditional Korean
entrance gate
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PAGODA. Generic termfor their place of
worship
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KKOTDAM. Koreantraditional fence or gate,
designed with flowers
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MUNSAL. Traditional
Korean woodframe
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YONGMARU. Ridge of the roof that separates
its left and right parts
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CHEOMA (eaves). Partof the roof protruding
outside.
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CHEOMAKKEUT. Edge of the eaves slightly angled
up, like a bird’s wing
ready to take off.
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MADANG. A place or
area inside hanok forsocializing. Commonly
an inner courtyard with
landscaping.
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DAEMOKJANG. traditional
wooden architecture
specifically to the
woodworkers who employthe traditional carpentry
techniques. The activities of
these practitioners also
extend to the maintenance,
repair and
reconstruction of historicbuildings, ranging from
traditional Korean
houses to monumental
wooden palaces and
temples. Structures are
smooth, simple and
unadorned --
distinctive features of
traditional Korean
architecture.
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SARANGBANG. Male
quarters inside a hanok
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ANBANG. female
quarters inside a hanok
TYPICAL HANOK FLOOR PLAN
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TYPICAL HANOK FLOOR PLAN
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TYPICAL HANOK SECTION
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Korean lattice patterns, in most cases, are
named after things they resemble: ttisal-
mun is literally the belted grid and the up-right
diagonal floral design; and their unlimited
variations and combinations.
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The t'aeguk pattern is the central component in
the Korean national flag. It is also often seen on
residential and temple gates, memorial red arches
at royal tombs and shrines, the gates of Confucian
academies and schools, and the lattice doors of
Buddhist lecture halls, as well as on handicrafts.
The basic characteristics of the t'aeguk pattern
are the red comma shape, the male element, and
beneath it the blue comma shape, the female
element, both of which interlock in a circle toexpress infinite movement. As mentioned
above, t'aeguk is a symbol incorporating cosmic
dual entities-that is, heaven and earth, the
positive and the negative, and the male and the
female. It is the Great Ultimate, the law of cause
and effect, where things begin and end. Thesedual forces of the cosmos, it was believed, were
the fountains of human life. As it circles endlessly,
thet'aeguk was an image of immortality as well.
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Generally speaking Tanch'long connotes the patterns painted on the exposed frames
of the eaves or doors of traditional wooden buildings and is also used on wooden
sculptures and handicrafts. Tanch‘long was used not only for decorative purposes but
also for preservation, by concealing flaws of exposed naked wooden frames. It waswidely used as a decorative motif in palatial and temple buildings. Lotus,
pomegranate, and other floral designs form the major tanch' long patterns in the
extant royal palaces and temples.
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Red-crested White Crane: Spiritual, Longevity
Although a fairly common bird, people considered white cranes as holy and
spiritual. An old document (sanghak kyonggi ) described cranes as follows:
"Feathers are snow white but it could not be tainted with even mud. Males and
females meet in 160 years, and as soon as they look into each other's eyes, they
create a baby. They just drink for 1600 years but not eat. It is a king of birds and a
wizard-like unworldly man rides on it."
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Dragon
The dragon signifies the virtue of the emperor
and the authority of heaven. Dragon patterns
extensively decorated the clothing andbuildings of the king.
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Roof end tile shaped like an owl's tail, chimi in
Korean.
Details of wooden construction reconstructed
from archaeological remains recoved from a
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from archaeological remains recoved from a
dredging of Anapji pond. Gyeongju National
Museum.
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Roof end tile detail
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FLORAL MOTIF
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Danch'eong: Enlightenment
One of the most recognizable arts of Korean
Buddhism, the brightly colored patterns of
danch'eong adorn the ceilings, eaves,
support pillars, and walls of temple
buildings. The combination of certain colors
(blue, red, yellow, white, and black, based
on the Dual Principle and the Five Elements
of Eastern philosophy) symbolized the bright
enlightenment of the next world. Round
patterns meant people's lives are supposed
to transmigrate: when someone reaches
Nirvana, he or she can obtain the wisdom of Buddha.
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Bat: Good Luck
The Chinese ideogram for bat is pronounced the same as the ideogram
for good fortune (pok in Korean). This led to bat images being
embroidered on pillow ends and incorporated into furniture designs
and fittings as a symbol of good fortune. As bats were supposed to live
1000 years, their image was also used as a symbol of longevity. A design
of 5 bats, called Obok (5 blessings), represents the five fortunes:
longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue, and natural death.
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Temples Houses (Hanok) Palaces
Tombs Gateways /
Arches
Fortresses
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Pulguksa Temple, South
Korea
The Pulguksa Temple, dating
from AD 751, is one of the
most ornate Buddhist
temples in South Korea. Thestairways leading to the
temple entrances are
symbolic of the Buddhist
journey toward spiritual
enlightenment. They were
constructed without mortarby placing cut stones in
perfect arrangement
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The east pagoda of temple
Miruksa. Restored at 1993.
미륵사 (Iksan City North jeolla
province,KOREA,2001)본일촬영
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Bunhwangsa (literally
"Fragrant Emperor Temple")
is a temple complex from the
Old Silla era of Korea. It islocated in Gyeongju. The
temple is recorded to have
been built in 634 under the
auspices of Queen
Seondok. Today the temple is
still used by a small group of worshipers but in its heyday,
the temple covered several
acres and was one of the four
main temples of the Silla
Kingdom used by the state to
ask the Buddha to bless thekingdom.
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Hwangnyongsa was built during
the Silla period, under the
patronage of the Silla royal family,
on a plain encircled by mountains
near the royal palace compound
of Banwolseong (Half-Moon Palace).
Construction began in 553 under
the reign of king jinheung, and wasnot fully completed until 644. King
Jinheung originally intended for the
temple to be the site of a new
palace but when a dragon was seen
on the proposed site, a temple was
commissioned instead.
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Geumsansa (literally "Golden Mountain Temple") is a head temple of the Jogye
Order of Korean Buddhism. It stands on the slopes of Moaksan in Gimje City,
Jeollabukdo, South Korea.
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Wongudan Altar, located
in Jung gu, Seoul SouthKorea was built in 1897 to
serve as a site for the
performance of the rite of
Heaven. The site was also
known by other names,
suchas Hwangudan (환구단,
圜丘壇), Jecheondan (제
천단,祭天壇)
and Wondan (원단,圜壇)
Wongudan was
designated South Korea'sHistoric Site No. 157 on
July 15, 1967.
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Songgwangsa (Korean:
송광사 /松廣寺;
translation: Spreading
Pine Temple;
alternates: Songgwang-
sa, or Songgwang Sa,
or Songkwangsa; also
known as: PineyExpanse Monastery;
originally: Gilsangsa),
one of the three jewels
of Korean Buddhism, is
located in Jeollanam-
do[
on theKoreanPeninsula.
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Bukchon Hanok Village isa Korean traditional
village with a long history
located
between Gyeongbok
Palace, Changdeok
Palace and Jongmyo RoyalShrine. The traditional
village is composed of lots
of alleys and is preserved
to show a 600-year-old
urban environment. Now it
is used as a traditionalculture center
and hanok restaurant,
allowing visitors to
experience the
atmosphere of the Joseon
Dynasty.
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HAKINDONG HANOK, Seoul South Korea
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Gyeongbokgung, also known
as Gyeongbokgung
Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, is a
royal palace located in
northern Seoul, South Korea. First
constructed in 1394 andreconstructed in 1867, it was the
main and largest palace of the Five
Grand Palaces built by the Joseon
Dynasty. The name of the
palace , translates in English as
"Palace of Shining Happiness.". As of 2009, roughly 40 percent of
the original number of palace
buildings still stand or are
reconstructed.
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Cheomseongdae is an astronomicalobservatory in Gyeongju, South Korea.
Cheomseongdae means star-gazing
tower in Korean. Cheomseongdae is the
oldest surviving observatory in East Asia,
and one of the oldest scientific
installations on Earth. It dates to the 7th
century to the time of kingdom of Silla,
which had its capital in Gyeongju.
Cheomseongdae was designated as the
country's 31st national treasure on
December 20, 1962.
Changdeokgung, also
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known
as Changdeokgung
Palace or Changdeok
Palace, is set within a
large park in Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
It is one of the "Five
Grand Palaces" built by
the kings of the Joseon
Dynasty. Because of its
location east
of Gyeongbok Palace,
Changdeokgung,
withChanggyeonggung,
is also referred to as the
"East Palace" (동궐,
東闕, Donggwol ). The
literal meaning of
Changdeokgung
(창덕궁,昌德宮) is
"Palace of Prospering
Virtue"
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Changgyeong Palace is a palace located in Seoul, South Korea.
Originally the Summer Palace of the Goryeo Emperor, it later
became one of the Five Grand Palaces of the Joseon Dynasty.
Deoksu-gung Palace, South
Korea
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Korea
Deoksu-gung is a walled
compound of several royal
palaces. The buildings vary from
traditional appearance andwood-and-stucco construction to
western style. The main property
was not originally a palace, but
rather the residence of a prince;
it enjoyed a promotion when the
actual palaces were burned inthe Japanese invasion of 1592.
By 1618 the main palace had
been rebuilt, and Deoksu-gung
was used as an "auxiliary palace"
for another 270 years. Of the
original buildings, two thirdswere destroyed by the Japanese
during their occupation in the
early 1900s. The Deoksu-gung
complex also has forested
gardens and an art museum that
are open to the public.
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Gyeongju Area, South Korea
The area around Gyeongju is aUNESCO World Heritage site.
Architectural evidence reaches
back to the Silla kingdom of the
mid-seventh century, and
pyramidal tombs from that area --
consisting of a rock chamber inthe heart of an earthen
superstructure -- are to be found
in the center of the modern city.
The land around Namsan
Mountain is particularly rich with
relics, where mural and sculpture
art decorate ancient palaces from
as early as the seventh century.
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The Tomb of the
General (Korean: Janggun-
chong, Hangul: 장굮총, Hanja:
將軍塚, Chinese: Jiangjun-
zhong), also known as
the Pyramid of the East, isthought to be the burial tomb
of King Gwanggaeto or his
son King Jangsu, both kings of
the Korean
kingdom of Goguryeo.
The pyramid is located in ji’an Jilin province China, a former
capital of Goguryeo. The
pyramid was "rediscovered" in
1905.
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View from below toward part of the Bihwa
Gaya royal tomb complex in Changnyeong,
Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Note the
doorway leading into one of the tombs.
Seolleung & Jeongneung Tombs (built from 1494-1544)
The Seolleung and Jeongneung tombs are the burial grounds of two Joseon kings and one
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The Seolleung and Jeongneung tombs are the burial grounds of two Joseon kings and one
Joseon queen. The westernmost tomb (at far left on the map) belongs to King Seongjong (r.
1469-94), the ninth king of the Joseon dynasty. His first wife, Queen Han, died at age 18 and is
buried near Munsan, north of Seoul. Another wife, Queen Yun, is buried here because she gave
birth the the king's second son (the future King Jungjong) in 1506. Queen Yun outlived herhusband by 35 years and was buried in a splendid tomb to the east of her husband (image 5).
Her grave has a stone fence encircling the mound, whereas her husband's tomb, on the left, has
a retaining wall as well. Statues of civilian and military officials and their horses stand at
attention in front of the graves. South of the tombs is a single T-shaped shrine of the type
commonly found at Joseon-era royal tombs. There are also several ancillary buildings for storing
material used in sacrifices.
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Tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo, Korea
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Tumuli Park or called Daeneungwon in Korean (literally "Garden of Great Tombs") at
Hwangnam-dong, Gyeongju is the largest tomb complex in Korea including 23 Silla
tombs in total. It contains Cheonmachong ("Tomb of the Heavenly Horse"), Hwangnam
daechong, King Michu's tomb and others.
5th century tombs of rulers of an ancient Korean (Koguryŏ) kingdom that lasted from
about 37 AD until the 600s when it was overthrown by the Tang Dynasty
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about 37 AD until the 600s when it was overthrown by the Tang Dynasty.
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The Independence Gate
(독립문) is one of those
gates that fall into this
category. The Independence
Gate is located in Seoul(서울). It commemorates
Korea’s independence from
China as a sovereign nation.
The Indpendence Gate is
made of granite and was
inspired by the Arc deTriomphe in Paris. It was
built in 1897 and to this day
it is a proud reminder of
Korea’s autonomy from
other nations.
Gwanghwamun (광화문) is
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the largest gate of
Gyeongbokgung Palace
(경복궁). The Gate was
partially destroyed and
removed from its original
location by two Japanese
invasions, but it was
repaired in August of last
year. The Gate is now made
of wood, which has to be
maintained on a regular
basis. The Gwanghwamun
symbolizes one of the major
eras of Korean history,
which is the Joseon Era
(조선시대). TheGwanghwamun Gate is
located in Seoul and is there
to serve as a reminder of
Korea’s long history.
South Gate of Hwaseong Fortress. It is called Paldalmun (팔달문). The
Paldalmun lies in the city of Suwon (수원). It’s located in the center of a busy
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Paldalmun lies in the city of Suwon (수원). It s located in the center of a busy
road, so it’s very visible to passing cars. The South Gate also contains a bell that
is decorated with a dragon’s tail and lotus flower. The inscription on the bell is
in Sanskrit, which indicates that the bell may have been used in Buddhist
ceremonies of the past.
Sungnyemun (숭례문) is
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Sungnyemun (숭례문) is
also popularly known as
Namdaemun (남대문) In
2008, the Gate was
destroyed by an arsonist,but a newly repaired
version of the Gate is
scheduled to be revealed
sometime next year. The
picture on the left is a
picture of Namdaemunbefore it was destroyed by
fire. The reason why there
are two names for this
Gate is because
Sungnyemun is the official
Korean name for the Gate,but when Japanese
soldiers invaded the area,
they renamed it to
Namdaemun.
Potong Gate sits at the intersection of Mansudae and Chollima Street. It was originallyconstructed in the Goguryeo period as the west gate of Pyongyang's chief fortress. It was
reconstructed in 1473 and renovated several times thereafter Unfortunately the historic
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reconstructed in 1473 and renovated several times thereafter. Unfortunately, the historic
gate was destroyed in the Korean war. The rebuilt gate sits about 55 meters from its
original location in order to stand at the intersection of the streets.
Heunginjimun (흥인지문), which is also referred to as Dongdaemun (동대문).
Heungjinjimun means “Gate of Rising Benevolence” which the name Dongdaemun
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Heungjinjimun means Gate of Rising Benevolence which the name Dongdaemun
means “East Gate”. The name ‘East Gate’ refers to the fact that the Gate used to
surround the eastern side of Seoul when it was first built. The Heungjinjimun is a
major tourist attraction in Seoul because it is a famous landmark in Korea.
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Taedong Gate
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Ruins of
Hwando
Mountain
Fortress, a
major Goguryeo
fortification,
Ji'an, China. A
UNESCO World
Heritage Site
dated to circa
fifthy century.
Haemieupseong – HEIMI
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p g
FORTRESS
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Hwa Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Notrh Gate of the Dongnae Eupseong fortresssite
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Choksuk pavilion, Jinju fortress wall.
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After the Surrender of Japan in 1945, American architecture assumed supremacy.
Under Douglas MacArthur, who set Korean domestic and political policy from the Supreme
Command of the Allied Powers headquarters in Tokyo. Korean architecture by Koreans began
once again in domestic areas, with extensive repair of the missionary churches being given
priority funding. Essential repair to infrastructure followed, more patch-work than new
projects, and block-built hospitals, schools, industries began simple construction undermilitary supervision.
Seoul had survived much of World War II but during the Korean War (1950 –1953), many
buildings were destroyed, with the city changing command between North Korean and South
Korean powers five times. Street-to-street fighting and artillery barrages levelled much of the
city, as well as the bridges over the Han River. Important architectural sites were over-run
and burnt by invading armies, looting was extensive, and the urban landscape suffered withlittle money for repairs.
With the armistice, and distinct architectural styles determined by foreign governments
began a long period of development.
In the north, Stalinist and
b l ti t ft b t li t
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absolutist, often brutalist
architecture, was championed.
North Korean architects studied
in Moscow or Soviet satellites, and
brought back socialist worker styles
and huge celebratory people's
architecture on a grand and
massively impressive
scale. Nomenclatura lived in Soviet-
style apartment blocks, farmers andrural workers lived in traditional
houses as they always had;
urbanization did not occur. Grand
buildings and huge public squares
were developed in Pyongyang as
architectural showpieces. Formalprocessional landscapes
accompanied these sites. Nearly all
architecture was government
sponsored, and maintained great
homogeneity of function and style.Ryugyong Hotel - Pyongyang, North Korea
Seongnam City Hall
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In the south, American models defined all new Korean buildings of any importance, with
domestic architecture both civil and rural keeping to traditional buildings, building techniques,
and using local materials, and local vernacular styles. The pragmatic need to rebuild a country
devastated by genocide, then a civil war, led to ad hoc buildings with no particular styles,
extended repeatedly, and a factory system of simple cheap expendable buildings. As few Korean
cities had a grid-system, and were often given limits by mountains, few if any urban landscapeshad a sense of distinction; by the mid-1950s, rural areas were underfunded, urban areas
overfilled, and urban sprawl began with little money to build distinctive important buildings.
Buildings tended to be built quickly with little regard for local identity. traditional hanok villages
were razed, hundreds of simple cheap apartments were put up very fast, and bedroom
communities on the periphery of the urban centres grew, built and financed as company
housing.
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The Juche Tower (officially the Tower
of the Juche Idea) is a monument
in Pyongyang, North Korea. The tower
is named after the principle of Juche,
developed by Kim Il Sung as a blend
of autarky, self-
reliance, nationalism, isolationism,
Korean traditionalism, and Marxism-
Leninism.
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Trade Tower, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim Swoo Geun (February 20, 1931 – June 14,1986) was a prominent South Korean
architect,educator, publisher and patron of
artists. Along with architect Kim Joong Up (김중
업), he is recognised as a significant contributor
in the history of Korean architecture. With his
support for diverse art genres of Korean culture,he was referred to as Lorenzo de Medici of
Seoul by TIME in 1977. Kim designed over 200
projects inside and outside of South Korea during
his lifetime. His representative works include
"SPACE Group building" (공간 사옥, 1978),
"Masan Yangdeok Catholic Church" (마산양덕성당 1979), "Jinju National Museum" (진주국립박
물관 1986) and "Olympic Main Stadium" (올림픽
경기장 1987), which feature his characteristic
view of architecture as well as Korean traditional
elements
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Architect HyoMan Kim is the principal of IROJE KHM Architects. He was born in Seoul in
1955. He is many kinds of award-winning architect in Seoul, Korea.
Kim Won (金 洹) Born in 1943, the architect,
Seoul Korea Institute of Construction
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Seoul, Korea Institute of Construction
Engineering, Architectural Institute of
gimsugeun classes at me, and the Netherlands
bawoosenteurum Diploma from the
International Graduate Program (Diploma,
International Post Graduate Course for Housing
& Planning, Bowcentrum, Rotterdam , the
Netherlands) said.
Current Construction Environment Research
'square', and book publishing 'square'representatives, Korea Institute of Architects
Honorary Director, Honorary President of
Korea Association of Interior Architects,
gimsugeun Cultural Foundation Chairman and
Chairman of R & D, Seoul Architecture School,
Konkuk University, Graduate School of Architecture is an adjunct professor.
Cathedral of major works by Han, Myeong
ssaengppol Monastery, the National Bureau
villain, a unified Institute, Seoul,
comprehensive studios, include Gwangju
Catholic University.
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Steven Phillip Song is a Korean-American
architect and writer on architecture.
Song, a founding partner of the think tank
team VIUM, first came to recognition
through collaborations with his mentors,
the architects and theoreticians Robert
Venturi and Denise Scott Brown.
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Kim Joong-eop (1922 – 1988) was a
prominent Korean architect and educator. He
was born inPyongyang as the second son of his
father, Kim Yeong-pil (金永弼) and his mother,
Yi Yeong-ja (李英子). He spent his childhood in
various places such as Gangdong, Junghwa,
Seongcheon and others due to his father's job
as the country headman of the places. Kim was
awarded the 1962 Cultural Award from Seoul
Metropolitan Government in
1962, Chevalier from the France government in
1965, Order of Industrial Service Merit from
the South Korea government in 1985