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Korea : Recent Projects in Nuclear, Particle and Astrophysics Sun Kee Kim Rare Isotope Science Project Institute for Basic Science Joint workshop of the France Japan and France Korea Particle Physics Laboratories

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Major Accelerator Experiments have been covered by Korean Physics community FNAL : E531, E653, FOCUS, CDF, Dzero BNL : PHENIX, STAR (RHIC) JLAB : Nuclear Experiments KEK : AMY(TRISTAN), Belle (KEKB) Nuclear Experiments (PS) J-PARC : Nuclear Experiments, T2K CMS, ALICE (LHC) CERN : L3 (LEP), CMS, ALICE (LHC) DESY : ZEUS (HERA) GSI : Nuclear experiments Nuclear, Particles and Astrophysics Researches Domestic programs KIMS (2000- ) DM search AMoRE (R&D phase) DBD search RENO (2006- ) Reactor neutrino RISP (2011.12- ) - Construction of accelerator complex for rare isotope science RCMST (2006- ) - Space astrophysics program Non-accelerator Experiments SuperK : undeground neutrino exp. ATIC, CREAM, AMS : space based exp. TA : Ground array for HE cosmic rays

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Brief History of Korean Efforts at CERN 1980-1990: Prehistoric age (individual based) 1990-1998: LEP age (research group based) e+ e- collisions at Z0, W pair production energies ALEPH : KU, KWNU et al., L3: KNU, KAIST et al. Neutrino oscillation : CHORUS : KSNU et al. 1998-2006: LHC preparation age (university based) MOST (Former MEST) funded Korea-CMS (~$2M) 12 universities Superconducting magnet platform (815kCHF) Forward RPC production (500kCHF) Online DAQ hardware (500kCHF) 2007-present: LHC age (federation based) Organization : Ministry, Funding Agency, Research Teams Federations of universities : Korea CMS, Korea ALICE Research, communication, competition, evaluation, M&O-A, M&O-B, contributions to H/W construction Supporting programs, Fellowship, Education CMS/ALICE Tier2 computing Korea-CERN Theory Fellowship High-School Teacher Educationt Slides by I.C.Park Similar history in other labs

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K-CERN Program Organization KoreaCMS Korea ALICE Tier2LCG TheoryHST K-CERN Program Review Committee 7 univs. 70 members 4 univs. 40 members CMS: KNU ALICE: KISITI KPS PP div. High School Teacher Program CERN-Korea Committee (CKC) MEST More than 100 members !

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K-CERN Program budget Budget profile Small bang inflation slow down accelerating expansion.. Contribution to CMS/ALICE upgrade (LHC LS1, LS2) Dark Energy : MEST / NRF + visitors + media (Unit: 1BWon~M$) CERN-Korea Programs Host200720082009201020112012 KCMSUOS0.80.751.501.421.45 1.78 KoALICEPNU0.20.250.500.580.55 0.72 CMS Tier2KNU--0.20 ALICE Tier2KISTI-0.10.20 TheoryKPS--0.250.35 M&O-ANRF0.140.170.30 0.27 Total1.141.272.953.05 3.52

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Belle and Korean activities Construction of electromagnetic calorimeter Fabrication of calorimeter trigger modules Cluster logics (both on/offline) DST production manager/DAQ construction Physics Coordinator (Y.J.Kwon) Out of 350 papers, we wrote 25 of them S. K. Choi wrote the historic X(3872) paper

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Belle-II Belle-II: asymmetric B meson super factory, 2015 2025(?) Almost new spectrometer - thinned pixel (for the first time in B-factory) - new DSSD, new drift chamber - new PID (TOP for barrel, A-RICH for endcap) - new endcap calorimeter : pure CsI - new readout (fully pipelined) - new DAQ/Trigger K orean group contribution Drift chamber based online 3D trigger PWO-II R&D for endcap calorimeter DSSD assembly Calorimeter trigger electronics Institutional Board Chair (E.I. Won)

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Sites of Domestic Facilities KIMS, AMoRE RISP RENO

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9 Y2L Located in a tunnel of Located in a tunnel of Yangyang Pumped Storage Power Plant Yangyang Pumped Storage Power Plant Korea Middleland Power Co. Korea Middleland Power Co. Minimum depth : 700 m Minimum depth : 700 m Access to the lab by car (~2km) Access to the lab by car (~2km)Experiments: KIMS: DM search exp. in operation KIMS: DM search exp. in operation AMORE: DBD Search exp. in preparation AMORE: DBD Search exp. in preparation YangYang Underground Laboratory(Y2L) (Upper Dam) (Lower Dam) (Power Plant) April/26/2012KILC12, Daegu, Korea

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10 KIMS(Korea Invisible Mass Search) DM search experiment with CsI crystal CsI(Tl) Crystal 8x8x30 cm 3 (8.7 kg) 3 PMT (9269QA) : Quartz window, RbCs photo cathode ~5 Photo-electron/keV Best limit on SD interactions in case of pure proton coupling Best limit on SD interactions in case of pure proton coupling SD interaction PRL 99, 091301 (2007) 12 crystals(104.4kg) running Stable data taking for more than a year Unique experiment to test DAMA annual modulation 12 crystals(104.4kg) running Stable data taking for more than a year Unique experiment to test DAMA annual modulation April/26/2012KILC12, Daegu, Korea

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Latest results from KIMS Using 24523.7 kg data taken during 2009.9- 2010.8 with PSD method 2.5 years DATA (2009. 9. 1 2012. 2. 29) KIMS CsI crystal has 134 Cs (2.2 year half- life) contribution at low energy. Modulation analysis is done including the decay of 134 Cs and flat background. Annual Modulation analysis in progress

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12 Cryogenic CaMoO 4 Sensitivity 0.5% FWHM 15 keV FWHM for low temp. 5 years, 100 kg 40 Ca 100 MoO 4 : T 1/2 = 7.0x10 26 years = 20 70 meV Fully covers inverted hierarchy AMoRE Experiment at Y2L 40 Ca 100 MoO 4 crystal - Unique in the world (depleted Ca + enriched Mo) - Scintillation crystal + Cryogentic detector Double beta decay search with 40 Ca 100 MoO 4 crystal Int. Collaboration : Korea, Russia, Ukraine, China, Germany in preparation (not funded yet !) good DM detector as well Energy spectrum for 600 keV gamma Scintillation readout MMC+CMO at low temperature April/26/2012

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AMoRE Low Temperature MMC Phonon sensor 11keV FWHM @ 5.5 MeV 1.7keV FWHM @ 60 keV First measurement (CaMoO 4 + Metallic Mag. Cal.) Astroparticle physics 34 732 (2011) New setup (4cmx4cm crystal) CaMoO 4 Phonon sensor Additional light sensor (TES or MMC) Si or Ge Final setup (Phonon + light sensors)

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AMoRE Collaboration Korea (39) Seoul National University : H.Bhang, S.Choi, M.J.Kim, S.K.Kim, M.J.Lee, S.S.Myung, S.Olsen, Y. Sato, K.Tanida, S.C.Kim, J.Choi, S.J.Lee, J.H.Lee, J.K.Lee, H.Kang, H.K.Kang, Y.Oh, S.J.Kim, E.H.Kim, K.Tshoo, D.K.Kim, X.Li, J.Li, H.S.Lee (24) Sejong University : Y.D.Kim, E.-J.Jeon, K. Ma, J.I.Lee, W.Kang, J.Hwa (5) Kyungpook national University : H.J.Kim, J.So, Gul Rooh, Y.S.Hwang(4) KRISS : Y.H.Kim, M.K.Lee, H.S.Park, J.H.Kim, J.M.Lee, K.B.Lee (6) Russia (16) ITEP(Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics) : V.Kornoukhov, P. Ploz, N.Khanbekov (3) Baksan National Observatory : A.Ganggapshev, A.Gezhaev, V.Gurentsov, V.Kuzminov, V.Kazalov, O.Mineev, S.Panasenko, S.Ratkevich, A.Verensnikova, S.Yakimenko, N.Yershov, K.Efendiev, Y.Gabriljuk (13)Ukraine(11) INR(Institute for Nuclear Research) : F.Danevich, V.Tretyak, V.Kobychev, A.Nikolaiko, D.Poda, R.Boiko, R.Podviianiuk, S.Nagorny, O.Polischuk, V.Kudovbenko, D.Chernyak(11)China(2) Tsinghua University : Y.Li, Q.Yue(2) Germany(3) Heidelberg University : C. Enss, A. Fleischmann, L. Gastaldo(3) 14 5 countries 8 institutions KIMS(Korea Invisible Mass Search) collaboration Seoul National University: H.C.Bhang, J.H.Choi, S.C.Kim, S.K.Kim, J.H.Lee, M.J.Lee, S.J.Lee, S.S.Myung Sejong University: U.G.Kang, Y.D.Kim, J.I. Lee Kyungpook National University: H.J.Kim, J.H.So, S.C.Yang Yonsei University: M.J.Hwang, Y.J.Kwon Ewha Womans University: I.S.Hahn Korea Research Institute of Standard Sciences : Y.H.Kim, K.B.Lee, M. Lee Institute of High Energy Physics J.Li Tsinghua University : Y.Li, Q.Yue

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(12 institutions and 40 physicists) Chonbuk National University Chonnam National University Chung-Ang University Dongshin University Gyeongsang National University Kyungpook National University Pusan National University Sejong University Seokyeong University Seoul National University Seoyeong University Sungkyunkwan University RENO Collaboration Total cost : $10M Start of project : 2006 The first experiment running with both near & far detectors from Aug. 2011 Slides by S.B.Kim

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RENO Detector 354 ID +67 OD 10 PMTs Target : 16.5 ton Gd-LS, R=1.4m, H=3.2m Gamma Catcher : 30 ton LS, R=2.0m, H=4.4m Buffer : 65 ton mineral oil, R=2.7m, H=5.8m Veto : 350 ton water, R=4.2m, H=8.8m

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Data-Taking & Data Set Data taking began on Aug. 1, 2011 with both near and far detectors. Data-taking efficiency > 90%. Trigger rate at the threshold energy of 0.5~0.6 MeV : 80 Hz Data-taking period : 228 days Aug. 11, 2011 ~ Mar. 25, 2012 A candidate for a neutron capture by Gd 2 MeV6 MeV 40 K 10 MeV 208 Tl n capture by Gd Event rate before reduction Data-taking efficiency

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Reactor Antineutrino Disappearance A clear deficit in rate (8.0% reduction) Consistent with neutrino oscillation in the spectral distortion

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Science Business Belt Accelerator complex Institute for Basic Science

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4. Organizational Structure 4 Auditor President Scientific Advisory Board Secretariats Office of Policy Planning Office of Research Services Office of Administrative Services Research Center (Headquarters) Research Center (Extramural) Accelerator Institute (Affiliated Institution) Board of Directors Research Center (Campus) 50 research centersaffiliated research institutes IBS consists of 50 research centers, supporting organizations, and affiliated research institutes Each Research Center : ~50 staff, average annual budget ~ 9 M USD The number of staff: 3,000 (2017, including visiting scientists and students) Annual Budget: USD 610 million (2017, including operational cost for the Accelerator Institute) Organization of IBS (Institute for Basic Science) Rare Isotope Science Project

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Research Topics with Rare Isotopes 23 Nuclear Physics Exotic nuclei near the neutron drip line Superheavy Elements (SHE) Equation-of-state (EoS) of nuclear matter Nuclear Astrophysics Origin of nuclei Paths of nucleosynthesis Neutron stars and supernovae Nuclear data with fast neutrons Basic nuclear reaction data for future nuclear energy Nuclear waste transmutation Atomic/Particle physics Atomic trap Fundamental symmetries Origin of Elements Stellar Evolution Application of Rare Isotopes Material science Production & Characterization of new materials -NMR / SR Medical and Bio sciences Advanced therapy technology Mutation of DNA New isotopes for medical imaging

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IsotopeReactionEnergyIntensitySourceComments 15 O 15 O(,) 19 Ne< 10 A MeV>10 11 ppsISOL(O-16) Escape Process to rp process from hot CNO cycle 45 V 45 V(p,) 46 Cr0.613 ~ 2.25 A MeV>10 7 ~ 10 9 IF ISOL Gas stopping Reaction contributing to the explosion of Core-collapse SN 132 Sn 132 Sn+ 208 Pb : 204 Pt 126 +X>100 A MeV>10 9 ppsISOL(U-238) Change of nuclear structure, shell structure near N=126 neutron rich isotopes; 204 Pt, 196 Yb

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Target spallation, fission by energetic light projectile Projectile fragmentation Making Rare Isotope Beam IF(In-Flight Fragmentation) Heavy ion beam thin target projectile fragmentation high energy RI beam or stopping and reacceleration IF(In-Flight Fragmentation) Heavy ion beam thin target projectile fragmentation high energy RI beam or stopping and reacceleration ISOL(Isotope Separator On-Line) p thick target (eg. Uranium Carbide) fission fragments rare isotopes ISOL(Isotope Separator On-Line) p thick target (eg. Uranium Carbide) fission fragments rare isotopes

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26 Rare Isotope Factory High intensity RI beams by ISOL & IF 70kW ISOL from direct fission of 238 U induced by 70MeV, 1mA p 400kW IF by 200MeV/u, 8pA 238 U High energy, high intensity & high quality neutron-rich RI beams 132 Sn with up to ~250MeV/u, up to 9x10 8 pps More exotic RI beams by ISOL+IF+ISOL(trap) Simultaneous operation modes for the maximum use of the facility AcceleratorBeam specificationComponents Driver Linac p, 600 MeV, 660 pA U+78, 200 MeV, 8 pA ECR-IS, LEBT, RFQ, MEBT, QWR, H WR, Charge Stripper, SSR1, SSR2 Post LinacRI, ~ 18 MeV/u Charge Breeder, ECL-IS, LEBT RFQ, MEBT, QWR, HWR Cyclotronp, 70 MeV, 1mA Cyclotron, Pulsed ion source, Charge Stripper, Beam line

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Concept of the Accelerator Complex Driver Linac Future Extension 200 MeV/u (U), 8 pA Stripper 18 MeV/u SCL RFQ SCL 28 GHz SC ECR IS H 2 +, D + Spallation, Fission Target RF Cooler Mass Separator Post Linac ECR IS SCL RFQ Charge Breeder 10 keV/u Nuclear Data Low Energy Experiments 0.3 MeV/u1~5 MeV/u18 MeV/u High Energy Experiments SR Medical Research 400 kW Target Fragment Separator Atomic Trap Experiments 70 kW Cyclotron Gas Catcher, Gas cell Material Science Beta-NMR U 33+ Nuclear Astrophysics Material science, Bio science Medical science, Nuclear data Atomic / Nuclear physics Nuclear Physics Medical science Material science SC Linac 200MeV/u for 238U, 600 MeV for p IF driver, high power ISOL driver Cyclotron 70 MeV for p ISOL driver SC Linac ISOL post accelerator 18 MeV/u

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- Design of the experimental facilities in conceptual level - User training program with the international collaboration Nuclear Structure Nuclear Matter Nuclear Astrophysics Atomic physics Nuclear data by fast neutrons Material science Medical and Bio sciences Facilities for the scientific researches Large Acceptance Multi-Purpose Spectrometer (LAMPS) Korea Recoil Spectrometer (KRS) Atom & Ion Trap System neutron Time-of-Flight (n-ToF) -NMR/NQR Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) Laser Selective Ionizer Heavy Ion Therapy Irradiation Facility 28 Multi-Purpose Spectrometer High Resolution Spectrometer

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: Nuclear collision experiment with 132 Sn of ~250 MeV per nucleon Dipole acceptance 50mSr Dipole length =1.0 m TOF length ~8.0 m Conceptual Design of LAMPS (high energy) Dipole magnet: We can also consider the large aperture superconducting dipole magnet (SAMURAI type). For B=1.5 T, p/Z 1.5 GeV/c at 30 o For B=1.5 T, p/Z 0.35 GeV/c at 110 o Neutron-detector array Low p/Z High p/Z Solenoid magnet Science Goal: using isototpes with high N/Z at high energy for Nuclear structure Nuclear EOS Symmetry energy EX: : Nuclear collision of 132 Sn of ~250 MeV/u

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Status and Plan of the RISP Conceptual Design report (Mar. 2010 - Feb. 2011) IAC review (Jul. 2011 Oct. 2011) Rare Isotope Science Project started in IBS (Dec. 2011) RISP Workshop on accelerator systems (May 6 9, 2012)RISP Workshop on accelerator systems (May 6 9, 2012) TAC ( May 10, 2012), IAC( June or July, 2012)TAC ( May 10, 2012), IAC( June or July, 2012) Baseline Design Summary (by June 2012)Baseline Design Summary (by June 2012) Technical Design Report (by June 2013)Technical Design Report (by June 2013)

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Project: Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) 21C Frontier R&D Program, MEST, Republic of Korea Objectives: To develop a High Power Proton Linac (100MeV, 20mA) To develop Beam Utilization & Accelerator Application Technologies To Industrialize Developed Technologies Period: July 2002 December 2012 Budget: 307.4 B KRW (~275.0 M US$) Gov.: 176.3B(57.3%), Local Gov.: 118.2B(38.5%), Industry: 12.9B(4.2%) 66B KRW to Accel. & Beamline (including R&D & personnel expenses ) Project: Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) 21C Frontier R&D Program, MEST, Republic of Korea Objectives: To develop a High Power Proton Linac (100MeV, 20mA) To develop Beam Utilization & Accelerator Application Technologies To Industrialize Developed Technologies Period: July 2002 December 2012 Budget: 307.4 B KRW (~275.0 M US$) Gov.: 176.3B(57.3%), Local Gov.: 118.2B(38.5%), Industry: 12.9B(4.2%) 66B KRW to Accel. & Beamline (including R&D & personnel expenses ) Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP)

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Schematics of PEFP Linac & Beam Lines Output Energy (MeV)20100 Peak Beam Current (mA)20 Max. Beam Duty (%)248 Avg. Beam Current (mA)4.81.6 Pulse Length (ms)21.33 Max. Repetition Rate (Hz)12060 Max. Avg. Beam Power (kW)96160 Features of the PEFP linac 50 keV Injector (Ion Source + LEBT) 3 MeV RFQ (4-vane type) 20 & 100 MeV DTL RF Frequency : 350 MHz Beam Extractions at 20 or 100 MeV 5 Beamlines for 20 MeV & 100 MeV - Beam to be distributed to 3 BL via AC Future Extension 100 MeV Beamlines 20 MeV Beamlines TR105 TR101 TR25 TR21 TR23 TR22 TR24 TR102 TR103 TR104 100 MeV20 MeV3 MeV 20MeV was operated for 5 years at Daejeon 100MeV is now being installed at Gyeongju

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Extension Plan of the 100MeV Proton Accelerator Linac requirement : Beam energy ~GeV, Beam power ~ MW, Pulse width ~ ms Long pulse spallation neutron source Short pulse spallation neutron source GeV beam utilization Injector for high energy machine GeV Linac 100 MeV Linac Superconducting RF linac is one of candidates for the linac extension Slides by H.-J. Kwon

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Accelerator Based HEP Roadmap (2009.4, KHEP Association) 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 LHC (7+7 TeV) PEFP100 MeV Proton Accelerator RCS(1GeV)Neutron/Muon Source SC(1GeV)Proton Drive (8-10 GeV) High Power PS neutrino factory, Collider KoRIA (Superconducting) 200 MeV Rare Isotope Accelerator ILC (Superconducting) 500 GeV - 1 TeV e+e- collider Super Charm 3 GeV e+e- collider SLHC Super KEKB ILC Next ILC > 3 TeV e+e- J-PARC FAIR FRIB Try to connect the PEFP, KoRIA, Photon Facotry Programs with HEP Plans 2 nd Phase PEFP or SC of KoRIA Superconducting Cavity Technology As first priorit Smaill e-Linac for Rare Isotope production by photofission at KoRIA Options: After 2015 Proton Drive or ILC Options considered: ILC or Super Charm, post-ILC

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Summary Korean Nuclear, Particle, and Astrophysics research programs Past - started with international collaboration in individual bases in mid 70s- mid80s - grow manpower and expertise Present - work as team Korean group in an organized way with government support - start to play an important role in large international collaboration - domestic experiments are successfully built and produce important results Future - leading science facilities including the rare isotope accelerator will be constructed National Laboratory contribution to world science community

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Thank you for your attention !