KORDI Environmental Study_Juwon Son

8/6/2019 KORDI Environmental Study_Juwon Son

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kordi-environmental-studyjuwon-son 1/38

The Current Activities of KORDI’sEnvironmental Study for Deep-Sea Mining

The Current Activities of KORDI’sEnvironmental Study for Deep-Sea Mining

June 7, 2011June 7, 2011

Ju-Won Son

K orea Ocean R esearch & Development Institute

Deep-Sea & Marine Georesources Research Department





ContentsContents

1. Case study 1: Equatorial Pacific for Mn nodule

Mining Program

2. Case study 2: Southwest Pacific & Central IndianRidge for Sulfide Deposits Mining Program (SDMP)







Mn nodule Mining Programin the Equatorial Pacific

Case study 1



1. Deep-Sea Mn nodule Mining Program –

Environmental study (KODOS)

§ Objective

- To understand the physical, chemical, biological, and geological

properties of the interesting areas

- To evaluate the environmental impacts of the deep-sea floor mining

activities in northeast Equatorial Pacific

§ Summary

- Multi-year research program (from 1989 to current) & to be continued

- Field observations, mainly focused on the deep-sea Mn mining

development



Detail sampling protocols were described at Chapter 10, Data Standards utilized in the environmental studies of KORDI.In: Standardization of environmental data and information-Development of guidelines (ISA, 2002)

Group Environmental items Methods and Instruments

PhysicalOceanography

- Surface oceanographic structure - CTD

- Current condition - Current meter and ADCP

- Particulate matter in discharge depth - Filteration

- Satellite-data analysis - SeaWiFS satellite image

Chemical

Oceanography

- D.O., pH, Inorganic Nutrients - Titration, pH meter, Nutrients auto analyzer

- Total organic carbon - TOC analyzer

- Chemical exchange between the sediment and the water

column- ? Benthic Chamber

- Trace metals in water column - ? ICP-MS

Sediment

properties

- Geotechnical properties- MC, Pycnometer, motorised vane system, automatic grain size

analyzer

- Pore chemistry, Organic carbon - IC, Elemental analyzer

- Metal contents of manganese nodule - ICP-AES

Biological

Communities

- Microorganism at water column and sediments - Scint il la tion counter, Microscope, Luminometer

- Pelagic communities- Flow cytometric analysis, Microscope, Net, Scintillation counter,

Elemental analyzer

- Benthic fauna - MC, BC, Microscope, Deep sea camera

- Nodule fauna - MC, BC, Microscope, Deep sea camera

- Demersal scavenger - ? Freefall benthos observation system

- Benthic impact experiments - ?

Bioturbation- Sediments-mixing rate - MC, BC, 210Pb

- Rate of bioturbation - MC, BC, 210Pb

Sedimentation - Vertical mass flux - Sediments Trap

Environmental items (ISA recommended)Environmental items (ISA recommended)



KOMO1 CTD3 CTD4

CTD5

CTD6

CTD2CTD1

CTD7

CTD8

133.0 132.0 131.0 130.0

Longitude (OW)

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

L a t i t u d e ( O N )

KR5

KR2

131.0 130.5

Longitude(O

W)

16.0

16.5


CTD9

CTD10

CTD12

CTD LADCP

BC, MC

KORDI Environmental surveysKORDI Environmental surveysuu survey areassurvey areas

nn 19951995~~2010 : 131.32010 : 131.3OOW, 10.5W, 10.5OON (KOMO, LongN (KOMO, Long--term Monitoring St. )term Monitoring St. )

nn 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005 : 01998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005 : 0OO~~1717OON, along 131.5N, along 131.5OOW (Latitudinal, n=18)W (Latitudinal, n=18)

nn 2001, 2002, 2004 : 1282001, 2002, 2004 : 128OO~~136136OOW, along 10.5W, along 10.5OON (Longitudinal, n=9)N (Longitudinal, n=9)

nn 20062006~~2010 : KR2 (n=14) and KR52010 : KR2 (n=14) and KR5 (n=70)(n=70)

Map showing mining contracted areas in thenortheast equatorial Pacific.

136 134 132 130 128 1260

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Longitude (OW)


1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

1998-2010 2010

KOMO2 CTD11



§ Research Activities

Ø Zooplankton sampling

Ø Multiple Corer Ø Box Corer

Ø CTD Ø Sediment trapØ Sediment trap

Ø Mesocosm experiments



Case study 1- ResultsCase study 1- Results



nn South Equatorial Current (SEC) : 10South Equatorial Current (SEC) : 10oS~3S~3oNN

nn

North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) : 3North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) : 3

o

N~8N~8

o

NNnn North Equatorial Current (NEC) : 8North Equatorial Current (NEC) : 8oN~20N~20oNN

Divergence

Convergence

Meridional distributions of 3 major currents in the northeastern

equatorial Pacific in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, and 2007

Physical properties - LatitudinalPhysical properties - Latitudinal

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

50

100

150

200

D e p t h ( m )

(D)KODOS0310

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Divergence

NECC NEC

Convergence

Latitude( N)o

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

(C)KODOS001 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

NECC NEC

Divergence

Convergence

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

(B)KODOS991 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

Divergence

NECC NEC

Convergence

200

150

100

50

D e p t h ( m )

0

(A)KODOS98

NECC NECSEC

Convergence

Temperature( C)o

Divergence

Meridional distributions of temperature in the northeastern

equatorial Pacific in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2003



Physical properties - bottom currentPhysical properties - bottom current

Summarize of the bottom current velocities and main directions

Water Depth/

Altitude

(m)

Current velocityProgressive vector current

velocity

Average

(cm/s)

Maximum

(cm/s)

Average

(m/day)

Main

direction

1,254 / 3,765 4.4 15.3 1,228 NE

5,004 / 15 3.5 10.6 1,044 NE, SE

nn LongLong--term monitoring results of the bottom currentterm monitoring results of the bottom current

(Jul. 2008 to Jul. 2009)(Jul. 2008 to Jul. 2009)

Stick plots of current velocity(15 m above the bottom)

Progressive vector diagram of currentvelocity (15 m above the bottom)



Chemical properties – DO & TOCChemical properties – DO & TOC

nn Vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) and total Vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) and total

organic carbon (TOC)organic carbon (TOC)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l)

TOC=1.56×e-0.1006×Ln(D)

TOC (mg/L)

Vertical distribution of DO in studyarea shows general pattern of open ocean

Vertical structure of TOC in studyarea (ROM = 0.7 mg/L)

Oxygen Minimum layer

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 10 20 30

Temperature (oC)

Deeper layer

Sea floor

Middle layer

(permanent thermocline )

Surface layer

Typical structure of watercolumn in the northeastEquatorial Pacific.



Chemical properties - NutrientsChemical properties - Nutrients

nn Vertical distribution of inorganic nutrients (2007) Vertical distribution of inorganic nutrients (2007)

((nitrate+nitritenitrate+nitrite , phosphate, silicate) , phosphate, silicate)

Vertical distribution of inorganic nutrient in study area shows general pattern of open ocean. The greencolor bar indicate a permanent thermocline

Nitrite+Nitrate

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 20 40 60

Concentration (μM)

Phosphate

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 1 2 3 4

Concentration (μM)

Silicate

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 50 100 150

Concentration (μM)

Permanent thermocline



nn Vertical distributions of nutrients Vertical distributions of nutrients

Spatial distribution of nutrientsSpatial distribution of nutrients

Latitudinal vertical distributions of nutrients (N, P, and Si) (2003,2005)

NorthSouthLatitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2

6

10

14

18

22

26

30

34

Nitrite+Nitrate (mM)

Latitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0.2

0.6

1.0

1.4

1.8

2.2

2.6

3.0

3.4

Phosphate (mM)

Latitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2

6

10

14

18

22

26

30

34

Silicate (mM)

Latitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2

6

10

14

18

22

26

30

34

Nitrite+Nitrate (mM)

Latitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.2

0.6

1.0

1.4

1.8

2.2

2.6

3.0

3.4

Phosphate (mM)

Latitude ( N)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2

6

10

14

18

22

26

30

34

Silicate (mM)

N

P

Si

N

P

Si2003

NorthSouth

2005

Longitude ( W)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

Nitrate + Nitrite (μ M)

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128

2.0

6.0

10.0

14.0

18.0

22.0

26.0

30.0

34.0

38.0

Longitude ( W)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

Phosphate (μ M)

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

Longitude ( W)

200

150

100

50

0

D e p t h ( m )

Silicate (μ M)

136 135 134 13 3 132 131 130 12 9 128

2.0

6.0

10.0

14.0

18.0

22.0

26.0

30.0

N

P

Si 2004

East West

Longitudinal vertical distributions of nutrients (N, P, and Si) (2004)

Divergence

Convergence

DivergenceDivergence

Convergence



nn longlong--term variation of nutrientsterm variation of nutrients

Interannual variation of nutrientsInterannual variation of nutrients

El nino

La nina

Annual variation of nutrients concentration atKOMO (1995 – 2007)

200 m

90 ~ 110 m

100 m

150 m

200 m

0 mSurface mixed area

Surface mixed area

AEutrophic region

Thermocline

10~30 m

0 m

Oligotrophic regionPhotic zone

Photic zone

BEutrophic region

Mesotrophic region

5 N 12 N

O O

T h e r m

o c l i n e

Thermocline

Upwelling

Downwelling



nn Composition and abundance of zooplankton (2005)Composition and abundance of zooplankton (2005)

Latitudinal distribution of mesozooplankton abundance insurface mixed layer and lower layer

Percentage of taxonomic groups in mesozooplankton atsurface mixed layer and lower layer

surface mixed layer

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

0° 1°N 2°N 4°N 5°N 6°N 7°N 9°N 10°N 10.5°N 11°N 12°N

lower layer

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

0° 2°N 4°N 5°N 6°N 7°N 9°N 10°N 10.5°N 11°N 12°N

Others

Larvae

Thaliaceans

Appendicularians

Copepods

Ostracods

Chaetognaths

Siphonophores

Foraminiferans &

Radiolarians

Pelagic ecosystem - zooplanktonPelagic ecosystem - zooplankton

Surface mixed layer

Ostracods

7.9%

Chaetognaths

6.6%

Siphonophores

2.3%

Foraminiferans &

Radiolarians

10.3%

Others

4.3%Larvae

4.1%Thaliaceans

1.7%

Appendicularians

7.6%

Copepods

55.3%

Lower layer

Appendicularians

3.3%

Thaliaceans

1.4%

Larvae

3.5%

Others

4.1%Foraminiferans &

Radiolarians

12.2%Siphonophores

1.7%

Ostracods

7.1%

Chaetognaths

5.3%

Copepods

61.3%



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

S t. 1 S t. 2 S t. 5 S t. 7 S t. 9 S t.1 1 S t. 15 S t. 17 S t. 19 S t. 21 S t. 23 S t. 25 S t. 27 S t. 29 S t. 30

Nematodes Harpacticoids Nauplius Tardigrades Others

Benthic ecosystem - meiofaunaBenthic ecosystem - meiofauna

nn Species composition and abundance of Species composition and abundance of meiofaunameiofauna (2003)(2003)

Latitudinal abundance of dominant meiofauna groups

Comparison of abundance of total meiofauna in theKR5 area

Major meiofauna taxa in the KR5 area (A:Desmoscolex sp. (Nematodes), B: Tricoma sp.(Nematodes), C: Harpacticoid copepods, D:

Tardigrada)



0

100

200

300

400

500

5 6 8 9 12 13 14 17

Latitude(oN)

Other

Nematoda

Foraminifera

Benthic ecosystem - macrofaunaBenthic ecosystem - macrofauna

nn Species composition and abundance of Species composition and abundance of macrofaunamacrofauna (2003)(2003)

Latitudinal abundance of dominant macrofaunagroups

Actinaria Foraminifera Deep-sea cucumber

Isopoda Polychaeta Macrura

Ophiuroidea Ostracoda Sea Anemone

Ø According to these biological results, the distribution of zooplankton andbenthos is mainly affected by their food source (the surface primaryproduction).

ØØ According to these biological results, the distribution of zoopl According to these biological results, the distribution of zooplankton andankton and

benthos is mainly affected by their food source (the surface pribenthos is mainly affected by their food source (the surface primarymary

production).production).



Photographic examination - megafaunaPhotographic examination - megafauna

nn The photographs of The photographs of megafaunamegafauna obtained by deepobtained by deep--sea camera (2008)sea camera (2008)

Observation of species in the substrate at each photographing line

Fish

Species and Lines in KR5 DSC08-01 DSC08-02

Sea cucumber * *

Sea anemone * *

Sea star * *

Sea pen * *

Fish * *

Bivalve * -

Crustacean * *

Faecal cast * *

Phytodetritus * *

Burrow openings * *

Locomotion trace * *

Fish Sea anemone

Crustacean & Bivalve Sea Cucumber

Sea Star Jellyfish



Latitudinal variation of sediment types in the study area

Sediment type characteristics in relation to latitude (2003)

Sediment propertiesSediment properties



nn LongLong--term monitoring (at KOMO St.) of the particle massterm monitoring (at KOMO St.) of the particle mass

flux using sediment trap (2003flux using sediment trap (2003--2009)2009)

Particle Mass fluxParticle Mass flux

Ø The monthly variation of total mass flux (grey bar) was well matched with Chl-a concentration(green circle), and the mass flux also showed a seasonal variation.

Ø The moderate El Niño was accompanied by a significant reduction in total mass flux, and theopposite trend was observed for the moderate La Niña.



SummarySummary

uu Seasonal andSeasonal and interannualinterannual variation of variation of physicophysico--chemical propertieschemical properties

have been detected in our study area.have been detected in our study area.

uu Strong spatial heterogeneity of pelagic and benthic communityStrong spatial heterogeneity of pelagic and benthic community

were found and benthic production were well coupled with pelagicwere found and benthic production were well coupled with pelagic

production.production.

uu Particle mass flux was well correlated with surface primaryParticle mass flux was well correlated with surface primary

production, particularly during episodic events.production, particularly during episodic events.

uu All of the result of baseline study not only provide useful All of the result of baseline study not only provide useful

information for the formulation of the mining code of the ISA buinformation for the formulation of the mining code of the ISA buttalso necessary to support the stable deepalso necessary to support the stable deep--sea mining.sea mining.



Sulfide Deposits Mining Programin the Southwest Pacific & Central Indian Ridge

Case study 2



2. Sulfide Deposits Mining Program (SDMP)

§ Objective

- To examine the tectonic properties of the active hydrothermal

site and establish the mining site of the sulfide deposits in the

southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean

- This research program started from 2000 & to be continued.

- Research mainly focused on the submarine hydrothermal system

in the study area (ex. Towing CTD-TOYO)

- Environmental monitoring study was also conducted to providethe basis for understanding the existing environment

§ Summary



Hydrothermal vents

SW MARKEPR

21 N

Juan de

Fuca

Temp. 2 350 351 224-285

pH 7.8 3.9 3.4 3.2

SO42- (mM) 26.1 0 0 0

H2S (uM) 0 5.9 7.3 3.5

Ca (uM) 10.2 9.9 15.6 96.4

Mg (mM) 52.7 0 0 0

Ba (uM) 0.14 8

Al (uM) 0.01 5

Fe (uM) 0.001 2180 1664 3585

NO3 (uM) 40 uM 0

Si (mM) 0.16 18.2 17.6 23.3

Mn (uM) 0 491 1,024 3,585

CH4 (mM) 0.001 1.6

K 9.8 23.6 23.2 51.6

ATP < 5 pM 90 pM

Comparison of the composition of a typical Mid-ocean ridge

hydrothermal vent fluid on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MARK), 21 N

East Pacific Rise and Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge.

Schematic diagram of a hydrothermal plume and the underlying hydrothermal

system at a ridge crest spreading center. Note the warm and high-temp. vent

sources, buoyant plume, neutrally buoyant proximal plume, and the

discontinuous distal plume (from Massoth et al. 1988)

Active hydrothermal vent area: Mid ocean ridge, Back-arc basin,

Rifted arcs, Volcanoes (Tivey 2007)

St d



Study area

Indian

Ocean

SouthPacific

Ocean

Back-arc spreading

Mid Ocean Ridge



§ Research Equipments

CTD-TOYOCTD-casting

MAPR Single and multi-beam echosounder

Proxima (for Nutrients)

GC/SCD (for Methane)

Luminometer (for ATP)

Pl d t ti d it i



* Controlled by Traction Winch,

* Body weight : 700 kg, with Sea-Bird's 911plus CTD

* Sensor : Primary & Secondary Transmissometer,Depth, T, S, Altimeter, Fluorometer

* H/W : IBM 586 computer, Traction Winch Controller

* S/W : Seasoft program

Plume detection and monitoring

Anomaly of light transmission

R/V

bathy distance

TW start

0

TOYO

Winch(m)

CTD(m)

Schematic diagram of towing



Case study 2- ResultsCase study 2- Results

Pl d t ti L B i



Plume detection - Lau Basin

CTD-TOYO (KORDI)

Pl d i L B i



MAPR (Miniature

AutonomousPlume

Recorder, NOAA)

Plume detection - Lau Basin

Pl d i b li i h CTD



Plume detection by water sampling with CTD

CTD Vertical profiles of T, S, DO and Tr.

Continuous survey : Temp., Salinity, DO, Transparency

76 80 84 88 92 96Transparency(%)

1500

1300

1100

900

D e p t h ( m )

2.8 3.2 3.6 4 4.4 4.8Temperature(oC)

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

H2S (mM)

Effluent layer

A

Increasedtemperatureanomaly

Transparency

H2S

Temperature

3.6 3.8 4

1200

1180

1160

1140

1120

1100

A

Measuredtemperature

Temp. ( C)

D e p t h ( m )

Predictedtemperature

Bi h i l t i t l



Biogeochemical tracers in water sample

Plume detection Central Indian Ridge



34

Plume detection - Central Indian Ridge

Detected anomaly conc. of NH4, ATP,and Methane

Detected anomaly conc. of NH4, ATP,and Methane





Potential mining impacts



Potential mining impacts

(From Nautilus)

Implication to Environmetal studyImplication to Environmetal study



Implication to Environmetal studyImplication to Environmetal study

uu Define the existing environment before miningDefine the existing environment before mining

uu Evaluate impacts of mining activity to environmentEvaluate impacts of mining activity to environment

uu

Develop strategies to minimize mining impactsDevelop strategies to minimize mining impacts



Thank you ! Thank you !

KORDI Environmental Study_Juwon Son

Documents

Transcript of KORDI Environmental Study_Juwon Son