Kong Yee, Corria
Transcript of Kong Yee, Corria
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Topic: The Identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong: The
Cultural Disparity of The Northern and Southern Cheung
Chau
Kong Yee, Corria
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Table of Contents
Page
Table of Contents 2
I. Background 3
II. Introduction 7
III. Methodology 9
IV. Theoretical Argument 11
V. Analysis
1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION 15
2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH 20
VI. Conclusion 30
VII. Reflection 31
References 34
Appendix I 36
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I. Background:
These years, Hong Kong government has strongly boosted her tourism by
implementing numerous urban renewal and preservation program. However, not only
urban areas look appealing to local tourists, but also rural areas can do. Outlying islands
are a hot-pick recently, especially, the island of Cheung Chau. According to Hong Kong
Geographic Data1 (See figure 1 in Appendix I), Cheung Chau is recorded with an area
of is 2.44 km and a population of 22,740 by Population Census in 20112 (See figure 2
in Appendix I). Among all the outlying islands in Hong Kong, Cheung Chau is
acknowledged as the top of the population density and there are over 10,000 to 20,0003
tourists having their day-trips to Cheung Chau.
In these 10 years, Cheung Chau is thought as a tourist paradise bluntly showing
its suburban mood through its declared monuments and histories. To Hong Kong
residents, it is welcomed by its famous sports Windsurfing and the Olympic gold medal
winner Lee Lai-Shan. However, both the foreign tourists and Hong Kong residents are
not familiar with the localness and the complicated culture and its cultural identities in
Cheung Chau. Cheung Chau shall not be simply regarded as a rural area or a tourist
paradise without its own politics.
1 "Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office, Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov.
2016.
2 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census
Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
3 "遊客多過居民 長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報." 遊客多過居民 長洲逼爆 - 香港文匯報. Hong Kong Wenwei Po, n.d. Web. 25
Nov. 2016.
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In Cheung Chau, the overall population can be generally classified into five
ethnicities, where Chinese is dominating with 96.4% in 2011 4 (See figure 3 in
Appendix 2). While Indonesian and Japanese are revealed as 1.82% and 0.45%
respectively, Filipino and White share 0.33% and 0.32% respectively and Others are
shown as 0.71%. The diversity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong has constructed a complicated
and diversified cultural identity in such a small island. Social and ethnic hierarchies are
growing bluntly.
4 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census
Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census
Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
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Politically, Cheung Chau is divided into two parts: Cheung Chau South and Cheung
Chau North. In the view of Island District Council, there are two separate constituencies.
In the perspective of the Population Census, the collection of demographic data is also
split up into two areas where Cheung Chau South is with a population of 11,8085 and
Cheung Chau North is 10,9326. The ethnicity, occupation and type of housing and social
status can all be manifested by the location of household. However, culturally, Cheung
Chau shall be classified into three parts: Cheung Chau South, Cheung North and Centre
of Cheung Chau as the center of Cheung Chau is highly developed, where shops and
5 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census
Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
6 "2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011 Population Census. 2011 Population Census
Office, Census and Statistics Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
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stores are mainly located in the center and the north of Cheung Chau. Thus, the daily
routine would be likely established in the most flourishing and prosperous area.
Therefore, it is noticeable that Cheung Chau shall not be seen as a simple and a
complete island as a whole, while it is politically, culturally and ethnically inconsistent.
Under such politics, a social hierarchy and authority have been developed and
entrenched and a ‘culture’ and boundaries are thus constructed socially. It is noteworthy
for us to scrutinize and analyze the internal conflicts and its ideology in Cheung Chau.
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II. Introduction:
The island of Cheung Chau has been regarded as a less modernized rural area than
the urban areas in Hong Kong. Tourists and local Hong Kong residents spend their
vacation in Cheung Chau for its simplicity and frugality in order to escape from the
power struggle and hierarchical statuses in their daily lives but they enter into another
political system. In fact, Cheung Chau is not that simple and austere, it is full of political
and ethnical conflicts. Frankly, no matter where a place is, it is full of struggles,
hierarchy and its logistic. Cheung Chau is a miniature of the city’s daily facets. Cheung
Chau shall be considered and recognized as an ordinary place, where is full of its
struggles and logistics and deserves a thorough and detailed look at its internal politics.
The dichotomy of identifying a place as urban or rural shall be minimized as it restricts
the range of observation and research of rural areas. The public is always constructing
certain prejudice to understand these rural areas and outlying islands while such
manifestation showing the media representation of outlying islands becomes a
misinterpretation of what is understood as Cheung Chau and what is seen in the public
eye. The public imagination of Cheung Chau is biased and distorted with a lens of
purifying the politics of the island of Cheung Chau.
The identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is complicated as it is wrestled against the
identity of Hongkongers. 96.4% of the Cheung Chau Kia-fong is Chinese and most of
them are sharing the identity of Hongkongers. However, their identity of being as a
Cheung Chau Kai-fong is woven by layers of hierarchies and political struggles.
Internal hierarchies of Cheung Chau are prevailing: the location of household along
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peak road, the center of Cheung Chau and the Cheung Chau North. These different
regions form three boundaries with corresponding social statuses. Different locations
may give distinct indications to the occupation and industry of the household as well as
their ethnicity and their ancestry as the Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of
indigenous inhabitants, migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil
War and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign
migrants and urban migrants. More, the contest among islands is one of the combative
struggles for prestige, modernization and civilization. Therefore, boundaries are created
for identifying the differences between varies ethnic group, distinct occupation and the
location of household of Kai-fong by differentiating themselves with others. Eventually,
labeling is the tactics once referring to the differences, also it acts as a disparagement
on the others and lastly, it reinforces the disparity among classes and groups in and out
of the island.
Thus, the island of Cheung Chau is more complicated and complex than the
majority think of and it is worth unveiling the mask and illusion of the purifying
representation of austerity as the one and only mainstream representation of Cheung
Chau in order to provide a realistic rationale of the system of the habitat. Specifically,
the main objectives of this paper are the followings:
(1) Unveil the understanding of the identity of Hong Kong people from the
perspective of Cheung Chau Kai-fong
(2) Find out the internal hierarchy of Cheung Chau Kai-fong
(3) Discuss the cultural identity of Cheung Chau Kai-fong by a small-scale
ethnography and with personal experiences
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III. Methodology:
The research was designed as a three-level study. In order to have a in-depth and
thorough research of the internal political and ethnical hierarchy differentiating the
Cheung Chau Kai-fong into groups, the study had to be conducted in the following
three interactive layers: ethnography- cognitive map, textual analysis of their
conversation and self-ethnography.
Ethnography-Cognitive Map
8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong will be invited to conduct the cognitive map. They are
going to be asked firstly if they are the local residents. Secondly, their ethnicity, ages,
gender, occupation, location of their household and years of residency will be recorded.
Thirdly, they are invited to portray and describe Cheung Chau on a blank A-4 paper
with their understanding of the image of Cheung Chau.
Ethnography-Cognitive map
Self-ethnography
Textual Analysis of
their conversation
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Textual Analysis of Media Representation
In the process of conducting cognitive maps, their use of language and depiction
will be jotted down for further analysis. After conducting the cognitive map, they are
invited to share their daily routine or if it is possible, they are strongly encouraged to
display their routine in front of me such as having a tea in a restaurant they usually go
to or go shopping for the daily necessities in wet-market, etc. Thus, their routines are
marked down with words and my memories.
Self-ethnography
Self-ethnography is going to be adopted in the research, as it is a reflexive research
method reflecting my own personal experience and thoughts in my childhood and at
this moment. There are rare first hand resources of academic research in studying the
local politics of Cheung Chau. It is necessary for me to unveil my experiences and
articulate to the realistic logistics so as to relinquish my imaginary and constructed
thoughts towards Cheung Chau and raise my personal understanding via the process of
self-ethnography.
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IV. Theoretical Argument:
The objective of this research is to uncover the present phenomenon and the hidden
logistics of the internal hierarchies in Cheung Chau. The hierarchies are shown in their
daily livings, routines and culture. The struggles can be observed and represented
through their conversation: thoughts and language. Hall (1997) mentioned that
representation articulates meaning and language to culture and it is a basic and
prominent part in operating a culture7:
‘Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is
produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does
involve the use of language, of signs and images which stand for or
represent things.’
The language used in the meaning production of an individual is deliberately
chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a manifestation of his or her
thoughts. Therefore, Hall (1997) continually stated that representation is in fact the
production of the meaning of concepts in our minds through language, which enables
us to refer to the ‘real’ world and to imaginary worlds of people, objects and events8:
‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common
language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with
certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general
7 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage
in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.
8 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage
in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.
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term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is
signs. ’
In a community, similarity and differences seem to be naturally occurred however,
they are all constructed deliberately by us in order to differentiating person into
normality and abnormality. In the case of Cheung Chau, its internal political and
ethnical hierarchy is derived from the construction of differences among the inhabitants.
Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling9:
‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the
differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…
such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the
sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived
to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the
territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’
From the above, it can be adopted in the study of hierarchies created in Cheung
Chau as they are all derived from differentiation and the creation of boundaries.
Therefore, boundaries are also created after differentiating people into groups and they
tend not to go beyond the boundaries and so people live and work in the particular
boundaries and exclusion is performed with power10:
9 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The
Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.
10 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The
Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 155. Print.
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‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most
basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,
however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…
In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide
the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those
without power.’
Labeling is the tactic and means to facilitate the process of exercising power in the
constructed configuration of the society, simultaneously, labeling leads to the
production of identity. During (2005) mentioned that identity offers definition to a
person with his trait, which are placed into the same group:11
‘It means that identity is won at the price of reducing individuality. The
traits chosen to ascribe identity to an individual are always contingent,
since whatever trait is chosen to fix identity, another one could have
been chosen, even if it seems ‘natural’ to identify people by, for
instance, their gender (and it seems as if all known societies do in fact
identify people by gender).’
Superficially, a person seems to have little power to choose his identity, as
identities are socially determined. However, it is not. He is also an accomplice in
reinforcing the politics of identification and the differentiation with the means of
labeling.
11 During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.
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To conduct a thorough investigation of differentiation, the making of boundaries,
and labeling process in Cheung Chau by analyzing the use of language in their daily
conversation, critical ethnography is one of the most appropriate ways to step into the
field of local lives of Cheung Chau Kai-fong. Madison (2005) draws my focal point of
the underlying power struggle of Cheung Chau with my specific obligation as I lived
in Cheung Chau for over 15 years and I shall voice for it12:
‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address
processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived
domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution
toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and
equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of
power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists
domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’
Personally, I am touched by reading the importance of conducting critical
ethnography in a society as normally, our lens are given and restricted in the direction
of the urban are, the modernized and the bright side of the city. However, we pay less
or even not interested to pay attention to the rural areas and the dark side of the city.
Our understanding of rural areas is narrow and even deceptive but we choose to live in
such illusion. A closer look at the rural area such as Cheung Chua is definitely needed
12D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics
and performance. Page 1-16.
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for us in order to destruct the deceptive illusion we are living in.
V. Analysis
1. EIXSTING HIREACHY OF THE POPULATION
To Hongkongers, those people living in Cheung Chau are all called Cheung Chau
Kai-fong, however, the fabrication of identity is more complicated and diversified than
their understanding. In the island of Cheung Chau, Kai-fong is generally classified into
five types of their ancestry, which has been briefly mentioned in the introduction.
The ancestry of Cheung Chau Kai-fong are the mixtures of indigenous inhabitants,
migrants from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Cultural
Revolution from 1927 to 1977, the post-war baby boom, foreign migrants and urban
migrants. Under such population distribution, the indigenous inhabitants are mainly
fishermen and farmers, whose ancestry can be traced back to the Soong Dynasty and
there is a piece of official record 〈光緒廿九年北帝廟重修記〉13 of the movement
of Chaozhou fishermen migrated to Cheung Chau since Qing Dynasty:
「一,志明,乾隆四十二年,我惠府眾弟子在長洲貿易,共往玄
武山,請玄天上帝香火到長洲奉祀,藉保平安。因神靈顯赫,求
之有應。故于乾隆四十八年,惠潮二郡公舉林郁為正總理,倡建
廟宇。」
The indigenous inhabitants are in fact the offspring of the migrants since Soong
Dynasty to Qing Dynasty and they are empowered to discuss the social affairs in the
neighborhood, as they are the existing landlords of the island.
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Fish Drying in Cheung Chau since 1920s
In the photograph14, the indigenous inhabitants were trying to evenly distribute the
fish caught in the sea fishing journey on the towel in order to dry them into salted fish.
The making of salted fish has been a major source of income in the lives of indigenous
inhabitants and the fishermen in Cheung Chau.
To the migrants migrated from the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War
and Cultural Revolution from 1927 to 1977, they are usually divided into northern
mainlanders, who are the mainlanders (外省人) coming from the big cities such as
Beijing, Shanghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang apart from Guangdong and the southern districts
and the Guangdong mainlanders (廣東人) coming from the southern parts of China like
Fujian, Guangxi and Guizhou and they classify each other in the same dichotomy: the
14 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
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northern mainlanders are conceived as the richer groups, who are more civilized,
international and educational. While the southern mainlanders are thought to be less
civilized, meager and ignorant. The migrants mostly start their businesses such as store,
small restaurant, flower shop and tailor, etc. There are also some southern migrants
work as fishermen but due to the rigid dominance of fishing industry in Cheung Chau
and it is complicated to enter into the existing system of power.
Subsequently, the growth of post-war baby boom rises dramatically and it
dominates the population in the 1950s to 1970s. They adopt the same dichotomy of
classifying their parents into either northern or southern mainlanders however, this
dichotomy only represents their family history and ancestry. They consider themselves
as Hong Kong residents, who were not only born in Hong Kong but also live in Hong
Kong since their childhood. Interestingly, as they have commonly received primary and
secondary education, the academic background becomes a newly standard of
classification. The colonial government implemented a new educational policy and it
was shown on the 1965 White Paper15:
‘The final aim of any educational policy must be to provide every child
with the best education which he or she is capable of absorbing, at a
cost which the parents and the community can afford". With the
achievement of the primary education target in sight, it was possible
15 "Overall Review of The Hong Kong Education System June 1981." Education Bureau. GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT
HONG KONG GOVERNMENT, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2016.
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to improve on the recommendation that between 15 and 20 per cent of
those completing the primary course should receive subsidized
secondary education. In 1970 it was decided that a further major
expansion of secondary education was necessary, and steps were taken
to increase the provision of subsidized secondary education.’
Occupation also offers them another standard for differentiating the post-war baby
boom into numerous groups of Cheung Chau Kai-fong in a hierarchy. In the 1960s to
1970s, Hong Kong was undergone a significant industrialization and it had long been
export-oriented, so most of the post-war generations work in factories such as textile
and PVC factories. Part of them are remained as fishermen with their families and there
is only some of them working as professionals.
Woo Kee- a Leather Factory in Cheung Chau Hoe Hin Pak Yeow Manufactory Limited
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From the photographs16, they are some of the factories set up in Cheung Chau,
where many Cheung Chau Kai-fong work in there. For Woo Kee, it was established
since 1914 till the end of 20th century.
For the urban migrants, they originally lived in some other urban areas but they
moved their homes to Cheung Chau due to the relatively lower rent and letting than that
of urban areas. More importantly, most of them work in the central business district
such as Central and Admiralty so they can directly ferry across to Central. Occupation
becomes the one and only benchmark for them to classify these urban migrants into
groups and it is unlikely to ender into the regime of the existing power system in
Cheung Chau.
Lastly, the foreign migrants can hardly enter into the community of the indigenous
inhabitants and the existing power system in Cheung Chau. Although the foreign
migrants cannot enter into the local community easily, the white still shares the most
superior status among other ethnic groups such as Indonesian, Japanese, Filipino, etc.
Interestingly, whether the white overrides the existing power of indigenous inhabitants
will be worth our study in the future but currently, the white is regarded as the most
superior than other ethnic groups only.
16 "Cheung Chau Island Industry." The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group. N.p., 10 Jan. 2015. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
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2. COGNITIVE MAP: CHEUNG CHAU SOUTH AND NORTH
The aim of this study is to disclose the current situation and the internal hierarchies
in Cheung Chau, where the hierarchies are present in their daily lives and their thinking.
In the ethnographical part, 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong are asked to draw their image of
Cheung Chau and indicate the corresponding landmarks or places they are familiar with.
Before conducting the cognitive map, they are confirmed firstly if they are the local
residents. Then, their profile including ages, gender, occupation, location of household,
years of residency and ethnicity are recorded. Finally, they are given a blank A-4 paper
and a pen or a marker and so the cognitive map is started.
First of all, a retired fisherman aged 76 is invited to conduct this cognitive map. In
his portrait of Cheung Chau (on the left), there is not any depiction of the shape of
Cheung Chau or the boundary of Cheung Chau. He lives in Cheung Chau for 76 years
and he offers relatively more depiction of how the small boats and vessels anchored in
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the harbor after having a fruitful fishing journey. More, they kept an adequate amount
of harvest and sold them in two ways: either sold the harvest right after going on the
shore from the boat or made the harvest into salted fish. They mainly made their salted
fish on the street when they were living in the boats. However, they started their
production of salted fish on their rooftop after moving to the onshore house. Lastly,
they stopped making salted fish when they moved to the public housing estate in
Cheung Chau. In his portrayal, there are not much details of the southern part of Cheung
Chau, he only writes down farmland, a well and ‘Bak Cho Wan’. However, his
depiction remains in his old days, as there is not any farmland and well in the southern
part of the island. Also, the factories depicted in the northern part were demolished for
at least thirty years. However, one thing is important that he is relatively familiar with
the northern part of Cheung Chau Island.
On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by his younger daughter aged 29 and
she lives in Cheung Chau for 29 years. In her portrait, she gives lots of information
about the community: seven blocks of the public housing estate, the pavilion, park,
sewage treatment plant, temples, primary and secondary schools, bakery, restaurant are
all detailedly enclosed. All her descriptions are in fact the traces of her lives as she was
born, her family moved to the public housing estate and when she was aged 25, she
moved out. Both her new and old homes are also located in the northern part of Cheung
Chau. In her depiction, numerous bays and Shunde Association are named, as she was
taken to the fish journey and meeting in the association when she was small. However,
for the central and the southern part of Cheung Chau, there are little descriptions.
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Besides, a pair of local couple is invited to conduct the cognitive map. On the left,
it is drawn by the male participant aged 58, who originally was the inhabitant of
Kowloon City and he moved to and has lived in Cheung Chau after marriage for 23
years. In his depiction, he only names four landmarks such as the Cheung Po Tsai Cave,
temple and the pier. At the same time, he names three different bays as he mentions, he
needs to work on weekdays so the route from pier to home is the most familiar and
frequent way he daily walks along and he goes fishing on weekends. However, in his
drawing, it is lack of detailed description for the northern, central and the southern part
of Cheung Chau.
On the right, it is conducted by the female participant aged 60, whose parents were
the post-war migrants and she was born in Cheung Chau. She has lived in the island for
60 years and she has to take ferry daily in order to work in Tsim Sha Tsui. In her portrait,
descriptions are all about her childhood, teenage, adulthood and her next generation.
She emphasizes on the 「西園農場」,which is the secret garden in Cheung Chau, where
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not much people notice. More, there is not much details about the northern side of
Cheung Chau and she writes on it:
「這北面,很少過來玩,因住這邊的居民較為喜歡打牌,而我不
大喜歡這裡的環境、氣氛。」
Furthermore, a British teacher aged 36 (on the left) is also asked to conduct this
cognitive map. She lives in Cheung Chau for 10 years and her home is located in the
southern part of Cheung Chau. In her daily routine, she needs to take 6:20am ferry to
central in order to give her lecture at 8am in Causeway bay. In her drawing, bank,
primary and secondary schools, post office, wet market, library and a restaurant are
enclosed. They are all the locations where she usually passes through and explores.
However, there is only a church, a hotel and a temple is mentioned.
On the right, the cognitive map is conducted by an Indonesian maid aged 53 and
she lives in Cheung Chau for 2 years only. In her drawing, the contour of the Cheung
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Chau is drawn as an oval-shaped island. There are only ten locations named: her
boarding house, the pier, Wellcome, bank, Park n shop, Wet market, bakery, laundry,
mom’s home and school. As she mentions, she has to buy and prepare the ingredients
for breakfast and dinner from wet market, supermarkets and bakery every day.
Interestingly, there is not any description of the direction and the named locations are
centralized in the central of the island. Details about the island are absent from her
drawing.
On the left, the cognitive map is conducted by a banker aged 27 and he has only
lived in Cheung Chau for 3 months only. In his depiction, the wet market, Cheung Po
Tsai Cave, Cheung Chau Sports Ground, camp, Alliance Bible Seminary are included
but these are all located in the southern part of the island. He originally lives in Fanling,
but the land price rise drastically so he cannot afford it anymore, at the same time, he
works in Wan Chai, so it is more convenient for him to live in Cheung Chau. He chooses
to live in the southern part of the island especially along Peak Road, as it is more
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undisturbed and elegant than the northern part of Cheung Chau. Therefore, the estate
agent and his own experience convince him.
Lastly, on the right it is my cognitive map. I lived in Cheung Chau for 15 years
since I was 3 years old. In these 15 years, my home moved for five times but none of
them was located in the north but two of them were in the central part and two three of
them were in the southern part especially along the Peak Road. In the northern part of
Cheung Chau, many landmarks are depicted but most of them are governmental
department such as hospital, fire station, police office, slaughterhouse, ice plant, sports
center, etc. In the southern part, supermarkets, wet market, primary and secondary
school, temples, public housing estate, grave and wind station of Hong Kong
Observatory are jot down. Especially, my home, my auntie’s boutique and granny’s
home are also drawn on the map.
Among these 8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong, it is clearly showing that there are two
distinct parts of Cheung Chau: the northern and the southern. Cheung Chau though is
politically divided into two parts but it is further culturally classified by the inhabitants.
Their struggles can be observed and manifested through their conversation. Hall (1997)
stated that representation connects meaning and language with culture and it is an
essential part in the operation of a culture. The language used in the meaning production
of an individual is deliberately chosen and it encompasses the decision of choice and a
manifestation of a person’s thoughts17:
17 Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage
in Association with the Open U, 1997. N. page. Print.
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‘Human shared conceptual map must be translated into a common
language, so that they can correlate their concepts and ideas with
certain written words, spoken sounds and visual images. The general
term they use for words, sounds and images, which carry meaning, is
signs. ’
After conducting the cognitive map, I have asked for their permission to walk
together along their way home and their stories and experiences of Cheung Chau are
thus collected. A female inhabitant aged 60 expresses her thought of Cheung Chau:
「唔係我一個咁講架,長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多,現在多咗啲南亞
裔住,租金低好多,但好『雜』又無文化,以前佢地去餐廳食飯都係豎
起隻腳,鬼死咁大聲講野;反而,山頂道嗰邊都係外國人、日本人、以
前外省人後代、專業人士居多,我地去餐廳食飯都唔會咁啦,雖然長洲
我住咗咁多年,但你問我北社街,我真係唔熟。」
From her saying, Cheung Chou North represents as a more rural, backward and
under civilized region, where most of the residents are fishermen and ethnic minorities,
who are not well educated. However, a retired fisherman aged 76 rejected her
description:
「聽佢地講啦,佢地持著自己外省人,錢多咁係咁講。北社街『雜』咩
啊?我地啲漁民,以前住係船上,都係停係附近,到廿幾年前,有公屋,
咪搬去公屋囉,一直都係依邊生活,完全無問題。『雜』鬼!你問我最
清楚!唓!佢地山頂咪又係有公屋,佢地話『雜』都係啲南亞裔搞出來。」
From his saying, although he dismisses her idea about the ‘under-civilized’
27
northern part of Cheung Chau, it is apparently showing the disparity and conflict
between the north and the south. A dichotomy is thus appeared: Cheung Chow North:
Fishermen and ethnic minorities; Cheung Chau South: migrants and professionals.
For a community, the presence of differences can be seen as natural and acceptable
but they are all constructed purposely so as to differentiate individual into classes. In
Cheung Chau, its internal hierarchy is come from the construction of differences among
the residents. Low (2000) stated that differentiation enables labeling18:
‘Difference, in fact, give shape and form to the world by providing the
differentiation and features that permit labeling and classification…
such as the workplace of the shoeshine men in Parque Central or the
sitting areas of the teenagers in the Plaze de la Cultura, are perceived
to be bounded or distinct because the activities and people within the
territory are distinct from the people and activities outside of it.’
Cheung Chau North and South are not classified into two distinct parts due to the
type of population distribution and residency. Its division was due to the ease of
gathering government statistics. However, since the fishermen started to anchor their
boats in the harbor near the southern part of the island, the concentration of the
fishermen has been located mainly in the north. More importantly, the haven is also
located in the northern part of Cheung Chau, for the fishing industry, it is necessary to
18 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The
Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 154. Print.
28
depend on the haven. For the Cheung Chau South, migrants and professionals are
mainly centralized in it, as the southern part of the island is a mountainous area so it
was rarely developed before the migration of the post-war migrants and baby boom.
Gradually, the contrast of the northern and southern part of the island becomes obvious.
Hence, boundaries are also depicted after differentiating people into groups and the
inhabitants incline not to go beyond the boundaries and exclusion is actualized with
power19:
‘Boundaries and boundary-maintaining systems constitute the most
basic forms of social organization and social structure. Boundaries,
however, are also political devices for social control and discipline…
In situations of social or political inequality, boundaries may provide
the logic for inclusion or exclusion, with tragic consequence for those
without power.’
From the inhabitant’s words, 「長洲北社街嗰邊係水上人住多…雖然長洲我住
咗咁多年,但你問我北社街,我真係唔熟」, it is very evident in showing the exclusion
and inclusion performed in the boundaries artificially made by them. The inclusion and
exclusion do not simply function in their mind, but also in their action. She
acknowledges her unfamiliarity of the northern part not only because of her center of
living is located in the south but also she is not willing to make her attempt in the
northern part for leisure and exploration.
19 Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of everyday life”. On the Plaza: The
Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7. Page 155. Print.
29
The gathering of the fishermen in the north as well as the gathering of migrants
and professionals at the beginning is in fact occasionally presented due to the
possibilities of the residential development. However, the solidarity and the exclusion
of others are held through the creation of boundaries and by the tactic of labeling, which
is the means to facilitate the experience of exercising power in the society, at the same
time, it fabricates the construction of one’s identity.
30
VI. Conclusion
Cheung Chau is always eulogized as its peacefulness and becomes the paradise of
vacation. However, every place has its logistics and politics. The study of internal
hierarchies constructed in Cheung Chau, which are all derived from differentiation and
the creation of boundaries. Simultaneously, territories are also produced after
differentiating people into classes and groups and they tend not to go beyond the
territories, where others are living and working in. From the result of the cognitive map,
it is obviously displaying the two distinct parts of Cheung Chau island: the northern
and the southern parts. Although Cheung Chau is politically classified into two parts,
the island is further culturally differentiated by Cheung Chau Kai-fong. The internal
struggles can be shown in their conversation, which the biased representation of
Cheung Chau North and South is manifested. From the inhabitant’s attitude, it is
apparently exhibiting the inclusion and exclusion executed in the territories. The
inclusion and exclusion are not only held in their mind, but also shown in their action.
The hierarchy of territories is emerged from the type of Kai-fong gathered in a region
and the occupation of Kai-fong also contributes to the differentiation. However, such
differentiation would lead to a further solidarity of a group and dissension among
different groups by the tactic of labeling, which fabricates the production of an
individual’s identity.
31
VII. Reflection
In this study, the most complicated is the degree of being objective enough in order
not to flood the research with too much personal emotions. At the beginning, the
direction of the study was drifted because of my own experience. My grand parents
were business tycoon, who also had great influence in Guomingdang. However, they
left Shanghai and fled for safety during the Second Sino-Japanese War and all the
bullion hidden in their clothes were thrown into the sea under the military check-up.
They finally settled in Hong Kong but there were too many intelligence agents carrying
out their missions in Hong Kong and so they had to avoid being discovered. However,
their valuable things were all gone and they could not travel too far away so they went
to Cheung Chau. Day by day, they set up vendor’s stall to sell some local snacks to Kai-
fong. Gradually, they opened a store and built a house though they had never have
thought to settle in this small island but when they were expecting their babies to come,
they could not easily flee to other countries anymore. Hence, Cheung Chau becomes
their homeland, where all my uncles and aunties, including my mother were born. My
mother studied in Cheung Chau and her first job was working as a sale in Central so
she took ferry to central for work day by day. Later on, she moved to To Kwa Wan with
my auntie, as she was a flight attendant working in the old airport. Years later, my
mother met my father, who grew up in Kwun Tong and they finally settled their home
in Kwun Tong as well. When I was three, my father had to sell his apartment for paying
up his business debt, so we bought a cheap house in Cheung Chau after the debt.
Cheung Chau becomes the origin of my memories and stories, all my experiences
32
started in there. I studied in Cheung Chau for the whole primary stage and then I applied
for studying at a girls’ school at Mount Davis. I finally moved to Yuen Long alone after
suffering from depression when I was aged 18. My stories of Cheung Chau ended.
However, my grandmother and auntie are still living in Cheung Chau so I always drop
by at their house once I have time. In my teenage, I tended not to tell others where I
lived, as it sounded weird to let others know where I came from, especially from
Cheung Chau. If others asked if I was an indigenous Kai-fong, I instantly clarified.
Interestingly, my experiences inspire me to start this research study and I invited
8 Cheung Chau Kai-fong to conduct the cognitive map. Some elder Kai-fong are friends
of my grandparents, and some local migrants felt surprised as they have never seen me
in Cheung Chau. This is a characteristic of Cheung Chau, though the population of
Cheung Chau is over twenty thousands, but Kai-fong recognizes each other according
where they live in. The cognitive process of Cheung Chau Kai-fong is quite different
from others, Kai-fong associates the region of household with the type of occupation
and even family history. This cognitive process is commonly adopted by Kai-fong,
including me. However, it was started naturally after the gathering of fishermen and
post-war migrants in different parts of Cheung Chau. Gradually, there are culturally
differentiation and Cheung Chau North and South are separated and they are
correspondingly represented distinctly: Cheung Chau North represented less civilized
and lower-income; Cheung Chau South represented more educated and professional. In
fact, there are also numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau
South but Kai-fong is still associating Cheung Chau North with public housing together.
33
To them, those numerous blocks of public housing estates located in Cheung Chau
South are an exceptional case, which will not influence on the existing differentiation
and their tactics of labeling.
I am greatly inspired by the importance of conducting critical ethnography in a
society because we used to put our lens in the urban are, the modernized and the bright
side of the city. Madison (2005) invokes me to take a closer look at my homeland in
order to understand the existing inclusion and exclusion made by Cheung Chau Kai-
fong and even more importantly, I was also using this kind of biased benchmark to
differentiate boundaries. I think I have a specific obligation as I lived in Cheung Chau
for over 15 years and I shall voice for it20:
‘Critical ethnography begins with an ethnical responsibility to address
processes of unfairness or injustice within a particular lived
domain…the researcher feels a moral obligation to make a contribution
toward changing those conditions toward greater freedom and
equity…by bringing up light underlying and obscure operations of
power and control. Therefore, the critical ethnographer resists
domestication and moves from “what is” to “what could be”’
I hope I can display my homeland -Cheung Chau not only “what is”, but also I can
lighten up the possibility of eliminating the distorted benchmark and representation in
20D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics
and performance. Page 1-16.
34
order to construct a diversified and a respectful identity for Cheung Chau Kai-fong.
35
References
Seminal Reading
D. Soyini Madison (2005) “Introduction to Critical Ethnography” in D. Soyini
Madison Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics and performance. Page 1-16.
During, Simon. "Debating Identity." Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. London:
Routledge, 2005. 145-52. Print.
Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation." Representation: Cultural Representations
and Signifying Practices. London: Sage in Association with the Open U, 1997. N.
page. Print.
Setha M. Low (2000) “Constructing Difference: The social and spatial boundaries of
everyday life”. On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture Chapter 7.
Page 154. Print.
Fact Sheet
"Hong Kong Geographic Data 2016 - Lands Department." Survey & Mapping Office,
Lands Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District." 2011
Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics
Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council South." 2011
Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics
Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
"2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council North." 2011
Population Census. 2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics
Department, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
Population Population
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
8 580 9 190 17 770 0 - 4 3 155 2 966 6 121
5 - 9 3 421 3 142 6 563
10 124 10 822 20 946 10 - 14 4 345 4 011 8 356
15 - 19 4 643 4 470 9 113
8 964 9 402 18 366 20 - 24 4 437 4 444 8 881
25 - 29 4 067 5 532 9 599
8 542 10 586 19 128 30 - 34 4 574 6 659 11 233
35 - 39 5 373 7 585 12 958
7 957 8 997 16 954 40 - 44 5 722 7 793 13 515
45 - 49 6 147 7 411 13 558
5 355 7 007 12 362 50 - 54 5 679 5 907 11 586
55 - 59 4 680 4 449 9 129
3 607 3 441 7 048 60 - 64 3 569 3 390 6 959
65 - 69 1 789 1 477 3 266
2 689 3 324 6 013 70 - 74 1 700 1 699 3 399
75 - 79 1 424 1 530 2 954
5 433 6 375 11 808 80 - 84 870 1 160 2 030
85 + 719 1 388 2 107
5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 66 314 75 013 141 327
66 314 75 013 141 327
Male Female Both Sexes
16.5 13.5 14.9
13.7 11.9 12.7
29.8 36.8 33.5
30.3 28.2 29.2
9.8 9.7 9.7
100.0 100.0 100.0
39.2 39.1 39.1
Population
Male Female Both Sexes
17 855 19 365 37 220
34 909 36 600 71 509
898 4 859 5 757
1 432 3 708 5 140
299 362 661
10 921 10 119 21 040
66 314 75 013 141 327
Population
Male Female Both Sexes 32.2 29.8 30.9
58 018 61 391 119 409
4 004 2 686 6 690
1 038 4 437 5 475 Population
76 2 298 2 374 Male Female Both Sexes
1 120 1 086 2 206 52 827 56 577 109 404
314 503 817 913 1 472 2 385
1 744 2 612 4 356 1 607 2 014 3 621
66 314 75 013 141 327 5 517 8 611 14 128
2 200 3 196 5 396
Proportion of population of 87.5 81.8 84.5 3 250 3 143 6 393
Chinese ethnicity (%) 66 314 75 013 141 327
Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong
Aged Aged 15 16 857
Under 15 and Over Total
3 673
8 088 8 306 16 394 2 261
8 618 16 064 24 682 2 983
756
4 276 21 969 26 245 Total 26 530
58 38 884 38 942 Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions 63.5
in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%)
- 6 905 6 905
- 4 717 4 717
- 23 442 23 442
21 040 120 287 141 327
29.0
Population Working Population
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
5 010 6 919 11 929
29 769 32 564 62 333
2 635 715 3 350 9 490 8 510 18 000
3 027 1 305 4 332 5 827 4 812 10 639
124 509 633 4 064 2 694 6 758
4 443 4 626 9 069
675 10 298 10 973 4 082 1 319 5 401
13 846 13 048 26 894 844 5 421 6 265
7 504 8 724 16 228 1 795 792 2 587
8 734 7 850 16 584 Total 35 555 35 093 70 648
66 314 75 013 141 327 Proportion of working population 14.1 19.7 16.9
with place of work in same district (%)
37 445 36 539 73 984
67.6 56.3 61.5
Labour force
Labour force participation rate (%) Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town
areas of this District Council District. Persons who work at home are excluded.
Students Work at home
Retired persons Places outside Hong Kong
Others
Total
Unpaid family workers New towns
Persons not in working population Other areas in the New Territories
Home-makers No fixed places/Marine
Employees In another district
Employers Hong Kong Island
Self-employed Kowloon
over having attained post-secondary education (%)
3. Economic Characteristics
Economic Activity Status Place of Work
Working population In same district #
Sub-degree course Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than new town
areas of this District Council District.Degree course
Total
Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and
Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories
Lower Secondary
Upper Secondary/Sixth Form
Post-secondary
Diploma/Certificate
Primary and below Hong Kong Island
No schooling/Pre-primary Kowloon
Primary New towns
Total
2. Educational Characteristics
Educational Attainment In same district #
(Highest Level Attended) In another district
Others Other Chinese dialects
Total English
Others
Persons aged under 5 or mute
Filipino
Indonesian Usual Language
Indian Cantonese
Pakistani Putonghua
Ethnicity Proportion of population aged 15 and over
Chinese being never married (%)
White
Separated
Persons aged under 15
Total
Now married
Widowed
Divorced
Marital Status
Never married
65 +
All age groups
Median age
15 - 24
25 - 44
45 - 64
Total Proportion of Population (%)
Age Group
0 - 14
(T08) Lamma & Po Toi
(T09) Cheung Chau South
(T10) Cheung Chau North
(T05) Tung Chung South
(T06) Discovery Bay
(T07) Peng Chau & Hei Ling Chau
(T02) Yat Tung Estate North
(T03) Yat Tung Estate South
(T04) Tung Chung North
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District
1. Demographic Characteristics
Constituency Area Age Group
(T01) Lantau
T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 1 / 3
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District
Monthly Income from Working Population #
Working Population
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
540 573 1 113 4 712 2 576 7 288
( 540) ( 537) ( 1 077) 3 179 1 789 4 968
938 5 493 6 431 7 073 5 705 12 778
( 893) ( 1 688) ( 2 581) 3 031 6 444 9 475
1 147 3 305 4 452 5 441 8 085 13 526
( 1 107) ( 2 155) ( 3 262) 5 239 202 5 441
2 977 4 561 7 538 2 441 171 2 612
( 2 962) ( 4 526) ( 7 488) 4 282 10 113 14 395
4 129 4 470 8 599 157 8 165
( 4 129) ( 4 455) ( 8 584)
9 075 5 680 14 755 35 555 35 093 70 648
( 9 075) ( 5 680) ( 14 755)
4 961 2 822 7 783 Working Population
( 4 961) ( 2 822) ( 7 783) Male Female Both Sexes
2 685 2 063 4 748 1 178 658 1 836
( 2 685) ( 2 063) ( 4 748) 5 125 577 5 702
1 064 1 346 2 410 6 302 7 179 13 481
( 1 064) ( 1 346) ( 2 410) 6 248 3 333 9 581
2 703 1 929 4 632
( 2 703) ( 1 929) ( 4 632) 3 366 3 856 7 222
2 294 1 399 3 693 1 731 623 2 354
( 2 294) ( 1 399) ( 3 693) 2 064 2 086 4 150
2 918 943 3 861 4 589 4 834 9 423
( 2 918) ( 943) ( 3 861)
124 509 633 3 138 5 083 8 221
( 124) ( 509) ( 633)
Total 35 555 35 093 70 648 1 307 6 775 8 082
( 35 455) ( 30 052) ( 65 507) 507 89 596
35 555 35 093 70 648
13,200 9,000 11,000
(13,500) (10,000) (12,000)
excluding unpaid family workers (HK$)
1 10 009
2 11 552 7 445
3 9 803 18 721
4 10 042 4 646
5 4 529
6 + 1 676 364
47 611 1 206
2.9 3 882
10 009
1 338
47 611
Monthly Domestic
1 329 - 192 1 676
( 244) (-) ( 44) ( 343)
1 184 6 120 2 140
( 216) (-) ( 1) ( 388)
994 - 97 1 816
( 257) (-) ( 1) ( 536)
875 - 30 2 050
( 484) (-) ( 30) ( 1 305)
938 18 85 2 627
( 740) ( 18) ( 85) ( 2 177)
2 737 89 97 6 073
( 2 207) ( 85) ( 56) ( 5 270)
2 873 9 24 5 988
( 2 641) (-) ( 24) ( 5 702)
2 480 20 - 4 916
( 2 159) ( 13) (-) ( 4 554)
1 899 - - 3 274
( 1 729) (-) (-) ( 3 087)
3 364 - - 4 720
( 3 242) (-) (-) ( 4 589)
4 963 - 30 5 858
( 4 567) (-) ( 30) ( 5 443)
2 362 4 - 2 496
( 2 144) ( 4) (-) ( 2 278)
1 380 - - 1 504
( 1 314) (-) (-) ( 1 438)
2 451 3 - 2 473
( 2 406) ( 3) (-) ( 2 428)
29 829 149 675 47 611
( 24 350) ( 123) ( 271) ( 39 538)
28,000 13,040 4,870 21,000
(33,800) (13,040) (9,000) (24,000)
Note: # Figures in brackets refer to economically active households. Economically active household refers to a household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic helpers) being economically active.
( 12 785) ( 2 009)
Median monthly domestic household income (HK$) 15,000 25,000
(16,900) (28,070)
≧ 100,000 10 9
( 10) ( 9)
Total 14 687 2 271
( 81) ( 49)
80,000 - 99,999 81 43
( 81) ( 43)
40,000 - 59,999 434 431
( 415) ( 431)
60,000 - 79,999 81 49
( 1 142) ( 216)
30,000 - 39,999 975 381
( 966) ( 381)
20,000 - 24,999 2 173 243
( 2 139) ( 243)
25,000 - 29,999 1 142 233
( 2 745) ( 177)
15,000 - 19,999 2 711 371
( 2 666) ( 371)
8,000 - 9,999 1 516 70
( 1 289) ( 45)
10,000 - 14,999 2 946 204
( 274) ( 4)
6,000 - 7,999 1 063 82
( 763) ( 28)
2,000 - 3,999 781 49
( 168) ( 3)
4,000 - 5,999 680 45
Household Income (HK$)
< 2,000 94 61
( 46) ( 9)
One-person households
Non-relative households
Total
Domestic Households #
Public
Rental Housing
Subsidized Home
Ownership Housing
Private Permanent
Housing
Non-domestic
Housing
Temporary
Housing Total
Total Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and
their unmarried children
Average domestic household size Composed of other relationship combinations
Other households
Nuclear family households
Composed of couple
Composed of couple and unmarried children
Composed of lone parent and unmarried children
Relative households
Composed of couple and at least one of their parents
employment of working population
Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.
4. Household Characteristics
Household Size Domestic Households Household Composition Domestic Households
health and social work activities
Miscellaneous social and personal services
Others
Total
Median monthly income from main
≧ 60,000 Real estate, professional and
business services
Unpaid family workers Public administration, education, human
Accommodation and food services
40,000 - 59,999 Information and communications
Financing and insurance
25,000 - 29,999 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades
Transportation, storage, postal and
30,000 - 39,999 courier services
Industry
20,000 - 24,999 Manufacturing
Construction
occupations not classifiable
10,000 - 14,999 Total
15,000 - 19,999
6,000 - 7,999 Plant and machine operators and assemblers
Elementary occupations
8,000 - 9,999 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and
Clerical support workers
4,000 - 5,999 Service and sales workers
Craft and related workers
< 2,000 Managers and administrators
Professionals
2,000 - 3,999 Associate professionals
3. Economic Characteristics (Cont'd.)
Main Employment (HK$) Occupation
T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 2 / 3
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council District
Average
Number of Subsidized Home Private Permanent All Housing
Quarters Domestic Ownership Housing Housing Types +
Occupied Households 21 183 204
by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 268 491 759
Households Households of Quarters 304 899 1 203
14 687 14 687 1 000 153 1 186 1 339
2 271 2 271 1 000 40 995 1 035
29 783 29 829 1 002 - 1 587 1 587
149 149 1 000 - 711 711
675 675 1 000 - 296 296
47 565 47 611 1 001 - 217 217
- 207 207
Domestic Households - 224 224
172 929 1 101
8 883 958 7 925 8 883
12 537
24 090 4,440 9,300 8,500
27
16.7 21.1 20.2
1 552
522
47 611
45.0 Public Private Permanent All Housing
Rental Housing Housing Types +
143 83 226
Population 2 931 33 2 973
Male Female Both Sexes 4 215 191 4 412
3 571 181 3 995
24 323 26 002 50 325 3 799 2 243 6 063
3 124 3 457 6 581 20 1 289 1 337
34 794 42 823 77 617 8 842 864
127 44 171 - 1 036 1 036
550 740 1 290 - 1 892 1 901
3 396 1 947 5 343 - 722 729
Total 66 314 75 013 141 327 - 201 201
- 152 152
- 255 255
- 237 237
- 159 258
14 687 9 516 24 639
1 500 7 500 2 080
9.7 21.4 13.4
Population Aged 5 and Over
7 249
5 522
8 430
2 247
12 526
88 292
10 940
Total 135 206
Proportion of population aged 5 and over 17.3
having internally migrated (%)
Email: [email protected]
Enquiries about this fact sheet can be directed to:
2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Tel: (852) 2716 8025
Fax: (852) 2716 0231
Not internally migrated
Moved home within same area of residence
Remained in same address
Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago
Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In defining
internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District to another
District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new town to another new
town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.
Area of Residence 5 Years Ago
Internally migrated #
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon
New towns
Other areas in the New Territories/Marine
Total
Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$)
Median rent to income ratio (%)
Note: + All housing types include public rental housing, subsidized home ownership housing, private permanent housing, non-domestic
housing and temporary housing.
6. Internal Migration Characteristics
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
≧ 40,000
None
Non-domestic housing 8,000 - 9,999
Temporary housing 10,000 - 14,999
Population in non-domestic households 15,000 - 19,999
Public rental housing 2,000 - 3,999
Subsidized home ownership housing 4,000 - 5,999
Private permanent housing 6,000 - 7,999
1 - 499
500 - 999
Type of Housing 1,000 - 1,499
Population in domestic households 1,500 - 1,999
Provided by employer
Total Domestic Households
Renting the Accommodation They Occupy
Proportion of domestic households
owning the quarters they occupy (%) Monthly Domestic Household Rent (HK$)
Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant payment and loan repayment (HK$)
Others Median mortgage payment and loan
Rent free repayment to income ratio (%)
Owner-occupier By non-household members only
With mortgage or loan Total
Without mortgage and loan
Sole tenant Median monthly domestic household mortgage
Temporary housing 20,000 - 24,999
Total 25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
Tenure of Accommodation ≧ 40,000
Subsidized home ownership housing 8,000 - 9,999
Private permanent housing 10,000 - 14,999
Non-domestic housing 15,000 - 19,999
1 - 1,999
2,000 - 3,999
Type of Housing 4,000 - 5,999
Public rental housing 6,000 - 7,999
5. Housing Characteristics
Domestic Households with Mortgage or Loan
Monthly Domestic Household Mortgage
Payment and Loan Repayment (HK$)
T00e / 6.7.2012 P. 3 / 3
Population Population
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Chinese 4 979 5 604 10 583 0 - 4 207 188 395
Indonesian - 196 196 5 - 9 203 178 381
Others 84 69 153 10 - 14 257 242 499
Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 15 - 19 300 284 584
Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 98.3 95.5 96.8 20 - 24 346 391 737
25 - 29 439 452 891
30 - 34 327 465 792
35 - 39 430 475 905
40 - 44 390 529 919
45 - 49 396 454 850
Population 50 - 54 384 426 810
Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 317 368 685
Cantonese 4 701 5 392 10 093 60 - 64 248 310 558
Putonghua 1 35 36 65 - 69 216 101 317
Other Chinese dialects 73 60 133 70 - 74 118 185 303
English 41 109 150 75 - 79 201 281 482
Others - 4 4 80 - 84 127 213 340
Persons aged under 5 or mute 247 269 516 85 + 157 327 484
Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Total 5 063 5 869 10 932
Population
Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes
Never married 1 535 1 417 2 952 0 - 14 13.2 10.4 11.7
Now married 2 623 2 926 5 549 15 - 24 12.8 11.5 12.1
Widowed 102 738 840 25 - 44 31.3 32.7 32.1
Divorced 86 180 266 45 - 64 26.6 26.5 26.6
Separated 50 - 50 65 + 16.2 18.9 17.6
Persons aged under 15 667 608 1 275 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 Median age 40.4 43.1 42.1
Proportion of population aged 15 and over 34.9 26.9 30.6
being never married (%)
Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong
Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district #
1 011
(Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district
Primary and below Hong Kong Island 460
No schooling/Pre-primary 458 1 410 1 868 Kowloon 87
Primary 562 2 023 2 585 New towns 103
Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories 8
Lower Secondary 255 1 420 1 675 1 669
Upper Secondary/Sixth Form - 3 083 3 083 60.6
Post-secondary
Diploma/Certificate - 662 662
Sub-degree course - 351 351
Degree course - 708 708
Total 1 275 9 657 10 932
16.1
Population
Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes
Working Population 678 807 1 485
Employees 2 371 2 282 4 653
Employers 262 117 379 972 1 023 1 995
Self-employed 275 149 424 356 314 670
Unpaid family workers 19 94 113 287 65 352
Persons not in working population 12 - 12
Home-makers 7 741 748 529 121 650
Students 867 779 1 646 20 234 254
Retired persons 789 936 1 725 73 78 151
Others 473 771 1 244 2 927 2 642 5 569
Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 23.2 30.5 26.7
Labour force 3 098 2 753 5 851
Labour force participation rate (%) 70.5 52.3 60.6
Monthly Income from
Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes
39 34 73
( 39) ( 34) ( 73)
48 326 374
( 48) ( 103) ( 151) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes
190 328 518 96 110 206
( 190) ( 316) ( 506) 108 110 218
348 364 712 579 277 856
( 348) ( 364) ( 712) 220 815 1 035
385 502 887 546 679 1 225
( 385) ( 502) ( 887) 678 22 700
1 210 465 1 675 199 27 226
( 1 210) ( 465) ( 1 675) 447 594 1 041
445 264 709 54 8 62
( 445) ( 264) ( 709)
97 78 175 Total 2 927 2 642 5 569
( 97) ( 78) ( 175)
88 84 172
( 88) ( 84) ( 172) Industry Male Female Both Sexes
19 63 82 Manufacturing 144 21 165
( 19) ( 63) ( 82) Construction 642 27 669
- 10 10 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 470 754 1 224
(-) ( 10) ( 10) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 357 75 432
39 30 69 Accommodation and food services 326 364 690
( 39) ( 30) ( 69) Information and communications 85 22 107
19 94 113 Financing and insurance 125 192 317
( 19) ( 94) ( 113) Real estate, professional and business services 363 415 778
Total 2 927 2 642 5 569 Public administration, education, human 223 402 625
( 2 927) ( 2 407) ( 5 334) health and social work activities
Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 106 348 454
employment of working population (11,000) (9,000) (10,000) Others 86 22 108
excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 2 927 2 642 5 569
Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.
40,000 - 59,999
≧ 60,000
Unpaid family workers
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999 Working Population
30,000 - 39,999
Elementary occupations
15,000 - 19,999 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and
occupations not classifiable
8,000 - 9,999 Service and sales workers
Craft and related workers
10,000 - 14,999 Plant and machine operators and assemblers
Professionals
6,000 - 7,999 Associate professionals
Clerical support workers
2,000 - 3,999 Working Population
4,000 - 5,999 Managers and administrators
Proportion of working population
with place of work in same district (%)
Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than
new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are
excluded.
Working Population #
< 2,000
New towns
Other areas in the New Territories
No fixed places/Marine
Work at home
Places outside Hong Kong
Total
3. Economic Characteristics
Working Population
In same district #
In another district
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon
2. Educational Characteristics
Total
Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions
in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%)
Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than
new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs.
Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and
over having attained post-secondary education (%)
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)
1. Demographic Characteristics
Ethnicity Age Group
Proportion of Population (%)
T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau North (T10)
Household Composition Domestic Households
Nuclear family households
Composed of couple 495
Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 418 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic
Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 283 Household Income (HK$) Active Households #
Households
Relative households 19 226
Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 52 24 229
Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 81 34 226
their unmarried children 96 142
Composed of other relationship combinations 489 271 312
Other households 523 583
One-person households 773 543 546
Non-relative households 53 265 286
Total 3 644 242 290
353 361
Household Size Domestic Households 332 332
1 773 57 57
2 918 30 30
3 703 24 24
4 736 Total 2 813 3 644
5 362 Median monthly domestic 18,560 15,900
6 + 152 household income (HK$)
Total 3 644
Average domestic household size 2.9
Average Monthly Domestic Household
Number of Domestic Households
Quarters Domestic with Mortgage or Loan
Occupied Households 15
by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 71
Households Households of Quarters 181
Public rental housing 456 456 1 000 59
Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 10
Private permanent housing 3 110 3 110 1 000 -
Non-domestic housing 31 31 1 000 -
Temporary housing 47 47 1 000 -
Total 3 644 3 644 1 000 12
-
Domestic Households -
38
386 Total 386
1 808 4,800
1 222 18.9
-
Domestic Households
207 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation
21 They Occupy
3 644 17
60.2 398
58
54
Population 477
Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 173
Population in domestic households 6
Public rental housing 689 798 1 487 17
Subsidized home ownership housing - - - -
Private permanent housing 4 185 4 665 8 850 -
Non-domestic housing 31 - 31 25
Temporary housing 47 46 93 -
Population in non-domestic households 111 360 471 -
Total 5 063 5 869 10 932 -
None 18
Total 1 243
2,400
12.6
Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over
Internally migrated #
Hong Kong Island 145
Kowloon 161
New towns 99
Other areas in the New Territories/Marine 16
Not internally migrated
Moved home within same area of residence 1 204
Remained in same address 8 710
Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 202
Total 10 537
Proportion of population aged 5 and over 4.0
having internally migrated (%)
Fax: (852) 2716 0231
Email: [email protected]
Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In
defining internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District
to another District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new
town to another new town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.
Enquiries about this fact sheet can be directed to:
2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Tel: (852) 2716 8025
≧ 40,000
Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$)
Median rent to income ratio (%)
6. Internal Migration Characteristics
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499
1,500 - 1,999
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
Rent free
Provided by employer Household Rent (HK$)
Total 1 - 499
Proportion of domestic households 500 - 999
Without mortgage and loan Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$)
Sole tenant Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%)
Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant
Others
30,000 - 39,999
Tenure of Accommodation ≧ 40,000
Owner-occupier By non-household members only
With mortgage or loan
6,000 - 7,999
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
5. Housing Characteristics
Mortgage Payment and
Loan Repayment (HK$)
1 - 1,999
2,000 - 3,999
Type of Housing 4,000 - 5,999
40,000 - 59,999
60,000 - 79,999
80,000 - 99,999
≧ 100,000
Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic
helpers) being economically active.
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
4. Household Characteristics
< 2,000
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
T10e / 11.9.2012 P. 2 / 2
Population Population
Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes
Chinese 5 391 5 939 11 330 0 - 4 231 256 487
Indonesian - 219 219 5 - 9 251 218 469
Japanese 24 78 102 10 - 14 299 270 569
Filipino - 76 76 15 - 19 340 382 722
White 18 54 72 20 - 24 366 395 761
Others - 9 9 25 - 29 417 521 938
Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 30 - 34 379 543 922
Proportion of population of Chinese ethnicity (%) 99.2 93.2 96.0 35 - 39 472 565 1 037
40 - 44 403 572 975
45 - 49 480 611 1 091
Population 50 - 54 478 512 990
Usual Language Male Female Both Sexes 55 - 59 355 407 762
Cantonese 5 120 5 807 10 927 60 - 64 283 308 591
Putonghua - - - 65 - 69 125 137 262
Other Chinese dialects 39 116 155 70 - 74 173 171 344
English 18 165 183 75 - 79 192 193 385
Others 24 28 52 80 - 84 112 167 279
Persons aged under 5 or mute 232 259 491 85 + 77 147 224
Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Total 5 433 6 375 11 808
Population
Marital Status Male Female Both Sexes Age Group Male Female Both Sexes
Never married 1 522 1 918 3 440 0 - 14 14.4 11.7 12.9
Now married 2 920 2 947 5 867 15 - 24 13.0 12.2 12.6
Widowed 109 528 637 25 - 44 30.8 34.5 32.8
Divorced 101 237 338 45 - 64 29.4 28.8 29.1
Separated - 1 1 65 + 12.5 12.8 12.7
Persons aged under 15 781 744 1 525 All age groups 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 Median age 39.6 40.4 40.0
Proportion of population aged 15 and over 32.7 34.1 33.5
being never married (%)
Population Place of Study Persons Attending Full-time Courses in Educational Institutions in Hong Kong
Educational Attainment Age Age 15 In same district #
1 370
(Highest Level Attended) Under 15 and Over Total In another district
Primary and below Hong Kong Island 368
No schooling/Pre-primary 641 1 354 1 995 Kowloon 71
Primary 618 1 616 2 234 New towns 114
Secondary/Sixth Form Other areas in the New Territories -
Lower Secondary 253 2 247 2 500 1 923
Upper Secondary/Sixth Form 13 3 315 3 328 71.2
Post-secondary
Diploma/Certificate - 352 352
Sub-degree course - 326 326
Degree course - 1 073 1 073
Total 1 525 10 283 11 808
16.2
Population
Economic Activity Status Male Female Both Sexes Place of Work Male Female Both Sexes
Working Population 776 1 061 1 837
Employees 2 717 2 864 5 581
Employers 221 35 256 1 223 1 216 2 439
Self-employed 274 127 401 450 287 737
Unpaid family workers 16 132 148 172 150 322
Persons not in working population 11 37 48
Home-makers 7 1 014 1 021 559 112 671
Students 1 001 816 1 817 6 295 301
Retired persons 758 851 1 609 31 - 31
Others 439 536 975 3 228 3 158 6 386
Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 24.0 33.6 28.8
Labour force 3 350 3 242 6 592
Labour force participation rate (%) 72.0 57.6 64.1
Monthly Income from
Main Employment (HK$) Male Female Both Sexes
82 76 158
( 82) ( 76) ( 158)
113 428 541
( 113) ( 199) ( 312) Occupation Male Female Both Sexes
47 383 430 209 241 450
( 47) ( 317) ( 364) 135 84 219
365 478 843 525 260 785
( 365) ( 478) ( 843) 145 688 833
542 535 1 077 589 1 167 1 756
( 542) ( 535) ( 1 077) 789 - 789
1 079 513 1 592 230 19 249
( 1 079) ( 513) ( 1 592) 569 699 1 268
459 147 606 37 - 37
( 459) ( 147) ( 606)
185 197 382 Total 3 228 3 158 6 386
( 185) ( 197) ( 382)
49 87 136
( 49) ( 87) ( 136) Industry Male Female Both Sexes
136 99 235 Manufacturing 18 20 38
( 136) ( 99) ( 235) Construction 798 28 826
144 38 182 Import/export, wholesale and retail trades 469 806 1 275
( 144) ( 38) ( 182) Transportation, storage, postal and courier services 346 81 427
11 45 56 Accommodation and food services 389 438 827
( 11) ( 45) ( 56) Information and communications 223 28 251
16 132 148 Financing and insurance 121 213 334
( 16) ( 132) ( 148) Real estate, professional and business services 364 647 1 011
Total 3 228 3 158 6 386 Public administration, education, human 301 443 744
( 3 228) ( 2 863) ( 6 091) health and social work activities
Median monthly income from main 11,000 8,000 10,000 Miscellaneous social and personal services 125 454 579
employment of working population (11,000) (8,500) (10,000) Others 74 - 74
excluding unpaid family workers (HK$) Total 3 228 3 158 6 386
Note: # Figures in brackets exclude foreign domestic helpers.
40,000 - 59,999
≧ 60,000
Unpaid family workers
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999 Working Population
30,000 - 39,999
Elementary occupations
15,000 - 19,999 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; and
occupations not classifiable
8,000 - 9,999 Service and sales workers
Craft and related workers
10,000 - 14,999 Plant and machine operators and assemblers
Professionals
6,000 - 7,999 Associate professionals
Clerical support workers
2,000 - 3,999 Working Population
4,000 - 5,999 Managers and administrators
Proportion of working population
with place of work in same district (%)
Note: # It refers to persons whose place of work and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than
new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs. Persons who work at home are
excluded.
Working Population #
< 2,000
New towns
Other areas in the New Territories
No fixed places/Marine
Work at home
Places outside Hong Kong
Total
3. Economic Characteristics
Working Population
In same district #
In another district
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon
2. Educational Characteristics
Total
Proportion of persons attending full-time courses in educational institutions
in Hong Kong with place of study in same district (%)
Note: # It refers to persons whose place of study and place of residence are both in the same new town or both in areas other than
new town areas of the District Council District to which this Constituency Area belongs.
Proportion of non-student population aged 20 and
over having attained post-secondary education (%)
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)
1. Demographic Characteristics
Ethnicity Age Group
Proportion of Population (%)
T09e / 11.9.2012 P. 1 / 2
2011 Population Census - Fact Sheet for Islands District Council Cheung Chau South (T09)
Household Composition Domestic Households
Nuclear family households
Composed of couple 613
Composed of couple and unmarried children 1 526 Monthly Domestic Economically All Domestic
Composed of lone parent and unmarried children 469 Household Income (HK$) Active Households #
Households
Relative households 90 238
Composed of couple and at least one of their parents 53 32 259
Composed of couple, at least one of their parents and 64 62 169
their unmarried children 118 257
Composed of other relationship combinations 435 204 269
Other households 605 641
One-person households 946 722 732
Non-relative households 77 326 355
Total 4 183 316 316
298 298
Household Size Domestic Households 452 463
1 946 138 138
2 986 34 34
3 869 14 14
4 883 Total 3 411 4 183
5 364 Median monthly domestic 19,500 16,250
6 + 135 household income (HK$)
Total 4 183
Average domestic household size 2.8
Average Monthly Domestic Household
Number of Domestic Households
Quarters Domestic with Mortgage or Loan
Occupied Households -
by Domestic Domestic per 1000 Units 147
Households Households of Quarters 93
Public rental housing 419 419 1 000 70
Subsidized home ownership housing - - - 37
Private permanent housing 3 717 3 722 1 001 -
Non-domestic housing - - - -
Temporary housing 42 42 1 000 -
Total 4 178 4 183 1 001 -
-
Domestic Households -
98
445 Total 445
2 371 4,770
1 010 16.6
2
Domestic Households
333 Monthly Domestic Renting the Accommodation
22 They Occupy
4 183 -
67.3 130
306
49
Population 441
Type of Housing Male Female Both Sexes 71
Population in domestic households 15
Public rental housing 780 700 1 480 -
Subsidized home ownership housing - - - -
Private permanent housing 4 580 5 587 10 167 -
Non-domestic housing - - - -
Temporary housing 49 36 85 -
Population in non-domestic households 24 52 76 -
Total 5 433 6 375 11 808 -
None 22
Total 1 034
2,000
10.8
Area of Residence 5 Years Ago Population Aged 5 and Over
Internally migrated #
Hong Kong Island 249
Kowloon 55
New towns 269
Other areas in the New Territories/Marine -
Not internally migrated
Moved home within same area of residence 1 116
Remained in same address 9 275
Place of residence outside Hong Kong 5 years ago 357
Total 11 321
Proportion of population aged 5 and over 5.1
having internally migrated (%)
Fax: (852) 2716 0231
Email: [email protected]
Note: # It refers to persons whose area of current residence is different from the area of residence five years ago. In
defining internal migration, a change in the area of residence refers to a move (a) from a District Council District
to another District Council District; or (b) within a District Council District in the New Territories, from a new
town to another new town, or from a new town to other areas in the district or vice versa.
Enquiries about this fact sheet can be directed to:
2011 Population Census Office, Census and Statistics Department
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Tel: (852) 2716 8025
≧ 40,000
Median monthly domestic household rent (HK$)
Median rent to income ratio (%)
6. Internal Migration Characteristics
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
owning the quarters they occupy (%) 1,000 - 1,499
1,500 - 1,999
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
Rent free
Provided by employer Household Rent (HK$)
Total 1 - 499
Proportion of domestic households 500 - 999
Without mortgage and loan Median monthly domestic household mortgage payment and loan repayment (HK$)
Sole tenant Median mortgage payment and loan repayment to income ratio (%)
Co-tenant/Main tenant/Sub-tenant
Others
30,000 - 39,999
Tenure of Accommodation ≧ 40,000
Owner-occupier By non-household members only
With mortgage or loan
6,000 - 7,999
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
5. Housing Characteristics
Mortgage Payment and
Loan Repayment (HK$)
1 - 1,999
2,000 - 3,999
Type of Housing 4,000 - 5,999
40,000 - 59,999
60,000 - 79,999
80,000 - 99,999
≧ 100,000
Note: # Economically active household refers to a domestic household with at least one member (excluding foreign domestic
helpers) being economically active.
8,000 - 9,999
10,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 29,999
30,000 - 39,999
4. Household Characteristics
< 2,000
2,000 - 3,999
4,000 - 5,999
6,000 - 7,999
T09e / 11.9.2012 P. 2 / 2