Komposit Hands Out2012

4/12/2012

1

KOMPOSIT

Hands-out

Dr. Eko Marsyahyo, ST., MSc

ProdiTeknik Mesin S-1ITN Malang

2012

Pendahuluan: silabi matakuliahP1. Pengenalan Bahan Composites P2. Klasifikasi Bahan Penyusun KompositesP3. Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Lamina IP4. Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Lamina IIP5. Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Laminated (Berlapis) IP6. Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Laminated (Berlapis) II

P7 Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Serat Pendek danP7. Perilaku Mekanika Komposit Serat Pendek danEfektivitas Pembebanan

P8. PengenalanTeori Kegagalan (Failure) KompositP9. Desain dan Manufaktur Komposit I

P10. Desain dan Manufaktur Komposit IIP11. PengujianMekanis Bahan KompositP12. PengujianMekanis Bahan KompositP13.Aplikasi Bahan Komposit.

P14.Quiz danTugas-Tugas Mata KuliahP15/16.UTS dan UAS

2

Sistem penilaian hasil PBM

Penilaian hasil ujianUTS 40%UAS 60%

Syarat kelulusan, batas minimal nilai C (skala angka 56)Kehadiran minimal 90%Kehadiran minimal 90%SEMUA tugas MK dikerjakan dan dikumpulkan tepat waktu

(ada 5 paket tugas MK )

Ingin diskusi di luar acara tatap muka di kelas? Via email: [email protected] join facebook add: eko marsyahyo, atau hp. 08123315824.

3

Daftar PustakaKaw, Autar K., 2006, Mechanics of composite materials, ed. 2nd , CRC Press

4

Pertemuan I. Apa itu Bahan Komposit?Composite Material adalah A combination of two or more materials to form a new material system with enhanced material propertiesMerupakan gabungan bahan Reinforcement + Matrix = CompositeFungsi bahan penguat adalah memperbaiki sifat sifat mekanisFungsi bahan penguat adalah memperbaiki sifat-sifat mekanisFungsi bahan matrik adalah sebagai perekat bahan penguatFungsi bahan penguat + matrik sebagai penahan beban sekaligustransfer beban dari antar serat, antar serat-matrik dan antar matrikSelain bahan penguat, komposit tersusun dari bahan pengisi yang berfugsi meningkatkan rasio kekuatan terhadap berat kompositdan dihasilkan bahan yang kuat dan ringan.

5 6

Dr. eMars-mesin.itn.ac.id

4/12/2012

2

7

Sifat umum Bahan KompositA combination of two or more materials (reinforcement, resin, filler, etc.), differing in form or composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their identities, i.e.., they do not dissolve or merge into each other, although they act in concert. Normally, the components can be physically identified and exhibit an interface between each other.Artificially produced multiphase materials yakni Matrix Phase: Polymers, Metals, Ceramics Also, continuous phase, surrounds other phase (e.g.: metal, ceramic, or polymer) ; Reinforcement Phase: Fibers, Particles, or Flakes Also, dispersed phase, discontinuous phase (e.g.: metal, ceramic, or polymer) D i i l i h i b h h f i l i l ( l Design materials with properties better than those of conventional materials (metals, ceramics, or polymers).usually man-made, that are a threedimensional combination of at least two chemically distinct materials, with a distinct interface separating the components, created to obtain properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.are combinations of two materials in which one of the materials, called the reinforcing phase, is in the form of fibers, sheets, or particles, and is embedded in the other materials called the matrix phase. The reinforcing material and the matrix material can be metal, ceramic, or polymer.Historical or natural examples of composites are abundant: brick made of clay reinforced with straw, mud wall with bamboo shoots, concrete, concrete reinforced with steel rebar, granite consisting of quartz, mica and feldspar, wood (cellulose fibers in lignin matrix), etc.

8

9 10

11

Advanced compositeAdalah refereed to those composite materials developed and used in the aerospace industries. They usually consist of high performance fibers as reinforcing phases and polymers or metals as matrices.

12


4/12/2012

3

Perkembangan Bahan KompositJaman dulu

Komposit non-teknik

13

Masa kini

14

Masa depan: Dominasi bahankomposit

aerospace

15 16

Perbandingan antara Komposit danBahan Logam

Perbandingan umum

17

Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Komposit

Advantages:a. Specific tensile strength is 4 to 6 times greater than steel or

Aluminumb. Specific modulus is 3 to 5 times that of steel or aluminumc. Specific thermal conductivity 40 times that of copperp y ppd. Greater fatigue resistance than steel or aluminume. Greater design flexibility than homogeneous materialsf. Potential for corrosion is significantly reducedg. Minimize part count and simplified fastening methodsDisadvantages:a. Raw material cost (advanced composites)b. Lack of clear-cut design rulesc. Lack of high productivity manufacturing methods

18


4/12/2012

4

19 20

21

Tugas ISusun daftar sifat-sifat mekanis, thermal dan elektrik bahankomposit. Bust tabel yang berisi minimal 50 jenis bahankomposit dan sifat-sifat utama seperti kekuatan tarik modulus elastisitas, massa jenis, konduktivitas panas/listrik dan lain-lain.

22

Pertemuan II. Bagaimana caramenyusun bahan komposit

Bahan komposit tersusun dari bahan penguat (jenis serat ataupartikel) dan bahan matrik

Klasifikasi bahan komposit adalah:Pengelompokkan berdasarkan jenis bahan matrikPengelompokkan berdasarkan jenis bahan penguatPengelompokkan berdasarkan jenis bahan penguatPengelompokkan berdasarkan bentuk penguatPengelompokkan berdasarkan asal usul bahan

23

Berdasarkan jenis Bahan Matrik

24


4/12/2012

5

Types of Composites

Matrix phase/Reinforcement Phase

Metal Ceramic Polymer

Metal Powder metallurgy parts – combining immiscible metals

Cermets (ceramic-metal composite)

Brake pads

Ceramic Cermets, TiC, TiCNCemented carbides –used in toolsFiber-reinforced

t l

SiC reinforced Al2O3 Tool materials

Fiberglass

metals

Polymer Kevlar fibers in an epoxy matrix

Elemental (Carbon, Boron, etc.)

Fiber reinforced metalsAuto partsaerospace

Rubber with carbon (tires)Boron, Carbon reinforced plastics

MMC’s CMC’s PMC’sMetal Matrix Composites Ceramic Matrix Comp’s. Polymer Matrix Comp’s

25

Contoh sifat mekanis PMC

26

Contoh sifat mekanis MMC

27

Contoh sifat mekanis CMC

28

Definisi bahan matrik

29

Fungsi utama matrik

FunctionBinds fibers togetherActs as a medium through which externally applied stress is transmitted and distributed to the fibersProtects fiber from surface damageSeparates fibers and prevents a crack from one fiber from propagating through another

30


4/12/2012

6

Komposit berdasarkan Matrik Polimer

31

Kriteria bahan matrik

DuctileLower E than for fiberBonding forces between fiber and matrix must be highBonding forces between fiber and matrix must be high

otherwise fiber will just “pull-out” of matrix

Generally, only polymers and metals are used as matrix material (they are ductile)

32

Komposit berdasarkan Jenis BahanPenguat

The weight or volume ratio of percent fiber to percent resin based on 100% of a composite material. Advanced composites contain more than 50% fiber33

Bentuk bahan penguat/pengisi

34

Serat buatan

K l C b Gl Kevlar tape Carbon tape Glass rovingBasalt roving

Kevlar woven roving Carbon woven roving GlassRoving Basalt

Chopped35

Perbandingan kualitas jenis serat buatan

36


4/12/2012

7

Serat alam: bahan penguat ramahlingkungan

37

Sumber bahan sangat melimpah

38

Contoh sifat mekanis serat alam

Properti mekanis Jute Abaca Coir Kenaf Flax Cotton Hemp Ramie

Densitas, gr/cm3 1,5 1,5 1,25 1,5 1,54 1,51 1,5 1,5

Perpanjangan, % 1,8 n/a 15 1,5 3,2 5,3 1,6 3,8

Kekuatan tarik, MPa

773 980 220 295 935 400 690 1050

Modulus tarik, GPa 28,5 n/a 6 22 27,6 12 50 61,5

39

Definisi serat penguat

40

Bentuk fisik serat penguat

41

Kriteria pemilihan bahan serat penguat

42


4/12/2012

8

Komposit berdasarkan Bentuk danOrientasi Bahan Penguat

43

Bentuk bahan penguat komposit

44

Serat panjangKontinyu Searah (Unidirectional composite

Komposit berlapis(laminated composite)

(Unidirectional composite

Serat pendek randomPenguatan partikel Penguatflake

45

Komposit struktur Sandwich: tersusun dalam lapisaninti berbentuk honeycomb dan kulit (face sheet), banyak diaplikasikan untuk struktur pesawat terbang.

46

Parameter Bahan Penguat SeratPanjang Kontinyu

Concentration

SizeShape

Distribution Orientation

47

Berdasarkan asal bahan

48


4/12/2012

9

• Composites are classified according to:-- the matrix material (CMC, MMC, PMC)-- the reinforcement geometry (particles, fibers, layers).

• Composites enhance matrix properties:-- MMC: enhance sy, TS, creep performance-- CMC: enhance Kc

-- PMC: enhance E, sy, TS, creep performance• Particulate-reinforced:

Rangkuman

49

-- Elastic modulus can be estimated.-- Properties are isotropic.

• Fiber-reinforced:-- Elastic modulus and TS can be estimated along fiber dir.-- Properties can be isotropic or anisotropic.

• Structural:-- Based on build-up of sandwiches in layered form.

Pertemuan III: Mekanika Lamina IApa yang terjadi jika komposit lamina mengalami teganganarah aksial?

50

Definisi Rule of Mixtures: jumlah fraksi bahanpenguat yang tertanam di dalam bahanmatrik

**

**

Upper bound(iso-strain)

Ec =EmVm +E fVf

ActualValues

conc. of fibers

E-m

atrix

E -

fiber

* **

**Lower bound(iso-stress)

EcEmE f

EfVm +EmVf=

51

Volume Fraction in Fiber Composites

Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume fraction of fibers

“Rule of mixtures” equation E - elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, f- fiber, , ,

upper bound: orientasi serat longitudinal

lower bound: orientasi serat transversalEc =EmVm +E fVf

Ec =EmE f

EfVm +EmVf

(iso(iso--strain)strain)

(iso(iso--stress)stress)

52

Mengalami tegangan arah transversal:

Also of importance is the response of the composite to a load applied transverse to the fibre direction. The stiffness andstrength of the composite are expected to be much lower in this case, since the (weak) matrix is not shielded fromcarrying stress to the same degree as for axial loading. Prediction of the transverse stiffness of a composite from theelastic properties of the constituents is far more difficult than the axial value.The conventional approach is to assumethat the system can again be represented by the "slab model". A lower bound on the stiffness is obtained from the"equal stress" (or "Reuss") assumption.

53

Komposit Isostrain dan Isostress

54


4/12/2012

10

Kondisi Isostrain

55

Kondisi Isostress

56

Perbandingan Kekuatan komposit lamina isostraindan Isostress dengan fraksi volume serat jumlahtertentu

57

ExampleCalculate the composite modulus for polyester reinforced with 60 vol% E-glass under a. iso-strain and b. iso-stress conditions.

Epolyester = 6.9 x 103 MPa

EE-glass = 72.4 x 10 3 MPa

Ec = (0.4)(6.9x103 MPa) + (0.6)(72.4x103 MPa) = 46.2 x 103 MPa

1/Ec = (0.4)/(6.9x103 MPa) + (0.6)/(72.4x103 MPa) = …. MPa

58

Tugas II

59

Pertemuan IV. Mekanika KompositLamina II

Material Isotropik: Hukum Hook teori klasik hubunganantara tegangan dan regangan di daerah elastis

�

F F

Daerah berlakunya hukum hook

F = k.u

� = E �

�= F/A �= DL/L

60


4/12/2012

11

Hukum Hooke2

�22

�21�23

1

3

�11�33

�13

�12�32

�31

Tegangan = �ij

i = j tegangan normali = j tegangan geser61

Tegangan sij menimbulkan regangan eij, yaitudeformasi di titik tsb. Regangan normal bilai=j dan regangan geser bila i<>jMenurut hukum Hook, hub. Tegangan danregangan adalah :

sij = fij(eij)Sehingga untuk bahan yang elastik linier Sehingga untuk bahan yang elastik linier terdapat 9 tegangan dan 9 regangan, sedangkan konstantanya ada 9 x 9 = 81 konstnta

62

63 64

Komposit: material anisotropy

65

Komposit ortotropik


4/12/2012

12

Komposit ortotropik

70

Pembebanan arah aksial

71

Pembebanan arah transversal

72


4/12/2012

13

Pembebanan Geser

73

Apa bedanya dengan Material isotropic: Logam

74

Pertemuan V: Apa itu Laminated, Banyak Lapis atau banyak lamina?

75

Analisis Laminated: Mekanika Mikrodan Makro

76

Tinjauan mekanika mikro komposit

77

Densitas


4/12/2012

14

Pembebanan arah Longitudinal

Pembebanan arah Transversal

Contoh soal

84


4/12/2012

15

85

Jawab:

86

2. Fraksi massa serat dan matrik:

87 88

Hitung dan periksa kembali dengan persamaan berikut ini:

Vf = volume fraction of fibersWf = weight of fibersWm = weight of matrixρf = density of fibersρm = density of matrix 89

Contoh Soal UTSTentukan kekuatan tarik dan modulus lamina seratglass/matrik epoksi (lihat data Tabel 3.1 dan 3.2) jika fraksivolume serat divariasi sebesar a).40%, b).50% dan c)60%? Gambarkan grafik hubungan antara fraksi volume seratdengan kekuatan dan modulus elastisitas komposit tersebut, g pgunakan kondisi ROM isostress dan isostrain.

90


4/12/2012

16

Pengaruh sudut orientasi/arah serat

When fibers are alignedproperties of material are highly anisotropicmodulus in direction of alignment is a function of the volume fraction of the E of the fiber and matrixmodulus perpendicular to direction of alignment is considerably less (the fibers do not contribute)(the fibers do not contribute)

91

Pertemuan VI: Pengaruh orientasi sudutserat penguat dan urutan setiap lapisan

Two dimensional sheets or panels with a preferred high-strength direction

Q. What is a natural example of this?

A W dA. Wood

Q. What is a man made example

A. Plywood - Layers are stacked and subsequently bonded together so that the high strength direction varies

93

Pertemuan VII. Komposit berpenguatserat pendek (acak)

Syarat utama pemanfaatan serat pendekMemiliki aspek rasio ukuran efektif untuk transfer bebanMelampaui aspek ukuran panjang kritis

94

Influence of Fiber LengthMechanical properties depend on:

mechanical properties of the fiberhow much load the matrix can transmit to the fiber

depends on the interfacial bond between the fiber and the matrix

Critical fiber length - depends onfiber diameter, fiber tensile strengthfiber/matrix bond strength

95

Influence of Fiber LengthCritical fiber length - lc

“Continuous” fibers l >> 15 lc“Short” fibers are anything shorter 15 lc

lc = σfd/2τc

where

d = fiber diameterτc = fiber-matrix bond strengthσf = fiber yield strength

No Reinforcement

96


4/12/2012

17

Randomly Oriented Fibers

Properties are isotropicnot dependent on direction

Ultimate tensile strength is less than for aligned fibersg g

May be desirable to sacrifice strength for the isotropic nature of the composite

97

Serat Pendek (Discontinuous Fibers)

Aligned (Tersusun)

σ∗c = σ∗

fVf(1-lc/2l) + σ’mVm for l > lc

σ∗c = (lτc/d)Vf + σ’

mVm for l < lcRandom (Acak)

Ec = KEfVf + EmVm where K ~ 0.1 to 0.6

3/8

1/5

98

Pertemuan VIII. Pengenalan TeoriKegagalan (Failure) Komposit

99

Modulus spesifik komposit

102


4/12/2012

18

Kegagalan serat dan matrik

103

Pertemuan IX. Desain dan ManufakturKomposit I

108


4/12/2012

19

109 110

Material Forms and ManufacturingObjectives of material production

assemble fibersimpregnate resinshape productcure resin cure resin

111

Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)Chopped glass fiber added to polyester resin mixture

•Question: Is SMC isotropic or anisotropic?112

Manufacturing - Filament Winding

Highly automatedlow manufacturing costs if high throughpute.g., Glass fiber pipe, sailboard masts

113

PrepregsPrepreg and prepreg layup

“prepreg” - partially cured mixture of fiber and resinUnidirectional prepreg tape with paper backing

wound on spools

Cut and stacked

Curing conditionsTypical temperature and pressure in autoclave is 120-200C, 100 psi

114


4/12/2012

20

Manufacturing - Layups

compressionmolding

vacuum bagging

115

Resin transfer molding (RTM)Dry-fiber preform placed in a closed mold, resin injected into mold, then cured

Textile formsBraiding or weavingg g

Tubular braided form can be flattened and cut for non-tubular products

116

Pultrusion

117

Material FormsPultrusion

Fiber and matrix are pulled through a die, like extrusion of metals -- assembles fibers, impregnates the resin, shapes the product, and p g , p p ,cures the resin in one step.Example. Fishing rods

118

Pertemuan X. Desain dan ManufakturKomposit II

119 120


4/12/2012

21

121 122

123 124

125

Pertemuan XI. Pengujian MekanisBahan Komposit I

126


4/12/2012

22

Pertemuan XII. PengujianMekanisBahan Komposit II

127 128

129 130

Pertemuan XIII. Aplikasi Bahan KompositCarbon fiber material has a wide range of applications, as it can be formed at

various densities in limitless shapes and sizes. Carbon fiber is often shaped into tubing, fabric, and cloth, and can be custom-formed into any number of composite parts and pieces. Familiar products made of carbon fiber include:

High-end automobile componentsBicycle framesFishing rodsShoe solesShoe solesBaseball batsProtective cases for laptops and iPhones

More exotic uses can be found in the:Aeronautics and aerospace industriesOil and gas industryUnmanned aerial vehiclesSatellitesFormula-1 race cars

Carbon fiber is, exactly what it sounds like –fiber made of carbon. But, these fibers are only a base. What is commonly referred to as carbon fiber is a material consisting of very thin filaments of carbon atoms. When bound together with plastic polymer resin by heat, pressure or in a vacuum a composite material is formed that is both strong and lightweight.131

The angle of the weave, as well as the resin used with the fiber, will determine the strength of the overall composite. The resin is most commonly epoxy, but can also be thermoplastic, polyurethane, vinyl ester, or polyester.Alternatively, a mold may be cast and the carbon fibers applied over it. The carbon fiber composite is then allowed to cure, often by a vacuum process. In this method, the mold is used to achieve the desired shape. This technique is preferred for uncomplicated forms that are needed on demand. Once the material is cut out from the cloth-like roll, it is taken to a design room and placed into molds. The position of the cloth within the mold is important, as it affects the strength of the final component.Many of the carbon fiber components are built with a light aluminum honeycomb interior, around which the cloth is wrapped, to strengthen the final component

132


4/12/2012

23

Racing cars used to be made of the same sort of materials as road cars, that is steel, aluminum and other metals. In the early 1980s, however, Formula 1 underwent the beginnings of a revolution that has become its hallmark today: the use of carbon composite materials to build the chassis.Today, most of the racing car chassis - the monocoque, suspension, Today, most of the racing car chassis the monocoque, suspension, wings and engine cover - is built with carbon fiber. This material has four advantages over every other kind of material for racing car construction:

It is super lightweight.It is super strong.It is super stiff.It it can be easily molded into all kinds of different shapes.

133

Aplikasi Komposit Berpenguat SeratAlam (Natural Fibers)

Definition: Natural fibers include those of vegetable origin constituted of cellulose, a polymer of glucose bound to lignin with varying amounts of other natural materials. They include the hard leaf fibers such as abaca (Manila hemp), sisal and henequen; bast fibers from the soft bast tissues or bark such as flax, hemp, jute, and ramie; and seed-hair fibers including cotton, kapok and the flosses. Natural fibers of cellulose have been used as a reinforcement material, e.g., in polyester composites One disadvantage is the lack of strength of interfacial polyester composites. One disadvantage is the lack of strength of interfacial bonding. Another approach is to employ networks of cellulose fiber containing a polyethylene matrix. Wood fiber itself is a composite of cellulose, hemicelluloseand lignin, in which the unidirectional cellulose microfibrils constitute the reinforcing elements in the matrix blend of hemicellulose and lignin. The structure is built as a multi-ply construction with layers of cellulose microfibrilsat different angles to the fiber axis. Cellulosic fiber materials containing 10-20% of polyethylene can be thermally bonded by melting the polyethylene at 150°C.

134

Pertemuan XIV. Quiz 1 dan 2

135

Lampiran2 jenis serat utk HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITE2

136

KEVLAR

What is it

Properties

Uses

137

What is it1965, Dupont

Stehanie Kowlek & Herbert Blades

Aromatic polyamide

Symmetrical radial orientation


4/12/2012

24

PropertiesDadvantagesHigh Tensile Strength at Low Weight

5X stronger than stronger than steel (equil weight basis)

Low Elongation to Break High Modulus

(Structural Rigidity)

Low Electrical Conductivity

High Chemical Resistance

Lo Thermal Shrinkage

Available grades: Kevlar 29, Kevlar 49, and Kevlar 149

Low Thermal Shrinkage

High Toughness (Work-To-Break)

Excellent Dimensional Stability

High Cut Resistance

Flame Resistant, Self-Extinguishing

Impact resistant

DisadvantagesFibers absorb moisture

Poor compressive properties

Difficult to cut

UsesPerformance Apparel

Adhesives and Sealants

Belts and Hoses

CompositesFiber-Optic and ElectroMechanical Cables

Friction Products and GasketsProtective ApparelTires

140

UsesRopes and Cables

UsesBallistics&

Defense

Protection Level:

Colors:

Sizes:

142

IIIA - $945.00

Navy Blue

Medium

ReferancesFrom: http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/KevlarClue1.htmlFrom: http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/Questions_00.html From: http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story082.htm

h // l fFrom http://www.spylife.comhttp://denbrook.crosswinds.net/Motorcycles/KevlarClutch

144


4/12/2012

25

What is Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic?

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP) is a lightCarbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP) is a light--weight, high strength, composite material. weight, high strength, composite material.

Depending on the task, carbon fiber reinforced plastic is Depending on the task, carbon fiber reinforced plastic is made with different kind of plastics and fibers.made with different kind of plastics and fibers.

A number of factors depend for the process of CFRP molds A number of factors depend for the process of CFRP molds A number of factors depend for the process of CFRP, molds A number of factors depend for the process of CFRP, molds are usually made from aluminum or fiberglass. For low are usually made from aluminum or fiberglass. For low volume parts, it can be made by putting carbon fiber fabric volume parts, it can be made by putting carbon fiber fabric and resin into a mold and allowing to harden in a vacuum. To and resin into a mold and allowing to harden in a vacuum. To create larger volume parts, compression molding is used.create larger volume parts, compression molding is used.

145

Plastics and Fibers UsedEpoxy (Most commonly used)Epoxy (Most commonly used)PolyesterPolyester

Such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)Such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)VynilesterVynilesterNylonNylonKevlarKevlarKevlarKevlarAluminumAluminum

MEEN 4385 / 5303 (Advanced) Fabrication of Composite Structures146

Material Properties

Typical Properties High StrengthHigh

ModulusUltra‐High Modulus

Density (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 ‐ 2.1Density (g/cm ) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1

Young's Modulus (GPa) 230 370 520 ‐ 620

Tensile Strength (GPa) 2.48 1.79 1.03 ‐ 1.31

Tensile Elongation (%) 1.1 0.5 0.2

Table for carbon fibersTable for carbon fibers

147

CFRP ApplicationsIn cars, CFRP is used in In cars, CFRP is used in doors, hoods, fenders, doors, hoods, fenders, chasischasis, and support frames , and support frames for the engine and for the engine and transmission.transmission.In airplanes, CFRP is used In airplanes, CFRP is used in fuselage sections called in fuselage sections called barrels.barrels.Other applications, racing Other applications, racing bicycles, rackets, fishing bicycles, rackets, fishing rods, rods,

Tail of an RC helicopter, Tail of an RC helicopter, made of CFRPmade of CFRP

Fuselage mold section of the Boeing 787 Fuselage mold section of the Boeing 787 DreamlinerDreamliner

AdvantagesReduces weight.Reduces weight.

Improves fuel efficiency.Improves fuel efficiency.

Easier to mold and work.Easier to mold and work.

Reduces drag.Reduces drag.

Reduces pollution.Reduces pollution.

Lesser material used.Lesser material used.

Longer lifetime.Longer lifetime.

Less maintenance. Less maintenance.

A car’s pollution

References

http://www.aip.org/dbis/stories/2006/15132.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2006/0211-cars_of_the_future_plastic_makes_perfect.htm

http://www.conceptsalesinc.com/carbon-fiber-reinforced-p pplastic.htm

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/BRIDGE/frp/frp197.cfm

Peel, Dr. Larry., MEEN 4385 / 5303 (Advanced) Fabrication of Composite Structures.http://www.engineer.tamuk.edu/departments/ieen/faculty/DrLPeel/Courses/composites_fab_class.html. Spring 2008.


4/12/2012

26

Polypropylene

John Caballero

151

PolypropyleneDiscovery

Polypropylene was first polymerized by Dr. Karl Rehn in Germany in 1951 but sadly didn't recognize the importance of his discoveryIt was then rediscovered on March 11, 1954 by Giulio Natta.

Advantageshas a high melting temperature 160°C (320°F) which enables it to be exposed to greater temperatures and keep its same shape. Example, dishwasher safe tupperwareEnvironmentally safe so it can be used in everyday life

h l l b l d b “ ”is a thermoplastic polymer, can be recycled, number “5”

DisadvantagesPolypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to UV radiationThe polymer can also be oxidized at high temperatures, a common problem during molding operationsQuaternary ammonium biocides was found by researchers to be leaking out of polypropylene plastics used in laboratory experiments (A biocide is a chemical substance capable of killing living organisms)

152

Practical ApplicationsBiaxially Oriented polypropylene (BOPP) sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear bags like the bags at a department store

highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing rugs and mats to be used at home

used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water

used to make bottles Plastic pails car batteries wastebaskets cooler used to make bottles, Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers, retreading automobile tires

Manufacturing The largest company to produce Polypropylene is Lyondell-Basell and Dow Chemical Company

Polypropylene is commonly spun into fibers, injection molded, cast into thin films, extruded into sheet and profiles and blow molded

the fiber market accounts for the largest share of polypropylene usage

Polypropylene has a high tensile strength when the molecules are oriented, and a relatively low melt strength; these are the primary requirements for fiber markets.

SourcesWikipedia, "Polypropylene." 11 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene>.

BASTIAN, KEVIN. "Polypropylene Offers More for Less ." 11 Nov 2008 <http://www.plasticsmachining.com/magazine/199806/polypro.html>.

recycled items online. 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.recycledproductsonline.co.uk/bullions >.

"safety gear." 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.newrivernets.com/nrn/safety.htm >. y g p y

"new and used lab equipment." 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.crscientific.com/plasticbottles.html >.

"recreational dynamics." 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.recreationdynamics.com/shots/UPE-1003.php >.

"Polypropylene Plant." 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.flickr.com/photos/96634714@N00/255431640/>.

"swico." 12 Nov 2008 <http://www.swicofil.com/asotaantifirecrackfiber.html>.

155

Composite Wood

Juan de Dios Hernandez

Dr. Larry Peel

156


4/12/2012

27

What is it?Composite Wood is made from a combination of plasticpolyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and or polyvinyl chloride (PVC ).

Plastic shields wood from moisture and insect damage.

The wood protects the plastic from UV damage.

The cost compared to regular wood is almost the same, but composite wood offers superior quality and resistence.

157

Composite Lumber VS. WoodInitial Cost and Maintenance over the years

158

Benefits of Composite Wood

Splinter Free

Skid Free

Resists weathering

Does not deformDoes not deform

No insect damage

No maintenance required

Stays new for years

Disadvantages of Composite WoodDecolorize

May not look real

Sometimes weighs more

Flexible in hot weather

Rigid in cold weather

Where is it used?

Due to its resistance to weathering and diversity of colors, it is often used in decks, railings, around pools & hot tubs.

Referenceswww.trex.com

www.timbertech.com

www fibercomposites comwww.fibercomposites.com

www.compositesworld.com/ ct/issues/2003/June/136

162


Komposit Hands Out2012

Documents

Transcript of Komposit Hands Out2012