[email protected] CALM Architecture and CALM M5 … · 2007-02-28 · [email protected]...

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Page 1 / 14 Nov 2006 Knut.Evensen@Q Knut.Evensen@Q - - Free.com Free.com CALM Architecture and CALM Architecture and CALM M5 CALM M5 Convenor Convenor Dallas 14. November 2006 Dallas 14. November 2006

Transcript of [email protected] CALM Architecture and CALM M5 … · 2007-02-28 · [email protected]...

Page 1: Knut.Evensen@Q-Free.com CALM Architecture and CALM M5 … · 2007-02-28 · Knut.Evensen@Q-Free.com CALM Architecture and CALM M5 Convenor Dallas 14. November 2006. Page 2 / 14 Nov

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[email protected]@Q--Free.comFree.comCALM Architecture and CALM Architecture and

CALM M5 CALM M5 ConvenorConvenorDallas 14. November 2006Dallas 14. November 2006

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TopicsTopicsWhat is ITS – and why ISO?What is CALM?What are CALM Media? (ex: CALM M5)

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What is ITS?What is ITS?

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Intelligent Transport SystemsIntelligent Transport SystemsIntelligent Transportation Systems, or ITS, encompass a broad range of wireless and wire-line communications-based information, control and electronics technologies.

When integrated into the transportation system infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these technologies help monitor and manage traffic flow, reduce congestion, provide alternate routes to travelers, enhance productivity, and save lives, time and money.

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International Telecommunications Union

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ITS standards on the Global LevelITS standards on the Global Level

The Internet Engineering Task Force

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• TC 204 Intelligent Transport Systems

• TC8 Maritime

• TC 22 Road Vehicles

• TC 104 Freight Containers – ID and communication

• TC154 Business Processes and Data

• TC 211 Geographic Information

ISO StandardsISO Standards

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What is CALM?What is CALM?

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CALM CALM -- OverallOverallCALM is the ISO approved framework for heterogeneous packet-switched communication in mobile environmentsCALM also refers to the set of international standards being developed to support this framework. The CALM framework supports user transparent continuous communications across various interfaces and communication media such 802.11, 802.11p, 802.15, 802.16e, 802.20, 2G/3G/4G cellular systems, national ITS systems,…CALM standards are being developed by ISO TC204/WG16 ISO TC204/WG16 –– Wide Area CommunicationsWide Area Communications

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ProprietaryProtocol

B

Proprietaryor

DedicatedRadio

Interface

ProprietaryProtocol

C

Proprietaryor

DedicatedRadio

Interface

ProprietaryProtocol

A

Proprietaryor

DedicatedRadio

Interface

App. 1 App. 2 App. 3

ITS CommunicationsITS Communications

ALL ITS APPLICATIONS

ALL ITS APPLICATIONS

TCP UDP

Stream &RealtimeProtocols

ISODSRC

L7

HTTP/SMTP

Protocols

MAC

802.11pWAVE

InitHnd-ovr

SecurMAC

2G/3G802.16e/.20

InitHnd-ovr

SecurMAC

WiFi

InitHnd-ovr

Secur

L2/UDP

IPv6 layer

ServiceQoS

Interface Selection

Handover

InterfaceQoS

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Hot-Spot(Wireless LAN)

Terrestrial BroadcastRDS, DAB

UMTS WiMAX

Beacon•CALM-M5•CEN-DSRC•CALM-IR

GPS, Galileo

Info-Broadcaster

BroadcastTransmitter

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (M5, IR, MM)

GSM-GPRS

Sat-Comm

PDA, SmartPhone

SomeSome ExamplesExamples ofof CALM Air CALM Air InterfacesInterfaces

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CALM ApplicationsCALM Applications

Support of Internet servicesSupport of traditional ITS applications Support of next generation applications:

Major push in Vehicle Safety CommunicationNew commercial applications made possible by high data rate & long range.

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Services defined for 5 GHz medium Services defined for 5 GHz medium -- 11CVO - Tractor-Trailer InterfaceCVO - Rollover WarningCVO - Electronic Border ClearanceCVO - Weigh Station Bypass ClearanceCVO - CVO Fleet ManagementCVO - Onboard Safety Data TransferCVO - Tractor-Trailer MatchingCVO - Transit Vehicle Data TransferCVO - Vehicle Safety InspectionCVO - Drivers Daily LogOTHER SERVICES - Probe Data CollectionOTHER SERVICES - Access ControlOTHER SERVICES – Vehicle Manufacturer InfoPAYMENTS - Toll CollectionPAYMENTS - ITS Service PaymentPAYMENTS - Other ePaymentsPAYMENTS - Rental Car ProcessingPAYMENTS - Parking PaymentPAYMENTS - Food PaymentPAYMENTS - Fuel PaymentSAFETY - Vehicle-to-vehicle Data TransferSAFETY – Highway-Rail Intersection Warning

Traffic Information - Audio Transfer - StreamingTraffic Information - Map UpdatesTraffic Information - Mobile InternetTraffic Information - Traffic DataTraffic Information - Traveller InformationTraffic Information - Vehicle Registration (EVI)Traffic Information - Transit Vehicle PriorityTraffic Information - Diagnostic Data TransferTraffic Information - Video Transfer - BlockTraffic Information - Audio Transfer - BlockTraffic Information - Video Transfer - StreamingTraffic Information - Repair Service RecordTraffic Information - Vehicle Software UpdatesVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Approaching Emergency Vehicle

WarningVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Emergency Vehicle Signal Pre-

emptionVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Intersection Emergency Vehicle

ApproachingVSC - RSU to OBU - Emergency Scene Data

Networking VSC - OBU-to-OBU - Emergency Scene Data

Networking VSC - OBU-to-OBU - Cooperative Collision Warning

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Services defined for 5 GHz medium Services defined for 5 GHz medium -- 22

VSC - OBU-to-OBU - Pre-crash SensingVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Intersection Collision WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Enhanced Differential GPS CorrectionsVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Highway/Rail Collision WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Vehicle-based Road Condition WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Road Feature NotificationVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Curve Speed WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Visibility EnhancerVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Electronic Brake LightsVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Hybrid Intersection Collision WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Instant (Problem) MessagingVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Blind Merge WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Post-Crash WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Merge AssistantVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Lane Change AssistantVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Left Turn AssistantVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Stop Sign Movement AssistantVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Cooperative Glare ReductionVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Blind Spot WarningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - PlatooningVSC - OBU-to-OBU - Cooperative Adaptive Cruise ControlVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Infrastructure-based Traffic ProbesVSC - OBU-to-RSU - SOS ServicesVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Post-Crash WarningVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Just-in-Time Repair NotificationVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Intelligent On-ramp MeteringVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Intelligent Traffic LightsVSC - OBU-to-RSU - Blind Merge Warning

VSC - RSU to OBU - Map Downloads and UpdatesVSC - RSU to OBU - Enhanced Route Guidance and NavigationVSC - RSU to OBU - GPS CorrectionsVSC - RSU to OBU - Adaptive Headlight AimingVSC - RSU to OBU - Adaptive Drivetrain ManagementVSC - RSU to OBU - Merge AssistantVSC - RSU to OBU - Sign Information (warning assistance)VSC - RSU to OBU - Point-of-Interest NotificationVSC - RSU to OBU - Curve Speed WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Highway/Rail Collision WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Animal Crossing Zone InformationVSC - RSU to OBU - Low Bridge WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Work Zone WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Stop Sign WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Keep Clear' WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Wrong-way Driver WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Left Turn AssistantVSC - RSU to OBU - Infrastructure Intersection Collision WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Pedestrian Crossing InformationVSC - RSU to OBU - Pedestrian/Children WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - School Zone WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Stop Sign Movement AssistanceVSC - RSU to OBU - Traffic Signal WarningVSC - RSU to OBU - Low Parking Structure Warning

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TC204/CALM and IEEE 802TC204/CALM and IEEE 802

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CALM and 802.11pCALM and 802.11pExcerpts from 802.11p PAR:Excerpts from 802.11p PAR:5.5: …”While there is a priority within North America to support the US National Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Architecture, the intent is to develop an amendment to IEEE 802.11 that will be applicable on a global basis. The proposed project is coordinated with ISO TC204/WG16 to ensure global applicability.”…

7.1: …”ISO TC204/WG16 Wide Area Communications is responsible for medium and long range communications. WG16 is working on ISO CD 21215 (CALM M5) with a similar scope. A working relationship between ISO and IEEE has been created to avoid overlap. WG16 will provide input, IEEE 802.11 will develop the basic standard, and CALM M5 will reference the final IEEE standard.”…

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CALM and 802.11/15/16/20CALM and 802.11/15/16/20CALM includes all relevant parts of 802.11 in addition to .11p (WAVE mode), and is also interested in new developments for mobility aspects

PAN systems are included via 802.15, in particular Bluetooth

WAN from 802.16e and 802.20 are in final stages of CALM inclusion as ISO standards.

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CALM and IEEE 802.21CALM and IEEE 802.21CALM includes similar functions to those being developed in 802.21.

Management of multiple mediaMedia independent handover

CALM is not developing handover protocolsRelies on IETF IPv6 protocols for vertical handoversRelies on medium-specific protocols for horizontal handover

Open to cooperate with 802.21 with the goal to co-develop and harmonize primitives

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TC204/WG16 Cooperative effortsTC204/WG16 Cooperative effortsETSI ERM TG37 – 2G/3G standards, spectrum and test standards,…IETF – Internet Network Mobility (NEMO/MONAMI)ITU-R WP 8A – Global radio standardsUSA projects: Vehicle Infrastructure Integration and VIICJapan projects: CALM Proof-Of-Concept,…European projects: C2C-CC, CVIS, SafeSpot,…

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What is CALM?What is CALM?

Technically!Technically!

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IMEInterface Manager

ISO 24102

NMENetworkManager

ISO 21210

CMECALM

Manager

ISO 21210

NETWORK INTERFACERouting and Media Switching based on IPv6

ISO 21210

Non-CALM-awareISO 15628-basedAPPLICATIONS

Convergence LayerPart of ISO 15628

ISO 21210

CALM-AwareAPPLICATIONS

TCP/UDP/…INTERNET

STANDARDSSAP

SAP SAP

SAP

SAP

SAP

SAP

Non-CALM-awareIP (Internet)

APPLICATIONS

Convergence LayerIP socket/ISO 21210

SAPSAP

SAP

CALM Media External Media

ApplicationManagementISO 24101

GPR

S

ED

GE

2G CellManager

ISO 21212ISO 21218

SAP

CALM Network 21218 = LSAP

SAP

Applications

SAP

cdma2k

UM

TS

3G CellManager

ISO 21213ISO 21218

SAP

… IR-B

IR-A

ISO 21214IR

Manager

ISO 21218

… WiFi

M5

ISO 21215W-LAN

Manager

SAP

ISO 21218

RA

DA

R

MM

-J

MM

-E

ISO 21216MillimeterManager

SAP

ISO 21218

K-D

SRC

J-DSR

C

C-D

SRC

DSRC ISO15628

ISO 24103

SAP

ISO 21218

HC

-SDM

A

WiM

AX

ISO 25111W-MAN

Manager

SAP

ISO 21218

… DA

B

GPS

ISO 24xxxBroadcastManager

SAP

ISO 21218

W-U

SB

BlueT

ISO 24xxxPAN

Manager

SAP

ISO 21218

Ether

AM

IC

CA

N

ISO 24xxxWired

Manager

SAP

ISO 21218

SAPSAPSAP

CME

Registration ofIngress/Egress

InterfacesSAP

SAP SAPData SAP Management SAP

CALM ArchitectureCALM Architecture

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In-Vehicle App

Sensors and Control

ITS In-Vehicle Network In-vehicle OEM network

Central Router

CALMNetworkLayer 3-4

Routing

Firewall

Network OEM

G/W

ITS Application

Layer 5-7

CALM NetworkLayer 3-4

Computer

INTERNETSERVICE

Layer 5-7

CALM NetworkLayer 3-4

Computer

CALM M5 PHY

CALM MAC

CALM LLC

NetworkLayer 3-4

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

CALM MR 1

NetworkLayer 3-4

Routing CALMNetwork

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

Directoryservices

SAP SAP

CME.MR1

IME.MR1MLMEPLCP/PLME

SAP

SAP

CME.CM

NME.MR1

SAP

SAP

CELL Netw

CELL DLL

CellularPHY

ConvergencN-Layer

CALMNetwork

RoutingCME.MR2

NME.MR2

ConvergenceConvergence

Convergence

Convergence

Example: Full CPE ArchitectureExample: Full CPE Architecture

NME.CM

IME.CM

IME.MR2

CALM MR 2

SAP

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Policies

Use

r In

tera

ctio

n

InterfaceStatus

List

ApplicationRequirement

List

CALM ManagerCALM Manager

Information from Interfaces

Requirements fromApplications

Rou

ting

Upd

ate

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CALM Scenarios (1/2)CALM Scenarios (1/2)Scenario 0 (Fast comm)

Scenario 2 (with Internet accesswithout Media switching)

Scenario 1 (without Internet access)

Scenario 3 (with Internet accesswith Media switching)

Server

Not IP

• Single media• Running car

Server

IPv6

• Single media• Running car

IPv6

• Single media• Running car with large range communication media• Parking car• Car requests to server

InternetInternetServer

IPv6

• Multiple Media• Both of running car and parking car• Both directional communication

InternetInternetServer

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CALM Scenarios (2/2)CALM Scenarios (2/2)Scenario 4 (out of scope network protocol)

Scenario 6 (with Internet access)

Scenario 5 (without Internet access)

Scenario 7 (with Internet access)

Non IP

• Single media• Single hop• Running car

IPv6

• Single media• Multi hop• IPv6 Link local• Running car

IPv6

• Single media• Running car with large range communication media• Parking car• Car requests to server• Multi hop• Dynamic Global IPv6 address InternetInternet

Server

IPv6

• Multiple Media• Both of running car and parking car• Both directional communication• Static assigned global IPv6 address

InternetInternetServer

Non IP

IPv6

Can be switched

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Inter-Access NetworkIntra-Access Network

AR

AP1 AP2

AR1

AP1 AP2

AR1

AR

AP1 AP2

AR1

AP1 AP2

AR2

① IME based / Media specific handover ② CME based handover

③ CME based handover ④ CME based handover

• CME Policy and Parameter have to be same. In this case, IME or network system can handover autonomously.

• If CME policy or parameter is different, it seems same to ③.

• IME requests to NME&CME and CME&NME performs it.

Horizontal

Vertical

• CME&NME initiates handover.

• CME&NME initiates handover.

CALM handover scenariosCALM handover scenarios

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What are CALM media?What are CALM media?

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Selected CALM mediaSelected CALM mediaISO 21212: 2G Cellular (GSM)ISO 21213: 3G Cellular (UMTS)ISO 21214: InfraRedISO 21215: M5 (802.11p)ISO 25112: WiMAX (802.16e)ISO 25113: HC-SDMA (802.20)ISO xxxxx: Bluetooth (802.15)ISO xxxxx: Ethernet (802.3)

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CALM M5 vs. 802.11p (WAVE)CALM M5 vs. 802.11p (WAVE)

WAVE PHY/MAC is IEEE 802.11pCALM M5 incorporates WAVE and adds:

Global (European) 5 GHz spectrumRegulatory domain (border) managementDirectivity and EMC controlRegional DSRC cooperationMultiple radios/interfaces/antenna management through network connectionGPRS/UMTS/+++ network interconnectivity

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CALM M5: C2CCALM M5: C2C--CC & WAVECC & WAVE

Geoaddressedapplications

(e.g. active safety)

IPv6

TCP / UDP

IP Applications (Deployment)

C2C-CC Network Layer

PHY (IEEE 802.11p)

LLC/MAC (IEEE 802.11p)

B

A C

WSMP

B

C2C MAC P1609.4

WAVE Short Message Apps

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Excerpt from 802.21Excerpt from 802.21… and now more details on the status of the CALM management interfaces – Dr. Fischer

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Standards Contact PointsStandards Contact Points

ISO TC204: www.isotc204.comETSI: www.etsi.orgCALM: www.calm.huIETF: www.ietf.org

Chairman ISO TC204 [email protected]@q-free.comConvenor WG16.0, Editor CALM M5

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Backup slidesBackup slides

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DIS draft submitted to ISO CS on 3 November 2006Waiting for DIS ballot dates

R WilliamsDIS: 2006-1116-09-0530.99CALM 2G CellularISO/CD 21212

ID: 35717

Approved 12 months extension at Cape Town Plenary

H WakayamaCD: 2007-10DIS: 2008-10

05-10-0620.20CALM Networking for Direct Mode Connectivity

ISO/NP 21210-2

ID: 35714

H WakayamaDIS: 2007-0201-10-0630.20CALM Networking for Internet Connectivity

ISO/CD21210-1

ID: 35714

Under Publication Process

H WakayamaIn publication process

20-06-0660.00TICS Wide Area Communication Message ManagementInformation

ISO/DIS 15662

ID: 28014

Project ControlProject LeaderTarget DatesStarted Current Stage

Current Stage

TitleISO Work Item Number

and ISO ID

WG 16 Current Work Program WG 16 Current Work Program -- 11

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Will be submitted as NP/CD ballot by 11-2007

K EvensenNP/CD: 2007-11

09-11-0600.20CALM M5ISO/PWI21215

ID: 35720

Approved CD ballot request at Cape Town Plenary

M FujiseCD: 2007-07DIS: 2008-07

25-04-0620.20CALM MMISO/NP 21216

ID: 35721

Approved 12 months extension at Cape Town Plenary Approved new resolution for a DIS ballot

K EvensenDIS: 2007-1005-10-0630.20CALM ArchitectureISO/CD 21217

ID: 35722

Approved as CD (Ballot results: YES: 14 NO: 0 ABSTAIN: 3)

H FischerDIS: 2007-0701-10-0630.20CALM Networking -Medium SAPs

ISO/CD21218

ID: 35723

Published StandardR Williams60.60CALM IRISO/IS 21214

ID: 41104

DIS draft submitted to ISO CS on 3 November 2006Waiting for DIS ballot dates

R WilliamsDIS: 2006-1116-09-0530.99CALM 3G CellularISO/CD 21213

ID: 35718

Project ControlProject LeaderTarget DatesStarted Current Stage

Current Stage

TitleISO Work Item Numberand ISO ID

WG 16 Current Work Program WG 16 Current Work Program -- 22

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Approved as NP (Ballot Result: YES: 13 NO: 0 ABSTAIN: 5Approved CD ballotrequest at Cape TownPlenary

K EvensenCD: 2006-12DIS: 2007-11

06-11-0620.20CALMInterfaceManager

ISO/NP24102

ID: 42019

Approved CD ballot request at Cape Town Plenary

K KogaCD: 2007-03DIS: 2008-02

04-09-0620.20CALM MAILISO/NP24103

ID: 42020

Approved as CD (Ballotresults: YES: 14 NO: 0 ABSTAIN: 6Approved DIS ballotrequest at Cape TownPlenary

M OhyamaDIS: 2007-1202-11-0630.20CALMApplication Management

ISO/CD24101

ID: 42018

Y WatanabeCD: 2007-03DIS: 2008-02

04-09-0620.20Basic Principles for Personal Data Protection in Probe Vehicle Information Services

ISO/NP24100

ID: 42017

Approved as CD (Ballot results: YES: 15 NO: 0 ABSTAIN: 5Approved DIS ballot request at Cape Town Plenary (pending on CD ballot results)

T KishiDIS: 2006-1224-10-0630.20Vehicle Probe Data for Wide Area Communication

ISO/CD22837

ID: 36518

Project ControlProject Leader

Target DatesStarted Current Stage

Current Stage

TitleISO Work Item Numberand ISO ID

WG 16 Current Work Program WG 16 Current Work Program -- 33

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Approved as NP (Ballot results: YES: 13 NO: 1 ABSTAIN: 4

R BishopCD: 2007-11DIS: 2008-11

06-11-0620.20Probe Data Reporting Management

ISO/NP25114

ID: 42754

Approved CD ballotrequest at Cape TownPlenary

J WilsonCD: 2007-03DIS: 2008-02

04-09-0620.20CALM WBB – Existing Systems

ISO/NP25113

ID: 42753

Approved CD ballotrequest at Cape TownPlenary

TBDCD: 2007-03DIS: 2008-02

04-09-0620.20CALM WBB – WiMAXISO/NP 25112

ID: 42752

H ChoCD: 2007-08DIS: 2008-07

01-10-0630.20CALM WBB - General Support

ISO/CD25111

ID: 42751

Approved NP/CD ballot request at Cape TownPlenaryApproved title change to ‘Emergency Messages Data Registry’ request at Cape Town Plenary

B WilliamsNP: 2007-02CD: 2007-06DIS:2007-09

22-02-0630.92Emergency Messages Data Registry

ISO/PWI24978

ID: 42727

Approach to be considered in November WG 16 meeting

B Williams22-02-0630.92Mobile Phone Based e-Call

ISO/PWI24977

ID: 42726

Project ControlProject Leader

Target DatesStarted Current Stage

Current Stage

TitleISO Work Item Numberand ISO ID

WG 16 Current Work Program WG 16 Current Work Program -- 44

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Approved as PWI at the Cape Town Plenary

M HauschildNP: 04-2008CD: 04-2009

02-10-0600.20Event based Probe Vehicle Data

ISO/PWI 29284

ID: 45382

J WilsonNP: 04-2008CD: 04-2009

02-10-0600.20CALM Applications using 802.20

ISO/PWI29283

ID: 45381

B WilliamsNP: 04-2008CD: 04-2009

02-10-0600.20CALM Applications using Satellite

ISO/PWI29282

ID: 45380

Approved as PWI at the Cape Town Plenary

T SugiuraNP: 04-2008CD: 04-2009

02-10-0600.20CALM Architecture for non-IP type communication mechanism

ISO/PWI 29281

ID: 45379

Project ControlProject Leader

Target DatesStarted Current Stage

Current Stage

TitleISO Work Item Numberand ISO ID

WG 16 Current Work Program WG 16 Current Work Program -- 55

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Combined Antenna Pod

ITS In-VehicleConnection

RESOURCE MANAGER, ISO14906

CALM NETWORK LAYER – IPv6

ITS INTERNETAPPLICATION

SocketTCP/UDP

ApplicationInterfaceISO15628

SocketUDP

CALM Routing

IN-VEHICLE NETWORK DATA LINK LAYER

IN-VEHICLE NETWORK PHYSICAL LAYER

VEHICLECOMPUTER

CME.CM

TrafficManagementApplication

Network

IVN DLL

IVN PHY

CALM Mobile Router (“CALM Modem”)

CALM M5 PHY

CALM MAC

CALM LLC

Network

CME.MR

IME.MR

NME.MR

GPRS PHY

GPRS Stack

GPRSConvergence

Network

DSRC L1

DSRC L2/L7

DSRCConvergence

Network

GPS PHY

GPS Stack

GPSConvergence

Network

CALM Routing

Condensed CPE ArchitectureCondensed CPE Architecture

NME.CM

IME.CM

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ETSI ERM TG37ETSI ERM TG372G/3G standards, eCall, Testing standards,…European frequency selection System Reference Document (SRD) in three parts:

Critical Safety - 2*10MHz bandwidthSafety & Efficiency - 5*10MHzMobile use of unlicenced 5 GHz bands

Allocation likely in 5.9 GHz band. Process involves several steps with ETSI –CEPT – national authorities.

Possible allocation of 5GHz frequencies early 2007?