Knowledge Societies Policy Library - UNESCO · 1. Knowledge Societies Policy Handbook, as set of...

Knowledge Societies Policy Library

United Nations Information for All Programme

Cultural Organization

Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryii

STATUS: Version 1.0

DATE: 27 May 2016

PARTNERS

• UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

InformationforAllProgramme(UNESCO/IFAP)

• United Nations University

OperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV)

CONTRIBUTORS

• RehemaBAGUMA

• JoãoÁlvaroCARVALHO

• GuillerminaCLEDOU

• Elsa ESTEVEZ

• SusanaFINQUELIEVICH

• TomaszJANOWSKI

• NunoVascoLOPES

• JeremyMILLARD

COORDINATION

• TomaszJANOWSKI,Head,UNU-EGOV,[email protected]

• PaulHECTOR,ProgrammeSpecialist,UNESCO,[email protected]

Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryiv

Foreword I

UNESCO,recognizingthetransformativeroleplayedbyinformationandknowledgeacrossallspheresofhumanendeavor,hasbeenpromotingitsvisionofinclusiveKnowledgeSocieties.Facilitatedbyinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICTs),weseeinformationandthesharingofknowledge,catalyzingchangesacrosssocietal,economicandpoliticallandscapes.Inthiscontext,universalaccesstoinformationandknowledgebecomescrucialforsocialcohesion,sustainableeconomicdevelopment,interculturaldialogueandpeace.Accordingly,UNESCOthroughitsintergovernmentalInformationforAllProgramme(IFAP)anditsKnowledgeSocietiesDivision,hascontinuedtodrawattentiontotheimportanceoftheconceptofknowledgesocietiesandtheneedforrelatedcompetenciesandpoliciesintoday’sglobalizedandconnectedworld.

Since2001,IFAPhasbeenplayingaleadingroleintheinternationalpolicylandscape.IFAPprovidesaplatformforinternationalpolicydialogue,cooperationandthedevelopmentofguidelinesforactionintheareaofaccesstoinformationandknowledge.Throughitscapacity-buildingeffortsandmobilizationofresources,theIFAPnetworkhasbeensupportingMemberStatestodevelopandimplementnationalpolicyandstrategyframeworksinitssixpriorityareasofinformationaccessibility,informationfordevelopment,informationethics,informationliteracy,informationpreservationandmultilingualismincyberspace.Followingtheadoptionofthe2030sustainabledevelopmentgoals,itwasthereforeonlynaturalthatIFAPwouldseektodeveloplinkagesbetweenUNESCO’sconceptofknowledgesocietiesandthemostcurrent,internationallyagreedhumandevelopmentframework.Thepolicyenvironmentinwhichweoperateisanevolvingone,sodynamicprocessesforongoingpolicy-craftingthatcanleveragegloballessonsandexperiencesinatimelymannerareessential.ThenewlypublishedKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbookanditsassociatedonlineplatformoftools,policyresourcesandadiversecommunityofpracticerepresentourlatestresponsetotheemergingchallengesandopportunities.

Thiseffortwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecollectiveandongoingsupportofnumerousinstitutionalandindividualpartnerswhosecontributionshavebeenacknowledgeidentifiedinthispublication.WeareparticularlygratefultoourpartnertheUnitedNationsUniversity’sSpecialOperatingUnitforPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV),forleadingthefruitfulresearchcollaborationwhichhasundergirdedthiseffort.WearealsothankfulforthegeneroussupportprovidedbytheSpecialPresidentialUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernance,InformationandKnowledgeSociety(AGESIC)forco-organizingtheinternationalExpertGroupMeetinginMontevideoandhostingICEGOV2016whichservedtovalidatethispolicyresource.Welookforwardtostrengtheningthesepartnershipsandbuildingnewonesaswecontinuetobuildinclusiveknowledgesocietiesforpeaceandsustainabledevelopment.

GetachewEngida

DeputyDirector-GeneralUNESCO

vForeword

Foreword II

TheNationalInformationSocietyPolicyTemplatewhichIFAPlaunchedin2009wasanimportantcontributiontopolicy-makingeffortsattheinternational,regionalandnationallevel.Inparticular,thistoolhasbeeninstrumentalinsupportingthedevelopmentofnationalcapacitiestodesignandmanagepolicyprocessesinanumberofEastAfricanandSouthAsiancountries.ThistrainingwasdeliveredthroughaseriesofExecutiveTrainingsinGovernmentInformationLeadershipconductedinpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsUniversity’sSpecialOperatingUnitforPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV).Thesecapacity-buildingexercisesconductedthroughweek-longregionaltrainingshavealsoservedtobuildnetworksforcooperationandexperiencesharingbetweenparticipatingcountriesandwithIFAP’sandUNU-EGOV’snetworks.

The2030SustainableDevelopmentAgenda,withitsattentiontothe5Ps-People,Planet,Prosperity,PeaceandPartnership–offersnewpossibilitiesformoreholisticandcontextualizedapproachestodevelopment.Thenewapproachesaswellasthedemandsofaframeworkwith17goalsand169targetshasalsohighlightedanurgentneedfortoolstosupportpolicy-makersinmoreeffectivelyaligningtheiractionsandeffortstothisnewglobalfocus of action.

Torespondtothispressingneed,IFAPandUNU-EGOVhaveagainjoinedforcesandleveragedtheirnetworkstodeveloptheKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbook.TheHandbookbuildsonexistingknowledgeandpracticestoprovidepolicy-makerswithanactionableconceptualframeworkforunderstandingandassessingtherelationshipsbetweentheSDGsandKnowledgeSocieties.Byidentifyinggapsaswellasstrengths,theHandbookwillenablecountriestomoreeffectivelydeployresourcesandimplementappropriatepolicymeasures.

Inlinewiththeperspectivethatpolicy-craftingisacontinuous,evolvinganddynamicprocess,theHandbookissupportedbyanexpandableonlinecaselibraryaswellasanonlineglobalcommunityofresearchersandpractitioners.Throughtheironlineinteractions-sharingofexperiencesandresearch,collaborativeproblemsolvingandco-creation,mappingofemergingtrendsamongstothers–thiscommunityofpracticewillprovideenhancementstothemethodologies,toolsandresourcesthatsupporttheHandbook.

WearetrulygratefultoourlongstandingpartnerUNU-EGOV,fortheirongoingsupport,andtotheUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernance,InformationandKnowledgeSociety(AGESIC)fortheirroleinthevalidationoftheHandbook.WehavebeentouchedbythevariousinstitutionsandindividualswhohaveexpressedsupportforthisinitiativeandareappreciativeofthecommitmentsexpressedbyvariousMemberStates,notablyBrazilandColombiatoprovidedirectandin-kindsupporttothisinitiative.IFAPinviteslike-mindedgovernments,institutionsandindividualstosupportthisglobalinitiative.

ChaficaHaddad

DeputyPermanentDelegateofGrenadatoUNESCOandChairoftheIntergovernmentalCounciloftheInformationforAllProgramme

Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryvi

Acknowledgements

ThecurrentreportbelongstothesetoffourinstrumentsdevelopedbytheUnitedNationsUniversityOperatingUnitonPolicy-DrivenElectronicGovernance(UNU-EGOV)incollaborationwithandco-fundedbytheUNESCOInformationforAllProgramme(UNESCO/IFAP),tosupporttheUNESCOMemberStates’policymakingeffortstoguideandcoordinatethedevelopmentofnationally-orlocally-appropriatedKnowledgeSocieties.

Theinstrumentscomprise:

1. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbook,assetofconceptualandmethodologicalframeworks,guidelinesandknow-howconcerningthedevelopmentofpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocieties(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016b);

2. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyLibrary,acollectionofrelevantresearchliterature,policies,indicators,casestudiesandotherresourcesrelevanttothedevelopmentofpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocieties(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016c);

3. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyPlatform,anelectronicplatformthathoststhecontentoftheHandbookandLibraryandfacilitatestheupdatesandadditionstothiscontentbycommunitymembersthroughdigitaldevicesandchannels (UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016d); and

4. KnowledgeSocietiesPolicyCommunity,acommunityofresearchers,academics,policymakers,governmentofficialsandotherstakeholderswho,aspartoftheircontributiontoplanning,developing,implementingandevaluatingpublicpoliciesforKnowledgeSocietiesinthenationalorlocalcontext,arewillingtousetheHandbook,LibraryandPlatform,andsharetheoutcomesandexperienceforotherstolearn(UNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOV,2016a).

TheoriginoftheKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyHandbookandtheaccompanyingKnowledgeSocietiesPolicyLibrary,PlatformandCommunitydatesbacktothe2009publicationbyUNESCO/IFAPoftheNationalInformationSocietyPolicyTemplate(Template),andtheorganizationoftwoeditionsoftheExecutiveTrainingonFoundationsofGovernmentInformationLeadership:1)inKampala,Uganda,inJuly2013,co-organizedbytheUNESCORegionalBureauforEastAfricaandtheCenterforElectronicGovernanceattheUnitedNationsUniversityInternationalInstituteforSoftwareTechnology(UNU-IIST-EGOV,thedirectpredecessorofUNU-EGOV),and2)inYangon,MyanmarinNovember2013,co-organizedbytheUNESCORegionalBureauforAsiaandthePacificandUNU-IIST-EGOV.BothtrainingshostedthepresentationoftheTemplateanditsapplicationbytheaudienceofpolicymakersandgovernmentofficialstolocalcircumstances,andadiscussionbetweenUNESCOandUNU-IIST-EGOVontheideaofupdatinganddigitizingthetemplate.Thediscussioncontinuedthroughthesession“BuildingKnowledgeSocietiesinCountriesinTransition–LessonsfromtheMekongRegion”co-organizedbyUNESCOandUNU-EGOVatthe8thInternationalConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofElectronicGovernanceinGuimarães,PortugalinOctober2014(ICEGOV2014).

Eventually,thediscussionledtotheelaborationofaprojectwiththeaimofdevelopingthefourinstruments,andsigningofanagreementbetweenUNESCOandUNU-EGOVinSeptember2015toenableitsimplementation.TheinitialversionoftheHandbook,LibraryandPlatform,developedunderthisproject,werepresented,discussedandcommentedbytheExpertGroupMeeting(EGM)on“KnowledgeSocietiesandthe2030SustainableDevelopmentAgenda”thattookplaceinMontevideo,Uruguayon29February2016,co-organizedbyUNESCO/IFAP,UNU-EGOVandtheUruguayanAgencyforElectronicGovernanceandtheInformationSociety(AGESIC).TheEGMwasattendedby36expertsfromgovernment,academia,NGOsandinternationalorganizationsfrom15countries.TheoutcomeswerepresentedduringtheUNESCO/IFAPinvitedsessionatthe9thInternationalConferenceonTheoryandPracticeofElectronicGovernanceinMontevideo,Uruguayon1March2016(ICEGOV2016),andduringtheArgentineDigitalTransformationForuminBuenosAires,Argentinaon7March2016.BothsessionsalsocalledforexpressionsofinterestforjoiningtheCommunity.ThecurrentversionoftheHandbookwasobtainedbyaddressingthecommentsreceivedduringthethreeevents.

viiAcknowledgements

WewouldliketothankUNESCOandparticularlyitsIFAPprogrammefortheopportunitytocontributetothisimportantproject,andformakingavailablethenecessaryinstitutionalsupportandprojectresources.WewishtoparticularlythankMr.GetachewEngida,DeputyDirector-GeneralofUNESCO,Ms.ChaficaHaddad,ChairoftheIFAPCouncilandDeputyPermanentDelegateofGrenada,Mr.IndrajitBanerjee,DirectorofUNESCO’sKnowledgeSocietiesDivisionandSecretaryofIFAP,Mr.BoyanRadoykov,ChiefofSection,UniversalAccessandPreservation,andMr.GuilhermeCanela,UNESCOAdviserinCommunicationandInformationforMERCOSURforinstitutionalsupport.WearealsogratefultoMr.JacoduToit,AdviserforCommunicationandInformationattheUNESCORegionalOfficeforEasternAfricaandMs.RosaGonzalez,formerAdviserforCommunicationandInformationattheUNESCORegionalOfficeforAsia-Pacific,foropennessandcollaborationthatledtothedevelopmentofthecurrentproject.WealsowishtoexpressoursincerethanksMr.JohnBertot,AssociateProvostandProfessorattheUniversityofMaryland,forinsightfuldiscussionsandcarefulreviewsofearlierversionsoftheHandbookandLibrary.WealsowishtorecognizeMs.ElsaEstevez,SeniorAcademicProgrammeOfficeratUNU-EGOV,forherenthusiasticandtirelesssupporttotheprojectandtothejointdevelopmentofcollaborationbetweenUNESCO/IFAPandUNU-EGOVovertheyears.Lastbutnotleast,wearemostgratefultoMortenMeyerhoffNielsen,ResearcherandPhDstudentattheTallinnUniversityofTechnology,RagnarNurkseSchoolofInnovationandGovernance,andUNU-EGOVAcademicFellow;KennethBagarukayo,Commissioner,InformationManagement,MinistryofICT,UgandaandjointUNESCO-IFAPandUNU-EGOVGovernmentFellow;andJunCheng,SecretaryGeneraloftheProfessionalTechnicalCommittee,BeijingInformationResourcesManagementCenter,ChinaandjointUNESCO-IFAPandUNU-EGOVGovernmentFellow;forusefulcommentsandlessonslearnfromtheadaptationofbothdocuments.

WealsowishtothankthemembersoftheEGMinMontevideofortheirparticipationandcomments,namely:JorgeAbin(AGESIC,Uruguay),JohannaEkuaAwotwi(Centreone-Governance,Ghana),AlexandreBarbosa(CETIC.br,Brazil),SebastiánBellagamba(ISOC,Uruguay),JohnCarloBertot(UniversityofMaryland,USA),MiguelBrechner(CeibalCenter,Uruguay),GuilhermeCanela(UNESCO,Brazil),JoãoÁlvaroCarvalho(UniversityofMinho,Portugal),WojciechCellary(PoznańUniversityofEconomics,Poland),JoséClastornik(AGESIC,Uruguay),ArmandoDeGiusti(UniversityofLaPlata,Argentina),AlejandraErramuspe(AGESIC,Uruguay),ElsaEstevez(UNU-EGOV,Argentina),SusanaFinquelievich(CONICET,Argentina),PabloGarcia(ASIET,Uruguay),ChaficaHaddad(UNESCO/IFAP,Lebanon),PaulHector(UNESCO,St.Kitts&Nevis),FernandoHernandez(URSEC,Uruguay),JungJuan(ASIET,Uruguay),MariaIsabelMejiaJaramillo(MINTIC,Colombia),JeremyMillard(BrunelUniversity,UK),GianlucaMisuraca(JRC-IPTS,Spain),MortenMeyerhoffNielsen(TallinnUniversityofTechnology,Denmark),AdegboyegaOjo(INSIGHTCentreforDataAnalytics,Ireland),CarlosPalotti(MinisteriodeProduccióndelaNación,Argentina),TheresaPardo(CTG,USA),DianaParra(AGESIC,Uruguay),PeterParycek(Donau-UniversitätKrems,Austria),ManuelaRibeiro(CETIC.br,Brazil),AnaLauraRivoir(ObservaTIC,Uruguay),AndrésSastre(ASIET,Uruguay),MariaSimon(UdelaR,Uruguay),AntónioTavares(UniversityofMinho,Portugal),LouiseThomasen(coThomasen,Denmark),andLindaVeiga(UniversityofMinho,Portugal).Amongthem,specialthanksgotothechairsandmoderatorsofthefourdiscussionstreamstakingplaceattheEGM:JohnCarloBertot,JoãoÁlvaroCarvalho,ElsaEstevez,SusanaFinquelievich,PaulHector,JeremyMillardandAntónioTavares.

Thecontributiontothedevelopmentofthefourinstrumentsisasfollows.ConcerningtheHandbook,Chapters1(Introduction)and8(Conclusions)wereauthoredbyElsaEstevez;Chapters2(Background),3(Foundations)and6(AdaptationandTransfer)wereauthoredbySusanaFinquelievich;Chapters4(ConceptualFramework)and5(Process)wereauthoredbyJeremyMillard;andChapter7(PlatformandCommunity)wasauthoredbyJoãoÁlvaroCarvalho.ConcerningtheLibrary,Chapter1(Glossary),2(Policies),4(Tools),5(Indicators)and6(CaseStudies)weredevelopedbyRehemaBaguma,andChapter3(Publications)wasdevelopedbyNunoVascoLopes.ConcerningthePlatform,softwaredevelopmentwasperformedbyGuillerminaCledou,withinputsfromJoãoÁlvaroCarvalho,andcontentupdateswereperformedbyRehemaBaguma,GuillerminaCledouandNunoVascoLopes.TheCommunitywasinitiatedbyElsaEstevez,PaulHectorandTomaszJanowski.Visualdesignofthecovers,designofthereportsanddesignoftheplatformwereconductedbyFormatoVerde.ContentandtechnicalsupportwereprovidedbyMárioPeixotoandJoséLuísFariarespectively.Finally,thecoordination,aswellasmethodologicalandeditorialfunctions,wereperformedbyTomaszJanowski.

GuimarãesandParis,May2016

Tomasz Janowski,Head,UNU-EGOVPaul Hector,ProgrammeSpecialist,UNESCO

Knowledge Societies Policy Libraryviii

Table of Contents

ForewordI ivForewordII vAcknowledgements viTableofContents viii1.Glossary 12. Policies 63.Publications 384.Tools 1205.Indicators 1446.CaseStudies 154

6.1.CaseStudy1–FinlandKnowledgeSocietyStrategy2007-2015 1566.2.CaseStudy2–EstoniaResearch,DevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2007-2013 1596.3.CaseStudy3–EstoniaResearch,DevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2014-2020 1626.4.CaseStudy4–UKInformationEconomyStrategy2003-2007 1656.5.CaseStudy5–MultimediaSuperCorridorMalaysia2004-2010 1686.6.CaseStudy6–EgyptInformationSocietyVision2004-2006 1726.7.CaseStudy7–RwandaICTStrategicandActionPlan2011–2015 1746.8.CaseStudy8–RwandaICTMasterPlan2015-2020 1776.9.CaseStudy9–TheKenyaNationalICTMasterPlan2014-2018 1806.10.CaseStudy10–UKDigitalSkillsStrategy2014 1836.11.CaseStudy11–IrelandBroadbandInterventionStrategy2012,2015 1866.12.CaseStudy12–PolicyonICTinEducationMalaysia2010 1896.13.CaseStudy13–IndiaPolicyonICTinSchoolEducation2012 1936.14.CaseStudy14–Mauritiuse-GovernmentStrategy2013-2017 1966.15.CaseStudy15–EgyptGovernmentCloudStrategy2015 1986.16.CaseStudy16–SouthAfrica’sBroadbandPolicy2013 2006.17.CaseStudy17–UgandaRuralCommunicationDevelopmentFundPolicy2010-2015 203

References 207

11. Glossary

1. Glossary

Big Data Abroadtermfordatasetssolargeorcomplexthattraditionaldataprocessingapplicationsareinadequate.Challengesassociatedwithbigdatainclude;analysis,capture,datacuration,search,sharing,storage,transfer,visualization,queryingandinformationprivacy(Wikipedia,2016a).

Communication Strategy Adocumentthatexpressesthegoalsandmethodsofanorganization’soutreachactivities,includingwhatanorganizationwishestosharewiththepublicandwhomtheorganizationistryingtoreach.Generallypresentedasaninternaldocument,acommunicationsstrategyshouldserveasaguideforanymediaandpublicrelationsactivitiesinwhichtheorganizationisengaged(wikiHow,2016).

Converging Technologies Convergingtechnologyreferstotakingtwoormoretechnologicalproductsthatwerepreviouslyusedseparatelyfordifferenttasks,andmergingthemtomakeone,ultimateproduct.

Developing Country Adevelopingcountry,alsocalledalessdevelopedcountryorunderdevelopedcountry,isanationwithanunderdevelopedindustrialbase,andalowHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)relativetoothercountries(Wikipedia,2016c).

Developed Country Acountrythathasahighlydevelopedeconomyandadvancedtechnologicalinfrastructurerelativetootherlessindustrializednations.Mostcommonly,thecriteriaforevaluatingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentaregrossdomesticproduct(GDP),grossnationalproduct(GNP),thepercapitaincome,levelofindustrialization,amountofwidespreadinfrastructureandgeneralstandardofliving(Wikipedia,2016b).

Knowledge Societies Policy Library2

Digital Citizen AdigitalcitizenisapersonwhousestheInternetregularlyandeffectively.Inqualifyingasadigitalcitizen,apersongenerallymusthaveextensiveskillsandknowledgeinusingtheInternetthroughcomputers,mobilephones,andweb-readydevicestointeractwithprivateandpublicorganizations(KarenMossberger,2007).

Digital Divide Atermthatreferstothegapbetweendemographicsandregionsthathaveaccesstomoderninformationandcommunicationstechnology,andthosethatdonotorhaverestrictedaccess.Thistechnologycanincludethetelephone,television,personalcomputersandtheInternet.

Digital Preservation Digitalpreservationisaformalendeavortoensurethatdigitalinformationofcontinuingvalueremainsaccessibleandusable.

E-Commerce Theonlinetransactionofbusiness,featuringlinkedcomputersystemsofthevendor,host,andbuyer.Electronictransactionsinvolvethetransferofownershiporrightstouseagoodorservice(Laudon,2009).

E-Governance Thepublicsector’suseofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)withtheaimofimprovinginformationandservicedelivery,encouragingcitizenparticipationinthedecision-makingprocessandmakinggovernmentmoreaccountable,transparentandeffective(UNESCO,2011a).

E-Learning Learningfacilitatedandsupportedthroughtheuseofinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT).Itcancoveraspectrumofactivitiesfromtheuseoftechnologytosupportlearningaspartofa‘blended’approach(acombinationoftraditionalande-learningapproaches),tolearningthatisdeliveredentirelyonline.Whateverthetechnology,however,learningisthevitalelement(Media,2016).

Green IT AsetofpracticalmeasuresdesignedtoensurethatInformationTechnologyisdeveloped,deliveredandusedinawaythatisenvironmentallyfriendly,sustainableandenergyefficient(IT,2016).

ICT Informationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)isanumbrellatermthatencompassesmanytechnologiesanddevices:radio,television,cellularphones,computerandnetworkhardwareandsoftware,satellitesystemsandsoon,aswellasthevariousservicesandapplicationsassociatedwiththem,suchasvideoconferencing,e-mails,streaming–digitaldistributionofmultimediathroughanetworkofcomputers,socialmedia,e-learningplatforms,and many others.

31. Glossary

Incubation Centers Abusinesssupportprocessthatacceleratesthesuccessfuldevelopmentofstart-upandfledglingcompaniesbyprovidingentrepreneurswithanarrayoftargetedresourcesandservices.Abusinessincubator‘smaingoalistoproducesuccessfulfirmsthatwillleavetheprogramfinanciallyviableandfreestanding.Incubatorgraduateshavethepotentialtocreatejobs,revitalizeneighborhoods,commercializenewtechnologies,andstrengthenlocalandnationaleconomies(NationalBusinessIncubationAssociation).

Information Factsprovidedorlearnedaboutsomethingorsomeone.Itscommonsynonymsaredetails,particulars,facts,figures,statistics, data, etc.

Information Society Asocietywherethecreation,distribution,use,integrationandmanipulationofinformationwiththesupportofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesisasignificanteconomic,political,andculturalactivity(Whatls.com,2016).

Innovation Anewideawhich,whenimplemented,leadstoamoreeffectivedeviceorprocess.Innovationcanbeviewedastheapplicationofbettersolutionsthatmeetnewrequirements,unarticulatedneeds,orexistingmarketneeds.

Intellectual Property Rights Creationsofthemind,suchasinventions;literaryandartisticworks;designs;andsymbols,namesandimagesusedin commerce (WIPO,2016).

Internet TheglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusetheInternetprotocolsuite(TCP/IP)tolinkbillionsofdevicesworldwide.Itisanetworkofnetworksthatconsistsofmillionsofprivate,public,academic,business,andgovernmentnetworksoflocaltoglobalscope,linkedbyabroadarrayofelectronic,wireless,andopticalnetworkingtechnologies.TheInternetcarriesanextensiverangeofinformationresourcesandservicessuchastheinter-linkedhypertextdocumentsandapplicationsoftheWorldWideWeb(WWW),electronicmail,telephony,andpeer-to-peernetworksforfilesharing(Wikipedia,2016e).

ISPs ShortforInternetServiceProvider,itreferstoacompanythatprovidesInternetservices,includingpersonalandbusinessaccesstotheInternet.

Knowledge Afamiliarity,awarenessorunderstandingofsomeoneorsomething,suchasfacts,information,descriptions,orskills,whichisacquiredthroughexperienceoreducationbyperceiving,discovering,orlearning(Wikipedia,2016h).


Knowledge-Based Economy Aneconomywhichis“directlybasedontheproduction,distributionanduseofknowledgeandinformation”(OECD1996).TheAsia-PacificEconomicCo-operation(APEC)EconomicCommitteeextendedthisideatostatethatinaknowledgebasedeconomy,‘theproduction,distributionanduseofknowledgeisthemaindriverofgrowth,wealthcreationandemploymentacrossallindustries’(APEC&Committee,2000)asaconsequence,havetakenstepstoensurethatAPECeconomiesbuildandshareexpertiseintheknowledgesector.Inordertoaddressthisgoal,theAPECEconomicCommitteeinitiatedthe\u2018Towardsknowledge-basedeconomiesinAPEC\u2019project(KBEproject)

Knowledge Society Asocietybasedonthecreation,disseminationandutilizationofinformationandknowledge.Itisasocietywithaneconomyinwhichknowledgeisacquired,created,disseminatedandappliedtoenhanceeconomicandsocialdevelopment(GESCI,2012).

Logical Framework Aprojectdesignmethodologywhichhelpstoclarifyobjectivesofanyproject,program,orsystem.Itaidsintheidentificationoftheexpectedcausallinks—the“programmelogic”—inthefollowingresultschain:inputs,processes,outputs(includingcoverageor“reach”acrossbeneficiarygroups),outcomes,andimpact.Itleadstotheidentificationofperformanceindicatorsateachstageinthischain,aswellasriskswhichmightimpedetheattainmentoftheobjectives.TheLogFrameisalsoavehicleforengagingpartnersinclarifyingobjectivesanddesigningactivities.Duringimplementationofaproject,programmeorsystem,thelogicalframework(LogFrame)servesasausefultooltoreviewprogressandtakecorrectiveaction(UNESCO,2011b).

Open Data Datathatanyonecanaccess,useorshare.Whenbigcompaniesorgovernmentsreleasenon-personaldata,itenablessmallbusinesses,citizensandresearcherstodevelopresourceswhichmakecrucialimprovementstotheir communities (Institute,2016)

Public Policies Theprincipledguidetoactiontakenbytheadministrativeexecutivebranchesofthestatewithregardtoaclassofissuesinamannerconsistentwithlawandinstitutionalcustoms.PublicPoliciesaretheexecutionframeworkunderwhichgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationsworktoresolveorrectifythesocial,economicorpoliticalissuesofasociety,ortoattainnewgoals(Wikipedia,2016l).

Quality Assurance Themaintenanceofadesiredlevelofqualityinaserviceorproduct,especiallybymeansofattentiontoeverystageoftheprocessofdeliveryorproduction(Dictionaries,2016).

Risk Assessment Identification,assessment,andprioritizationofrisks(definedinISO31000astheeffectofuncertaintyonobjectives)followedbycoordinatedandeconomicalapplicationofresourcestominimize,monitor,andcontroltheprobabilityand/orimpactofunfortunateeventsortomaximizetherealizationofopportunities.

51. Glossary

Stakeholders Thosewhomaybeaffectedbyorhaveaneffectonaneffort.Theymayalsoincludepeoplewhohaveastronginterestintheeffortforacademic,philosophical,orpoliticalreasons,eventhoughtheyandtheirfamilies,friends,andassociatesarenotdirectlyaffectedbyit.

Sustainable Development Developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds(IISD,2016).

Telecentre Apublicplacewherepeoplecanaccesscomputers,theInternet,andotherdigitaltechnologiesthatenablethemtogatherinformation,create,learn,andcommunicatewithotherswhiletheydevelopessentialdigitalskills(Wikipedia).AccordingtoHarrisetal.,telecentresarecommunityresourcesthatofferaccesstoinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesforinducingdevelopmentamongmarginalizedpopulationwithlittlehopeofotherwiseparticipatinginbenefitsoftheinformationrevolutionthatthedevelopingworldisnowenjoying.

Vision AccordingtoBurtNanus,adistinguishedvisionaryleadershiptheorist,avisionisarealistic,credible,attractivefutureforanorganization.Avisionmustberealistic,sothatitispossible;itmustbecrediblesothatitisattainableanditmustbeattractivesothatpeoplewillworkwithitsleadertohelpmeetthisfutureobjectiveorgoal(BusinessDictionary,2016).

WSIS TheWorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS)wasapairofUnitedNations-sponsoredconferencesaboutinformation,communicationand,inbroadterms,theinformationsocietythattookplacein2003inGenevaandin2005inTunis.Oneofitschiefaimswastobridgetheso-calledglobaldigitaldivideseparatingrichcountriesfrompoorcountriesbyspreadingaccesstotheInternetinthedevelopingworld(Wikipedia,2016o).


2.Policies

TheMerriamWebsterdictionarydefinesapolicyasadeliberatesystemofprinciplestoguidedecisionsandachieverationaloutcomes.Itisastatementofintent,andisimplementedasaprocedureorprotocol.Inthishandbook,aPolicyreferstoadeliberatesystemofprinciplestoguidedecisionmakingandachievementofrationaloutcomesinthedevelopmentofKnowledgeSocieties.Thisappendixsummarizeskeypoliciesthathave/areguidingdevelopmentofknowledgesocieties(http://www.merriam-webster.com/).

http://www.merriam-webster.com/

72. Policies

TITLEARenewing,Human-CentricandCompetitiveFinland:ANationalKnowledgeSocietyStrategy2007-2015

COUNTRYFinland

ORGANIZATIONInformationSocietyProgramme,PrimeMinister’sOffice

YEAR2007-2015

SUMMARYThe2007-2015FinlandNationalKnowledgeSocietyStrategywasdevelopedtosupportthetransformationofFinlandintoaninternationallyattractive,human-centricandcompetitiveknowledgeandservicesociety.Itsvisionwas“GoodLifeintheInformationSociety”.Thiswasbasedontheunderstandingthatdevelopingknowledge,structuresandbusinessenvironmentswillmakeagoodlifepossibleforindividualsandenterprises,evenunderconditionsofincreasingcompetition.ThecompetitivefactorsofatransformedFinlandwereenvisagedtobe:anopensociety,agoodandsafelivingenvironment,theopportunitytoflexiblycombinework,familyandleisuretime,aswellasthecontinuousdevelopmentofknowledge.Thestrategycoveredguidelinesandmeasuresaimedatreformingtheservicesector,improvingqualityoflife,anddevelopingsustainablecompetitivenessinenterprises.Thesethemeswereapproachedfromvariousanglesnamely;developmentofknowledge,applicationofexistingandnewinformation,creativityandinnovation,structuralandfunctionalreforms,networkingandtheutilizationanddevelopmentoftechnology.

REFERENCE(FinnishPrimeMinister’sOffice,2006)

URLhttp://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes1/Strategia_englanti_181006final.pdf

http://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes1/Strategia_englanti_181006final.pdf


TITLEKnowledge-basedEstonia:EstonianResearchandDevelopmentandInnovation(RDI)Strategy2007-2013

COUNTRYEstonia

ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducationandResearchincooperationwiththeMinistryofEconomicAffairsandCommunicationsandother Ministries.

YEAR2007-2013

SUMMARYTheKnowledge-basedEstonia:EstonianRD&IStrategy2007–2013focusedonsustainabledevelopmentofthesocietybymeansofresearchanddevelopment,andinnovation.ItcontributedtoachievementofthegoalsofEstonia’slong-termdevelopmentstrategy“SustainableEstonia21”aswellastheLisbonStrategy(thestrategyforgrowthandjobs).Itwasthefollow-uptotheEstonianRDIStrategyof2002–2006“Knowledge-basedEstonia.The2007-2013RDIstrategywasaccompaniedbyanimplementationplan,whichincludedactivities,responsiblepartiesandfinancesnecessaryforimplementingthestrategy.ItwassucceededbytheEstonianRDIStrategy2014-2020“Knowledge-basedEstonia”.

REFERENCE(EstonianMinistryofEducationandResearch,2007)

URLhttp://cs.ioc.ee/excs/policy/teadm-pohine-eesti2-en.pdf

http://cs.ioc.ee/excs/policy/teadm-pohine-eesti2-en.pdf

92. Policies

TITLEEstonianResearchandDevelopmentandInnovationStrategy2014-2020“Knowledge-basedEstonia”

COUNTRYEstonia

ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducationandResearchincooperationwiththeMinistryofEconomicAffairsandCommunicationsandother Ministries.

YEAR2014-2020

SUMMARYThisisthethirdEstonianRDIstrategy.Ittakesintoaccountthepreviousperiod’sexperiences,thelessonslearnedandtherecommendationsmadebytopexperts,theobligationsarisingfromtheconstitutionandotherlegislation,aswellasfuturetrends.The2014-2020RDIstrategyiscloselylinkedtotheEstonianLifelongLearningStrategy2014-2020,EstonianEntrepreneurshipGrowthStrategy2014-2020andotherrelatedstrategies.AlthoughEstoniahasbeensuccessfulintheimplementationofitstwopreviousRDIstrategies,therearestillmanyopportunitiesforfurtherdevelopment.Theachievedstrengthsmustbepreservedandtheweaknessesreduced.

REFERENCE(EstonianMinistryofEducationandResearch,2014)

URLhttps://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf

https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/estonian_rdi_strategy_2014-2020.pdf


TITLEInformationEconomyStrategyforUK

COUNTRYUK

ORGANISATIONMinistryforUniversitiesandScienceandMinistryforCulture,CommunicationsandCreativeIndustries.

YEAR2003-2007

SUMMARYThisStrategy,developedinpartnershipbyGovernment,industryandacademia,setsoutaroadmaptohelptheUKaccelerateintheglobalrace,focusingonitsstrengths.Thisisbasedontherealisationthat:withoutlongtermactionandplanningtoaddressskillsshortages,organisationswillstruggletorecruittherightstaff;withouttherightinfrastructure,bothphysicalandvirtual,businesseswillstruggletodevelop;withoutgoodcybersecurity,businessandconsumerswillnothavetheconfidencetousenewtechnologies;withoutactiontoaddressmarketfailures,theinformationeconomycouldbestifledbyunnecessarybarrierstogrowth.

REFERENCE(DepartmentforBusiness,2013)

URLhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/206944/13-901-informa-tion-economy-strategy.pdf

112. Policies

TITLETheInformationEconomyCouncil-DigitalSkillsStrategyforUK2014

COUNTRYUK

ORGANISATIONInformationEconomyCouncilSkillsWorkingGroup

YEAR2014

SUMMARYTheInformationEconomyStrategyofJune2013highlightedthefactthatalackofsufficientlyskilledpeopleisoneofthebiggestbarrierstoUKleadershipintheglobalinformationeconomy.Toreaptheeconomicandsocialbenefitsofthedigitaleconomy,theUKneedsastrongflowoffuturetalent,askilledworkforceandadigitallyliteratepopulation.Thestrategysetouttheneedforpeoplewhocanuseapplicationsandapplytechnologyaswellaspeoplewhocaninventanddevelopthetechnologyandapplicationsofthefuture.TakingforwardtheskillsactionsintheInformationEconomyStrategy,thisDigitalSkillsStrategyisfocusedonacceleratingthegrowthofthedigitaleconomybyinspiringyoungpeopleabouttechnology,enablingtalentedpeoplefromallbackgroundstogetintotechnologycareers,andhelpingcompaniesdevelopthetechnologyskillstheyneedforthefuture.

REFERENCE(BritishInformationEconomyCouncilSkillsWorkingGroup,2014)

URLhttps://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrate-gy_oct14.pdf

https://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrategy_oct14.pdfhttps://www.thetechpartnership.com/globalassets/pdfs/research-2014/informationeconomydigitalskillsstrategy_oct14.pdf


TITLEIreland’sBroadbandInterventionStrategy

COUNTRYIreland

ORGANISATIONMinisterforCommunications,EnergyandNaturalResources

YEAR2012andupdatedin2015

SUMMARYTheNationalBroadBandProject(NBP)isaGovernmentpolicyinitiativethataimstodeliverhigh-speedbroadbandtoeverycitizenandbusinessinIreland.Thisisbeingachievedthroughacombinationofacceleratedcommercialinvestmentbytelecomsoperators,andaproposedStateinterventiontoprovidehigh-speedbroadbandtothosepartsofthecountrywherethereisnocertaintythatthecommercialsectorwillinvest.ThisstrategyarticulatesaseriesofdetailedGovernmentpolicyobjectivesinrespectoftheproposedStateintervention.Specifically,itsetsoutthekeyelementsoftheintervention-whatservicesarerequiredandhowtheywillbedeliveredbythesuccessfulbidder(s).TheNBPfurtheridentifiesthemeansbywhichtheGovernmentwilldeliveritscommitmenttoprovidehigh-speedbroadbandtoallpartsofIreland.ItsvisionishighspeedbroadbandforallwhichisinformedbythefactthatinIrelandthedigitaleconomyrepresents5%ofGDPandisanticipatedtobe10%ofGDPby2020.Itemploysalmost100,000peopledirectlyandindirectly.Theobjectivesofthestrategyinclude:delivertheinterventionasquicklyaspossibletoensureanationalhighspeedbroadbandnetworkforIreland;everyhomeandbusinesstohaveaccesstohighspeedbroadbandwithachoiceofserviceproviders;ensurethatthenetworkcanmeetcurrentandfuturedemand;maximisere-useofexistinginfrastructure;incentivizeadditionalcommercialinvestment;andstimulategrowthandretentioninjobswhileenablinge-farming,e-health,tradingonline,e-education,tourism,savingsforconsumers.

REFERENCE(Ireland’sMinisterforCommunications,2015)

URLhttp://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20Decem-ber%202015.pdf

http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20December%http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/communications/Lists/Publications%20Documents/Updated%20Strategy%20December%

132. Policies

TITLEBuildingDigitalBridges:Egypt’sVisionoftheInformationSociety

COUNTRYEgypt

ORGANISATIONMinistryofCommunication&InformationTechnology

YEAR2004-2006

SUMMARYThepolicyoutlinesEgypt’svisionofbuildingtheInformationSocietyandbridgingthedigitaldividetogetherwithacloserlookatthecountry’sEgyptianInformationSocietyInitiative(EISI),whichhasbeenstructuredaroundsevenmajortracks:e-readiness,e-learning,e-government,e-business,e-health,e-cultureandICTexportinitiative.

REFERENCE(EgyptianMinistryofInformation&CommunicationTechnology,2015)

URLhttp://www.mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/BuildingBridges_all.pdf

http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/Documents/BuildingBridges_all.pdf


TITLETheEgyptianGovernmentCloud(EG-Cloud)Strategy

COUNTRYEgypt

ORGANISATIONMinistryofCommunicationandInformationTechnology

YEAR2005

SUMMARYCloudComputinghasemergedasastepchangeintheeconomicsandsustainabilityofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT).Asaninnovation,themodelpresentsashiftawayfromcomputingasapurchasedproduct,tocomputingasadeliveredservice.Usersnolongerneedtoseekandinvestlargefundsofmoneyforbuyingcapitalequipment.Themodelallowsenterprises,especiallySMEs,toaccesspowerfulresourcesthattheycannotafford.Theopportunitiesofusingpowerfulcomputingresourcesondemandviathenetworkareapotentialdriverforthegrowthofanation’seconomy.Understandingboththepromiseandrisksofthisnewparadigm,theEgyptianMinistryofCommunicationsandInformationTechnology(MCIT)developedathoughtfulEgyptGovernmentCloud(EG-Cloud)strategytosupportandpromotetheutilizationofcloudcomputinginthegovernment.

REFERENCE(EgyptianMinistryofCommunication&InformationTechnology,2015)

URLhttp://www.mcit.gov.eg/Publication/Publication_Summary/856

http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Publication/Publication_Summary/856

152. Policies

TITLENationalpolicyonICTinSchoolEducationinIndia

COUNTRYIndia

ORGANISATIONDepartmentofSchoolEducationandLiteracy,MinistryofHumanResourceDevelopment,GovernmentofIndia

YEAR2012

SUMMARYThecomprehensivechoiceofICTforholisticdevelopmentofeducationcanbebuiltonlyonasoundpolicy.TheinitiativeofICTPolicyintheSchoolEducationisinspiredbythetremendouspotentialofICTforenhancingoutreachandimprovingqualityofeducation.ThispolicyendeavorstoprovideguidelinestoassisttheStatesinoptimizingtheuseofICTinschooleducationwithinanationalpolicyframework.

REFERENCE(IndianMinistryofHumanResource,2012)

URLhttp://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/revised_policy%20document%20ofICT.pdf

http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/revised_policy%20document%20ofICT.p


TITLESMARTRwandaMasterPlan2015-2020:AprosperousandKnowledgeableSocietythrough

COUNTRYRwanda

ORGANISATIONRwandaDevelopmentBoard

YEAR2014

SUMMARYIn2000,thegovernmentofRwanda(GoR)establishedVision2020asaneconomicblueprinttoachieveaknowledge-basedeconomyandbecomeamiddle-incomecountryby2020.AlongwithVision2020,thefirstoftheEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionStrategy2007-2012(EDPRSI)andlaterEDPRSII2013-2018,furtheracknowledgedICTasakeydriverforthiseconomicgrowth.Thenationalinformationandcommunicationtechnologyplans,NICIPlansI~III2000–2015werelaterinitiatedtoguidetheICT4DprogramsandinitiativeslinkedtotheobjectivesandgoalsoutlinedinV2020andEDPRSI&II.DespitetheachievementoftheNICIPlans,especiallyinbuildingbasicinfrastructureandlaunchingahighlysuccessfulhealthcaresystemandincreasingaccesstofinancialservices,challengesstillremained.SMARTRwandaMasterplanwasmotivatedbytheSMARTAfricaManifestothatwassignedbyAfricanUnionHeadsofStateandGovernmentseveralmonthsaftertheTransformAfricaSummitinOctober2013inKigali,Rwanda.ItisthenewnationalICTstrategy,replacingtheICTSSP.Itunderpinsthecurrentgovernmenttransformationagenda.Ithasthreeenablers:ICTCapability&Capacity,Governance&Management,andSecured&SharedInfrastructure.Inaddition,ithassevenpillars:SMARTAgriculture,Finance,Business&Industry,Health,Education,Government,andCities.

REFERENCE(RwandanDevelopmentBoard,2015)

URLhttp://www.myict.gov.rw/fileadmin/Documents/Strategy/SMART_Rwanda_Master_Plan_v2.1.pdf

172. Policies

TITLENationalICTPolicy

COUNTRYNepal

ORGANISATIONMinistryofICTNepal

YEAR2015

SUMMARYThispolicyispremisedaroundtherealizationthatthereisanurgentneedtoformulatestrategicresponsestoaccountfortechnologicaltrendsshapingtheICTsector.

REFERENCE(MinistryofInformationandCommunication,2015)

URLhttp://www.nta.gov.np/ne/component/joomdoc/ICT%20Policy.pdf/download


TITLENationalBroadbandPolicy,2071

COUNTRYNepal

ORGANISATIONMinistryofICTNepal

SUMMARYThispolicywasformulatedinresponsetothefeltneedtocreateaconduciveenvironmentforstimulatinggrowthofbroadbandinfrastructureandservicesthroughoutthecountry.Itsvisionistoachieveaffordable,secure,reliableandubiquitousbroadbandforsocio-economictransformationofNepalwhileitsmissionistodeveloparobust,secure,state-of-the-artbroadbandinfrastructurecoverageinthecountrywithspecialfocusonruralandremoteareasforbridgingdigitaldivide.Toleveragebroadbandservicesforachievingsustainabledevelopmentoutcomes.

REFERENCE(MinistryofICTNepal,2015)

URLhttp://www.nta.gov.np/en/component/joomdoc/Broadband%20Policy-Draft.pdf/download

http://www.nta.gov.np/en/component/joomdoc/Broadband%20Policy-Draft.pdf/download

19

TITLETheGhanaICTforAcceleratedDevelopment

COUNTRYGhana

ORGANISATIONChanaMinistryofICT

YEAR2003

SUMMARYThepolicystatementarticulatedavisiontotransformGhanaintoaninformationrichknowledgebasedSocietyandeconomythroughthedevelopment,deploymentandexploitationofICTwithintheeconomyandsociety.

REFERENCE(MinistryofICTGhana,2003)

URLhttp://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/Ghana_ICT4AD_Policy.pdf

2. Policies


TITLEBotswana’sNationale-GovernmentStrategy2011-2016

COUNTRYBotswana

ORGANISATIONBotswanaE-governmentBoard,2010

YEAR2010

SUMMARYBotswana’sNationale-GovernmentStrategy2011-2016outlinesfivemajorprogrammesandapproximatelytwenty-fiveinterrelatedprojectsthatwill,collectively,moveallappropriategovernmentservicesonline,significantlyimprovepublicsectorservicedelivery,andacceleratetheuptakeandusageofICTsacrossallsegmentsofoursocietyThepolicyhadanotehowever,thatanumberofourmorecomplex.e-GovernmentinitiativeswillnotbefullycompletedwithinthefiveyeartimelineofthisStrategy,andwillspillintosubsequentyears.

REFERENCE(Botswana’sNationale-GovernmentWorking,2016)

URLhttp://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/botswana/MAITLAMO_Botswana_National_ICT_Policy.pdf

21

TITLETheLithuanianInnovationDevelopmentProgramme2014–2020

COUNTRYLithuania

ORGANISATIONGovernmentofLithuania

YEAR2014-2020

SUMMARYTheLithuanianInnovationDevelopmentProgramme2014–2020hasbeendraftedwithaviewtomobilizingthestateresourcesfortheimprovementofLithuania’sinnovativenessanddevelopmentofcompetitiveeconomybasedonhighlevelknowledge,hightechnologies,qualifiedhumanresourcesandsmartspecialization.

REFERENCE(GovernmentoftheRepublicoftheLithuania,2013)

URLhttp://www.mita.lt/uploads/documents/lithuanian_innovation_programme.pdf

2. Policies


TITLETertiaryEducationPolicyInNewZealand

COUNTRYNewZealand

ORGANISATIONMinistry of Education, 2002

YEAR2002

SUMMARYThestrategy’sgoalsaresobroadthatalmostanythingcouldbedone.ThispresentsanopportunityforNewZealandbutalsoachallenge.

REFERENCE(MinistryofEducation,2016)

URLhttp://www.fulbright.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/axford2002_mclaughlin.pdf

23

TITLEInnovationforScotland:AStrategicFrameworkForInnovationInScotland

COUNTRYScotland

ORGANISATIONMinistryofFinanceandOrganizationalGrowth

YEAR2009

SUMMARYInnovationforScotlandoutlineshowthegovernmentanditsagenciesmustworkinclosepartnershipwithbusinesstostimulatethisinnovation“demand”,matchittothealreadystrongsupplyside,andensurethatsupportisalignedandgearedtomeetingit.Theenterpriseagenciesplayacrucialroleindeliveringthatsupport.InGrowingInnovation,ScottishEnterpriseandHighlandsandIslandsEnterprisedescribehowtheyworkwithbusinessestospreadthemessageofthebenefitsofinnovationandthepracticalsupportavailabletobusinessestoimprovetheirbottomlineprofits.OtherpublicagenciessuchastheScottishFundingCouncilandSkillsDevelopmentScotlandalsoplayanessentialroleinturningstrategicambitionintopracticalimplementation.

REFERENCE(TheScottishGovernment,2016)

URLhttp://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/277577/0083339.pdf

2. Policies


TITLETheSwedishInnovationStrategy

COUNTRYSweden

ORGANISATIONMinistryofEnterprise

YEAR2015

SUMMARYThestrategypresentslong-termguidelinesforhowtheworkwithinmanypolicyareasuntil2020cancreatebetterconditionsforpeopleinallpartsofsocietytocontributetoamoreinnovativeSwedenthroughtheirknowledge,skillsandcreativity.

REFERENCE(TheGovernmentofSweden,2016)

URLhttp://www.government.se/contentassets/cbc9485d5a344672963225858118273b/the-swedish-innovation-strategy

25

TITLEDigitalAgendaUruguay2015

COUNTRYUruguay

ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT,Uruguay

YEAR2015

SUMMARYDigitalAgendaUruguay,alsocalledADUbyitsinitialsinSpanish,isadynamicroadmapthatsetoutalltheseconceptsandcombineswiththegovernmentpoliciesandobjectivesrelatedtodevelopment,inthecontextoftheInformationandKnowledgeSociety.Besides,ADUmakescleartheunanimouscommitmentofallstakeholders,inordertoprovidethemeanstoaccomplishalloutlinedgoals.Finally,whilepreviousversionsfocusedprimarilyonsettingupthenecessaryinfrastructuretoachievefurthergoals,thisthirdeditionofADU(2011-2015)emphasizesonofferingdirectandconcretebenefitstothecitizenry.

REFERENCE(TheGovernmentofUruguay,2016)

URLhttp://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

2. Policies

http://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPEREShttp://uruguaydigital.gub.uy/wps/wcm/connect/urudigital/2da1c746-5424-48b6-8e3e-c3076ea285d8/ADU+III+2011-2015+English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES


TITLEE-GovernmentMasterPlanfortheRepublicofHonduras,2015

COUNTRYHonduras

ORGANISATIONHondurasNationalITIndustryPromotionAgency(NIPA)

YEAR2015

SUMMARYHonduranpresidentJuanOlandoHernÁndez,afterhisadministrationtookofficewithfour-yeartermin2014,showedhisstrongwilltotransformtowardsdigitalgovernment.TheHondurangovernmentcreatedadedicatedorganizationfore–Government-DigitalGovernmentUnit,undertheSCGGandintegratedorganizationunderSEPLANwhichwasinchargeofe-Governmentwithit.Furthermore,DigitalAgenda2014–2018wasdevelopedtoestablishaMasterPlanin2014andinitiatede-Governmentwithinhisterminoffice.

REFERENCE(NationalITIndustryPromotionAgency(NIPA),2016)

URLhttp://www.scgg.gob.hn/sites/default/files/Honduras_e-Government_MP_Final_Report_Feb%202015.pdf

27

TITLEAcceleratingServiceDevelopmentRwandaICTStrategicandActionPlan(NICIIII:2011–2015)

COUNTRYRwanda

ORGANISATIONRwandaDevelopmentBoard

YEAR2015

SUMMARYIn2000,thegovernmentofRwanda(GoR)establishedVision2020asaneconomicblueprinttoachieveaknowledge-basedeconomyandbecomeamiddle-incomecountryby2020.AlongwithVision2020,thefirstoftheEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionStrategy2007-2012(EDPRSI)andlaterEDPRSII2013-2018,furtheracknowledgedICTasakeydriverforthiseconomicgrowth.Thenationalinformationandcommunicationtechnologyplans,NICIPlansI-IIwerelaterinitiatedtoguidetheICT4DprogramsandinitiativeslinkedtotheobjectivesandgoalsoutlinedinV2020andEDPRSI&II.NICIIIIaimstoaccelerate“servicesdevelopment”byrunningefficientgovernmentservicesandincreasingprivatesectorproductivityandinturnRwanda’scompetitiveness.ItisfocusedonthedevelopmentofservicesbyleveragingICTtoimproveservicedeliverytocitizens,asRwandaapproachesthefourthandfinalphaseoftheNICIprocessthatwillpropelRwandatoachieveVision2020goals.

REFERENCE(NICI,2016)

URLhttps://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/Resilience-and-CIIP/national-cyber-security-strategies-ncsss/RwandaNCSSNICI_III.pdf

2. Policies

212


TITLETheKenyaNationalICTMasterPlan:TowardsaDigitalKenya

COUNTRYKenya

ORGANISATIONKenyaICTAuthority

YEAR2013

SUMMARYTheKenyaVision2030isthenationallong-termdevelopmentblueprintthataimstotransformthecountryintoamodern,globallycompetitive,Middleincomecountryofferingahighqualityoflifeforallcitizensbytheyear2030.ThepurposeofthisMasterPlanistoreviewandupdatetheConnectedKenyaMasterPlanlaunchedinFebruary2013withaviewtoextendstakeholdersparticipationandtakeintoaccountchangesintheJubileedigitalGovernment.TheICTtheme,whichisoneofthefoundationsfornationaltransformationinthefirstmediumtermplan(MTP)(2008-2012)is“strengtheningthefoundationforaknowledge-basedeconomy”.

REFERENCE(KenyaEducationNetwork(KENET),2016)

URLhttps://www.kenet.or.ke/sites/default/files/Final%20ICT%20Masterplan%20Apr%202014.pdf

https://www.kenet.or.ke/sites/default/files/Final%20ICT%20Masterplan%20Apr%202014.pdf

29

TITLEMultimediaSuperCorridor(MSC)Malaysia:2004-2010

COUNTRYMalaysia

ORGANISATIONMultimediaDevelopmentCorporation(MDC)

YEAR2004-2010

SUMMARYMSCisaGovernment-designatedzoneinMalaysiadesignedtoleapfrogMalaysiaintotheinformationandknowledgeage.Itaimstoattractcompanieswithtemporarytaxbreaksandfacilitiessuchashigh-speedInternetaccessandproximitytotheKualaLumpurInternationalAirport.ItisaSpecialEconomicZoneinMalaysiainauguratedbythe4thMalaysianPrimeMinisterMahathirMohamadtoacceleratetheobjectivesofVision2020andtotransformMalaysiaintoamodernstatebytheyear2020,withtheadoptionofaknowledge-basedsocietyframework.TheMSCflagshipapplicationswerelaunchedtoboosttheMSCMalaysiainitiativesandtocreateamultimediautopia(hub)forinnovativeproducersandusersofmultimediatechnology.Consortiacomprisingboththelocalandforeigncompanies(MNCs)collaboratedwithvariousgovernmentagencies,departmentsandministriestoenhancethesocio-economicdevelopmentofMalaysiainthenewmillennium(InformationAge).ThevisionandmissionoftheMSCasexpressedbythePrimeMinisterofMalaysiaatthetime(1981–2003)was:“MSCisparamounttoleapfrogMalaysiaintothe21stcenturyandtoachieveMalaysia’sVision2020.TheMSCwascreatedtoendeavorthebestenvironmenttoharnessthefullpotentialofthemultimediawithoutanyartificiallimits.MSCisaglobaltestbed(hub),wherethelimitsofthepossiblecanbeexplored,andnewwaysofliving,working,andplayinginthenewareaoftheInformationAge.”Itcoversanareaofapproximately15km(9.3mi)×50km(31mi)(thatis,750km2(290sqkm))stretchingfromthePetronasTwinTowerstotheKualaLumpurInternationalAirport,andincludingthetownsofPutrajayaandCyberjaya.On7December2006,PortKlangwasaddedtotheMSC.DrMahathir’svisittotheUnitedStatesofAmericainJanuary1997topromotetheMSCtocompaniestheresucceededinattractingtheinterestofmanylargeinformationtechnologycompanies.TheMultimediaDevelopmentCorporation(MDeC,formerlyMDC)wascreatedtooverseedevelopmentoftheMSC.ToqualifyforMSC-status,applicantsmustmeetthefollowingcriteria:beaproviderorheavyuserofmultimediaproductsandservices;employasubstantialnumberofknowledgeworkers;providetechnologytransferand/orcontributetowardsthedevelopmentoftheMSCorsupportMalaysia’sk-economyinitiatives;establishaseparatelegalentityfortheMSCqualifyingmultimediabusinessandactivities;locatedinaMSCdesignatedcybercities;complywithenvironmentalguidelines.IntheinitialstageofMSCNationalRolloutunderMSCNextLeap,MSCCybercitystatuswasawardedtoPenang(inBayanLepasFreeIndustrialZonesandVicinity)andKulimHi-TechPark.However,adecisionwaslatermadetorollouttheMSCCybercity/CybercentrestatusbeyondtheoriginaldesignatedareainordertospreadtheMSCbenefitsnation-wide.

REFERENCENITCMalaysia.(2016).MultimediaSuperCorridor(MSC)Malaysia

URLhttp://nurelimtiaz.uitm.edu.my/wordpressfolder-elimtiaz/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/MSC.pdf

2. Policies

http://nurelimtiaz.uitm.edu.my/wordpressfolder-elimtiaz/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/MSC.pdf


TITLEPolicyonICTinEducationMalaysia

COUNTRYMalaysia

ORGANISATIONMinistryofEducation(MOE),Malaysia

YEAR2010

SUMMARYTheoverallaimofthepolicyistoguidethefullrealizationofbenefitsandpotentialineducationusingICTasacriticalenabler.Thebroaderschemeof‘ICTinEducation’coveredinthepolicyencompassesallpreviousICTineducationinitiativesi.e.SchoolNet,ComputerLab,EduWebTV,TeachingofMathematicsandScienceinEnglish(PPSMI)andAccessCentreandallfutureICTinitiativesunderacommonsetofobjectivesinsteadoflettingeachICTinitiativecontinuetobeimplementedindependently.

REFERENCE(Frost&Sullivan,2010)

URLhttp://www.mscmalaysia.my/sites/default/files/pdf/publications_references/Policy%20on%20ICT%20in%20Edu-cation%20Malaysia%202010.pdf

31

TITLEMalaysia PublicSectorICTStrategicPlan:PoweringPublicSectorDigitalTransformation

COUNTRYMalaysia

ORGANISATIONMalaysianAdministrativeModernizationandManagementPlanningUnit(MAMPU)

YEAR2010

SUMMARYTheMalaysianPublicSectorICTStrategicPlan(2011-2015)chartsthestrategicdirectionfortheimplementationofinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)intheMalaysianpublicsectorforfiveyears.Theformulationofstrategiesintheplanisbasedontheassessmentandanalysisoffindingsofseveralstudiesconductedtoensurealignmentwithnationalaspirations,stakeholderrequirementsandglobalbestpractices.ThePublicSectorICTstrategicdirectionisdesignedtomeetsevenstrategicobjectivesinlinewiththenationaltransformationagenda.Theobjectivesareto:streamlineICTarchitecture;consolidateICToperations;intensifyinter-agencycollaboration;rationaliseICTgovernancestructure;attract,developandretaintoptalentinthepublicservice;strengthenperformanceculture;andfosteraknowledge-basedenvironment.

REFERENCE(MalaysianAdministrativeModernizationandManagementPlanningUnit(MAMPU),2011)

URLhttp://www.mampu.gov.my/documents/10228/41288/ISPplan2011.pdf/1a03119a-a8a8-40af-ac42-31c3fb7174b0

2. Policies


TITLESouthAfricaConnect:CreatingOpportunitiesEnsuringInclusion:SouthAfrica’sBroadbandPolicy

COUNTRYSouth Africa

ORGANISATIONDepartmentofCommunicationsRepublicofSouthAfrica

YEAR2015

SUMMARYThenationalbroadbandpolicy,givesexpressiontoSouthAfrica’svisionforthecountrytodevelopaseamlessinformationinfrastructureby2030thatwillbeuniversallyaccessibleacrossthecountryatacostandqualitythatmeetstheneedsofcitizens,businessandthepublicsectorandprovidesaccesstothecreationandconsumptionofawiderangeofconvergedapplicationsandservicesrequiredforeffectiveeconomicandsocialparticipation.ItreflectstheGovernmentofSouthAfrica’scommitmenttocreatinganenablingenvironmentfortherolloutofbroadbandinfrastructureandthecreationofassociatedcontent,applicationsandservices.Itdoesthisbyindicatingtheintendedstructureoftheindustryandtheinstitutionalframeworknecessaryforeffectiveregulationofanopenandfaircompetitiveenvironment.Furthermore,itencouragespublicandprivateinvestmentinthebroadbandnetworkextensionrequiredtomeetthesocialandeconomicneedsofthecountry.Theecosystemofdigitalnetworks,services,applications,contentanddevices,willbefirmlyintegratedintotheeconomicandsocialfabricofthecountry.Inordertomeetthenationalobjectiveofmoreaffordablebroadbandaccessforall,SouthAfricaConnectprovidesforbothdemandsideandsupplysidepolicyinterventions.ToimproveaccesstotheInternetandstimulatedemandforbroadbandconnectivityfurther,theconnectionofeducationalinstitutions,municipalitiesandgovernmentandthedeploymentoffreepublicWiFinetworksatpointsofconnectionforcitizenstoaccessm-ande-governmentservicesandotherpublicserviceswillbeprioritized.

REFERENCE(DepartmentofCommunicationsofRepublicofSouthofAfrica,2013)

URLhttp://wiki.lib.sun.ac.za/images/c/c7/Doc-bb-policy.pdf

33

TITLESeychellesNationalICTPolicy(NICTP):ConnectedtotheCommunityConnectedtotheWorld

COUNTRYSeychelles

ORGANISATIONMinistryofNationalDevelopment

YEAR2007

SUMMARYTheNICTParticulatesfiveareasoffocusnamely;ICTinfrastructure,LegalandRegulatoryFramework,HumanResourceDevelopment,ICTIndustryandGovernment.Mindfulofthecross-sectoralnatureofICT,allthefiveareasareintegratedandinterdependent.ThepublicationoftheNICTPlaysthefoundingstonerequiredforthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveNationalICTStrategicPlan,whichwillbetheroadmaptoguideICTdevelopmentinSeychelles.

REFERENCE(GovernmentofSeychelles,2007)

URLwww.ict.gov.sc/resources/policy.pdf

2. Policies


TITLEUgandaRuralCommunicationDevelopmentFund(RCDF)Policy2010/2011-2014/2015

COUNTRYUganda

ORGANISATIONUgandaCommunicationsCommission(UCC)

YEAR2010

SUMMARYTheUgandaCommunicationsActof1997mandatesUgandaCommunicationsCommission(UCC)toestablishandadministeraUniversalServiceFund-theRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentFund(RCDF).ThemaingoalofRCDFistoenableessentialinterventionstoensuremoreequitabledevelopmentofcommunicationsservicesbycomplementingthegeneralnationalICTpolicyandsupportingtheinformationrequirementsofothersectorsofgovernmentthatdriveUganda’sdevelopmentagenda.

Thefunctionofthefundistoeffectcommunicationsinterventionsinareasthatareunderservedwiththeoverallgoalofensuringthatthoseunderservedareasgetaccesstocommunicationsservicesthatarecomparabletothoseintheservedareas.ToguidethecommunicationsinterventionsofRCDF,UCCthereforedevelopedaruralcommunicationsdevelopmentpolicyintheyear2001.ThatPolicyamongotherthingsprovidedforspecificobjectivesthatwouldcontributetotheoverallgoalofuniversalaccesstocommunicationsservices.Implementationofthepolicystartedintheyear2003.Itsexpiryof2007wasrolledovertotheyear2009.Thetargetsthatweresetforthepolicywereallrealisedandinsomecasesexceeded.Buildingontheachievementsofthe2001policyandthechangedcommunicationsenvironment,anewpolicyfortheperiod2010to2014hasbeendeveloped.ThePolicyaimsatincreasingthecoverageofcommunicationsfacilitiesandservicestomoreunderservedareasandpeopleofUgandaandalsotodeliberatelyenhancetheusageofICTservicesinthecountry.ThisisthesecondphaseoftheRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentPolicy(RCDP2010/11–2014/15),whichwhilecontinuingtoaddressthebroadunderlyingissuesofunderservedareas,willparticularlyfocusonthreeaspectsthatarekeyforthedevelopmentofUgandaasaninformationsocietynamely:expansionofcoverageofthefirstRuralCommunicationsDevelopmentPolicy;provisionofBroadbandconnectivityandsupportforcontentdevelopment.

REFERENCE(UgandaCommunicationsCommission,2003)

URLhttp://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/UCC%20RCDF%20Policy%202010-11-2014-15.pdf

http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/UCC%20RCDF%20Policy%202010-11-2014-15.pdf

35

TITLENationalElectronicGovernment(e-Government)PolicyFramework

COUNTRYUganda

ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT

YEAR2011

SUMMARYTheGovernmentofUganda(GOU)recognizedtheroleofICTinfosteringeconomicdevelopmentandistakingstepstoadopttheemergingnewtechnologiesinordertomodernizeservicedelivery.ItisalsothebeliefoftheGoUthatICTshouldbeutilizedtomoveintotheeraofelectronicGovernment(e-Government)thatisaimedatdemystifyingtheroleofGovernment,simplifyingprocedures,bringingtransparency,accountability,andmakingcredibletimelyinformationavailabletoallcitizensandatthesametimeprovidingallservicesinanefficientandcost-effectivemanner.Thispolicyframeworkidentifiesthegoalofe-Governmentandspellsoutitscorepillars,criticalsuccessfactorsandaroadmapwhichwasadoptedtoachieveit.ThepurposeofthepolicywastoefficientlyuseICTinpublicadministrationinordertoimprovepublicservicedeliveryanddemocraticprocesses,enhancetheattainmentoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)andotherinternationalobligations.

REFERENCE(Ministry of Information and communication, 2010)

URLhttp://www.nita.go.ug/sites/default/files/publications/Final%20Draft%20E-govt_framework_June%202010.pdf

2. Policies

http://www.nita.go.ug/sites/default/files/publications/Final%20Draft%20E-govt_framework_June%202010.


TITLEWorldDevelopmentReport-DigitalDividends

ORGANISATIONTheWorldBank

YEAR2016

SUMMARYTheDigitalDividendsreportofTheWorldBankstartsbymakingoneoverviewonhowthefoundationsofdigitalrevolutioncanbestrengthentomaketheworldmoreprosperousandinclusive.Then,thereportidentifiesthebarriersthatarepreventingthedigitaltechnologiestofulfilltheirtransformativepotential.Afterwards,thereportanalysisthesectoral,nationalandglobalpoliciesforsmartcities,energyandenvironment.ThereportconcludesthatthebenefitsofICTwillnotbefullyachievedunlesscountriescontinuetoimprovethebusinessconfidence,investinknowledgesocietiesandhealthassistance,andpromotegoodgovernancepractices.Thecountrieswheretheseprincipleswerenotfollowed,thedigitaltechnologiesdidnotincreasetheproductivityorreducedinequalities.Whereasthecountriesthatcomplementthedigitaltechnologieswiththeseprinciplesreapeddividendsintheformoffastgrowth,morejobsandbetterqualityoflife.

REFERENCE(TheWorldBank,2016)

URLwww.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016

214

37

TITLEe-GovernmentStrategy2013–2017EmpoweringCitizens:CollaboratingwithBusiness;NetworkedGovernment

COUNTRYMauritius

ORGANISATIONMinistryofICT

YEAR2013-2017

SUMMARYThee-GovernmentStrategycameattherighttimewhenMauritiuswasgettingreadytoridethewaveofeconomicandsocialtransformationthatushersinaKnowledgeSociety.ThiseconomicandsocialtransformationasadvocatedbytheEconomicandSocialTransformationPlancurrentlyunderpreparationprojectstopushthecountryintoaHighIncomeCountrybracketthroughtheuseofappropriatetechnology.ThroughoptimalemploymentofICTinthemachineryofGovernment,itwasexpectedthatpublicservicedeliverywouldbeenhancedreapingmuchwarrantedefficiencygainsforMauritiusandenhancingtheconvenienceofcitizensaswellasfacilitatingbusinesses.

REFERENCE(MinistryofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,2013)

URLhttp://mtci.govmu.org/English/Documents/eGovStrategyfinalv201393.pdf

2. Policies


3. Publications

393. Publications

TITLEFrom“Finalization”to“Mode2”:oldwineinnewbottles?

AUTHORSWeingart,P.

YEAR1997

VENUESocial Science Information

SUMMARYThepaperdiscusseswhythenewformsofknowledgeproduction,namelyMode2andPost-normalsciencesufferfromlackoflegitimation.

HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthat:

1. Thenewformsofknowledgeproductiondonotrepresentrevolutionarychangesontraditionalscience;

2. Thetendencyofthescientificationofpolitics;

3. Thepoliticizationofscience;

4. The“medicalization”ofrelationshipbetweenscienceandpolitics;and

5. Thereareobviousparallelsbetweenthethesesoffinalizationofscience,with20years,andthenewproduction.

REFERENCE(Weingart,1997)


TITLERuralareasintheinformationsociety:diminishingdistanceorincreasinglearningcapacity?

AUTHORSGrimes,Seamus

YEAR2000

VENUEJournal of Rural Studies

SUMMARYThepaperaddressestheprospectsofruralareaswithininformationsocietycontextandidentifiesthemainobstaclesforitsdevelopment.


1. Theruralareasshouldexploitthepotentialofnewtechnologies;

2. Thelimitedsuccessofnewtechnologiestodateareduetoanumberofreasonssuchasbadspatialcover,costandpoliticalreasons;and

3. Adifferentapproachisrequiredtoincludethenewtechnologies,whichconsidersthenewroleoftechnologiesinastrategicwayandthehumandimension.

REFERENCE(Grimes,2000)

41

TITLETheKnowledgeSociety:amanifestoforknowledgeandlearning

AUTHORSLytras,MiltiadisD.;Sicilia,MiguelAngel

YEAR2005

VENUEInternationalJournalofKnowledgeandLearning

SUMMARYThepaperadvocatesthattheknowledgeconceptneedstobere-conceptualizedatlightofsociology.Itadvanceswithasocialrealistapproachtoknowledgeandexploresitsimplicationsinknowledgesociety.

HIGHLIGHTSThepaperhighlightsthatthesocialrealistapproachrecognizesthesocialaspectofknowledgeasintrinsictoitsepistemologicaldimension,avoidsboththehistoricalgivensofneo-conservativetraditionalismandarelianceonsuchasexperienceofthelearnerindecisionsaboutcurriculum,maintainsthecurriculumautonomyfrompoliticaloreconomicdemands,assessescurriculumproposalsintermsofbalancinggoalsthatareinvolvedinknowledgeproductionandgivesadirectiontoproducestandardsandknowledgeincurriculums.

REFERENCE(Lytras&Sicilia,2005)

3. Publications


TITLEKnowledge,economy,technologyandsociety:Thepoliticsofdiscourse

AUTHORSRooney, David

YEAR2005

VENUETelematics and Informatics

SUMMARYThepaperdescribesasociologicaltheoryofknowledgeanddiscussesthedominantknowledgediscoursedemonstratingitstroublingaspectsforconstructingaglobalknowledgepolicy.Theobjectiveofthepaperistopromotetheunderstandingofknowledgeanditsroleindevelopment.


1. Thedominantknowledgediscourseistechnocraticandpoliticallyorientedtowardstheinterestsofbusiness;

2. Thedominantknowledgediscourselimitsthethoughtandaction;

3. Anemancipatorypoliticsofknowledgeispossibleandneeded;

4. Thesociologicaltheoryofknowledgeissignificantlydifferenttothedominantdiscoursethatismoreaboutbusinessandtechnologyratherthanknowledge;and

5. Aconceptualframeworkthatexplainsthedynamicsofknowledgecanavoidthefailuresoftechnocracydiscourse.

REFERENCE(Rooney,2005)

43

TITLE“DoingITfortheKids”:Re-examiningChildren,Computersandthe“InformationSociety”

AUTHORSSelwyn,N.

YEAR2003

VENUEMedia,Culture&Society

SUMMARYThepaperexplorestheroleofchildrenintheinformationsocietyforabetterunderstandingofpast,presentandfutureaspectsofsociety.


1. Thetermchildcomputerhasbeenusedwithcommercialinterestsinsteadofbeingusedtoclarifytheroleoftechnologiesinsociety;

2. Ismissingatwhatextentthetechnologiesarepushingusintoanewkindofsociety;and

4. Thedebateshouldbecenteredinexaminingthechangesintroducedbychildrenandtechnologyonsociety.

REFERENCESelwyn,N.(2003)

3. Publications


TITLEDigitaldivideinadevelopingcountry

AUTHORSMariscal, Judith

YEAR2005

VENUETelecommunications Policy

SUMMARYThepapershowsthatbesidesthedeploymentoftelecommunicationsnetworksinMexicothedigitaldivideisincreasing.


1. Thepolicytrajectoryaresimplytofostereconomicgrowthandtoincreasethesupplyoftelecommunucations services;

2. ThelackofauniversalaccesspolicytoITinMexicomarginalizescertaincommunities;

3. Toavoiddigitaldividethetelecommunicationsshouldbesubsidizedbecauseofitscontributiontoeconomicdevelopment;

4. Knowledgebuildingisanimportantresourceforeconomicdevelopment;

5. Socialcapitalcanbeusefulinthedesignofuniversalaccesspolicies;and

6. Low-incomeareascanbenefitfromthetechnicalinnovations.

REFERENCE(Mariscal,2005)

45

TITLEThemultipledimensionsofthedigitaldivide:morethanthetechnology“haves”and“havenots”

AUTHORSBertot,JohnCarlo

YEAR2003

VENUEGovernmentInformationQuarterly

SUMMARYThepapershowsthatthedigitaldividegoesbeyondaccesstoICTs.


1. Thedigitaldivideincludesaccesstoicts,economicfactors,theabilitytoaccessinformationandknowledge,andinformationliteracyskills;

2. Theneedtoconceptualiseofthedigitaldividebeyondaccesstoicts;

3. Theneedtohaveacomprehensivepolicyframeworktoaddressthemultipledimensionsofthedigitaldivide; and

4. Theneedtoaddressthedigitaldividethoughamulti-stakeholderapproach.

REFERENCE(Bertot,2003)

3. Publications


TITLEConstructingtheinformationsociety:women,informationtechnology,anddesign

AUTHORSFountain,JaneE.

YEAR2000

VENUETechnologyinSociety

SUMMARYThepaperexploresthepotentialroleofwomeninthedesignofaninformation-basedsociety.Thispaperadvocatesthatastrongerrepresentationbywomenintechnicalrolescanaddresshumancapitaldeficitandexpandtherangeoftechnicalproductsandservicestobenefitallsociety.


1. Anincreaseinwomenparticipationinthedesignofinformationtechnologyaddressesthehumancapitaldeficitandpromotestheconstructionofinformation-basedsociety;and

2. Thedisparityinparticipationbygenderintheproductionofinformationtechnologiesshouldbeviewedasapolicyproblemwithsignificantimpacts.

REFERENCE(Fountain,2000)

47

TITLEThemarketorienteduniversityandthechangingroleofknowledge

AUTHORSBuchbinder,Howard

YEAR1993

VENUEHigherEducation

SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheconflictbetweenuniversitiesandmarketintermsofautonomyandcollegiality,ideologyglobalizationandprivatization.Inaddition,thepaperexplorestheroleofknowledgewithinuniversitiesandthechangefromsocialknowledgetomarketknowledge.Thefocusincludesthesocialcontextofknowledge,science,researchofknowledge,knowledgeaspropertyandtransferofknowledge.


1. Theprivatizationofthesocialcontextwherethemarketmechanismsarepredominant;

2. Knowledgebecomesacommodity;

3. Itisprivateintellectualproperty;

4. Amarketorienteduniversityalterstheformofknowledge;and

5. Thepolicyforuniversitiesshouldaddresstheimpactofglobalizationinaninformationsocietyandavoidamarketorientedstrategy.

REFERENCE(Buchbinder,1993)

3. Publications


TITLEAcritiqueofKoreanNationalInformationStrategy:Caseofnationalinformationinfrastructures

AUTHORSShin,Dong-Hee

YEAR2007

VENUEGovernmentInformationQuarterly

SUMMARYThepaperstudiestheimpactoftheprojectIT839launchedwiththeobjectiveoftransformingKoreaintoanubiquitousinformationsociety.Inaddition,thepapergivesrecommendationstothegovernmentforacontextualizedITstrategy.


1. Constructasocialanditinfrastructureembeddedwithotherstructures;

2. Informationinfrastructureonlyoccurswhenpeopleuseitintheirroutinelife;and

3. Buildinganeffectivenationalinformationinfrastructureisnotanevent.Itisacontinuousandinteractiveon-goingprocess.

REFERENCE(Shin,2007)

49

TITLEGovernmentasthedrivingforcetowardtheinformationsociety:NationalcomputerpolicyinSingapore

AUTHORSGurbaxani,Vijay;Kraemer,KennethL.;King,JohnLeslie;Jarman,Sheryl;Dedrick,Jason;Raman,K.S.;Yap,C.S.

YEAR1990

VENUEThe Information Society

SUMMARYThepaperanalysistheinfluenceandroleoftheSingaporegovernmentinachievingthegoalofturningthenationintoaninformationsociety.TheauthorsstressthehighinvolvementandcommitmentofgovernmentinthecomputerizationandinformatizationofSingapore.


1. Thegovernmentmayadoptinfluenceorplayregulationroles;

2. Thegovernmentpromotestheusesoftechnologyatalllevelsofsocietyusingdifferentformssuchasfunding,incentivesandsubsidies,informationandconsultationandpartnershipsprojects;

3. Thegovernmentusesthelegalpowerforthediffusionofitdirectives,settingtechnicalstandards,formalizingproceduresandprotectingcopyright;and

4. Thegovernmentinfluencesthesupply/demandgoalsthroughregulation.

REFERENCE(Gurbaxanietal.,1990)

3. Publications


TITLEInformationpolicy,informationaccess,anddemocraticparticipation:ThenationalandinternationalimplicationsoftheBushadministration’sinformationpolitics

AUTHORSJaeger,PaulT.

YEAR2007


SUMMARYThepapercoversananalysisoftheinformationpolicyandaccessoftheBushadministrationandimplicationsofthepoliciesforglobalsocietyandforresearchoninformationsystems.Moreover,thepaperraisesthequestionstoatwhatextentinformationpoliciescouldbeusedforpoliticalpurposes,whattheycall“informationpolitics”.


1. Theinfluenceofinformationpolicyinlimitingtheinformationaccesstoindividuals,socialgroupsandgovernmentorganizations;

2. Theaccesstoinformationisapre-requisiteofdemocraticsocieties;

3. Themanipulationofinformationaccessforpoliticalgain;

4. Researchontheinteractionbetweeninformationpolicyandinformationaccessanditsimpactshouldevolve;

5. Theinformationpoliciesalsohaveimpactonscholarsstudyingthisarea;

6. Inaworlddrivenbyinformation,researchonthisareaisessentialtounderstandingtheinformationsocietyat national and international levels; and

7. Theanalysisofimpactofinformationpolicyisoftenlimitedtoonenation,butaworldwhereinformationcrossesbarriersthereisaneedtomakeexaminationsofpoliciesattheholisticlevel.

REFERENCE(Jaeger,2007)

51

TITLETelehealthacquiresmeanings:informationandcommunicationtechnologieswithinhealthpolicy

AUTHORSKlecun-Dabrowska,Ela;Cornford,Tony

YEAR2000

VENUEInformation Systems Journal

SUMMARYThepaperdiscusseshowapolicyprocesscouldbeusedasameanstoacquireinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesinhealth,andtheimplicationsithasfortelehealth.ThisstudyisdoneresortingabouttheexplorationoffourUKhealthpaperspublishedduring1989and1998.


1. Beforetheacquisition,thereshouldbeaperfectunderstandingoftheroleandexpectationforICTinthehealthsectorandtelehealthinparticular;

2. Itsrelationwiththeinformationsociety,forinstance,centralizedvs,decentralization,devolutionofpowervs.Controlorstandardizedpractices;and

3. Tocontemplatetheconsequencesoftheadoptionofinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesandsystemsinsociety,itisimportanttoknowwhatthesetechnologiesandsystemsmean;and

4. Telehealthisaconceptthathastoacquire,developandsustainmeanings.

REFERENCE(Klecun-Dabrowska&Cornford,2000)

3. Publications


TITLEInformationandcommunicationtechnologiesfordevelopment:assessingthepotentialandtherisks

AUTHORSMansell,Robin

YEAR1999


SUMMARYThepapermakesananalysisoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononScienceandTechnologyforDevelopment(UNCSTD)WorkingGrouponICTandDevelopmentReport-KnowledgeSocieties:InformationTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.


1. UncstdoutlinesthatdevelopingcountrieswouldbeinabetterpositioniftheyestablishnationalorregionalICTstrategies;

2. ThenationalICTstrategiesoftenarepublicizedtoattractexternalinvestment;

3. Thepoliticalandeconomicprioritiesofkeydecision-makersoftendictatetheoutcomesofICTstrategies;and

4. ItisurgenttodevelopICTstrategieswhichbringmarginalizedpeopleonboard.

REFERENCE(Mansell,1999)

53

TITLEAnempiricalanalysisoffixedandmobilebroadbanddiffusion

AUTHORSLee,Sangwon;Marcu,Mircea;Lee,Seonmi

YEAR2011

VENUEInformation Economics and Policy

SUMMARYThepapermakesananalysisoffixedandmobilebroadbanddiffusionintermsofloopunbundling,income,populationdensity,educationandprice.


1. LocalloopunbundlingpolicywassuccessfulinpromotingfixedbroadbanddiffusioninOECDcountries;

2. Governmentsshouldchoosepoliciesthatfavorfastbroadbanddiffusion;

3. Multiplestandardizationpolicyisassociatedwithahighrateofbroadbandpenetration;

4. MobileserviceinmanyOECDcountriesisusedasacomplementarytofixedinternet;and

5. Mobileinternethasthepotentialtoincreasebroadbandpenetration.

REFERENCE(Lee,Marcu,&Lee,2011)

3. Publications


TITLETrustedComputing–SpecialAspectsandChallenges

AUTHORSSadeghi,Ahmad-Reza

YEAR2008

VENUESOFSEM2008:TheoryandPracticeofComputerScience

SUMMARYThepaperoutlinestheimportanceofsecurityinITsystemsandpresentssomecurrentresearchonthetopicandchallengesfacedtoimplementsecuritypolicies.


1. Thetrustedcomputinggroup(TCG),anallianceofitenterprisespublishedasetofspecificationsforextendingconventionalcomputerarchitectureswithsecurityfeatures;

2. Thetrustedcomputing(TC)technologyiscapableofenhancingthesecurityofcomputersandICTinfrastructures,howeverthiswillnotresolveallsecurityproblemsintheinformationsociety;

3. TCbringsnewtechnicalandeconomicchallenges;and

4. TheresearchonTCneedsadeeperunderstandingofthecomplexityofitsystems.

REFERENCE(Sadeghi,2008)

55

TITLEAdoptionofInternetservicesintheAccedingandCandidateCountries,lessonsfromtheInternetbankingcase

AUTHORSCenteno,Clara

YEAR2004


SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheimplicationsandpotentialofInternetBankingonthedevelopmentofInformationSocietyinfifteenEuropeanUnioncountriesandinaccedingandcandidatecountries.


1. Itsimportanttohaveadeepunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencetheadoptionofinternetbankingsuchas,theinternetpenetration,costofinternetaccess,securityconcerns,etc;

2. Theimportanceofpromotingandhavingane-bankingculture;

3. Theinternetbankingsectoritselfneedstoaddresstheissuesoflowerinstitutionaltrustinbankingactors,privacyconcerns,andlowerdevelopmentanduseoffinancialservices;and

4. Asetofpolicyactionstostimulatetheuseofinternetandinternet-basedservicesshouldbeadopted.

REFERENCE(Centeno,2004)

3. Publications


TITLETowardaframeworkfordesigninginformationsocietypolicies

AUTHORSMelody,WilliamH.

YEAR1996


SUMMARYThepaperproposesasystemicanalyticalframeworktoassesswhattheinformationinfrastructurecouldprovideandtohelppolicy-makersdesigninginformationsocietypoliciesforspecificcountries.


1. Theframeworkprovidesasystemicviewforidentifyinginformationinfrastructuredevelopmentpriorities;

2. Mostnationalgovernmentsclaimforpotentialbenefitsofinformationtechnologiesthatcannotbesupportedandsomehaveevenbeenrefuted;

3. Theinvestmentsshouldnotbeledbysuppliersbecausethisresultsintounbalancedgrowthanddivisionbetweenrichandpoorcitizens;and

4. Countriesonlycanbenefitfrominformationsocietyiftheymetthespecificneedandprioritiesoftheirsociety.

REFERENCE(Melody,1996)

57

TITLEA“GrandChallenge”:MeasuringInformationSocieties

AUTHORSMenou, Michel J.; Taylor, Richard D.

YEAR2006


SUMMARYThepaperanalysesthelimitationsofthecurrentinformationsocietymetricsandadvocatesforthecreationofanewacademicfieldofstudytocoverthisspecificarea.


1. Thereareseriouslimitationsinmetricsineightcriticalareas:-definitionoftheuniversetobemeasured,-definitionoftheobjectsandphenomenatoincludeintheuniverse,-needtoestablishmeasurementsbaseduponsolidtheories,-unitsofmeasurements,-datasourcesandcollection,-methodsofanalysisandconstructionofindicators,-targetaudiencesand-purposeandutilizationofmeasurements;and

2. Toensurethattheinformationrevolutionleadstomorebenefitsthandamages,itsunderstandingshouldbegroundedinsolidscientificwork.

REFERENCE(Menou&Taylor,2006)

3. Publications


TITLETheInformationRevolution,Security,andInternationalRelations:(IR)relevantTheory?

AUTHORSEriksson,J.

YEAR2006

VENUEInternationalPoliticalScienceReview/Revueinternationaledesciencepolitique

SUMMARYThepaperanalyzestheimpacttheinformationsocietyhasonsecurityandexploresthischallengeinthelightofinternationalrelationstheories:realism,liberalismandconstructivism.


1. Itisimportanttodevelopnewtheoriesthatintegrateliberalism,constructivismandrealismforabetterunderstandingoftheimpactofinformationsocietyonsecurity;

2. Theexistingliteratureonsecurityissuesintheinformationsocietyispolicyorientedwithoutanycontributionsforinternationalrelationstheories;and

3. Thetheoryandpracticeonsecurityinadigitalagearesodistantthattheyhardlycaninformeachother;andamorepragmaticapproachisneededtoclosethegapbetweentheoryandpracticeonsecurityintheinformation society.

REFERENCE(Eriksson,2006)

59

TITLEDiffusion,substitutionandcompetitiondynamisminsidetheICTmarket:ThecaseofJapan

AUTHORSChen,ChaojungWatanabe,Chihiro

YEAR2006

VENUETechnologicalForecastingandSocialChange

SUMMARYThepaperanalysestheco-evolutionaryeffectofdiffusion,substitutionandcompetitiondynamisminsideJapan’sICTmarket.ToproovethattherecentadvancesinJapan’smobileserviceswereduetothisco-evolutionarydynamismfourdiffusionmodelswereutilizedinthiswork:Simplelogisticmodel,Bi-logisticmodel,LogisticgrowthwithinadynamiccarryingcapacitymodelandChoice-basedsubstitutiondiffusionmodel.


1. Anotableco-evolutionarydynamismbetweendiffusion,substitutionandcompetitionisemerginginsidejapaneseICTmarket;

2. ThemainfactorsunderlyingthisdynamismaretheICTinnovations,enrichedfunctions,reducedpriceandthecompetitivenessoftheenvironment;

3. ThejapaneseinstitutionsarenotelasticandmakeinsufficientuseofICT;and

4. IntermsofimportantpoliciesforjapaneseictmarketthepaperstressthateveryoneshouldhaveanubiquitousinformationreceiverandthegovernmentshoulddecideiftocontinueexpandingtheICTinfrastructureforfixedaccessorsubstitutethefixelinesbymobileaccess.

REFERENCE(Chen&Watanabe,2006)

3. Publications


TITLETheEuropeanUnionandtheinformationsociety:Discourse,powerandpolicy

AUTHORSGoodwin,I.;Spittle,S.

YEAR2002

VENUENewMedia&Society

SUMMARYThepapermakesacriticaldiscourseanalysisofthedebateoverthesocial,culturalandeconomicimpactofinformationsocietywithinEuropeanUnion(EU).ThepapercriticizesthelanguageandpoliciesusedinEUconcerningtheinformationsociety,arguingthatthenatureoflanguageshouldchangeandbeusedasamodeofsocialactionwithinthepolicydebate.


1. Fourmajordiscourseswereidentified:threat/opportunity,technologicaldeterminism,marketdominanceandcitizenvsconsumer;

2. Byutilizingcriticaldiscourseanalysis,thepapershowsthatnotonlyaretheinformationpolicyoutcomesneo-liberal,butalsothediscoursesthatdonotallowalternativestoneo-liberalism;

3. Thediscoursesfavortheeconomicdimensionattheexpenseofsocialandculturaldimensions;

4. ThelanguageusedhasconsequencesininformationsystemspolicyandinthetypeofinformationsocietyEUwantstoachieve;

5. Theeulimitssocialandeconomicbenefitsofinformationsocietybecauseitisbasedonasetofdiscoursesthatnarrowitsscope;and

6. Paradoxically,itisthroughthesocialandculturalbenefitsofinformationsocietythatthepolicychangesarebeingjustifiedinsideEU,howeveratthesametime,thepoliticaldiscourseprecludestheirrealization.

REFERENCE(Goodwin&Spittle,2002)

61

TITLEBenchmarkingknowledge-basedurbandevelopmentperformance:ResultsfromtheinternationalcomparisonofHelsinki

AUTHORSYigitcanlar,Tan;Lönnqvist,Antti

YEAR2013

VENUECities

SUMMARYThepaperpresentsaframeworkforaknowledge-BasedUrbanDevelopment(KBUD)composedbyfourmainpillarseconomy,society,environmentandgovernance.Usingthisframework,theHelsinkiperformanceintheeraofKnowledgewasevaluatedagainsteightcities:Boston,SanFrancisco,Birmingham,Manchester,Melbourne,Sydney,TorontoandVancouver.TheaimofthisstudywastoknowtheKBUDstatusofHelsinkiaswellasdevelopaperformancemeasurementandbenchmarkingprocess.


1. AnanalysisofhowtocarryoutKBUDperformancemeasurementswasconducted;

2. Theempiricalmeasurementresultsareinlinewithpreviousresultsandnewfindingsarepresented;

3. Theperformancemeasurementprocessshowshowsuchmeasurementscanbemadeandwhatkeyphasesshouldbeincludedintheprocessi.E.Measurementmethodology;and

4. Furtherexperimentswithbenchmarking,andcriticaldiscussionaboutlearningexperiences,isneedtodevelopmoreapplicablemodelsandtoolsinthefuture.

REFERENCE(Yigitcanlar&Lönnqvist,2013)

3. Publications


TITLETelecommunicationspolicyandindividualswithdisabilities:Issuesofaccessibilityandsocialinclusioninthepolicyandresearchagenda

AUTHORSJaeger,PaulT.

YEAR2006


SUMMARYThepaperdiscussestheimportanceofequaltelecommunicationsaccessforpeoplewithdisabilitiesandtherelatedpolicyquestions.Furthermore,thepaperpointsoutaresearchagendaforthisarea.


1. Ictaccessibilityisvitalforthesocialinclusionofpeoplewithdisabilities;

2. Abetterunderstandingofdisabilityisneeded,sotelecommunicationaccessibilitypolicyobjectivesandtheirsocialimpactshouldberesearchedandanalyzed;

3. Legislativeprocessamongnationsneeddifferentpolicies;

4. ManyICTdesignersanddeveloperslackunderstandingofaccessibilityandtheneedsofpersonswithdisabilities;

5. TopromoteabetterunderstandingandadoptionofaccessibleICT,telecommunicationspoliciesshouldbeimplemented;and

6. Personswithdisabilitiesrepresentasignificantportionofglobalpopulationandthenumberisenvisionedtoincreaseinthecomingyears.

REFERENCE(Jaeger,2006)

63

TITLEMeasuringinformationsociety

AUTHORSRicci, Andrea

YEAR2000


SUMMARYThepaperexploreshowtheconceptofInformationSociety(IS)isbeingusedinEurope,discussesalternativeISdefinitionsandtheneedofanappropriatesetofpoliciestore-launchISinEurope.Amajorpartofthepaperisdedicatedtotheanalysisofthedatacollectedbetween1995and1999bytheEuropeancommissiontomeasureISperformanceofEuropeancountries.


1. Amulti-facetedmediasystemexistsineuropeconflictingbetweenthemtoacquirealargershareofthefinancialbudgetofeurope;

2. Onlyminorityofeuropeansareheavyusersofinformationtechnologies;

3. Thereisalargercommunityofpassivemediauserswhichisstilldisorientedbythemediaarenaandseekingforthebestsolutiontobeinvolved;and

4. Tofosterthegrowthoftheeuropeanis,policymakersmustintroduceprioritiescapableofenforcingthesocialcohesionsuchasincreasethesocialdimensioninispolicyimplementation,developnewwaysofisawareness,developaresearchagendatowardsknowledgesocietyandrefinethepoliciesandthepubliccampaigns.

REFERENCE(Ricci,2000)

3. Publications


TITLETaxonomyofe-readinessassessmentmeasures

AUTHORSHanafizadeh,Payam;Hanafizadeh,MohammadReza;Khodabakhshi,Mohsen

YEAR2009

VENUEInternationalJournalofInformationManagement

SUMMARYThepapermakesaclassificationofe-readinessassessmentmeasuresforhelpingpolicymakersandscholarsselectingtherightmeasuresfortheirobjectives,avoidingrepetitiveresearch,identifyingflawsinpreviousmeasuresandlearningwithpastexperiencestoconstructtheirownmeasures.Inaddition,thepaperpresentsameasurefore-readinessassessment.Theauthorsadvocatethattheproposedmeasurecanbeusedasabasisforan international standard for statistics on information society.


1. Mostassessmentsarebasedonstatisticalstudiesorquestionnaires,countrycases,adhocinterviewsandsummaryevaluationofitreadinessforeconomicgrowth;

2. Moststudiesprovidelittleinformationhowandwhytheindicatorswereselected;

3. Thetraditionalmeasuresoverthepastyearsaremainlyfocusedoninfrastructuralaccess;and

4. Todaytheassessmentshavebeenextendedtootherdimensionsthantheinfrastructuresuchaseconomicandsocialmovingtotechnologicalaspectstouseraspects.

REFERENCE(Hanafizadeh,Hanafizadeh,&Khodabakhshi,2009)

65

TITLEAlternativeEducationalFuturesforaKnowledgeSociety

AUTHORSYoung,Michael

YEAR2010

VENUEEuropeanEducationalResearchJournal

SUMMARYThepaperanalysisthecurrenttrendsineducationpolicies:theintroductionofnationalqualificationsframeworks,theshifttolearningoutcomes,themovefromsubject-specifictogenericcurriculumcriteria,towardstheknowledgesociety.Basedonthisanalysistheauthorproposesanalternativeapproachtoeducationalpolicybasedonsocialrealisttheoryofknowledge.Thisalternativepresupposesthattherearesocialconditionsunderwhichknowledgeisacquiredmorequickly.


1. Areliablemodelforacurriculumandapedagogyhastoembracecontent,conceptsandskills;

2. Thecurriculumshouldbeginwiththeacquisitionofspecializedknowledge;

3. Ifacurriculumistodrivenbycontentorskillsandcompetencessomeeducationalobjectiveswillbelost;and

4. Howtheeducationalprincipleswillbeappliedinthefuturewillhavesocialandjusticeimplications.

REFERENCE(Young,2010)

3. Publications


TITLEBuildingprofessionalisminaknowledgesociety:examiningdiscoursesofknowledgeinfourprofessionalassociations

AUTHORSKarseth,Berit;Nerland,Monika

YEAR2007

VENUEJournalofEducationandWork

SUMMARYThepaperexploresandanalysesthepolicydocumentsfromfourprofessionalassociationsinNorwegian.Thepolicydocumentsrevealedtohavestrongknowledgediscoursesasameanstopositiontheassociationsdistinctlytowardstheirpractitioners,workingfieldsandpubliccommunity.Furthermore,theanalysisalsorev

Knowledge Societies Policy Library - UNESCO · 1. Knowledge Societies Policy Handbook, as set of...

Documents

Transcript of Knowledge Societies Policy Library - UNESCO · 1. Knowledge Societies Policy Handbook, as set of...