KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli · KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli 3 Thoothukudi...
Transcript of KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli · KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli 3 Thoothukudi...
Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 1
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KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli
3
Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 2
Suresh’ IAS Academy
www.Padasalai.Net
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com
http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/09/tnpsc-group-2-group-4-vao-exam-study.html
6 k; tFg;G
mwptpay;
1. Nth;fs; Neh; Gtp ehl;lk; cilait.
2. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; MzpNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ.
3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; ry;ypNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ.
4. ,iy nra;Ak; gzpfs; - xspr;Nrh;f;if> Rthrpj;jy;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
5. tpf;Nlhhpah mNkNrhdpf;fh - ePhpy; thOk; 3 kP tpl;lk; nfhz;l nghpa ,iyj; jhtuk;.
6. G+tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fs;
1. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;.
2. G+thj; jhtuq;fs;.
7. tpij mike;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikapy; jhtuq;fs;
1. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; (%ba tpij)
2. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;
8. ed;dPh; thoplj; jhtuq;fs;
9. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd ejp
,e;jpahtpd; kpf epskhd
10. jz;bYk;> ,iyg; gFjpfspYk; fhw;W miwfs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ePH;jhtuqfs;
kpjf;fpd;wd.
11. G+kpapy; nkhj;j xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; Rkhh; 40 % fly; tho; jhtuq;fspy;
eilngWfpwJ.
12. epy thoplq;fs; - 2.8 % (cyf epyg;gug;gpy;)
13. 470 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; cUthd epyj;jhtuqfs; kh];fs; kw;Wk;
yPth;Nthh;l;];
14. cyfpy; ghjp msT Mf;]p[idj; jUk; fhLfs; - mNkhrd; kiyf; fhLfs;.
15. Mz;bd; ruhrhp 25 nr.kP f;Fk; Fiwthf kionga;Ak; gFjp - ghiytdk;.
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4
16. G+kpapy; Rkhh; 20 ghiytdk; cs;sd. ,iyfs; Kl;fshf khw;wk; mile;Js;sd.
17. ghiytd jhtuq;fs; - ,iyfs; jbkdhf cs;sd. ePiu jz;by; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
ePskhd Nth;fs; cs;sd. ,iyfs; Kl;fshf cs;sd.
ePskhd Nth;fs; cs;sd. (v.fh) rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp> mNft;>
Nrhw;Wf; fw;whis> gpiuNahgpy;yk;.
18. fhLfspy; ruhrhpahf 25-200 nr.kP kio msT ,Uf;Fk;.
19. mf;Nlhgh; khjk; Kjy; jpq;fs; fpoik - cyf thopl ehs;.
20. yj;jpu]; rl;ilthy; - ,dpg;G gl;lhzp ,jpy; rpw;wiyfs; gw;Wf; fk;gpfshf
khwpAs;sd.
21. tsUk; gUtepiyapy; mjpNtfkhf tsUk; jhtuk; - %q;fpy;.
,e;jpa tdr;rl;lk; - 1927d;gb %q;fpy; xU kutifiar; rhh;e;jJ
my;y vd 2018y; Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; td mikr;rfk; mwptpj;Js;sJ.
22. Kl;fs;
mNft; - uapy; fw;whis - Edpg;gFjp Kl;fshf
khwpAs;sd.
rg;ghj;jp fs;sp - ,iyfs; rpWKl;fshf
khwpAs;sd.
fhfpjg;G+ - Nghfd;tpy;ypah - jz;by; Kl;fs;
23. caphpdj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa nray;gLk; myF - nry;fs;.
24. mkPgh - xU nry; caphp
czTf; Fkpop - czit nrhpkhdk; nra;jy;
RUq;Fk; Ez;Fkpo;fs; - fopT ePf;fk;
clypd; Nkw;gug;gpd; topahf Rthrpj;jy; - vspa guty;Kiw
Nghypf; fhy;fs; - ,lg;ngah;r;rp
25. ghukPrpak; - xU nry; caphp
26. A+f;spdh - firapio %yk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp
27. gy;ypfs; - ngUk;ghYk; ntg;g kz;ly;gFjpfspy; thOk;.
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28. gUtkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf xU tpyq;F Xhplj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtW ,lk; nry;tJ -
tyir Nghjy;
29. Nfhilf;fhy cwf;fk; - v.fh ej;ij.
Fsph;fhy cwf;fk; - v.fh Mik.
30. fq;fhU vyp - vg;nghOJk; ePH; mUe;jhj caphpdk;
31. mjpfkhd Gujk; cs;s czT - NrhahgPd;];
32. itl;lkpd; - A
mjpfk; cs;s czT - kPd; vz;nza;> fhul;> Kl;il> ghy;> kQ;rs; epwg; goq;fs;.
FiwghL Neha; - khiyf; fz; Neha;.
33. itl;lkpd; - B
mjpfk; cs;s czT - KO jhdpak;> gs gsg;G nra;ag;glhj mhprp> ghy;> kPd;.
FiwghL Neha; - nghp nghp.
34. itl;lkpd; - C
mjpfk; cs;s czT - MuQ;R> ney;yp> kpsfha;> jf;fhspapy; cs;sd.
FiwghL Neha; - ];fh;tp.
35. itl;lkpd; - D
mjpfk; cs;s czT - kPd; vz;nza;> #hpa xsp
FiwghL Neha; - hpf;nfl;]; Neha;
36. itl;lkpd; - E
mjpfk; cs;s czT - jhtu vz;nza;fs;> KO NfhJik> Mg;gps;> kh>
FiwghL Neha; - euk;G jsh;r;rp> kyl;Lj; jd;ik
37. itl;lkpd; - K
mjpfk; cs;s czT - gr;irf; fha;fwp> Kl;ilf;Nfh];> Kl;il
FiwghL Neha; - ,uj;jk; ciujy;> vYk;G gw;fs; gytPdk;.
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38. itl;lkpd;fs; - ghJfhf;Fk; czTfs;
cly; tsh;r;rp Gujq;fs; - czTg; Gujq;fs;
39. ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs; - itl;lkpd; B & C
40. fhy;rpak; - ,uj;jk; ciujy;.
gh];gu]; - tYthd vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; gw;fs;.
mNahbd; - ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd; cw;gj;jp
,Uk;G - `PNkhFNshgpd; cw;gj;jp
41. cyf mstpy; cly; gUkd; nfhz;l Foe;ijfs; cs;sjpy; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy -
,uz;lhk; ,lk; - 14.4 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs;
42. Fthh;\pNahh;fs; - %is tsh;r;rpf; FiwghL> tsh;r;rpf; FiwghL>
tapw;Wg; Nghf;F> Gujr; rj;J.
43. kuh];k]; - nkJthd cly; tsh;r;rp Gujf; FiwghL.
44.
rj;J Neha;fs;
fhy;rpak; hpf;nfl;];
gh];gu]; M];bahkNyrpah
mNahbd; Foe;ijfsy; fphpl;bdprk;
,Uk;G ,uj;jNrhif
45. nry;fs;
GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry; - njspthd cl;fU fpilahJ.
A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry; - cl;fU fhzg;gLfpwJ.
uhgh;l; `Pf; - ,q;fpyhe;J ehL - $l;L Ez;Nehf;fp cUthf;fpdhh;. 1665y;
ikf;Nuhfpuhgpah vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhh;.
nry; vd;w thh;j;ijia Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
nry;Y}Nyh vd;gJ yj;jPd; nkhop.
46. ghf;Bhpah - 0.1 to 0.5 ikf;uhd; msT
neUg;Gf;Nfhopapd; Kl;ilapd; msT - 170 mm
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47. kdpj clypy; cs;s nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 3.7 X 1013
48. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fs;
cl;fU ,y;iy.
cl;fU mw;w epA+f;spaha;L cs;sd.
nry;fs; Rw;wp rt;Tfs; ,y;iy.
Kjd; Kjypy; cUthd nry; GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;.
49. ANfhpahl;bf; nry;fs;
10 - 100 ikf;uhd; tpl;lk; cilait.
nry;rt;T cs;sd.
cl;fU cz;L.
epA+f;spNahy]; cz;L.
50. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; cs;s nry;fs; - tpyq;F nry;
gRq;fzpfs; cs;s nry;fs; - jhtu nry;fs;.
nry;Rth; mw;w nry; - tpyq;Ffs;.
51. nry;ypd; fjT - nry; rt;T
nry; ghJfhg;gth; - nry;Rth;.
nry;ypd; efUk; gFjp - irl;Nlh gpshrk;.
nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak; - ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah
nry;ypd; czTj; njhopw;rhiy - gRq;fzpfk;
Nrkpg;G fplq;F - Ez; Fkpo;fs;.
nry;ypd; fl;Lghl;L ikak; - cl;fU
cl;fU thapy; - epA+f;spa]; ciw.
52. kdpjdpy; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 206 vz;fs;
`aha;L vYk;G - tha;f;Fop
tpyh vYk;G - 12 ,izfs;
jz;Ltlj;ij ghJfhg;gJ - KJnfYk;Gj; njhlh;
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clypd; kpfr; rpwpa vYk;G - Stapes (mq;ftb) - 2.8 mm
clypd; ePskhd vYk;G - njhil vYk;G
,af;F jirfs; - vYk;Gj; jirfs;
czTf;Foha; - 9 kPl;lh;.
,iug;ig - nrhpkhdk;
rpWFly; - cl;fpufpj;jy;.
53. fl;Lg;glhj ,aq;F jirfs;
1. nkd;jirfshd czTf;Foy;> rpWePh;g;ig> jkzpfs;>
2. ,jaj; jirfs;.
54. fy;yPuy; - ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s czTr; rj;Jg; nghUs;fs; rpWFlypypUe;J fy;yPuy;
topahfr; nry;fpd;wd. Gujq;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk;
fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. gpj;j ePH; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
55. rpWFly; - 6 m ePsk; - rj;J cWQ;Rjy;.
56. ,iug;ig - Nfhio> nehjpfs; kw;Wk;HCL cs;sJ.
57. vg;gpfpshl;b]; Rthr ghijf;Fs; czT nry;tij jLf;fpd;wd.
58. Rthrk;
1. ntsp Rthrk; ehrpj;Jis %yk; O2 kw;Wk; CO2 ghpkhw;wk;
2. cl;Rthrk; O2,uj;jk; topahf vL;j;Jr; nry;yg;gLtJ.
3. nry;Rthrk; fhw;W Ez; miwfshy;
O2vLj;Jf;nfhz;LCO2ntsptplg;gLk;.
59. kdpj EiuaPuy; - 300 kpy;ypad; Ez; fhw;Wg;igfs; cs;sd.
60. ,ja Rth; - ,U Rth;fisf; nfhz;l nghpfhh;bak; ciuahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
61. jput ,izg;Gj; jpR - ,uj;jk;. RBC (,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;) vYk;G k[;i[apy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
62. jkzpfs; - ntsph; rptg;G epw ,uj;jk;.
EiuaPuy; jkzp jtpu midj;J jkzpAk; Rj;j ,uj;jk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.
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63. rpiufs; - fUQ;rptg;G epw ,uj;jk; EiuaPuy; rpiwfisj; jtpu kw;w midj;J
rpiwfSk; mRj;j ,uj;jj;jpid flj;Jfpd;wd.
64. %is - %d;W ciufshy; #og;gl;L cs;sJ. ,jid nkdpd;n[]; vd;fpNwhk;.
clypd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikak; - %is
100 kpy;ypad; jfty;fis xUth; tho;ehspy; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;.
65. fz;zpd; 3 Kf;fpa gFjpfs; :
1) fhh;dpah - fz; jhdk; nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ khw;wg;gLtJ.
2) Ihp];
3) gpA+g;gpy;
66. ,uj;j mZf;fs; 3 tif :
1. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;
2. ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs;
3. ,uj;j jl;Lf;fs;
67. euk;G kz;lyk; = %is + jz;L tlk; + gf;f euk;Gfs;
68. %isapd; gphpTfs; - Kd;> eL kw;Wk; gpd; %is> ngU %is> rpW %is kw;Wk;
jz;Ltlk; .
69. nrtp - Gwr; nrtp> eLr; nrtp> cl; nrtp.
70. Njhy; - Gwg;glyk;> mfg;glyk;> cl;glyk;.
71. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; - `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;fpd;wd.
72.
jiyapy; cs;sr; Rug;gp i`Nghjyhk];> gpl;A+l;lhp> gPdpay; Rug;gp
fOj;J ijuha;L & ghuh ijuha;L
,jak; ijk];
tapw;wpy; fiza Rug;gp
rpWePufj;jpd; Nky; ml;hPdy;
73. ne/g;uhd;fs; - rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gil nray;myF.
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epA+uhd;fs; -
%isapd; mbg;gil nray;myF.
74. ek; %isapd;
rhk;gy;
epwg;gFjp 85%
ePh; nfhz;lJ.
75. ntg;g kz;ly kiof; fhLfs; -
‘cyfpd; ngUk; kUe;jfk;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd.
25 %
kUj;Jt jhtuq;fs;
nfhz;lJ.
76. jpkpq;fyg; GDF -
thridj; jputpaq;fs; jahhpg;G.
77. Xq;fpy;fs; :
,it ePh;tho; ghY}l;bahd lhy;gpd;fs;.
Mw;W ePhpy; tho;git.
kPnahyp miyfis gad;gLj;Jk;.
78. gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;wpd; ePsk; -
3848 fp.kP
79. jkpo;ehl;by; kapy;fSf;fhd ruzhyak; -
tpuhypkiy (GJf;Nfhl;il)
80. ,e;jpa murhy; Njrpa rpd;dq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L.
khk;gok; -
1950
vitamin
a, c, d
nfhz;lJ.
Mykuk;
1950
ngUikapd; rpd;dk;
jhkiu
1950
mofhd kyh;
kapy;
1963
Njrpa gwit> ,e;jpahitj;
Njrpakhf nfhz;lJ.
Gyp
1973
,e;jpah 70 %
nfhz;lJ.
fq;if MW
2008
tw;whj MW> Njrpa ejp
ahid
(Njrpa ghuk;ghpar; tpyq;F)
2010
Mrpahit jafkhf
nfhz;lJ. (National Heritage Animal)
Mw;W Xq;fpy;
2010
Njrpa ePh;tho; tpyq;F
(National Water Animal)
Lacto bacillus
2012
Njhoik ghf;Bhpah
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7Mk; tFg;G
mwptpay;
1. yhkh - fk;gsp jUk; ML> fk;gsp Gujj;jhy; Mdit.
2.
ril vUik fk;gsp (Yak) - jpngj; kw;Wk; ylhf;.
mq;Nfhuh fk;gsp (nts;shLfs;) [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
g];kpdh rhy;itfs; fh\;kPh nts;shLfspy; ,Ue;J
3. gNahfpspg; Kiwapy; Ml;by; ,Ue;J cNuhkk; Nrjkilahky;
gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4.
ky;nghp gl;Lg;GOf;fspd; ,sk; caphp
$Lfs;
ff;$d;
gl;Lj; Jzpia Kjypy; cUthf;fpath;fs; rPdh;fs;
,iofspd; ,uhzp J}ag;gl;L (gl;Lg;G+r;rp E}y;)
5. gl;bd; tiffs; - ky;nghp> lh]h;> vhp> Kfh gl;L
6. ky;nghp gl;Lg;GOf;fs; - KRf;nfhl;il ,iyfis cz;fpd;wd.
Kl;ilfs; - ,dk; caphp - $l;Lg;GO - gl;Lg;G+r;rp
Eggs – Larva – Cacoon – Adult
gl;Lf; $l;bypUe;J ,iofis gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw - RUSjy; (Reeling)
7. rPdhtpy; ,Ue;j irypq;rp vd;w Nguurpjhd; Kjd; Kjypy; gl;il fz;Lgpbj;jjhf
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpah- cw;gj;jpapy; 2-k; ,lk;
rPdh Kjy; ,lk;
fh;ehlfh gl;Lj; jahhpg;gpy; Kjyplk;
jkpo;ehL fhQ;rpGuk;> rpWte;jhL> jpUGtdk;> Muzp
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8. NjdPf;fs;
,uhzpj; NjdP ngz; NjdP Kl;ilapLtJ xNu xU NjdP
bNuhd; Mz; Njdp
Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdP kyl;Lg; ngz; NjdP
9.
ghiwj; NjdP Rock Bee – Apies dorsata
rpwpaj; NjdP Apies flora
Indian Bees Apies indica
Italian Bees Apies mellifera
10. Njd; - rh;f;fiu (75 %)> ePh; (17%)> jhJ cg;Gfs; (8%)
11. Apiculture nra;a gad;gLk; NjdP - Apies mellifera (,j;jhypj; NjdP)mjpf Njid
cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. Fiwthf nfhl;Lk;.
12. Kl;ilapy; ,Ue;J Nfhopf; FQ;R tu MFk; fhyk; - 21 ehl;fs;.
nts;spg; Gul;rp - Kl;il cw;gj;jp mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
13. jhtuq;fs; czT Cl;l Kiw
1. jw;rhh;G Cl;l Kiw - Autotrophs
2. gpwrhh;G Cl;l Kiw - Heterotrophs
14. Kjd;ik Mw;wy; %yk; - #hpad;.
15. rhWz;zpfs; - fhshd;> nuhl;bfhshd;> G+Q;irfs;> xl;Lz;zp Yk;GAhp - f];Fl;lh
(rljhhp)
G+r;rp cz;Zk; jhtuk; - tPd];> /gpisl;uhg;> neg;ge;j]; (FLitj; jhtuk;)
,it N2 rj;ij G+r;rpfsplkpUe;J ngWk;.
16.
$l;Laph; jhtuq;fs; (v.fh) iyf;fd;fs;
iyf;fd;fs; xU My;fh + xU G+Q;ir
G+Q;irg; glyj;jpy; My;fh tsUk;
17. tpyq;Ffspd; czT+l;lk; - N`hNyhNrhapf; Cl;lKiw (KO tpyq;F Cl;lKiw)
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18. mikNy]; nehjp ];lhh;r;ir nrhpf;fpd;wd.
19. gw;fs;
ghy; gw;fs; 20 vz;zpf;if
epiyj;j gw;fs; 32 vz;zpf;if 16 Nky; jhil
16 fPo; jhil
ehd;F tif ntl;Lg; gw;fs;
Nfhiug; gw;fs;
Kd; filtha; gw;fs;
gpd; filtha; gw;fs;
20. gwitfSf;F gw;fs; fpilahJ.
ahidapd; ntl;Lg; gw;fspd; ePl;rpNa je;jkhFk;.
21. Njhy; cWg;G - 7 fp.fp clypd; vilapy; Njhy; MFk;.
22. rpj;j itj;jpak; :
jkpo;ehl;by; Njhd;wpaJ.
18 rpj;jh;fs; mbj;jskpl;ldh;.
jpuhtpl Kiw kUj;Jtk;.
rpj;jh; - rpj;jp vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ Kbtw;w Nguhde;jk; vdg;
nghUs;.
Kjy; rpj;jh; - mf];jpah;
rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpd; je;ij - mf];jpah;.
mf];jpah; tho;e;j kiy - nghjpif kiy (jpUney;Ntyp)
fsf;fhL Kz;le;Jiw Gypfs; fhg;gfk; Njhw;wk; - 1988.
“czNt kUe;J kUe;Nj czT” - rpj;j kUj;Jtk;.
23. MAh;Ntjh - capiug; gw;wpa mwptpay; kUj;Jt Kiw
thjk;> gpj;jk;> fgk; %d;Wk; ,ize;J xU epiyahf;Ffpd;wd.
24. N`hkpNahgjp :
rhKNty; `hdpNkd; (n[h;kdp) - Kjd; Kjyhf 1796y;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
25. Adhdp kUj;Jtk; :
fpNuf;f ehl;bd; `pg;NghfpNul;l]; kw;Wk; Nuhkhdpa ehl;bd; Nfyd;
MfpNahuhy;; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
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26. ,uj;j FSf;Nfh]pd; msT 80 - 120 kp.fp /nl.yp
fizak; ,d;rpypid Ruf;fpd;wd.
27. gh];bah; Kiw - ghiy 700C Kjy; 75
0C tiu #Nlw;wp gpd; Ntfkhf Fspur; nra;J
Nrkpj;jy;.
28. clypy; cs;s ghf;Bhpahf;fis nfhy;yg; gad;gLk; fjph;fs; - X- fjph;fs;> fhkh
fjph;fs;>UV fjph;fs;.
29. jhtu Gw mikg;G :
ePh;j; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; jhtu tiffis $wpath; thh;kpq; (1904)
30. MzpNthpd; khw;WU.
1. Nrkpg;G Nth;fs;
$k;G tbtk; Nful;
fjph; tbtk; Ks;sq;fp
gk;gu tbtk; gPl;&l;> lhdpy;.
31.
Rthr Nth;fs; rJg;G epyj; jhtuq;fspy; cs;sd. (v.fh) mtprpd;dpah.
jhq;F Nth;fs; kuf;fpisfspy; ,Ue;J tsh;fpd;wd. (v.fh) Mykuk;.
Kz;L Nth;fs; nkype;j jz;bd; mbg;gFjpapy; tsUk;. (v.fh) fUk;G> Nrhsk;
xl;Lz;zp Nth; (v.fh) fh];Fl;lh
njhw;W Nth; kuf;fpisfspy; tsUk; Nth;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk;
tsUk;. (v.fh) thz;lh (Orchid tif) ,it fhw;wpy; cs;s
<ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rp tsh;fpd;wd.
32. jiufPo; jz;bd; khw;WU
fpoq;F cUisf; fpoq;F
kl;lepyj; jz;L ,Q;rp
jiu xl;ba jz;L gly; nfhbfs; :
1. xL jz;L Gy;.
2. ];Nlhyd; ];l;uhnghp.
33. jiuNky; khw;WU :
jz;L gw;Wf; fk;gpfs; (v.fh) gh]pg;GNshuh
Kl;fs; (v.fh) fhfpjg;gG+
,iyj; njhopy; jz;L (v.fh) rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp
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34. #o;epiy kz;lyq;fs; :
1) cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;
2) Efh;Nthh;fs;
3) rpijg;git
35. czTr; rq;fpyp (Food chain) :
#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; caphpdq;fspd; cz;ZjYk;> cz;zg;gLjYk; Nrh;e;j
epfo;r;rp>
Xh; caphpYs;s czT Mw;wy; kw;nwhU capUf;F xNu jpirapy; flj;jg;gLfpd;w
rq;fpypj; njhlh; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; Kjy; epiy Efh;Nthh; ,uz;lhk; epiy
Efh;Nthh;.
36. Food Web (czT tiy) :
Mw;wy; khw;wj;jpw;fhf epfOk; vz;zw;w czTr; rq;fpyp njhlh;fspd; tiy
Nghd;w mikg;G.
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8 Mk; tFg;G
mwptpay;
1.vYk;G - fhy;rpak;> gh];Ngl; kw;Wk; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; Nghd;w jdpkq;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
2.vYk;ig Rw;wpAs;s ntspAiw - nghpfhhl;bak;
3.mirAk; %l;by; cs;s jputk; - rpNdhtpay; jputk;
4.KJnfYk;gpy; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 33 vYk;Gfs;
khh;ngYk;G - 12 ,iz (24) tpyh vYk;Gfs;
mr;R rl;lfk; - 80 vYk;Gfs;
,izAWg;G vYk;Gfs; - 126 vYk;Gfs;
5.fhw;wpy;
O2 – 20.9%; N2 -78% ; O2 – 0.03%
,e;jpahtpy; fhw;W khRghL 50% thfdq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
6. gRik,y;y tpisTf;F fhuzkhd fjph; - IR fjph;
CO- vhpnghUs; vhpj;jy; - fhh;ghf;rp `PNkhFNshgpdhf khWfpwJ.
CO2–epyf;fhp,tpwF vhpj;jy; - cyf ntg;gkiljy;
N2 -Mf;irLfs; - thfdq;fspy; ntsptpLk; Gif - mkpy kio
SO2 -fe;jfk; vhpjy; - M];Jkh fz; vhpr;ry;
7.Gtp ntg;gkhjYf;F fhuzkhd thAf;fs; - CO2&kPj;Njd;
8.O3 xU epwkw;w thA (XNrhd;) . ,J ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpah; mLf;fpy; cs;sd. O3
Fiwtjhy; XNrhd; Xl;il Vw;gLfpwJ. ,JUV fjph;fis jLf;fpd;wd.
9.fhw;W khRghL jLj;jy;
1.frL vz;nza;fis jLj;jy;
2.fhhpakw;w nghl;Nuhy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
3.caphp Bry; (Bio diesel) gad;gLj;Jjy;
4.LPG , CNG gad;gLj;Jjy;
10.gNahNghy; - ,aw;if Ez;zpaph;fs; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; KOtJk; kf;fpg; NghFk;
jd;ik cila gpsh];bf; nghUspd; tzpfg; ngah; My;fhyp[pd; MFk;. ,J
N`hNkhghypkh; MFk;. ghypi`l;uhf;]p gpA+l;Nul; (PAB) vd;gJ caphp gpsh];bf;
MFk;. A+ikrPl;]; kw;Wk; irNrhikrPl;]; Mfpa Ez;zpaphpfs; ,jid
rpijf;fpd;wd.
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11. fopT ePh;f;Fl;ilfspd; Xuq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; kuq;fs; - ijy kuq;fs;
(A+fypg;l];)
12. Water Act - 1974
Air Act - 1981
Environmaent Act - 1986
13. nry;
uhghl; `Pf; - 1965 y; nry; fz;lwpe;jhh;
N[f;fg; ];yPld; & jpNahlh; \Pthd; - 1838 - nry; nfhs;if
euk;G nry; - el;rj;jpuk;
Rug;gp nry; - fdrJuk;
Rlh; nry; - Foy;
RBC nry; - tl;lk;
jirr; nry; - ePs;tbtk;
14. $k;G nry;fs; (fz;) - ghh;it
Fr;rp nry;fs; (fz;) - epwk;
15. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;
1945 y; Nghh;l;lh; fz;lwpe;jhh;
1952 y; vz;Nlhgpsh];kpf; tiygpd;dy; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - nfhOg;G cw;gj;jp fpisf;Nfh[id
cilj;jy;.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)- Guj cw;gj;jp
16.2009 y; iuNghNrhkpd; Ntjpapay; mikg;gpid Muha;e;J Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wth;fs;
1. ntq;fl;uhkd; uhkfpU\;zd; (India born USA)
2. jhk]; ];nla;]; (USA)
3. mlhaj; (Israel)
17.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
1. irNkh[d; nehjp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
2. kQ;rs; fUit Cirl;Lfspy; cUthf;Fjy;
3. tpopj;jpiuapy; tpop epwkpr; nry; cUthf;Fjy;
4. tpe;jZtpy; mf;NuhNrhk; cUthf;Fjy;
18.iyNrhNrhk;fs; - jw;nfhiyg;igfs;
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19.ikl;Nlh fhz;bhpah Mw;wy; ehzak; vdg;gLtJ
fphp];Nl cs;sJ
nry; Rthrk;
Mw;wy; ikak;
ATP cUthf;fk;
20. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;
-1897 y; n`d;dpif Yf];nrf; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ
-nry; gphpjypy; gq;F ngWk;
-M];l;uy; cWg;Gfis cUthf;Fk;
21. cl;fU
- nry; gzpfis fl;LgLj;Jk; ikak;
- nry;ypd; %is
- cl;fUkzp - nry; mikg;ghsh; Mthh;
- ghuk;ghpa gz;Gfis flj;Jfpd;wd.
22. tpyq;F jpR
- vgpjPypaj;jpR
-flj;jk; jpR - ,uj;jk;
-,izg;G jpR 1.nfhOg;G jpR 2. jhq;F jpR
-euk;G jpR
-jirj; jpR
23. jl;il vgpjPypak; - EiuaPuypd; Ez;ziwfspy; thA ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ.
J}z; vgpjPypak; - rpWFlypd; cl;Gwr; Rthpy; cs;sJ.
fdr;rJu vgpjPypak; - Fly; kw;Wk; ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; Rth;fspy; cs;sJ.
FW,iy vgpjPypak; - fhw;Wf;Foy; kw;Wk; buf;fpahtpd; cl;Gwk; cs;sd.
czh;T vgpjPypak; - ehrpf;Foypd; cl;Rthpy; cs;sJ.
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24. flj;Jk; jpR - ,uj;jk;
1. 55% gpsh];kh
2. 45% ,uj;j nry;fs;
3. RBC – Erythrocytes – NO Nuceous – 100 to 120 ehs; Mas;
4.; WBC –Leucocytes – cl;fU cs;sJ. – 2 to 3 weeks MAs;
5. Platelets – Thrombocytes - ,uj;jk; ciwjy;
25. euk;G nry;ypy; cs;s gFjpfs;
irl;lhd;> nld;uhd;fs;, nld;iul;Lfs;, Mf;]hd;fs;
26.fz;
1. ntsp mLf;F -];fpspuh (tpop ntz;glyk;)
2. eL mLf;F -fUk;glyk;
3. cs; mLf;F -nul;bdh(tpopj;jpiu)
27.neg;uhd;fspd; gFjpfs;
ngskhdpad; fpz;zk;
f;shkUy];
n`d;Nyapd; tisT
28.rpwfbj;J gwf;f $ba ghY}l;b - ntsthy;fs;
29.fhLfs;;
1. ghiytdk; - twz;l fhLfs; - uh[];jhd;, gQ;rhg;, `hpahdh
2. ,iyAjph; fhLfs; -jPgfw;g gFjp
3. ntg;gkz;ly gRik khwh fhLfs; - Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;> tl
fpof;F kiyg;gFjpfs;> ,kakiy mbthuk;
4. kiyf;fhLfs; - ,kakiy> njd;dpe;jpah
5.miyapilf; fhLfs; - fq;if> Nfhjhthp ejp> fop Kfg; gFjpfs;
30. rKjhaf;fhLfs; jpl;lk; - 1976
Nkhdy; gwit - Kw;wpYk; mopAk; epiy - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
31. (1) Gypfs; jpl;lk; - Vg;uy; 1, 1973
Gyp - Panthra tigris
(2) ahidfs; jpl;lk; - ahid ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpa tpyq;F
ahid - vyp‡gh]; Nkf;]pk];
Jtf;fk; - 1992
(3) Kjiyfs; jpl;lk; - 1975
(4) fhz;lhkpUfj; jpl;lk; - Sep 22, 2011 starded
World Rhino day – sep 22
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(5) %d;Wtif Kjiyfs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd.
1. ed;dPh; tho; Kjiy
2. cth;ePh; Kjiy
3. fhhpay;
32.rpWj;ij 1950 ypUe;J mope;j ,dkhf ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.
Mypt; hpl;yp Mik ,dg;ngUf;f ,lk; - xb]h flw;fiu - mhpglh vdg;gLk;.
gUe;J myF Mik ,dg;ngUf;f ,lk; - jkpo;ehL flw;fiu
33.Red Data Book
-IUCN ,ij ntspapLfpwJ.
-moptpd; tpspk;G epiyapy; thOk; rpw;wpdq;fs; my;yJ mopAk;
epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Fs; gw;wpa gjpTfs; cs;sd.
34.gwit kdpjd; - Kidth; ryPk; myp
35.tpyir NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; (migration)
gwitfs;
ntl;Lf;fpsp G+r;rpfs;
Mikfsl
rhy;kd; kPd;fs; etc
36.ge;jpg;g+h; Njrpa G+q;fh - ik#h; fh;ehlfh
fhh;ngl; Njrpa G+q;fh - cj;jufhz;l;
fph; Njrpa G+q;fh - [Pdhfj; F[uhj;
fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh- m];]hk; fhz;lhkpUfk;
37. cyfpy; 12 Mega Bio diversity places cs;sd. ,e;jpah mtw;Ws; xd;whFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; 10 Bio geographical Region cs;sd
5 ngUk; G+id tiffs; nfhz;l xNu ehL - ,e;jpah
1.rpq;fk;
2.Gyp
3.rpWj;ijGyp
4.gdprpWj;ij
5.Nkff; $l;l rpWj;ij
38.gRik mikjp mikg;G - jpkpq;fyq;fis Ntl;ilahLtij jil nra;a cjTfpwJ.
rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; - Re;jh;yhy; gFFzhthy; ,kakiyapy; kuq;fs; ntl;Ltij
epWj;jpaJ.
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9 Mk; tFg;G
mwptpay;
1. njhl;lhy;rpZq;fp -Mimosa pudica
2. #hpafhe;jp - Helianthus annus
3. ,e;jpa je;jpj; jhtuk;> (Indian telegraph plant) eldkhLk; jhtuk;
Desmodium gyrans. ,jid n[fjP]; re;jpuNgh]; jdJ Ma;tpw;F
gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
2. NfhypNahg;ily; vd;gJ Kjypy; tsUk; epiyj;jz;;bd; Kidf;FUj;Jiu MFk;.
3. xspia Nehf;fp jhtuk; tsu Mf;]pd; `hh;Nkhd; cjTfpwJ.
Heliotropism vd;gJ jhtuj;jpd; ghfq;fs; #hpaxsp cs;s jpiria Nehf;fp
mirtjhFk;.
Gravitropism or Geotropism - Gtpia Nehf;fp tsh;jy;
Thigmotropism- njhw;wp tsUk; jd;ik
4. jhtuj;jpd; Kjy; epiyj;jz;L - Plumule
jhtuj;jpd; Kjy; epiy Nth; - Radicle
5. Photonasty – xspAW tisjy; - E.g Common dandelion
Moon flower - Ipomea alba - ,utpy; G+ kyUk; gfypy; G+ %Lk;
Thigmonasty or Seismonasty – njhLTW tisjy; E.g. Mimosa pudica (njhl;lhrpZq;fp)
6. xspr;Nrh;f;if
6CO2+ 6H2O xspNrh;f;if/ C6 H12O6+ 6O2
gr;irak;
`PNkhFNshgpd; = gr;irak;
‘ Fe” jdpkk; = “ Mg” jdpkk;
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7. #hpaxsp flypy; 100 -200 kP Mok; tiu CLUt ,aYk;.
8. gRq;fe;jf ghf;bhPaq;fs; = mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyapy; thOk; jftikg;G nfhz;l
ghf;bhPah. ,J 350OC & 2OC ntg;gj;jpy; thOk;.
9. ,iyj;Jis ,uz;L fhg;G nry;fs; cs;sd.(Guard cells)jhtuk; cwpQ;Rk; ePhpy; 0.1%
kl;LNk fhh;Ngh i`l;Nul; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fhg;G nry;fspy; gr;irak;
cs;sJ. Mdhy; xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;a ,ayhJ. VNddpy; RUBISCO kw;Wk;NADP
bi`l;Nuh[pd]; nehjpfs; ,y;iy.
10. cz;ikahd jpRj; njhFg;ig ngw;wplhj tpyq;Ffspd; njhFjp JizAlypfs;
vdg;gLk;.
11. bA+bNuh];Nlhk; - fUtsh;r;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; Kjy; Jis kiyj; Jis
MfpwJ.(Blastopore)
GNuhl;Nlh];Nlhk; - Kjy;Jis thahfpwJ.
12.,e;jpahtpy; Flw;GO ePf;f tpopg;Gzh;T ehs; - gpg;uthp 10
13.mkPgpf; rPjNgjp - Entamoeba histolytica - Protozoa
kNyhpah - Plasmodium sp - Protozoa
14.Porifera -JisAlypfs;
1.ePh;tho; caphpfs; : flw;gQ;Rfs;, jpRf;fs; ,y;iy.
2.M];bah,M];Fyk; Jisfs; cs;sd.
3.];gpf;A+y;]; vd;w Ez;Kl;fs; cs;sd.
15. FopAlypfs; (epNlhpah)
1.rPnyd;bNul;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.
2.Mur;rkr;rPh; cly; flypy; tho;git
3.ectoderm, Endoderm mLf;Ffs; cs;sd.
4.kPNrhfpspah $o;kk; cs;sd.
5.nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; - epnkl;Nlhrp];l;fs;
6.nfhLf;F - epNlhrpy;
16. jl;il GOf;fs; -Platyhelminthes
1.czg;ghij ,y;iy. Rly; nry;fshy; fopT ePf;fk; eilngWk;.
2.,Ughypdk; nfhz;lit. ♀ & ♂ xNu GOtpy; cs;sd.
3.Bdpah Nrhypak; - ehlhGO
17.cUisg;GOf;fs; - epkl;Nlhlh
1.fz;lq;fs; ,y;iy
2.ngha;ahd clw;Fop cs;sJ. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
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3. xl;Lz;zpg; GOf;fs; MFk;.
m];fhhp]; Yk;hpfha;l;]; - Bdpahrp]; Neha; fhy;eilfspy; rhpahf
rikf;fg;glhj gd;wp ,iwr;rpapid cz;Ztjhy; Vw;gLk;.
4. ahidf;fhy; Neha; -cr;Nrhphpah ghd;fpuhg;b]; . mjpfkhd epzePh;
Nrh;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
18. tisj;jirg;GOf;fs; -md;dtplh
kz;GO - ml;ilg;GO
19. fZf;fhypfs; - Arthropoda
1.G+r;rpfs; - mjpf rpw;wpdq;fs; nfhz;lit.
2.Arthropod mh;j;jk;; - ,izg;G fhy;fs;
3.Chitin ciw clypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4.NjhYhpj;jy; - Moulting eilngWk;
5.Metamorphism fhzg;gLk;.
6.clypy; ,uj;jk; - `PNkhypk;‡g; - jpwe;jntsp ,uj;j Xl;lk;
7.xU fz;iz kl;Lk; nfhz;l caphpdk;- NfhgpNghLfs;
8.G+uhd; -Centipede – E}W fhy; G+r;rp. Mdhy; 30 ,izf;fhy;fs; kl;Lk;
cs;sd.
9.kutl;il - Millipede
8000 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd.
Mapuk; fhy;fs; vdg;gLk; ,it 100 fhy;fis kl;LNk
ngw;Ws;sd.
20.nky;Ylypfs; :
ed;dPh; flypy; tho;fpd;wd.
Mantle vd;w nkd;Nghh;itAk; ; Outershell ntspg;Gw XLk; cs;sd.
bdpbak; my;yJ EiuaPuy; %yk; Rthrk;
yhh;th - Trochopore Larva
Veliger Larva
21.Mf;Nlhg]; -cyfpy; kdpjd; ,y;iynadpy; G+kpapd; kPJ mjpf Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jgitfshf ,it ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.
22.Kl;Nfhypfs; :
flypy; tho;git, Mur;rkr;rPh;, ePh; ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk; Foha;f; fhy;fs; cs;sd.
,sk; caphp -Bipinnaria Larva
E.g fly; Fg;gp – Sea urchin
Star Fish
Sea Lilly
Sea Cucumber
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23.kPd;fs;
Fsph; ,uj;j gpuhzpfs; (Poikilothermic)
cly; jirfs; kNahNlhk;fs; vDk; jirj;Jz;lq;fshy; MdJ.
24. rpWj;ijia tpl kpf Ntfkhf nry;Yk; kPd; (109 km) – Sail Fish
gwf;Fk; kPd; - vf;N]hrPl;l];
25. ,Utho;tpfs;
Rthrk; - Nfhy; ,EiuaPuy;, nrTs; , njhz;il top
,jak; - 3 miwfs;
jiyg;gpul;il tbtk; - Tadpole cz;L
cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ,Utho;tp : rhykhd;lh; (rPdh) Andrias davidianus (5feet)
26. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwpa ,Utho;tp - mk;G er;Rj;jtis Triturus helvecticus (8.5- 12.5mm) fpA+ghtpy; cs;sJ.
27. tsh;td
1. Kjy; epy tho; KJnfYk;G cs;s caphpdk;
2. ,jak; - 3 miwfs;
3. Kjiy - 4 miwfs;
4. ghY}l;b Nghd;w Ch;td : Dimetrodon
28. gwg;gd :
1. Kjy; ntg;g ,uj;j caphp (Homeothermic)
2.Kd;dq;fhy; - ,wf;iffs;
3.Archaeopteryx -Kjy; gwit ,dk;
4.Albatross - kpfg;nghpa gug;gsT nfhz;l rpwF
5.Golden plower - mjpf J}uk; tyir NghFk; gwit
24000- 27000 km – USA
29.Monosaccharites -Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disacharaites - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharites -Anaylose, Starch, Cellulose, Pectin, Glycogen, Hemicellulose
Sugar(rh;f;fiu) - ,ul;il rh;f;fiu
fha;fwp - nry;YNyh];
Njd;, fUk;G -Rf;Nuh];
mhprp, cUisfpoq;F, nuhl;b -];lhh;rp
fy;yPuy; - fpisf;Nfh[d;
nry;Rth; - nry;YNyh];
30.1gm fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; - 17kj Mw;wy; (4 Kcalorie)
1gm nfhOg;Gfs; - 37 kj Mw;wy; (9kcalorie)
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31.ekJ clypy; cs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; kdpj cly;py; cs;sd. mit (Essential Fatty
acids)
1.α - ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; (x.Nk.fh- 3 nfhOg;G mkpyk;)
2.ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; (x.Nk.fh -6 nfhOg;G mkpyk;)
32. Vitaminsngahpl;lth; Dr.gq;f;.
#hpa xsp itl;lkpd; - Vit D
Dehydro cholesterol #hpaxsp
Vit –D
33. Ca, P, K, Na ,Mg - kdpjDf;F mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk; jdpkq;fs;
S, Fe,Cl, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn ,Mo, I, Se - Fiwthf NjitAila jdpkq;fs;
34. Fthh;rpahh;fh; - 1Kjy; 5 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfis jhf;FfpwJ.
kuh];k]; - 1 taJf;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfis jhf;FfpwJ
35.mNahbd; FiwghL jpdk; - October -21
36.Vitaminosis – itl;lkpd;fs; msT mjpfhpg;gjhy; cUthFk; Neha;
37.Na, K -euk;G J}z;ly;fs; flj;Jjy; nray;
38.czTfs;, czTg; nghUl;fs;, fha;fwpfis Nrkpf;Fk; Kiw
1.fjphpaf;fk; - X ray, UV Rays ,fhkh fjph;fs;
2.GifapLjy;
3.cyu itj;jy;
4.mjpf Fsph; Kiw = - 23oC to - 30OC ghJfhj;jy;
5.ke;j thA gad;gLj;Jjy; - N2 thA
6.ciwa itj;jy; - 0oC f;F fPo; ciwa itj;jy;
7.gh];LiuNr\d;
ghy; 63OC ntg;g epiyapy; 30 epkplq;fs; nfhjpf;f itj;J clNd
Fsp&l;lg;gLjy;
39.Ez;zaphpaypd; je;ij - Y}ap];gh];lh;(France)
Rabies, Anthrax jLg;G kUe;Jfis fz;Lgpbj;jth;
40.Operation Flood – ghy; Gul;rp , ntz;ik Gul;rp – 1970 y; eilngw;wJ.
AMUL rq;fj;ij epWtpath; - th;fP]; Fhpad;.
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41.nkj;jpyPd; rha xLf;f Nrhjid
1.ghypd; juk; mwpAk; Nrhjid
2.ghypd; epwk; clNd khwpdhy; Fiwe;j juk;
3.ghypd; epwk; nkJthf khwpdhy; mjpf juk;
42.Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;
rpl;bf; mkpyk;
tpdpfh;
Nrhbak; nkl;lhry;Ngl; nraw;if czT ghJfhf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
nghl;lhrpak; igry;Ngl;
43. cyf czT jpdk; - October 16
44. ghypy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs; : i`l;u[d; nguhf;i]L
khk;goq;fs; gOf;f gad;gLk; nghUs; : fhy;rpak; fhh;igL
gr;ir gl;lhzp epwkpfs; : cNyhf fhhPak;
Mg;gps; kw;Wk; NghPf;fha; epw%l;bfs; : fhh;Ndhgh nkOF
45. nghUs; - fyg;glk;
I];fphpk; -ryitj;J}s;
Njapiy -epyf;fhpj;J}s;
kpsfha;J}s; - nrq;fy;nghb
cg;G - Rz;zhk;G
46. cyf Rfhjhu jpdk; - Vg;uy; 7
47. czT fyg;glk; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1954
czT fyg;glk; jLg;G tpjpfs; - 1955
Food Corporation of India - 1965
48. Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;lhhpa]; - WTO mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l rh;tNjr czT
ghJfhg;G Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;;ig cWjp nra;Ak; mikg;G
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10 Mk; tFg;G
mwptpay;
1.kuGk; ghpzhKk;
xU jiyKiwapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiyf;F gz;Gfs; flj;jg;gLjiy
guhk;ghpak; vdyhk;. guhk;ghpak; flj;Jjiy Kjd;Kjypy; ntspapl;lth; - fphpfh;
N[hfd; nkz;l;y; (1822- 1884).
,th; gl;lhzp nrbapy; ,jidf; fz;lwpe;jhh;
gl;lhzp nrb - igrk; rl;iltk;
7 gz;Gfspy; mth; Muha;r;rp nra;jhh;
tpij tbtk; - cUz;il / RUf;fk;
tpij epwk; - kQ;rs; / gr;ir
kyhpd; epwk; - Cjh / nts;is
fdp tbtk; -KOikahdJ / RUq;fpaJ
fdp epwk; - gr;ir / kQ;rs;
kyhpd; miktplk; - Nfhzk; / Edp
jz;bd; cauk; - nel;il / Fl;il
xU gz;G fyg;G
Gw Njhw;w tpfpjk; - 3:1
[Pdhf;f tpfpjk; - 1:2:1
Phenotype - GwNjhw;wg; gz;Gfs;
Genotype - Phenotypef;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrh my;yJ [Pd; mikg;G
my;yPy;fs; - xU gz;gpd; ,U NtWgl;l fhuzpfs; nfhz;Ls;s
[Pd; mikg;G jd;ik(Tt)
my;yPNyhkhh;‡Gfs; - [Pd;fs; my;yJ my;yPy;fs;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; gz;G
3. NtWghLfs;
1. clw;nry; NtWghLfs;
2. ,dr;nry; NtWghLfs;
4. rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; - (1809 - 1882)
1. njd;mnkhpf;fh flNyhuj; jPTfspy; Ma;T nra;jhh;.
2. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;.
3. ghpzhkf; nfhs;if ( ,aw;ifj; Njh;T) cUthf;fpdhh;.
5.[Pd; ghg;il]; ykhh;f; (1744 – 1829)
1.clYWg;G gad;ghL tpjp $wpath;.
2.NjitAk; vz;zKNk ,k;khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; vd;whh;.
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6.3- 4 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; kdpjd; Nghd;w N`hkpdpl;Lfs; (kdpj
Kd;Ndhbfs;) fpof;F Mg;gpf;fhtpy; te;jdh;. mth;fs; N`hkh n`gpyP];
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
7. 1.5 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; kdpjd; Nghd;w N`hNk vuf;l;l]; vDk; khkpr
cz;zpfs; Njhd;wpdh;. fpof;F kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; xU kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dh; tho;e;j epahz;lh;jy; kdpjh;fs; Mth;.
8. Mh;f;fp N`hkh nrgpad;fs; - njw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; Njhd;wpa fz;lq;fisf; fle;J
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,dkhf khwpath;fs; ciwgdpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;.
9.75000 – 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jw;fhy N`hkh nrgpad;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.
10.tptrhak; Jtf;fk; - 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;
ghpzhk kuk; - ghpzhk NtWghl;il njhpe;J nfhs;s
11.,z;lh;nguhd; - itu];fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fshy; cwlgj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
itu];fSf;F vjpuhd Gujk;
12.ep‡g; [Pd; - N2 - I epiyepWj;Jk; [Pd; iel;u[d; Kbr;Rfs; gaW tifr;
nrbfspy; (Fabaceae) Nth;fspy; Kbr;Rfshf cs;sd. Nif gene
13. DNAit Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; ntl;Lk; nehjp (Molecular Scissors) –
nu];l;bhpf;\d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa];
DNAit xl;litf;Fk; nehjp (%yf;$W gir) – DNA ligase
14. caphpay; tpid Cf;fpfs; - nehjpfs; MFk;.
15. ];Buha;Lfs; ypg;gpLfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;litahFk;.
v.fh iuNrhg]; G+Q;ir - gpul;dprNyhd; (nfhy];uhy; ];Buha;L)
16. Gw;W Neha;f;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLk; vjph;g;G nghUs;fs; khNdhFNshdy;
Md;bghb];. (,J i`gphpl;Nlhkh njhopy;El;gk; %yk; FNshd;nry;fspy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd)
17. mikg;gpYk;> kuGg; gz;GfspYk; xj;j caphpfis cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; -
FNshdpq;. (,J capUs;s rpw;wpdq;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;) lhyp Ml;Lf;Fl;b -
Iahd; tpy;kl; cUthf;fpdhh;.
18. lhyp Ml;Lf;Fl;b :
Scotland Roseland Ma;T epWtdj;jpy; [Piy 1996y; cUthf;fg;gl;l nrk;kwp
Ml;Lf;Fl;b.
nraw;if Kiwapy; cl;fU khw;wj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
19. ];nlk; nry; :
1. khWghL milahj xU nry; FOkkhFk;.
2. ikl;lhrp]; Kiwapy; gpsTw;W kpf mjpfr; nry;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ik.
3. ve;j xU jpUthfTk; khWghL milAk;.
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,uz;L tif.
1. fUtpd; %yr;nry; tif - fUtpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;.
2. cly; %yr;nry; tif vYk;G k[;i[> fUr;nry;> gdpf;Flj; jputk;>
njhg;Gs;nfhb.
20. caph; czhp - ,uj;jf; FSf;Nfh]; msitf; fzf;fplyhk;.
21. ,d;RyPd; rhh;e;j ePuopT Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpjdpd; fizaj;jpy; gPl;lh
nry;fs; rpijtile;jpUf;Fk;.
22. fizaj;jpy; yhq;fh;fhd; jpl;Lf;fspy; cs;s
gPl;lh nry;fs; - ,d;RyPd; Ruf;f cjTfpwJ.
My;gh nry;fs; - FSf;Nfhfhd; Ruj;jiy fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
rpWePhpy; rh;f;fiu ntsptUtJ - lagb]; nkypl;];.
fpisNfh[d; fy;yPuypy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;.
23. my;gpdprk; - nkydpd; tsh;rpij khw;w FiwghL jpBh; khw;wkile;j xLq;F
[Pd;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ. Photophobia Vw;gLk;.
24.
itl;lkpd;fs; Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;
itl;lkpd; A epf;NlhNyhgpah khiyf;fz;
itl;lkpd; D hpf;fl;]; Ca FiwghL
itl;lkpd; E kyl;Lj; jd;ik ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;
FiwghL
itl;lkpd; K ,uj;jk; ciwahik mjpf ,uj;j ,og;G
itl;lkpd; B1 nghp nghp euk;G nray;ghL FiwT.
itl;lkpd; B5 ngy;yhfuh kwjp Neha;
itl;lkpd; B12 ngh;dPrpa]; mdpkpah RBC rpijT
itl;lkpd; C ];fh;tp <Wfspy; ,uj;jk;
25. ,d;GSad;rh itu];
- (H1 N1 ) A vdg;gLk; itu];
- cUz;il tbtk;.
26. fhrNeha; - ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; (TB)
- Fr;rp tbt ghf;Bhpah - BCG jLg;G+rp ,Ljy;
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27. ilgha;L - rhy;Nkhdy;yh il/g;gp
Fr;rp tbtk;> Flw;gFjpapy; ghjpg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;> kz;zPuy; tPf;fk;
28. kNyhpah – gpyh];Nkhbak; GNuhl;lh Nrhth %yk; guTk;.
Plasmodium vivox, P.malariae, P.falciparum (kuzk;), P.o val
29. mdhgpyp]; ngz; nfhR kNyhpahit gug;GfpwJ. kNyhpahtpy; kz;zPuYk; fy;yPuYk;
ghjpg;gilfpwJ.
30. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;
45000 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd.
G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - 15000
ghrpapdq;fs; - 1676
glh;jhtuqfs; - 1940
G+Q;irfs; - 12480
jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuq;fs; - 64
gpiuNahigl;Lfs; - 2843
nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; - 1012.
31. ,e;jpahtpy; 8 jhtu kz;lyq;fs; cs;sd.
32. ,e;jpahtpy; tpyq;Ffs;
81251 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd.
cyf tpyq;fpdq;fspy; 6.67 %
G+r;rpfs; - 60000 tif.
nky;Ylypfs; - 5000
ghY}l;bfs; - 372
gwitfs; - 1228
Ch;td - 446
,Utho;tpfs; - 204
kPd;fs; - 2546
33. kdpjDk; rpk;gd;rpAk; neUq;fpa xj;j kz;il XL ngw;Ws;sd.
34. kdpj ghpkhdk; kw;Wk; tptrhak; Jtq;fpaJ → 10000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;.
35. vl;th;L n[d;dh;
1791y; jLg;G+rp nrhw;nwhliu cUthf;fpdhh;.
jLg;G+rpf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
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Gujq;fis jLg;G+rpahf gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
Hepatitis-B vjpuhf Kjd; Kjypy; ,t;tif jLg;G+rp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
36. caphpay; tpid Cf;fpfs; → nehjp (Enzyme)
kdpj clypy; Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jd;ikia Cf;Ftpg;git → caph; vjph;g;G nghUs;
ypg;gpLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLgit ];Buha;Lfs;
Gw;W Neha;f;F vjpuhf gad;gLk; vjph;g;G nghUs; → khNdhFNshd;];
vjph;g;G nghUs;.
mikg;gpYk;> kuGg; gz;GfspYk; xj;j caphpfis cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; →
FNshdpq; (Cloning)
cly; %yr; nry;fs; ngwg;gLk; ,lk; →vYk;G k[;i[> fUr;nry;> gdpf;Flj; jputk;>
njhg;Gs;nfhb.
caph;j; njhopy;El;gk; %yk; ngwg;gLk; itl;lkpd; → B12
37. caphpay; J}z;liy kpd; J}z;lyhf khw;WtJ → caph; czhp (Bio censor)
caphpay; fzpg;nghwpfs; → caphpr; rpg;Gfs;
38. kNyhpah
nfhRtpy; → ];NghNuh Nrhapl;Lfs;→ ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
kdpjdpy; → bNuhNghNrhapl;Lfs;→ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eQ;Rtpd; ngah; → `PNkhNrhapd;
rh;Nuhdhy;L uh]; → kNyhpah gw;wpf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; 1902y; Nehgy; ghpR
ntd;whh;. ,th; cj;jufhz;Ltpy; my;Nkhuhtpy; gpwe;jth;.
39. glh;jhkiu
G+Q;irfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton.
40. jLg;G+rp %yk; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; → nray;kpF Neha; jilf;fhg;G.
jha;g;ghy; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; → ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l Neha;jilfhg;G.
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nlz;biuLfs;
kpd;J}z;ly;
irl;lhd;Mf;rhd;
epA+uhd;
41. gpwe;j 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kj;jLg;G+rp - 6tJ thuk;
42. HIV ituir gphpj;njLj;jth;fs;
,uhgh;l; fhNyh - USA
Yf; khz;lfpdpah; - France
HIV-RNA kuGg; nghUs; - Retro Virus
HIV-Antibody fis cUthf;Fk; CD4 kw;Wk; T cjTk; nry;fis cUthf;Fk;
WBC fis Fiwf;fpd;wd.
43. HIV fz;lwpAk; Ma;T - ELISA
HIV cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ma;T - Western Plot
44. epA+uhd;fspd; Jiz nry;fs; - epA+Nuh fpspah
%is 860 Nfhb euk;G nry;fshy; MdJ.
euk;G nry; nry; glyk;+nlz;biul;Lfs;+Mf;]hd;fs; (irl;ld;)
45. %isapd; ntz;ik gFjp → Mf;[hd;fs; → ntz;ikahd nfhOg;G
ikaypdhy; %lg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;
ngU%is rhk;gy; gFjp → ikaypdhy; %lg;glhj Mf;]hd;. ,J epA+hpnyk;kh
my;yJ ];thd; nry;fshf Nghh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Gyd; cWg;G
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46. 3 mLf;F %is ciufs; nkdpd;[]; vdg;gLk;.
2 mLf;F fbd ciw (ntsp ciu) bA+uhNkl;gh vdg;gLk;.
eL ciu muf;dha;L ciu vdg;gLk;.
%is> jz;Ltlk; Rw;wp neUf;fkhf cs;s cl;Gw nky;ypa ciu igNahNkl;lh;
vdg;gLk;.
47. %is = Kd; %is + eL %is + gpd; %is
48. Kd; %is = ngU%is + jyhk]; + i`g;Ngh jhyk];
ngU%is ,U gphpT fhh;fNyhrk; vd;Dk; euk;Gj; jpR gl;ilahy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngU%is = ntspg;Gwk; = rhk;gy; epwk;
cl;Gwk; = ntz;ik
ifu]; (NkL) + ry;f]; (gs;sk;)
49. ngU%is = fl;lis kw;Wk; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; gFjp ,r;ir nray;fs;
czh;T> mwpTf; $h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> ,r;ir nray;fs;> fhuz
fhhpak; Ma;e;jwpjy;
50. jyhk]; → jyhk]; mikg;ig Rw;wp ngU%is #o;e;Js;sJ. czh;T kw;Wk;
,af;F czh;tiyfis flj;Jfpd;wd.
51. i`g;Ngh jhyk]; → jyhk]pd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. cly; ntg;gepiy>
cz;Zjy;> ePh; gUFjy;> ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy;> rpdk;> gak;> J}z;Ljy;>
kdntOr;rp fpsh;r;rp nra;a J}z;Ljy;.
52. eL %is → ghh;j;jypd; mdpr;ir nray;fisAk;> ghh;itapd; rhh;G ,af;fj;ijAk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
53. gpd; %is = ghd;]; + rpW %is + KFsk;
%isj; jz;L = eL %is + gpd; %is
54. rpW %is → elj;jy;> XLjy; ,aq;F jirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy;.
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55. ghd;]; → cwf;fk;> Rthrk; fl;Lg;ghL
KFsk;→,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf; Foy;fs; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy;> mdpr;ir nray;fs;.
56. %isapypUe;J 12 ,izf; fghy euk;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.
jz;Ltl euk;Gfs; → 31 ,izj; jz;Ltl euk;Gfs; midj;J jz;Ltl
euk;GfSk; fyg;G euk;Gfs;.
57. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk; nghUs; → `hh;Nkhd;fs;
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfspd; elj;Jdh; → gpl;A+l;lhpRug;gp (jiyikr; Rug;gp)
58. mbNdhi`g;Nghigrp]; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
1. nrhkl;Nlhl;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;.
2. ijNuhl;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;.
3. ml;hpNdh fhh;bf;NfhbNuhgpf; cwhh;Nkhd;
4. ghypf;fps; nry; J}z;Lk; `hh;Nkhd;
(tpe;J + mz;lk; cUthjiy J}z;Lk;)
59. nrhkl;Nlh l;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;
1. rpwpath;fs; → Fiwthd Rug;G Fs;sj; jd;ik
mjpfk; Rug;G mRuj; jd;ik
2. nghpath;fs; → kpifr; Rug;G mf;Nuhnkfyp
60. Y}l;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; → mz;lk; tpLgLjy; <];l;Nuh[d;> GNuhn[];buhd;>
ngz; ,d `hh;Nkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a fhuzkhfpwJ.
61. epA+Nuhi`g;Nghigrp]; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
1. Mf;]pNlhrpd; → kfg;NgW fhy `hh;Nkhd;
2. Mz;bilA+hpl;bf; `hh;Nkhd; → lahngB]; ,d;rpgpl]; Nehia
cUthf;Fk;.
62.
1. ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd; → MSik `hh;Nkhd;
2. ijuhf;]pd; Fiw Rug;G →
vspa fha;lh;
kpf;]pbkh – nghpath;fspy;
fphpl;bdp]k; - rpwpath;fspy;
3. ijuhf;]pd; mjpf RugG; → fpNutpd; Neha;
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63. fizak; :
ehsKs;s + ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp
ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjp → yhq;fh;̀ hd; jpl;Lf;fs;
α, β nry;fs; cs;sd.
α nry;fs; → FSf;Nfhfhd; `hh;Nkhd; Ruj;jy;
β nry;fs; → ,d;Rypd; Ruj;jy;
Fiwthd ,d;Rypd; → lahgB]; nkypl];
64. rpWePufk; → ml;hPdy; Rug;gp
1) ml;hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; → My;Nlh];Buhd;
fhh;bN]hd;
My;Nlh];Buhd; → jhJ fye;j fhh;bfha;L
fhh;bN]hd; → FSf;Nfhfhh;bfha;L
65.;
ml;hPdy; nkLy;yh → ml;hPdypd; + ehh;ml;hPdypd;
(mtrufhy `hh;Nkhd;) gwf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;
66. tpe;jfk; :
irl;Nlhn[dpf; → ,dr; nry;fis cUthf;Fjy;
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp → nl];Nlh];bNuhd; Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhd;fis
cUthf;Fjy;
67. mz;lr; Rug;gp :
<];l;Nuh[d; → ,uz;lhk; epiy ngz;ghy; gz;Gfs;
GNuhn[];buhd; → khjtplha; Row;rp + fh;g;gepiyik
hpyhf;]pd; → kfg;NgW `hh;Nkhd;
68. fhy;rpak; tsh;r;rpij khw;w `hh;Nkhd; → fhy;rpNlhdpd;> ghuhjhh;Nkhd;
69. tpe;jfj;jpy; yPbf; nry;fs; nl];Nlh];Buhd; Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpwJ.
70. ikl;lhrp]; :
FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;gpy; khWghL Vw;gLk;.
FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; khWghL ,Uf;fhJ.
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midj;J cly;nry;fspy; eilngWk;.
Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
71. kpahrp];
,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspd; ,dr;nry; vgpjPypar; nry;fspy; kpahrp];
eilngWk;.
,Ukar; nry;fs; → ehd;FKiw xw;iw ikar; nry;fshf cUthfpd;wd.
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; ghjp vz;zpf;if kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
kpahrp]; I & kpahrp]; II
kpahrp]; I → FNuhNkhNrhk; Fiwg;G
kpahrp]; II → ikl;lhrp]; gFg;G Nghd;Nw eilngWk;.
kpahrp]; I :
1. Prophase – I
1. nyg;NlhBd;
2. irf;Nfhl;Bd; rpdhg;rp]; ,iz Vw;gLfpwJ. ,ul;ilfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
3. ghf;fpBd; 4 FNuhNkhl;bfs; cUthFk;. ,it nll;ul; my;yJ
Fthl;hpNtyz;l; vdg;gLk;. fah];Nkl;lh ,izT cs;sd. FWf;Nf fyj;jy;
eilngWk;.
FWf;Nffyj;jy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; FNuhNkl;LfSf;F
,ilNa ghpkhw;wk;.
4. bg;NshBd; Edp milj;jy; epfo;r;rp eilngWfpwJ. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
gphpfpd;wd.
(LZYPD – Leprotene, Zychotene, Pachetene, Diplotene)
ilahifdh]p]; - cl;fU> cl;fUkzp kiwfpd;wd. fjph; ,iy Njhd;WfpwJ.
mdhNg]; I :
FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy; eilngWfpwJ.
72. BNyhNg]; I
ghjpasT FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s ,uz;L Nra; cl;fUf;fs; cUthfpd;wd. Kbtpy;
cl;fUtpd; Neh;Nfhzj;jpw;F fpilkl;lkhf irl;Nlhgpshr RUf;fk; Vw;gl;L nry;
gFg;gilfpwJ. ,J irl;Nlhifdrp]; vdg;gLk;.
73. FWf;Nf fyj;jy; (Crassing Over) gz;Gfspy; NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wjiy cUthf;FfpwJ.
ghpzhk tsh;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
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74. jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fk; :
Fop clypfs; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - mUk;Gjy;
<];l; - mUk;Gjy;
75. ghiy japuhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah - Lactobacillus
vYk;GUf;fp Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
76. Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa caphpdk; - ghf;Bhpah
Eubacerium - 4 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;
ghf;Bhpah - ,Urk gpsTWjy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
77. ];igNuhifuh ghrp -
];igNuhifuh J}z;Ljy; Kiw i`buhf;fs; nkhl;LtpLjy; Kiw gpiuNahgpy;yk; fl;bg;Nghl;lhy; Fl;bg;NghLk; ,iy tpspk;Gfspy; ,dk; jhtuk;
cUthjy;.
fPo;epiyj; jhtuq;fs;
Fungai, Algae ];Nghh;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
78. ];Nghh;fspd; tiffs; :
1. Aplanospores efUk; jd;ikaw;wJ. My;fhtpy; cUthfpd;wd.
2. Zoospores efUk; jd;ikAilaJ. firapio cz;L. Algae, Fungai, Bacterias cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
3. VifdPl;Lfs; Algae y; cUthfpd;wd.
4. Conidias G+Q;irfspy; cUthFk;. efUk; jd;ikaw;w ngdprpypak;
G+Q;irfspy; cUthfpd;wd.
79.
Autogamy jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if
Allogamy may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if
1. gl;Lg; G+r;rpapd; %yk; Endomophilly
2. gwitfs; %yk; Ornithopilly 3. tpyq;Ffs; %yk; Zoophilly 4. fhw;W %yk; Anemophilly (v.fh) kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> igd;> Gw;fs; 5. ePhpd; %yk; Hydrophilly (v.fh) thyp];Nehpah> i`l;hpy;yh> #];buh
80. KOikaile;j fUKl;il irNfhl; vdg;gLk;.
81. ,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; :
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,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fU ,ul;il kaj; jd;ikAilaJ. ,jDld; kw;Nwhh;
Mz;NfkPl; ,iztJ %tpizT vdg;gLk;. ,J fUT+z; cl;fUit cUthf;Fk;.
fUT+z; Endosperm (czTj;jpR)
82. #y; - tpij
#Yiwfs; - tpijAiwfs;.
#yfg;ig – fdp
fUTw;w Kjph;e;j #w;ig fdp vdg;gLk;.
83. fUTWjy; eilngwhky; fdpfs; cUthjy; ghh;j;jpNdhfhh;gpf; fdpfs; (v.fh)
jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah
84.
jdpf;fdp rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp ntbahj; jd;ik> rhW
epiwe;jJ.
cyh;fdp ntbf;Fk;> rhW cs;sJ.
rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp :
1. KO rijf; fdp - gf;Nfl;.
2. cs;xl;L rijf; fdp - l;&g; - (v.fh) khk;gok;.
gf;Nfl; :
1. ngh;hp jf;fhsp
2. n`];nghpbak; MuQ;R> vYkpr;ir
3. Nghk; Mg;gps; - jyhki] cz;fpNwhk;.
4. ngg;Ngh nts;shp
5. l;&g; kh
85. cyh;ntbf;fdp :
1. ,UGw ntbf;fdp ny$k; gl;lhdp> mtiu
2. xUGw ntbf;fdp vUf;F
3. fhg;#y; miu ntbf;fdp gUj;jp
miu jLg;Gr; Rth; ntbf;fdp ntz;il.
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86. cyh; ntbahf; fdp
1. ntbah cyh; rpW fdp mfPd; me;jpke;jhiu
2. ntbah cyh; jhdpak; Nfhpahg;rp]; ney;
3. rpg;nryh biughf;];
4. nfhl;il Ke;jphp
87. gpsTf; fdp
1. Nyh]z;lk; fUNtyk;
2. fphpNkhfhh;g; nfhj;Jky;yp
3. nuf;kh Mkzf;F
88. jpus;fdp nel;Lypq;fk;> rPjhg; gok;
89. NrhNuhrp]; $l;Lf; fdp
NrhNuhrp]; gyh
irNfhd]; mj;jpg; gok; (i`g;ge;Njhbak; kQ;rhp)
90. xU tpj;jpiy jhtuk; : ney; xU fdpahFk;.
ney; Nfhpahg;rp]; fdp
xUtpj;jpiy ];$l;ly;yk;
KisNth; NfhypNahiurh
Kisf;Fs;spypUe;J Nfhypahg;ily;
91. tpijfs; guTk; Kiw :
1. Ml;NlhNfhhp jhdpaq;FKiw (v.fh) ghy;rk;.
2. mdpNkhNfhhp fhw;wpdhy; guTjy; (v.fh) biughf;];> vUf;F> KUq;if
biughf;]; ghg;g]; J}tpfs;> ghuh#l; Nghd;W cs;sd.
3. i`bNuhNfhhp ePh;%yk; njd;id> jhkiu
4. #Nfhhp tpyq;Ffshy; ]he;jpak; jhtuk; & ehAUtpj; jhtuk;.
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92. ntl;Lf;fhag; G+z;Lr; nrb biughf;]; GNuhFk;gd;];
Kj;Jf;nfhl;il (Mkzf;F) hprpd]; fk;A+dp];
me;jpke;jhiu kpuhgpyp]; [ygh
ghy;nrz;L ,k;Ng\pd;]; ghy;rhkpah
mk;ikahh; $e;jy;/rljhhp/jq;ff;nfhb fh];$l;lh hp/nsf;]h
murhizf;fha; / G+rzpf;fha; Ff;fh; Nkf;rpkh
Njhirf;fha; / nts;shp Ff;Fkp]; rl;ilt];
93. ghY}l;bfs; :
jpkpq;fyq;fs;> lhy;gpd;fs; %f;fpd; Edpapy; czh; ,iofs; cs;sd.
ghy; Rug;gpfs; khWghL mile;j tpah;itr; Rug;gpfshFk;.
94. gyPd; jl;Lfs; jpkpq;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,J jpkpq;fyq;fs; tpUg;gkhd czthd fphpy; kpjit caphpfis tbfl;l
gad;gLfpd;wd.
95. xl;lfk; M];khl;bf; nry;fs;
ntsthypd; ,wf;if nglh[pak; vdg;gLk;.
Fl;b fis Rkf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs; khh;#gpay;
96. tpy;ypak; `hh;tp (1628) ,uj;j Xl;lk; fz;lwpe;jth; (Mq;fpNyah;)
97.
,jak; RUq;Fk; epiy rp];Nlhy;
,jak; tphptilAk; epiy ila];Nlhy;
Mhpf;fps; RUq;Fjy;>
ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; RUf;fj;jpd;NghJ>
Mhpf;fpNyh> ntz;l;hpf;fpNyh thy;T
%Ljy;
yg; xyp
ntz;l;hpf;fps; tphptiljy; lg; xyp
98. rpiufs; :
Ez;rpiufs; ntz;l;hpf;fs;fs;
EiuaPuy; rpiufs; jtpu kw;w rpiufs; Mf;]p[dw;w ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr;
nry;Yk;.
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99. Neha; vjph;g;ghw;wYf;F gpsh];kh Gujkhd FNshGypd; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
My;gpkpd; ePh;r;rkepiyia rPuhf;FfpwJ.
iggphpNdh[d; ,uj;jk; ciwjy;.
100. kh];lh; nfkp];l; vd;w cly; cWg;G rpWePufq;fs;.
101. fpuh]; gh];lhpq; my;yJ FWf;F guhkhpj;jy;
xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; Fl;bia kw;nwhU rpw;wpdj;ij rhh;e;j ngw;Nwhh; guhkhpj;jy;.
(v.fh) Fapy; FQ;Rfis fhfk; Ngzpf;fhg;gJ.
102. nre;eha; Ftd; my;igd;];
103. Yk;Gaphp my;yJ xl;Lz;zp czTg; nghUSf;fhf gpwiu rhh;e;J ,Uj;jy;.
`h];Nlhhpaq;]; Xk;Gaphp Nth;fs; (v.fh) f];f;A+l;lh
104. kl;Fz;zpfs; :
,we;j jhtu tpyq;F cly;fspd; fdpkg; nghUs;fspypUe;J jk; czit ngWk;.
(v.fh) khdhl;Nuhgh> ikf;Nfhiurh Nth;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
105. mkPghf;fs; ilNahl;lk;fis Nghypf;fhy;fs; %yk; tpOq;Ffpd;wd.
guhkPrpak; FopNghd;w irl;Nlhghhpq;]; topahf ePhpy; Ez;Zaphpfis
tpOq;Ffpd;wd.
106. xU FSf;Nfh]; 2900 KJ Mw;wy; jUfpd;wd.
107. fhw;Ws;s Rthrk; eilngWk; epiyfs;
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyravic cycle
3. Kreb cycle
4. Electron transport chain
1. Glycolysis :
Glucose → 2 Pyravic acid → irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; eilngWk;.
2. Pyravic cycle :
Mitochondria tpy; eilngWfpd;wd.
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1 Glucose → 38 ATP Forming
1 Glucose → fhw;wpy;yh epiy vj;jdhy; +Co2 + Mw;wy;
<];l;
1 Glucose → jir yhf;bf; mkpyk; + Mw;wy;
nry;fspy;
108. kz;zpypUe;J jhtuq;fs; Nth;j;J}tpfs; %yk; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkg; nghUs;fis
cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
GNsak; czTg; nghUl;fis jhtuq;fspy; flj;Jfpd;wd.
iryk;> buf;fPLfs; → ePiu cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
109. kpf caukhd kuq;fspy; ePh; flj;j ePuhtpg;Nghf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,uT Neuq;fspy;
NtuOj;jk; %yk; ePh; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
110. jhtuq;fs; fopTg; nghUl;fis thf;FNthy;fspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd. rpy jhtuq;fs;
Kjph;e;j iryk; jpRf;fspy; gprpd;fshfTk;> nurpd;fshfTk; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
111. mk;NkhdpNahnlypf; tpyq;Ffs; → mjpf mk;Nkhdpahit ntspNaw;Wk;
tpyq;Fs;
(v.fh) kPd;fs;.
A+hpNfhnlypf; tpyq;Ffs; → mjpf A+hpf; mkpyj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;.
(v.fh) gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs;
112. ,lh;ghL jUk; caphpa kUj;Jtf; fopTfs; mopf;fg;gLk; Kiw → vhpj;J
rhk;gyhf;Fjy;.
113. fhfpjq;fs; 54 % kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fz;zhb 20 % kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
114. nraw;if kiog;nghopT → cyh;gdp my;yJ KI J}Tjy; (nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL)
cg;GePiu FBePuhf;Fjy; → jiofPo; rt;T+Lguty;
115.
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; → 89
1.60 ,yl;rk; r.fp.kP
ruzhyaq;fs; → 500
Gypfs; fhg;gfq;fs; → 27
tdcaphpdf; fhl;rprhiyfs; → 200
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l caph; tho;tplq;fs; → 13
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116. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Njrpa G+q;fh kw;Wk; Gyp ghJfhg;G gFjp → fhh;ngl;
cj;jufhz;l;
guj;G+h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; → ,uh[];jhd;
117. ngl;Nuhypak; → fUg;Gj; jq;fk;
118. vz;nza;f; frptpdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lj;jpy; kpjf;ff; $ba vz;nza; rpjwy;fs; jhh;
ge;Jfs; vdg;gLk;.
119. Kyoto Protocol → jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Gtp ntg;gkiljiy
vjph;f;Fk; If;fpa ehLfspd; xg;ge;j $l;likg;G.
120. gRik Ntjpapay; → jPik tpistpf;ff;$ba Ntjpg; nghUs;fis
Fiwe;j msNt cUthf;Fjy;. (1995y; mwpKfkhdJ)
121. caphp gpsh];bf;Ffs; kf;fhr; Nrhsk;> cUisf; fpoq;fpypUe;J cUthf;Fjy;.
122. Gtpf;fpuhkk; nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; → khh;]y; khf;Y}fhd;
123. caphpa rPuikg;G vd;gJ Ez;Zaphpfis nfhz;L Rw;Wr;#oypy; cs;s fopTfis
mfw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;.
(v.fh) iel;NuhNrhNkhdh]; A+Nuhg;gpNa
,e;j ghf;Bhpah iel;u[d; kpf mjpf msT khrile;j fopT ePiu Rj;jg;gLj;j
gad;gLfpwJ.
124. gOg;G ePh; vd;gJ tPl;Lf; fopT ePh; MFk;.
foptiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ntspNaWk; ePiuj; jtpu kw;w midj;J tifahd tPl;L
cgNahf ePh; gOg;G ePh; MFk;.
125. cUisg; GOf;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghh;itf; FiwghL Neha; → Mq;Nfh nrh;rpah]p];
126. ,uj;jg; GO Neha; → yp];Nlhkpah]p];
127.
cyfpd; Mz;LNjhWk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;fhy; ,wg;gth;fs; → 1.50 kpy;ypad; ,jpy;
ngUk;ghyhNdhh; 5 tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fs;.
tsUk; ehLfspy; cs;s 10 kf;fs; Flw;GOf;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
300 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; kNyhpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
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128. CFL gy;G gad;gLj;Jtjhy; 600 MW kpd;dhw;wy; Nrkpf;fyhk;.
129.
kuG rhuh tsq;fs; my;yJ GJg;gpf;fj;
jf;f tsq;f;s my;yJ jPh;e;Jtplhj
tsq;fs; →
#hpad;> i`l;u[d;> fhw;W> ePh;
kpf mjpf epiw nfhz;l Mw;wiy ngw;w nghUs; → i`l;u[d;
1 A+dpl; i`l;u[d; Mw;wy; vd;gJ
ngl;Nuhiy fhl;bYk; 2.5 klq;F mjpf
Mw;wy;
vj;jdhiytpl 4.5 klq;F mjpf Mw;wy;.
nkj;jdhiy tpl 6 klq;F mjpf Mw;wy;.
130. fhw;Wfspd; ehL → nld;khh;f; → 25 % kpd;rhuk; fhw;whiyfspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fhw;whiy kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp :
n[h;kdp → 1 tJ ,lk;
,e;jpah → 5 tJ ,lk;
jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhpapy; 380 MW fhw;whiyg; gz;iz cs;sJ.
131. kuG rhuh tsq;fs; → epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;ifthA> ANudpak;.
,aw;if thA kPj;Njd; (90 %) + <j;Njd; GNuhg;Ngd; (10 %)
kPj;Njd; (vspathA) → gRik thA> cuq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
132. caphp vhpnghUs;fs;
1. Bio alcohol 2. Bio diesel. 3. Plant oil 4. Bio ether 5. Bio gas
133.
Bio ether caphp vhprhuhak; - nehjpj;jy; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. nry;YNyh];
,jw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
Bio diesel jhtu vz;nza; tpyq;F nfhOg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
Bio gas fhpkg; nghUl;fs; fhw;wpy;yh rpijT %yk; ,jid ngwyhk;.
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