MOHD.AKBAR ASSIGNMENT ON RENAISSANCE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE SUBMITTED BY :-MOHD.AKBAR MOHD.AKBAR Q:1-What spatial and illusionary devices were developed at that time? How are these examples of humanism? Ans: Humanism (the philosophy that people are rational beings) became quite popular during the Renaissance .The dignity and worth of the individual was emphasized. This movementoriginated with the study of classical culture and a group of subjects known collectively as the studiahumanitatis, or the humanities. Humanism and the humanities disciplines included studies in speaking, grammar, poetry, ethics and history. The humanist preference was to study them as much as possible in their original classical texts (mostly Latin). The more traditional educational approach was that of scholasticism, which concentrate on logic, natural science and metaphysics. Historians are pretty much agreed on the general outlines of those mental attitudes and scholarly interests which are assembled under the rubric of humanism. The most fundamental agreement is that the humanist mentality stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude. Medievalists see humanism product of the Middle Ages. Modern historians are perhaps more apt to view humanism as the germinal period of modernism. Humanism is the resurgent study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy, and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The terms Renaissance (rinascimento"rebirth") for this movement, and "humanist" (whence modern humanism; also Renaissancehumanismto distinguish it from later developments grouped as humanism) are contemporary to that period. Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) shows the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in his DeArchitectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. MOHD.AKBAR Renaissance humanism was a response to the challenge of medieval scholasticism. Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and what they came to depict as the "narrow pedantry" associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studiahumanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. The defining concept of the RENAISSANCE was humanism,a literary movement that began in Italy during the fourteenth century. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for creating art or works of literature. Humanist writers were concerned with worldly or secular subjects rather than strictly religious themes. Such emphasis on secularism was the result of a more materialistic view of the world. Unlike the Medieval Era, RENAISSANCE people were concerned with money and the enjoyment of life and all its worldly pleasures. Humanist writers glorified the individual and believed that man was the measure of all things and had unlimited potential. "TheSchoolofAthens"byRaphaelMOHD.AKBAR

Some of the first humanists, including Petrarch, ColuccioSalutati and PoggioBracciolini, were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Of the three, Petrarch was coined the "Father of Humanism" because of his devotion to Greek and Roman scrolls. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities - like Petrarch's disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence - and thus had access to book copying workshops. ILLUSION The art of illusion, or trompe loeil, as it is more commonly known, presents a scene in order to fool the viewer into mistaking it for reality. The artists of illusion shared the concern of the mainstream of Renaissance artists in presenting scenes as realistically as possible. Both used the rules of perspective and direct observation of nature to render figures and objects on a flat surface as threedimensionally as they could. However, the use that realism was put to marks the major difference between the two types of artists. The Renaissance artists were primarily interested in creating compositions that, with the use of perspective, would visually illustrate harmony, proportion, and unity; while the illusionists were intent on creating deliberately deceptive glimpses of reality. In so doing, the illusionists undermined the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance. The realization on the part of the viewer that he or she had been fooled, was a disruption and an intrusion of the sense of harmony that was valued in Renaissance art. The earliest examples of the art of illusion occur in the paintings of architectural elements that surround the frescos in Medieval churches. It was not until Masacchio painted the Trinity, 142728, that architectural illusions appeared within paintings. In Masacchios work, the illusion of a barrel vault ceiling behind the figure of God complements the design of the interior of the space that houses the painting. What is interesting about the intarsia work is its parallel to Castigliones Book of the Courtier. Castiglione was a member of the court from 150408 when Guidobaldi, the son of Federigo da Montefeltro, was Duke of Urbino. Castiglione was so inspired by the wit, intelligence and charm of the duke and duchess and the other members of the court that he wrote, in the form of a series of dialogues between those members, the Book of the Courtier. The book was finished in 1516. It was in part a handbook on how to create for ones self a persona to fit the model of a perfect gentleman or lady, as well as a memoir of the ideal life at this court. The courtiers purpose in life was to be of service to his Prince in war, diplomacy, letters, art and music. His charm was revealed not in the struggle and mastery over difficulties, but in the apparent gracefulness and facility with which he accomplished the objectives of his prince. The expression sprezzatura denotes this ability to male difficult things look easy. That was the essence of the desired effect of sprezzatura, that double duplicity which transformed nature into art and art into the appearance of naturalness.

MOHD.AKBAR scaleofhumanfigures formationofahumanisticculture relationshipsoffigurestooneanotherandtotheenvironments

Q: 2-How is the architecture of this period different from both the early Romanesque & Gothic periods? Ans:-Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. MOHD.AKBAR Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose.[1] Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Baptistery and Pisa Cathedral. Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. Apart from the Cathedral of Milan, (influenced by French Rayonnant Gothic), few Italian churches show the emphasis on vertically, the clustered shafts, ornate tracery and complex ribbed vaulting that characterise Gothic in other parts of Europe . The presence, particularly in Rome, of ancient architectural remains showing the ordered Classical style provided an inspiration to artists at a time when philosophy was also turning towards the Classical. "

TumCollegiateChurch,Polan

Earlier Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by rounded arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. MOHD.AKBAR

MariaLaachAbbey,Germany Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine houses and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials. Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great abbey churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use. The enormous quantity of churches built in the Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture, which partly or entirely rebuilt most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, northern Spain and rural Italy. Origins Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. With the decline of Rome, Roman building methods survived to an extent in Western Europe, where successive Merovingian, Carolingian and Ottonian architects continued to build large stone buildings such as monastery churches and palaces. In the more northern countries Roman building styles and techniques had never been adopted except for official buildings, while in Scandinavia they were unknown. Although the round arch continued in use, the engineering skills required to vault large spaces and build large domes were lost. There was a loss of stylistic continuity, particularly apparent in the decline of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders. In Rome several great Constantinian basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders. Some traditions of Roman architecture MOHD.AKBAR also survived in Byzantine architecture with the 6thSan Vitale in Ravenna being the Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany, bAD 800. Santa Maria delNaranco, Oviedo, Spain.St. Michaels (AD 848) Built as a palace for Ramiro

Charlemagne'sPalatineChapel,Aachen,9thcentury,modelledontheByzantinechurchofSanVitale,RaveGothic architecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12tharchitecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the ffamiliar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. also survived in Byzantine architecture with the 6th-century octagonal Byzantine Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna being the inspiration for the greatest building of the Dark Ages in Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany, built around the year Santa Maria delNaranco, Oviedo, Spain.St. Michaels (AD 848) Built as a palace for RamiroCharlemagne'sPalatineChapel,Aachen,9thcentury,modelledonthetinechurchofSanVitale,Ravearchitecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. century octagonal Byzantine Basilica of inspiration for the greatest building of the Dark Ages in uilt around the year Santa Maria delNaranco, Oviedo, Spain.St. Michaels Church Charlemagne'sPalatineChapel,Aachen,9thcentury,modelledontheGothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance o the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics lying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. MOHD.AKBAR It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings. FaadeofReimsCathedral,France

Gothic architecture is the architecture of the late medieval period, characterised by use of the pointed arch. Other features common to Gothic architecture are the rib vault, buttresses, including flying buttresses; large windows which are often grouped, or have tracery; rose windows, towers, spires and pinnacles; and ornate faades. As an architectural style, Gothic developed primarily in ecclesiastical architecture, and its principals and characteristic forms were applied to other types of buildings. Buildings of every type were constructed in the Gothic style, with evidence remaining of simple domestic buildings, elegant town houses, grand palaces, commercial premises, civic buildings, castles, city walls, bridges, village churches, abbey churches, abbey complexes and large cathedrals.[citation needed] The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, England and Spain, MOHD.AKBAR with other fine examples occurring across Europe. Romanesque tradition By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period. Characteristics of Gothic cathedrals and great churchesWhile many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, risstructures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.[8][20] These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would everGothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress. Rheinstein Castle, Germanywith other fine examples occurring across Europe.By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period. Characteristics of Gothic cathedrals and great churches While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.[8][20] These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress. Basillica of the assumption of Marry, Karcow, Poland By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th ing high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.[8][20] These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the MOHD.AKBAR Q: 3- Describe influence of architecture in Painting. Ans:-Renaissance painting is the painting of the period beginning in the late 13th century and flourishing from the early 15th to late 16th centuries, occurring in the Italian peninsula, which was at that time divided into many political areas. The painters of Renaissance, although often attached to particular courts and with loyalties to particular towns, nonetheless wandered the length and breadth, often occupying a diplomatic status and disseminating artistic and philosophical ideas. The city of Florence in Tuscany is renowned as the birthplace of the Renaissance, and in particular of Renaissance painting. A detailed background is given in the companion articles Renaissance and Renaissance architecture. Renaissance painting can be divided into four periods: the Proto-Renaissance (13001400), the Early Renaissance (14001475), the High Renaissance (14751525), and Mannerism (15251600). These dates are approximations rather than specific points because the lives of individual artists and their personal styles overlapped the different periods. The Proto-Renaissance begins with the professional life of the painter Giotto and includes TaddeoGaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero. The Early Renaissance was marked by the work of Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Paolo Uccello, Pierodella Francesca and Verrocchio. The High Renaissance period was that of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. The Mannerist period included Andrea delSarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto. Mannerism is dealt with in a separate article. Influences The influences upon the development of Renaissance painting in Italy are those that also affected Philosophy, Literature, Architecture, Theology, Science, Government and other aspects of society. Philosophy A number of Classical texts, that had been lost to Western European scholars for centuries, became available. MOHD.AKBAR These included Philosophy, Poetry, Drama, Science, a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology. The resulting interest in Humanist philosophy meant that man's relationship with humanity, the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church. Themes Much painting of the Renaissance period was commissioned by or for the Catholic Church. These works were often of large scale and were frequently cycles painted in fresco of theLifeofChrist, the LifeoftheVirginor the life of a saint, particularly St. Francis of Assisi. There were also many allegorical paintings on the theme of Salvation and the role of the Church in attaining it. Churches also commissioned altarpieces, which were painted in tempera on panel and later in oil on canvas. Apart from large altarpieces, small devotional pictures were produced in very large numbers, both for churches and for private individuals, the most common theme being theMadonnaandChild. Early Renaissance painting The earliest truly Renaissance images in Florence date from the first year of the century known in Italian as Quattrocento, synonymous with the Early Renaissance. At that date a competition was held to find an artist to create a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistry of St. John, the oldest remaining church in the city. The Baptistry is a large octagonal building in the Romanesque style, whose origins had been forgotten and which was popularly believed to date from Roman times. The interior of its dome is decorated with an enormous mosaic figure of Christ in Majesty thought to have been designed by Coppo di Marcovaldo. It has three large portals, the central one being filled at that time by a set of doors created by Andrea Pisano eighty years earlier. MOHD.AKBAR Patronage and Humanism In Florence, in the later 15th century, most works of art, even those that were done as decoration for churches, were generally commissioned and paid for by private patrons. Much of the patronage came from the Medici family, or those who were closely associated with or related to them, such as the Sassetti, the Ruccellai and the Tornabuoni. In the 1460s Cosimo de' Medici the Elder had establishedMarsilioFicino as his resident Humanist philosopher, and facilitated his translation of Plato and his teaching of Platonic philosophy, which focused on humanity as the centre of the natural universe, on each person's personal relationship with God, and on fraternal or "platonic" love as being the closest that a person could get to emulating or understanding the love of God.[22] In the Medieval period, everything related to the Classical period was perceived as associated with paganism. In the Renaissance it came increasingly to be associated with enlightenment. The figures of Classical mythology began to take on a new symbolic role in Christian art and in particular, the Goddess Venus took on a new discretion. Born fully formed, by a sort of miracle, she was the new Eve, symbol of innocent love, or even, by extension, a symbol of the Virgin Mary herself. We see Venus in both these roles in the two famous tempera paintings that Botticelli did in the 1480s for Cosimo's nephew, Pierfrancesco Medici, the Primaveraand the BirthofVenus. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo, because of the scope of his interests and the extraordinary degree of talent that he demonstrated in somany diverse areas, is regarded as the archetypal "Renaissance man". But it was first and foremost as a painter thathe was admired within his own time, and as a painter, he drew on the knowledge that he gained from all his other interests. Leonardo was a scientific observer. He learned by looking at things. He studied and drew the flowers of the fields, the eddies of the river, the form of the rocks and mountains, the way light reflected from foliage and sparkled in a jewel. In particular, he studied the human form, dissecting thirty or more unclaimed cadavers from a hospital in order to understand muscles and sinews.