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Kitakyushu Model

Water Management

English

1

Contents

Page

1 Introduction 2

1.1 Purpose 2

1.2 Sustainable Water Management Principles 2

2 Baseline and Policy Review 4

2.1 Purpose 4

2.2 Undertaking a Baseline and Policy Review 4

3 Developing a Water Management Strategy 8

3.1 Introduction 8

3.2 Undertaking a Site Appraisal & Option Identification Study 9

3.3 Policy Aims, Objectives and Targets 11

4 Technical Strategy Development 13

4.1 Purpose 13

4.2 Developing Options for Drinking Water Supply 13

4.3 Developing Options for Wastewater Collection & Treatment 19

4.4 Developing Options for Stormwater Management & Flood Risk 26

5 Strategy Testing and Measurement Tools 36

5.1 Purpose 36

5.2 Key Considerations 36

5.3 Main Technical Options 37

5.4 Stakeholder Consultation 38

5.5 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints 38

6 Procurement and Financing 39

6.1 Key Considerations 39

6.2 Understanding the risks 39

6.3 Procurement Route options 40

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1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of a sustainable water management strategy is to provide a framework to holistically

manage all forms of water in the most efficient method possible that benefits the end user, the

community, the economy and the environment. The framework must take into account the

regulatory requirements, physical constraints and opportunities, and the wider sustainability

objectives and targets that have been set.

1.2 Sustainable Water Management Principles

Good water-sensitive urban design requires consideration of all forms of water, including drinking

water, wastewater, stormwater, groundwater and water for the environment. To determine

appropriate strategies to manage all forms of water, consideration must be given to a

developments/city’s site specific conditions. The design should be a response to the site conditions,

within the overall planning vision.

Designing for resilience to the impacts of climate change, particularly ensuring secure water supplies

and the protection of water environments is an emerging challenge as growing urban communities

seeks to minimise their impact on already stressed water resources. The following techniques are

central to sustainable water management:-

The use of water-efficient appliances to reduce drinking water use;

Greywater reuse as an alternate source of water to conserve drinking supplies;

Detention, rather than rapid conveyance, of stormwater;

1.2-1 Sustainable Water Management Principle

Water management agencies are as below.

- Ministry of the Environment: Water quality, ecosystem,

waste, septic tank

- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: Water

resource, rivers, sewer system

- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Waterworks

- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Agricultural

water, marine product

- Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: Industrial

waterworks, hydro power generation

○Water management principle on waterworks

Ministry of Health, Labour and welfare published

‘”Waterworks vision” on 1 July 2004. It is to “show a map

towards future goals shared among stakeholders of water

supply services by analysing and evaluating current situation

and future prospects”.

Period is about 10 years looking ahead of middle 21st century.

Policy Objectives are as below; 1. Safety: Supply people with safe and good-tasting tap

water

2. Stability: A stable supply of water for domestic use

anytime, anywhere

3. Sustainability: Strengthening the basis of the water

supply system taking local characteristics into account /

Preserving and developing practices and skills accumulated in the water supply service / Improving the

water supply service based on customer needs.

4. Environment: Contribute to environmental conservation 5. Globalization: Contribute to the world by transferring

our experiences to other countries.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・Outline of Water Utility and Industrial Water Supply

Business（E）

・平成 24 年度北九州市上下水道局事業概要(J)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_efficient&action=edit&redlink=1

3

Reuse, storage and infiltration of stormwater, instead of drainage system augmentation;

Use of vegetation for stormwater filtering purposes;

Water efficient landscaping to reduce drinking water consumption;

Protection of water-related environmental, recreational and cultural values by minimising the

ecological footprint of a project associated with providing supply, wastewater and

stormwater services;

Localised wastewater treatment and reuse systems to reduce drinking water consumption and

minimise environmentally harmful wastewater discharges;

Provision of stormwater or other recycled urban waters (in all cases subject to appropriate

controls) to provide environmental water requirements for modified watercourses;

Flexible institutional arrangements to cope with increased uncertainty and variability in

climate;

A focus on longer term planning; and

A diverse portfolio of water sources, supported by both centralised and decentralised water

infrastructure.

(1.2 Cont.)

Each waterworks business formulates their local waterworks vision based on the vision above for their appropriate policy.

Local waterworks vision is to analyze and evaluate of the

current and future prospects of the service, draw ideal water supply service in the future, and define future policy issues.

1. Analyze and evaluate of the service: Using performance

indicator for analysis and evaluation.

2. Set future goals: From perspectives of “Safety, Stability,

Sustainability, Environment, and Globalization”.

3. Set objectives: Setting for each policy defined in Waterworks Vision.

Discuss of policy to realize: Define the policies to realize in the

planning period

(History of waterworks in Kitakyushu city)

The first waterworks bureau within Kitakyushu was

established in the former Moji City, now Moji-ku, which

started as a thriving port-town. They started water supply in

1911. Due to busy traffic of trade, there was a need to maintain

health, prevent diseases from unsanitary water, and provide

safe clean water. But it was so hard to solve the problem by

each city alone that 4 cities (excludes former Moji City) and

Fukuoka pref. talked and established Kitakyushu waterworks

association in 1952.

Kitakyushu City was formed in February 1963, from five cities

coming together; former Moji City and Kitakyushu waterworks

association agreed to work together to create one waterworks

for the new city then Fukuoka resigned.

Capacity of water source was enlarged but they needed to stop

water supply for 2 month in total because of the drought

happened in 1967 and 1968. This experience made the city to

set the first priority on water source security, and they

developed Yuki dam, Masu dam, Onga river estuary barrage,

and Yabakei dam. They have secured the capacity of water

supply then made the shift to maintenance management period.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment

4

2 Baseline and Policy Review

2.1 Purpose

The baseline and policy review is the first stage in the development of a water management strategy. It is primarily an information gathering exercise using desk-based or other research methods. Its purpose is to obtain information that sets out the existing conditions with respect to water management such that this can be used to inform future decisions. This may be supported by additional research-based work and technical feasibility studies to help develop robust evidence to base future decisions on. This work should be led by an experienced engineering consultant in consultation with local, regional and central government.

2.2 Undertaking a Baseline and Policy Review

Information should be obtained from credible sources (including peer reviewed and/or published information where possible) to ensure certainty of the information. This is most likely to include sources within local, regional and national governments. The baseline and policy review should also be relevant to the scale of development taking place. For example a city wide study will require catchment wide considerations whereas a smaller development might only require a review of more local characteristics. It is important there is a record of the baseline information that is gathered and a clear audit trail is provided.

Table V-1 provides a checklist of information that should be obtained during this process. This should be undertaken by a specialist, which may be a consultant technical adviser or a government representative.

(History of recovering environment)

The Murasaki River, which flows through the centre of the

city, was extremely polluted until 1960s, as a consequence of

the city's rapid industrialization and urbanization, and due to

the lack of sewage and waste water treatment facilities.

Water quality of Murasaki River was improved by the

construction of sewer systems.

Since Murasaki River is a symbol for Kitakyushu city, the city

promote “My Town My River” Renovation plan to prevent

flood and undertake the overarching urban development

including parks or roads.

●Reference

<Case Study>


Business（E）


5

Table V-1: Baseline and Policy Review Checklist

Discipline Checklist Questions/Information Requirements

Policy and Regulatory

What local, regional and national policies already in place for the

management of all forms of water:

o drinking water

o wastewater (collection & treatment)

o stormwater

o groundwater

o water for the environment

What economic and policy instruments are in use?

Are there current objectives and performance targets for the

management of water? This may include, for example, indicators and

targets for drinking water reduction (e.g. litres/head/day), offsite

stormwater discharges (litres/second/hectare)

What progress has been made against existing objectives and targets and

how is this measured?

What other existing policy interactions are there affecting the

management of water (e.g. energy security and supply, climate change

adaptation and mitigation)?

Are there any policies and standards in place for the re-use of water

(greywater or blackwater)?

What existing legislation is in force to support policy implementation?

Is water related data being recorded and reported by the Government,

local authorities and/or businesses (for example; consumption rates,

water levels & flows, water quality monitoring)?

Consider development plans for the area and identify potential impacts

2.2-1 Baseline and policy review in Kitakyushu city

Waterworks entities are using the performance indicator of

waterworks guideline which is a common indicator among

Japanese waterworks entities to evaluate the situation of

facility or business in a comprehensive manner. This guideline

is standardized by Japan waterworks association matching with

Waterworks vision from the Ministry of Health, Labour and

Welfare: Waterworks in January 2005. This provides

necessary 137 performance indicators categorized by 6

objectives to maintain the service into the future.

1. Safety: 22 indicators

2. Stability: 33 indicators

3. Sustainability: 49 indicators

4. Environment: 7 indicators

5. Management: 24 indicators

6. Globalization: 2 indicators

※Japan waterworks association http://www.jwwa.or.jp/

Kitakyushu city also use these indicators continuously to

undertake the baseline study.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・現状・政策調査チェックリスト（北九州版）（J/E/C）

6


now and in the future over the lifetime of the development.

Governance What are the existing institutional arrangements for water management,

roles and responsibilities, jurisdictions and mandates of various

departments involved, including roles of municipalities, local

governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations

(NGOs)/community-based organizations (CBOs) and the private

informal sector? This is important because it will form the basis of

consultation through the later stages of a project.

Water Characteristics

Regional drainage basin information.

Local catchment characteristics, which should include:-

o Regional and local climate data and future predictions for climate

change

o Topographic data

o Hydrological data

o Soil characteristics

o Geotechnical hazards

o Groundwater resources

Regional and / or local drainage strategies/plans.

Historic flood risk information.

Extent and capacity of existing and proposed infrastructure for drinking

water, wastewater, stormwater and water infrastructure for the

environment.

Ecological receptors within the water cycle.

Drinking water demand estimates,

2.2-2 Baseline and policy review for waterworks

Application for undertaking waterworks is defined in article 7

of Water Supply Act for approval from Japanese government.

Result of baseline and policy review informs this application to

be a business plan.

○Application【Article 7 of Water Supply Act】

1. Address and name of applicant 2. Address of waterworks office

3. Business plan

A) Water supply area, target population and quantity B) Overview of facility

C) Planned date of water supply commencement

D) Planned amount of money and financial source for construction

E) Basis for calculation of population and quantity for

supply F) Rough calculation of current account

G) Price, allocation of responsibility for construction

fee, other supply condition H) Others

・Basis for calculation of construction

・Method of debt

・Basis for calculation of price

・Basis for calculation and reason for the allocation

of responsibility for construction fee

4. Constructing Plan A) Maximum and average water supply amount per

day

B) Water source and place to water withdrawal

C) Water source amount and quality（in the season of

the worst quality）

D) Position of water treatment facility （ including

altitude and sea level） Scale and architecture

E) Treatment measure

F) Maximum gravitational pressure and minimum dynamic water pressure in the distribution pipes.

G) Date of start and finish of construction

H) Others

・Major hydrologic accounting

・Major structural calculation

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Wastewater production estimates;

Ecological receptor requirements.

Water Management and the Water Industry

Are there any educational and behavioural programmes in place for

water management?

What are the opportunities for creating partnerships with NGOs/CBOs,

the private sector and the private informal sector to improve closed-loop

systems, reduce negative impacts on the environment and conserve

water?

Who are the current suppliers in the local water industry and do they

operate at local, regional, national or international level?

What is the appetite for different procurement approaches (design and

build etc)?

Economic and Financial

Economic / fiscal instruments in use, such as water rates for drinking

water and wastewater.

Charges for water abstraction and discharge.

What investment incentives are available?

What are the environmental, economic and social drivers for developing

sustainable water management in the project context?

(2.2-2 Cont.)

5. Other documents

A) Document to state the reason why waterworks business is necessary.

B) Document to prove the decision making if the

business operator is body corporate or association.

C) Document to prove the agreement on paragraph 2

on article 6 in the law if the business operator is not from the region.

D) Document to prove water withdrawal

E) Company contract, donation or agreement if the business operator is body corporate or association

other than local government.

F) Document and map to show that the water supply area is not duplicated with other entity area.

G) Map to show the location of water facility

H) Map to show the surrounding of water source I) Structural drawing of major waterworks facility

J) Structural drawing of raw water transmission pipe

and drain, water pipe, and distribution pipe

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3 Developing a Water Management Strategy

3.1 Introduction

Technical strategies for all forms of water management (drinking water, waste water, stormwater and water for the environment) are developed from the information gathered during the baseline and policy review. The technical strategies are developed in a staged approach to ensure a robust preferred strategy is identified. The stages of strategy are as follows and apply to all forms of water:

Figure V--1: The Stages of a Water Management Strategy

Site Appraisal & Option Identification

Option Assessment

Identification of a Preferred Strategy

Setting Aims, Objectives and Targets

(2.2-2 Cont.)

○License standard 1. The following requirement should be prepared

- Beginning of waterworks business matches to general demand.

- Planning of waterworks is assured and rational.

- Design of waterworks facility matches to facility standard (Article 5, Water Supply Act)

- Raw water withdrawal: Good quality of raw water with necessary amount

- Water storage: Enough storage capacity to supply necessary amount of water at drought.

- Raw water transmission: Pump, pipe and other facility to transmit necessary amount of raw water

- Water treatment: Sedimentation tank, filtration tank, other facility and disinfection facility to create necessary amount of water matched to the

water quality standard based on the raw water

quality and amount.

- Water supply: Pump, water pipe, and other

facility to supply necessary amount of purified water.

- Water distribution: Distribution tank, pump, pipe and other facility to supply necessary amount of

purified water with a certain pressure continuously.

2. Facility should be built and maintained cost-effectively

and simple, and considered to secure the water supply. 3. Structure and material of waterworks facility should be

sustainable against water pressure, soil pressure,

earthquake and other pressure. It should avoid water pollution or leakage.

4. It should be matched to other technical standard

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3.2 Undertaking a Site Appraisal & Option Identification Study

3.2.1 Purpose

The first stage in the process is to undertake a site appraisal. The purpose of this stage is to understand the constraints and opportunities that are present at the proposed development site. This will enable the initial identification of potential options which in turn provides the first assessment of the spatial considerations that are required and could have an impact on spatial planning process.

3.2.2 Site Appraisal & Option Identification Checklist

Table V-2 below provides a summary of the key information that should be collected during the

above stage. This data gathering and consultation should build on the information that has already

been collected during the baseline and policy review stage.

Table V-2: Site Appraisal & Option Identification Checklist

Discipline Information Requirements Checklist

Water Supply Preliminary liaise with local drinking water authority on the proposed project and the local infrastructure

Obtain or if necessary assess capacity of the existing infrastructure

Review local rainfall data and future predictions and assess average monthly rainfall figures and future trends. Assess periods of historic drought.

Assess evapotranspiration records

Review hydro-geological conditions to identify potential groundwater resources

Review information on groundwater abstraction (existing licences/permits)

Review surface water systems that could be used for water supply

Undertake a high level assessment of the drinking water and non potable water demands for the proposed project

Review local design manuals/guidance and agree a design basis

Appendix:

Business approval for waterworks (summary)

Business approval means the approval from the ministry of

Health, Labour and Welfare or governor of prefecture based on

Water Supply Act. This approval is necessary for gaining the

protection of the law. If waterworks business is carried out

freely, it would be very difficult to undertake the planned

operation and stably supply the water to customers. Therefore

the approval is required to protect public interest and secure

public health. Authorized entity assumes an obligation, obeys

the special supervision of the country, and cannot pause or

demolish the business optionally under the article 11 of water

supply act.

2.2-3 Baseline and policy review (Sewer System)

<Regulation and rules of Kitakyushu city>

・Sewer system regulation

・Rule of sewer system regulation execution

<Policy>

・Sewer system vision

・Medium-term management plan of sewer system in

Kitakyushu city

・Vision of international strategic area

・Vision of making fuel from sludge

・5 year plan for earthquake countermeasures (to be renamed)

・Plan to improve for combined sewer system

・Renewal and update plan

・Longer life period plan

・Disaster prevention plan

・Flood prevention plan

・Risk management of sewer system plan

10


On the basis of the above:

Identify water supply options

Wastewater Liaise with local wastewater authority on the proposed project and the local infrastructure

Identify extent and capacity of existing and proposed wastewater infrastructure

Calculate preliminary wastewater production rates

Review local design manuals/guidance and agree a design basis


Identify wastewater collection and treatment options

Stormwater

Management Liaise with local storm water drainage authority on the proposed project and

the local infrastructure

Liaise with the local and regional agency responsible for groundwater protection and groundwater resource management. Identify any groundwater protection areas and constraints that may be imposed on the stormwater management strategy.

Liaise with local and regional environmental protection agency

Review existing water cycle systems and environmental receptors. Identify constraints and opportunities

If possible identify extent and capacity of existing and proposed stormwater infrastructure

Review topographic data and identify data gaps

Identify drainage catchment for the project

Review rainfall data and establish design rainfall events (include assessment for climate change impacts).

Review soil characteristics to determine run off co-efficients and infiltration potential.

Review local design manuals/guidance and agree a design basis for drainage assessment.

（2.2-3 Cont.）

＜PR＞

・Drawing contest on “Day of sewer”

・Sewer fair, Campaign

・Supplementary reading material for elementary school,

brochures

・Monitoring sewer system

・Environmental museum of water

<Kitakyushu Sewer System Vision>

Basic Vision: “Comfortable city with water”

These are the objectives based on the vision.

1: Support safe and comfortable city

2: Promote water and resource recycling and low carbon city

3: Use asset from sewer system

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・北九州市下水道ビジョン（J）

・北九州市下水道事業中期経営計画(2010-2014)（J）

<Case Study>

・下水道副読本（J）

11



Identify options for stormwater management

Flood Risk

Management Liaise with authority responsible for flood risk management

Identify sources of flood risk, consider:

o Coastal

o Fluvial

o Urban drainage

o Groundwater

o Infrastructure failure

o Artificial water courses (canals)

Identify and inspect flood defences (if necessary)

Undertake preliminary hydrological analysis (if necessary)

Prepare as far as possible flood risk maps

On the basis of the above:-

Identify mitigation options for flood risk management

3.3 Policy Aims, Objectives and Targets

3.3.1 Purpose

Policy aims, objectives and targets should be developed that are specific to the project and based, in the first instance, on the information gathered within the baseline and policy review and site appraisal.

3.3-1 Future vision and objectives

Kitakyushu city waterworks plan (2006-2015) was made in

March 2006 as a local waterworks vision which is set to create

under Waterworks vision by the ministry of Health, Labour

and Welfare.

This plan is a guideline of long term business operation for 10

years.

Period of this plan: 2006-2015

Basic Vision: Trustful water management

The followings are 6 objectives to realize the vision;

1. Safe and tasty water

To supply safe and tasty water to customers, we improve the

quality management from water source to distribution and

secure good quality at the tap.

-Promote the prevention of contaminants in water source

-Enhance the system of water quality management

-Management of lead made pipes

-Management of water tank system

2. Stable water supply

To keep the resilience against incidents or natural disasters, we

secure the stable water supply system by improving network

between major water treatment facilities with looping the

major distribution system and cooperating with other

authorities. Also we proceed updating water management

facilities with the appropriate scale considering backups in

emergency and future water demand

-Prepare for incidents and disasters

-Update facilities severely degraded

-Develop emergency management system.

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3.3.2 Developing Aims, Objectives and Targets

As part of this process, it may be necessary to:

Identify any existing local, regional or national targets that should apply (ensuring that the strategy is in conformity with other, over-riding policies and strategies where relevant).

Assess whether existing targets are sufficient to drive implementation programmes that meet the key aims and objectives (e.g. does a stretch target need to be developed).

Identify and consider existing measurement, monitoring and reporting regimes (e.g. international best practice, government requirements) that may apply.

Consider how indicators and targets for water management relate to the wider sustainability framework, for example, do they support or are they detrimental to other policy aims and objectives (what are the priorities for balancing a range of sustainability framework objectives).

(3.3-1 Cont.)

3. Reasonable price

We will make an active approach toward cost reduction with

efficient business operation, water facilities maintenance

management, treatment for wider region, business management

using private sector’s measure.

- Efficient business operation

- Efficient facility maintenance and management

- Treatment for wider region (water quality management,

cooperation with other region)

- Private sector’s business measure

- Knowledge transfer of water management skills

4. Endearing waterworks

We proceed the policy aiming to improve customer’s

convenience and information supplement.

- More convenient and rapid service (customer call centre etc.)

- Proactive information supplement and understanding of customer needs

- Cooperation with citizens

5. Environmental friendly and saving energy

It is currently a big issue to act for the environmental problems

on a global basis. Kitakyushu city also aim the operation

management of concerning the environmental conservation,

energy use and environmental impact.

-Action for environmental conservation

-Undertake energy use reduction

6. Contribution to the world

Kitakyushu city has provided technology assistance with

several cities including sister cities as one of the leading cities

in Japan. We continue to contribute to the world with our high-

quality technology.

- International contribution to Cambodia, Dalian etc.

*Detailed in “Kitakyushu city waterworks basic plan”

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4 Technical Strategy Development

4.1 Purpose

The technical strategy development should be based on the desired outcomes for sustainable water management as defined by the aims, objectives and targets described in Section 3. In addition, it should build on knowledge of the existing water management infrastructure including water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, stormwater management and flood risk, groundwater management, and water for the environment.

4.2 Developing Options for Drinking Water Supply

4.2.1 Key Considerations

An appropriate drinking water supply strategy is required to provide a safe and secure source of water for all users, taking environmental considerations into account to protect water resources and sensitive environmental receptors. The options for drinking water supply should be informed by consideration of the factors listed in Table V-3.

Table V-3: Key factors that should be considered when developing a Water Supply Strategy

Factors Considerations

Objectives and target setting

Set strategic and specific objectives for the design of drinking water systems

Define water conservation and efficiency targets

Consider efficient landscape design to reduce irrigation demands

Define constraints to protect environmental receptors

Water Demand Characteristics

How does the population grow over the lifetime of the project?

What is the phasing of the project?

Who are the different end users and what are the appropriate demand figures to apply over the lifetime of the project?

3.3.3-1 Target of Kitakyushu

Target of Kitakyushu city is released on Kitakyushu Water and

Sewer Bureau’s HP

●Reference

<Toolkit>

・北九州市水道事業基本計画（J）

・DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CALCULATION（E）

14


Undertake sensitivity testing of demand figures

Will the demands be affected by external factors such as climate change? Assess impact of low rainfall conditions.

What level of resilience is required in the supply system?

Refer to the Outline of Kitakyushu City Water and Sewer Bureau Business.

Sources of water Consider the range of options available - see below under Water Supply Options

Governance Arrangements

Who will be responsible for supplying the water and to what standard in terms of water quality and rate of supply?

Who will be responsible for funding the capital works?

Who will be responsible for funding the operation and maintenance of the water supply system and what procurement approach will be used in the short and long term?

How will the water rates be collected?

Treatment methodology

What type of technology is commonly used and readily available in the region?

What type of treatment methodology aligns with the water quality requirements?

What are the operation and maintenance implications of the different treatment systems that are appropriate?

Existing infrastructure What is the condition of the existing infrastructure? Are physical surveys required to inspect condition and extent?

Are upgrades required beyond the boundary of the project?

What consents/licences are required to upgrade existing infrastructure and what are the programme/financial implications for the project?

Water Storage and pressurisation

What volume of storage is required?

Consider gravity supply and /or pressurised main.

（Appendix: Water quality management in Kitakyushu）

Water quality at eastern area is good, but western area is

polluted by living drainage and drainage from animal industry.

Water quality standard has been remarkably updated in 2006

and the new testing system has implemented to analyse the

mold odour, disinfection by-products and micro amount of

chemical.

In 2007, Kitakyushu city has authorized as “Good Laboratory

Practice” of waterworks.

1. Water quality management at source

- Water quality management of rivers

Check once a month at Onga river. More than 4

times at 2 areas in estuary barrage for periodic

check. Check upon necessity when the quality

gets worse or has any incidents.

- Water quality management at water reservoir

Water quality check is done at Tonda reservoir for

once a month. Once in 2 months for other

reservoirs.

2. Water quality management at treatment facility

Check water quality in every process once a month.

Check all of items 4 times a year at water source and

treatment facility.

3. Water quality management at tap

Check every day based on Water Supply Act and

periodic check.

15


Distribution network Is hydraulic modelling required to design the pressure network?

Consider the benefits of a ring main compared to a branch main system.

What level of resilience is required in the distribution network?

Reference should be made to the Kitakyushu City – DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CALCULATION.

Non drinking water supply

What areas of land need to be irrigated and what is the demand throughout the year?

What are the requirement for fire water supply – rate of supply and pressure etc?

Is fire water supplied by drinking water or a separate non potable water system? How does this affect the design and sizing of storage and the piped network?

Operation & Maintenance

What physical resources are available for ongoing operation and maintenance?

How are the operational resources managed?

Is an asset management plan in place?

Is there a programme of capital works to renew assets?

What measures are in place to monitor leak detection?

What measures are in place to monitor water quality in the supply system?

How is water use monitored? Is a metering system in place?

Are educational programmes in place to promote efficient water use?

Are operational and maintenance plans aligned to regulatory requirements?

4.2.2 Main Technical Options

Water Supply Options

The following water supply options should be considered unless they are not relevant to the project/study area.

4.2-1 Objective of strategy

To realize the basic vision and 6 objectives on Kitakyushu

city waterworks plan, medium-term management plan

including actual business and financial plan for 10 years has

been developed.

4.2.1-1 Drinking water supply in Kitakyushu

Based on the medium-term management plan, 20 policies

(refer to 3.3.1~3) and 46 projects have been done.

○Projects

１. Safe and tasty water

- Quality improvement of Onga river

- Conservation of water source forest

- Use of “Good Laboratory Practice”

- Countermeasure for mold odour (water quality management)

- Cryptosporidium removal

- Renewal for lead made water pipes

- Management of water tank system

- Promotion of direct water supply (including schools)

2. Stable water supply

- Triangle waterworks vision

- Shin-wakato communication waterworks pipe

- Earthquake countermeasure

- Double pipe system between Kinoshita and Ideura

- Use of distribution management system

- Cooperation with Fukuoka urban area

- Cooperation with neighbouring area

- Update of water treatment facility

- Update of water pipes

- Update of distribution pipes

- Update of distribution tank

- Improvement of countermeasure for incidents

- Terrorism countermeasure

●Reference

<Case Study>


Business（E）

・平成 24 年度北九州市上下水道局事業概要(Ｊ)

16

Connection to the existing public water supply network – this will usually involve connecting to an existing pressurised network in close proximity to the study area.

Groundwater – abstraction from a local aquifer is a common method of supplying fresh water. Detailed assessment will be required to establish the potential yield from the aquifer and the water quality. Ground water abstraction could be considered alongside Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) (also referred to as Managed Aquifer Recharge). It can be an alternative to large surface storages with water being pumped up again from below the surface in dry periods. Potential water sources for an ASR system can be stormwater or treated wastewater.

Spring water – naturally occurring source of water where an aquifer meets the ground surface.

Saltwater/seawater – depending on the location of the project, abstracting saline water may be a viable option to consider. Treatment costs are usually high because desalination is required using either reverse osmosis techniques or distillation processes which are both energy intensive.

Rainwater harvesting (site-wide) - Potentially rainwater could be captured from the site’s drainage network for re-use. This system would require a set of collector sewers, and a distribution system. Extended dry period could mean that the system would be empty for large parts of the year, unless considerable volumes of storage were provided

Rainwater harvesting (building scale) - rather than using a site-wide collection and distribution networks there is an opportunity to harvest water on a plot by plot basis. As above, the lack of water during dry spells could be a problem, although the capital costs would be lower. In addition, the volume of water available would also be reduced.

River water capture (including reservoir) – abstraction from a local water course or reservoir. Intake structure and distribution network required to a water treatment facility prior to use.

(4.2.1-1 cont.)

3. Reasonable price

- Improvement of water outage operation

- Improvement of contract for water treatment facility check

- Cost reduction of construction

- Efficient use of water related facilities

- Improvement of maintenance management

- Improvement of the revenue ratio

- Efficient use of water distribution system

- Water quality management for wider area

- Cooperation with neighbouring area

- Use of private business operation measure

- Training for waterworks business operators

4. Endearing waterworks

- Enhancement of customer service

- Prompt service using internet

- Improvement of service mindedness

- Proactive provision of information

- Collecting customers’ voice

- Others (HP etc.)

- Promotion of waterworks and cooperation with citizens and

5. Environmental friendly and saving energy

- Implementation of hydro power generation

- Efficient use of sludge and construction by-products

- Reduction of energy use

6. Contribution to the world

- Personal training in Cambodia

- Technical exchange with Dalian, China

- Personal training and knowledge transfer for international contribution

- Establishment of international cooperation

department

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery


17

Recycled water / Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) – This could be in the form of blackwater or greywater.

Water Treatment Options

Water suppliers use a variety of treatment processes to remove contaminants from drinking water. These individual processes may be arranged in a "treatment train" (a series of processes applied in sequence). The most commonly used processes include filtration, flocculation and sedimentation, and disinfection. Some treatment trains also include ion exchange and adsorption. Water utilities select a combination of treatment processes most appropriate to treat the contaminants found in the raw water used by the system. Prior to looking at the options for treatment, consideration should be given to whether a single treatment plant is used or multiple treatment plants across a development. The decision is usually based on scale of development, the phasing of the development and the spatial distribution of the development. A review of capital and operational costs should be undertaken if there is not a clear solution.

Typical types of treatments that should be considered based on the quality of the raw water include:-

Flocculation/Sedimentation - Flocculation refers to water treatment processes that combine or coagulate small particles into larger particles, which settle out of the water as sediment. Alum and iron salts or synthetic organic polymers (used alone or in combination with metal salts) are generally used to promote coagulation. Settling or sedimentation occurs naturally as flocculated particles settle out of the water.

Filtration - Many water treatment facilities use filtration to remove all particles from the water. Those particles include clays and silts, natural organic matter, precipitates from other treatment processes in the facility, iron and manganese, and microorganisms. Filtration clarifies water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.

Ion Exchange - Ion exchange processes are used to remove inorganic contaminants if they cannot be removed adequately by filtration or sedimentation. Ion exchange can be used to treat hard water. It can also be used to remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and uranium.

4.2.1-2 Water supply options in Kitakyushu city

Kitakyushu has Ima River, Murasaki River, Onga River, and

Yamakuni River as major water sources. Water right: Onga

64.4%, Murasaki 13.6%, Ima 12.8%, Yamakuni 9.2

・ Dam management system

・ Biggest raw water reservoir in Japan

・ Water source to Park

・ Air lifting tower

Hydro power generation using surplus water pressure for water

transmission

●Reference

<Case Study>


Business（E）

・平成 24 年度北九州市上下水道局事業概要（Ｊ）

・北九州市の水道事業における特徴的技術（J）

4.2.1-3 Desalination in Water Plaza Kitakyushu

Water Plaza Kitakyushu is the energy saving water

desalination plant that was established in cooperation with

NEDO, GWSTA and Kitakyushu City combining the operation

know-how of the municipality and high-quality technology of

private businesses.

Water Plaza Kitakyushu lays a “demo plant” for the

demonstration of an advanced water recycling and reuse

system and a “test bed” to develop cutting-edge technologies.

This is Japan’s first facility to have them both.

Desalinated water is used in Kyushu Electric Power for boiler

water

18

Adsorption - Organic contaminants, unwanted colouring, and taste-and-odor-causing compounds can stick to the surface of granular or powder activated carbon and are thus removed from the drinking water.

Disinfection (chlorination/ozonation) - Water is often disinfected before it enters the distribution system to ensure that potentially dangerous microbes are killed. The appropriate specification/concentration of chemicals for disinfection should follow national/international standards and be determined by analysis the related factors, such as the quality of water source, the condition of water supply facilities.

Chlorine, chloramines, or chlorine dioxide are most often used because they are very effective disinfectants, not only at the treatment plant but also in the pipes that distribute water to our homes and businesses. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant, and ultraviolet radiation is an effective disinfectant and treatment for relatively clean source waters, but neither of these is effective in controlling biological contaminants in the distribution pipes.

Water Distribution Options

The following drinking water distribution options should be considered unless they are not relevant to the project/study area.

Mechanically pumped network

Gravity fed network

Combination of gravity and pumped network

4.2.3 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints

Opportunities

There are a wide range of water treatment systems on the market that can treat to an extremely high standard. This opens up the potential to look at a range of water supply

4.2.1-4 Water treatment in Kitakyushu city

Flow of water treatment in Kitakyushu city is as followings.

<Water Treatment>

Water from dam or rives enters to Bioconcentration

factor(BCF) , go through rapid mixing tank, flocculator,

sedimentation tank, filter basin, Clean water reservoir,

Disinfection tank and Distribution tank to distribute to

customers. Some water in filter basin return to rapid mixing

tank. Sludge in filter basin is moved to waste water treatment.

<Sludge treatment>

Sludge from treatment facility becomes dewatered cake made

through solar drying bed, concentration tank, pressure

dehydrator and cake yard, and the cake is used for soil or

cement.

●Reference

<Case Study>

・北九州市の水道（J）

4.2.1-5 BCF technology

Kitakyushu ranks in Japan’s top delicious tap water, using an

original patented technology incorporated into the BCF

method. Hence the water is clear, odourless, and has a

refreshingly soft and gentle flavour. ※BCF is a national patent

●Reference

<Case Study>


・Acting of Kitakyushu in the field of water supply （BCF、漏

水対策 PR）（E）

19

options. However, close consideration must be given to what is available locally and what can be maintained over the design life of the project.

A resilient approach could be to identify a number of supply options if there is a concern over a single supply route.

Constraints

Having a good understating of the capacity and reliability of the existing infrastructure is essential if a connection is going to be made to the existing network. This is usually the most efficient method of supply drinking water because the treatment and supply costs per head are spread over a wider population. However, reliability can be an issue unless resilience is designed into the network.

The capital / operational costs and procurement approach should be considered as early as possible when assessing options for all aspects of the water supply system. Discussions with local suppliers of the plant and equipment and contractors who have experience of installing and operating such specialist equipment are essential to understand the local market.

The spatial requirements to house plant and equipment should be considered at an early stage. The spatial needs are not significant compared to other elements of infrastructure but need to be taken into account in the early planning stages in parallel with other infrastructure disciplines.

4.3 Developing Options for Wastewater Collection & Treatment


When developing a wastewater treatment and collection strategy, the options that are assessed should be informed by consideration of the following factors listed in Table V-4.

4.2.1-6 Distribution in Kitakyushu city

Kitakyushu city is trying to improve the revenue ratio to save

water resource and cost.

- Investigation of leakage and rapid repair

- Renewal for old pipes

- Distribution blocks, management of suitable water pressure with pressure reducing valve

- Implementation of distribution management system

(mapping system and block data monitoring system

which monitors the amount of drainage, water pressure, quality by block.

Followings are for disaster countermeasures.

- Northern Fukuoka connecting pipe for emergency

- Kitakyushu water supply project

- Earthquake countermeasure for buildings or pipes

- Countermeasures for emergency

●Reference

<Case Study>


Business（E）


4.2.1-7 Energy saving and natural power generation

- Solar power generation: Implementation of solar power

generation at waterworks site. The power is used for

pumping and emergency use.

- Hydro power generation: Implementation of small

hydropower generation to use water energy

- Energy saving: Using inverter pump to reduce energy

use

●Reference

<Case Study>


・北九州市の水道事業における特徴的技術（J）

20

Table V-4: Key factors that should be considered when developing a Wastewater Collection and Treatment Strategy



Set strategic and specific objectives for the design of wastewater systems

Define wastewater reuse target

Define effluent discharge water quality standard

Define rates at which sludge is recovered for reuse rather than being sent to landfill.

Wastewater production Characteristics

How does the population grow over the lifetime of the project?

What is the phasing of the development?

Who are the different end users and what are the appropriate waste production figures to apply over the lifetime of the project?

Undertake sensitivity testing of the waste production figures

What level of resilience is required in the collection and treatment system?


Who will be responsible for collecting and treating the wastewater?

Who will be responsible for funding the capital works?

Who will be responsible for funding the operation and maintenance of the wastewater system and what procurement approach will be used in the short and long term?

Existing infrastructure Is there an existing wastewater treatment works that can be used to treat the wastewater from the project? Or will an onsite treatment system be required (see below)?

What is the condition of the existing infrastructure? Are physical surveys required to inspect condition and extent?



4.3.1-1 Sewer pipe design guideline

・ Define the area of centralized treatment area and decentralized treatment area (septic tank) considering of

population density and cost effect.

・ To optimize the facility planning in the dense area, the scale is minimized for the thinly populated area (Basic

unit of waste water, pipe diameter)

21


Treatment methodology

Treatment options can be split between centralised and decentralised treatment.

Centralised treatment uses foul sewers to convey the flows to a main treatment plant.

Decentralised treatment collects and disposes of wastewater from individual buildings or small clusters of them, so does not require extensive foul sewer infrastructure. However, there are a number of individual plants to maintain and operate.

In parallel with considering the centralised vs decentralised option, the following should be considered:-

What type of technology is commonly used and readily available in the region?

What are the spatial requirements of the various treatment options?

Where can the wastewater treatment plant be positioned taking into account bad neighbour and wind direction, value of land and visual impact etc?


Wastewater Collection Can a gravity system suffice or is there a need for a pressurised system?

Is modelling required to design the network?

Are there any ground conditions that affect the type of pipework being specified?

Are high groundwater levels a problem – should a sealed vacuum system be considered?

What level of resilience is required in the collection network?

Wastewater Recycling If there is a need to recycle wastewater for re use – what is the quality of the end product?

What additional treatment systems are required to facilitate wastewater recycling?

What are the benefits of recycling the wastewater compare to the additional costs of treatment and distribution?

How will health issues such as cross contamination be managed?

22


Operation & Maintenance

What physical resources are available for ongoing operation and maintenance?

How are the operational resources managed?

Is an asset management plan in place?

Is there a programme of capital works to renew assets?

What measures are in place to monitor wastewater loss in the network?

What measures are in place to monitor water quality at discharge locations?

Are operational and maintenance plans aligned to regulatory requirements?


Wastewater Treatment Systems

The following wastewater treatment options should be considered unless they are not relevant to the project/study area.

Decentralised

Packaged Treatment Plants are proprietary products, which can be purchased “off the shelf” (usually with an O&M contract). They are typically more expensive and have higher energy costs than conventional treatment. However they are also small, simple to construct and produce high quality effluent. They are normally used for small to medium sized developments. A review should be undertaken of the local suppliers as early as possible.

Septic tanks comprise a tank which is used to partially treat the sewage effluent. From the tank, a connection is made to a drainage field which allows the effluent to percolate into the soil, providing the remaining required treatment. The drainage field is sized using the soil permeability. Septic tanks would be required if flushing toilets are used.

Composting toilets use aerobic digestion to treat the effluent. They are “dry” toilets, i.e. water is not used for flushing or cleaning. This helps to reduce odours, and control disease risk. Composting toilets can be proprietary products or can be designed individually. The

23

most commonly used design is the Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP), which uses the natural flow of air through a vent pipe to reduce odours. This is a very low-tech solution, but can be effective if carefully detailed.

Centralised

Package treatment plant - discussed above

Conventional treatment plants use a number of processes which, when combined, produce effluent to a good quality. They are bespoke items of plant, designed specifically for the development requirements, although some of the treatment components may be proprietary. Conventional treatment plants are typically suitable for treating wastewater from developments of a scale from small towns to large cities. There are a number of treatment options which can be used such as:-

o Activated sludge - the process involves air or oxygen being introduced into a mixture of screened, and primary treated sewage or industrial wastewater (wastewater) combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage. There is a variety of activated sludge treatment plants on the market, specialist advice should be taken on the most appropriate type of solution for the site.

o Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary treatment systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding surges in organic load. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-organisms present in the sewage, which break down and stabilize organic pollutants. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as sludge.

o Trickling filters – in plants receiving variable loadings, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have large surface areas to support the biofilms that form. The liquor is typically distributed through perforated spray arms. The distributed liquor trickles through the bed

24

and is collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it aerobic.

Constructed wetlands are an engineered system designed to simulate a natural wetland for wastewater treatment. They are simple to construct, operate and maintain, but need careful design and management. They use very little energy in the process, and can provide potential ecological habitat. Constructed wetlands require very large amounts of space to achieve the level of treatment typically required. In addition, they tend to be variable in the quality of effluent produced.

Waste stabilisation ponds (sometimes referred to as lagoons) are a commonly used method to treat municipal wastewater both in the developed world (over 7000 are in operation in the US) and in Africa.

Hybrid (conventional and wetlands) - if used in conjunction with conventional treatment plants, wetlands can provide “polishing” in the form of some solids removal, nutrient uptake and pathogen reduction. This would improve the final effluent water quality.

Recycling Wastewater Options

Greywater: water which originates from domestic activities that do not contain human waste. This is often water from hand basins, showers, kitchen sinks but may not include laundry, dishwashing.

Blackwater: water which contains human waste.

Wastewater Collection Options

The following wastewater treatment options should be considered unless they are not relevant to the project/study area.

Gravity network

Gravity and pumped network

Vacuum network

4.3.2-1 Sludge treatment and reuse

Kitakyushu city stopped sea dumping and coastal reclamation

in 1998. The sludge is now used for cement materials or

incinerated with waste. All treated sludge is utilized as cement

materials or power fuel to realize the recycling society.

Incineration with solid waste

Sewer sludge is dried in the drying facility, moved to incineration facility and burned with solid waste: water

content ratio 40%. Steam or power generated in the

incineration facility is used in the water treatment facility as well.

Sludge to cement material

More than 420,000 t of sludge is annually sent to the neighbouring cement factory and used for cement material.

4.3.2-3 Energy recovery

Kitakyushu city promote to use alternative power generation

such as the following technology for low carbon society.

- Bio gas power generation

- Solar power generation

- Small hydropower generation

- Wind power generation

●Reference

<Case Study>

・北九州市の下水道浄化センター（J）

・下水汚泥燃料化事業（ＤＢＯ方式）（J）

25

Sludge Treatment Options

Sludge treatment depends on the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common sludge treatment options include:-

Anaerobic digestion

Aerobic digestion

Composting

Incineration

Composting is most often applied to small-scale plants with aerobic digestion for midsized operations, and anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale operations.

The sludge is sometimes passed through a so-called pre-thickener which de-waters the sludge. Types of pre-thickeners include centrifugal sludge thickeners rotary drum sludge thickeners and belt filter presses.

Sludge disposal Options

Typically, sludge is thickened (dewatered) to reduce the volumes transported off-site for disposal. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the wastewater process. The product which is left is called "cake" and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This product is then sold as a soil amendment or fertilizer, reducing the amount of space required to dispose of sludge in landfills.

There is no process which completely eliminates the need to dispose of bio solids. There is, however, an additional step some cities are taking to superheat sludge and convert it into small pelletized granules that are high in nitrogen and other organic materials.

26


Opportunities

Modern treatment systems enable wastewater to be reused on site to reduce potable water

The land take of package plants can be significantly reduced compared to more conventional systems. In addition, the visual impact can be reduced.

Constraints

Depending on the wastewater treatment system used, adverse aesthetics can be a significant factor.

Little formal guidance is provided in relation to the distance between a wastewater treatment works and nearby buildings. Odours can be controlled through careful specification of the works, such as using aerobic processes and covering sludge tank, although this will incur some additional capital costs. The prevailing wind direction is also an important factor.

4.4 Developing Options for Stormwater Management & Flood Risk


When developing a stormwater management & flood risk strategy, the options that are assessed should be informed by consideration of the following factors listed in Table V-5.

27

Table V-5: Key factors that should be considered when developing a Stormwater Management and Flood Risk Strategy



Set strategic and specific objectives for the stormwater management & flood risk strategy.

Consider objectives and targets for the following:-

Flood protection to infrastructure and buildings

Offsite discharge rates to existing drainage networks or water courses

Stormwater quality management at source and at the boundary of the project.

Storm drainage Characteristics

Develop a strategy considering the hydrology, topography and ground conditions. Implement Sustainable Urban Drainage principles (SUDS) where possible.

Consider the various levels of flood protection that will be provided to the different forms of infrastructure and buildings. For example critical infrastructure (power facilities, water treatment works, hospitals, emergency response departments, main arterial roads) should be protected to a higher level than other land uses. Residential buildings are generally more vulnerable than commercial buildings because of the potential threat to life.

Consider off site discharge limits to prevent adverse impact outside the study area. Commonly in the UK, new developments try and achieve a ‘greenfield runoff’ rate and ensure that the 1 in 100 year rainfall event is contained within the development site

Stormwater quality management – control of runoff water quality. Criteria that could be considered; % removal of Total Suspended Solids, Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, Gross Pollutants, Total Hydrocarbons, Free oils. Use of the storm water modelling tool ‘MUSIC’ (http://www.ewater.com.au/products/ewater-toolkit/urban-tools/music/)

Consider the potential phasing of the project and the impact on the storm drainage system.

28



Who will be responsible for funding the capital works

Who will be responsible for funding the operation and maintenance of the stormwater drainage system and what procurement approach will be used in the short and long term

Existing infrastructure Will the storm drainage system be connected to an existing public network or water course?

What are the condition / capacity of the existing infrastructure/water course? Are physical surveys required to inspect condition, assess the capacity and extent?



Treatment methodology What type of technology is commonly used and readily available in the region?

What are the spatial requirements of the various treatment options?

Where can the wastewater treatment plant be positioned taking into account bad neighbour and wind direction, value of land and visual impact etc?


Stormwater Collection network

Can a gravity system suffice or is there a need for a pressurised system?

Is modelling required to design the drainage network?

Are there any ground conditions that affect the type of pipework being specified?

What level of resilience is required in the collection network?

29


Ideally, surface water drainage systems should be developed in line with the ideas of sustainable

development. For the purposes of this document, the term Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

(SUDS) will be used to reference these concepts of applying surface water drainage in the urban

environment. These systems are design to manage both the environmental risk resulting from urban

drainage and where possible to contribute to environmental enhancement. SUDS objectives are to

minimise the impact from the development on the quantity and quality of the runoff and maximise

amenity and biodiversity opportunities as illustrated below.

Figure V-3 – Sustainable drainage objective (Source: CIRIA C697)

The overarching principles that form the backbone of SUDS are:-

Protecting and enhancing rivers and wetlands within urban environments;

4.4.2-1 Countermeasure for river

○Water security

- River channel （ Upgrade of urban basis rivers and

secondary rivers）

- Drainage area (storm water reservoir, river-basin storage and infiltration, underground storage facility)

○Enhancement of environment

- Develop familiarity with water (River environment）

- River recovery

- Others（Biotope etc.）

○Disaster countermeasure

- Recovery from disaster, sediment control

○River conservation

- Protecting fireflies

- Subsidized projects

●Reference

<Case Study>

・防災マップ（J）

30

Protecting and improving the water quality of water draining from urban environments into rivers and wetlands;

Restoring the urban water balance by maximising the reuse of stormwater, recycled water and grey water;

Conserving water resources through reuse and system efficiency;

Integrating stormwater treatment into the landscape so that it offers multiple beneficial uses such as water quality treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation and open public space;

Reducing peak flows and runoff from the urban environment simultaneously providing for infiltration and groundwater recharge;

Integrating water into the landscape to enhance urban design as well as social, visual, cultural and ecological values; and

Easy and cost effective implementation of SUDS allowing for widespread application.

There are four principles for SUDS which should be considered when determining types of system. These are outlined in the SUDS management train concept as shown in Figure V-4 below.

1. Prevention of contamination of water sources through surface water runoff. Systems such as pervious pavements and rainwater harvesting achieve this.

2. Source control – controlling the size of the downstream flooding. This also has an impact on habitat, groundwater and pollution management. The retention and detention of water will aid in this, which can be done for example with swales and filter strips.

3. Site control - management of runoff from different surfaces. This is achieved by ponds and bio retention areas.

4. Regional control – management of runoff from different sites. This is achieved by infiltration basins and ponds.

31

Figure V- 4 – SUDS Management Train (Source: CIRIA C697)

Below is a brief description of the range of SUDS components that can be considered.

Infiltration trenches are shallow excavated structures filled with permeable materials such as gravel or rock to create an underground reservoir. They are designed to hold stormwater runoff within a subsurface trench and gradually release it into the surrounding soil and groundwater systems

Figure V-5 – Infiltration trench example

32

Filter strips are vegetated strips of land designed to accept runoff as overland sheet flow from upstream development. They lie between a hard-surfaced area and a receiving stream, surface water collection, treatment or disposal system. They treat runoff by vegetative filtering, and promote settlement of particulate pollutants and infiltration.

Figure V-6 – Example of filter strip

33

Swales are similar to filter strips. The principal difference is that swales accept flow from a point source rather than sheet flow. Swales are linear vegetated drainage features in which surface water can be stored or conveyed. They can be designed to allow infiltration, where appropriate. They should promote low flow velocities to allow much of the suspended particulate load in the storm water runoff to settle out and allow water to infiltrate, thus providing effective pollutant removal. Roadside swales can replace conventional gullies and drainage pipes as shown in figure V-7.

Figure V-7 – Example of grass swale

34

Infiltration basins are vegetated depressions designed to store runoff and infiltrate it gradually into the ground. The basins are similar to filter strips/swales in design but do not tend to be long linear features.

Wet ponds can provide both storm water attenuation and treatment. They are designed to support emergent and submerged aquatic vegetation along their shoreline. Runoff from each rain event is detained and treated in the pool. The retention time promotes pollutant removal through sedimentation and the opportunity for biological uptake mechanisms to reduce nutrient concentrations. They have a high amenity value, but have an associated health and safety risk.

Detention basin is surface storage basins or facilities that provide flow control through attenuation of storm water runoff. They can also facilitate some settling of particulate pollutants. Detention basins are normally dry and in certain situations the land may also function as a recreational facility.

Constructed wetlands provide both storm water attenuation and treatment. They comprise shallow ponds and marshy areas, covered almost entirely in aquatic vegetation. Wetlands detain flows for an extended period to allow sediments to settle, and to remove contaminants by facilitating adhesion to vegetation and aerobic decomposition. They also provide significant ecological benefits.

Porous paving (or pervious paving) is an alternative to conventional impermeable pavement and allows infiltration of runoff water to the soil or to a dedicated water storage reservoir below it. In reasonably flat areas such as car parks, driveways and lightly used roads, it decreases the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff and can improve water quality by removing contaminants through filtering, interception and biological treatment

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) (also referred to as Managed Aquifer Recharge) aims to enhance water recharge to underground aquifers through gravity feed or pumping. It can be an alternative to large surface storages with water being pumped up again from below the surface in dry periods.

Other options include:-

Green roofs


35


Opportunities

Correctly designed SUDS can significant enhance the biodiversity and amenity value of a development. Infiltration at source mimics natural processes and acts to replenish groundwater resources

Constraints

Implementing SUDS required space which can be at a premium in urban areas. Early design

integration is key to understand the potential implications on the Masterplan

Responsibilities for drainage can often involve a number of stakeholders. Operation and

maintenance responsibilities for SUDS can be complicated because of a lack of

understanding and local legislation for ownership and management. It is important early

dialogue is undertaken with local drainage authorities to understand the full implications of

implementing SUDS solutions with a Masterplan

36

5 Strategy Testing and Measurement Tools

5.1 Purpose

The strategy should be tested throughout its development to ensure that the options that are being recommended are robust and it is appropriate to proceed to the next stage of design. It is also important because testing and measuring provides a clear audit trail on why strategic decisions have been made at certain stages in the project.

Testing and measurement typically relates to overall viability, environmental performance, cost and financial performance and tends to be quantitative in nature.

5.2 Key Considerations

The overall viability of the strategy should be tested early in the development cycle utilising data from the Baseline and Policy Review. Further technical, environmental and financial performance should be tested as delivery options are evaluated (assuming there are appropriate targets to be achieved) with detailed financial performance tested towards the end of the design cycle.

Financial performance testing and measurement should be undertaken by a specialist financial advisor, supported by a specialist in water engineering, which may be a consultant technical adviser or a government representative.

Social performance testing and measurement may be in relation to a variety of factors such as employment provision, benefits to a wider group of stakeholders that may be directly or indirectly affected by the strategy’s proposals. This may form part of wider sustainability appraisal, stakeholder consultation or specific economic assessment undertaken by relevant specialists in these areas supported by a specialist in water engineering.

5-1 Measurement of strategy

Kitakyushu waterworks basic plan define the major objectives

and strategies to promote. Objectives are monitored, evaluated,

published and refined from customers react. Kitakyushu Water

and Sewer Bureau has established PDCA cycle to improve the

strategy continuously.

37

5.3 Main Technical Options

The table below sets out a checklist of the main testing and measurement tools applicable to a Sustainable Water Management Strategy.

Table V-6: Testing and Measurement Checklist

Item Testing and Measurement Tools

Viability Simple traffic light matrix assessment based on agreed objectives (red=low, orange=medium, green=high). This can be enhanced with weightings where appropriate.

Sensitivity Analysis: relating to variation in populations and phasing, water demand variation, wastewater production rates etc.

Multi-Criteria Analysis: comparative assessment of delivery options utilising stakeholder defined evaluation criteria and weightings.

Environmental Performance

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).

Cost Capex and Opex spreadsheets derived from empirical data.

Life-cycle replacement costs.

Financial Performance

Discounted Cost Method - This method requires the annual capital, operating costs and taxation benefits to be calculated over a large timeframe and discounted back to a Net Present Value (NPV). This is based upon the notion that money today is more valuable than money in the future, which reflects the lost investment opportunities of capital expenditure. This NPV is then divided by the discounted volume of water delivered over the same time frame to derive the cost per water per kilolitre.

Annual Cost Method - This method requires the cost of borrowing capital, the value of asset depreciation, the operating costs and taxation benefits to be calculated on an annual basis over a large timeframe. These costs are then simply totalled and divided by the total volume of water delivered over the same timeframe to derive the average cost per kilolitre. No discounting is involved.

5.3-1 Technical option in Kitakyushu city

Key factors that was considered in medium-term management

plan

○Socio economics environment

・Long term decrease of water demand and revenue

・Water business in overseas

・Future city

○Problems

・Poor water quality at Onga river

・Decrease in consumption because of odour of chlorine

・Increase of facility reconstruction demand

・Low operating rate of facilities

・Poor earthquake countermeasure rate

○Progress to meet the target defined in Medium-term

management plan

・Realize triangle vision

・Build waterworks connecting pipe along Shin-Wakato road

・Improve the revenue ratio

○Customer needs

・Safe and tasty water

・Improvement of water quality

・Reasonable fee

○Revision of waterworks vision

・Plan and promote earthquake countermeasure

・Implement asset management measure

・Facility reconstruction and update

・Expand the target area to cover

○Refine public enterprise accounting system

・Employees' retirement benefit

※Medium-term management plan was established including

customer’s perspective gained from questionnaires or

seminars. Citizens and specialists from waterworks or

private business associated the review meeting committee

and developed a draft report through 6 times of discussion.

Also, public opinions were collected after the discussion.

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5.4 Stakeholder Consultation

In addition, wider ‘qualitative’ testing of the strategy should be undertaken with all interested stakeholders – these will include regulatory bodies, local authorities, trade bodies and citizens. Genuine stakeholder consultation will engage with interested parties at the earliest opportunity when meaningful dialogue can take place. Each stakeholder will have different priorities and may, therefore, require a different approach in terms of mode and means of consultation. To this end a separate stakeholder consultation strategy should be prepared, implemented and managed by a specialist in water communication and public consultation.

5.5 Understanding Opportunities and Constraints

Opportunities

Testing and measurement provides an assurance that the policy proposals and implementation plan developed as part of the strategy are consistent.

Outcomes from the process can help to guide decision-making process and subsequent programme implementation.

Demonstrates that proposals are viable and that key stakeholder concerns have been taken into account during the process.

Constraints

May be a need to consider alternative options if testing does not provide desired or expected outcomes.

Managing expectations, and balancing the competing objectives of, stakeholders.

（Appendix）5.3-2 PR for waterworks

PR activities to inform citizens about waterworks have a wide

range of variations as followings;

• Events (festival etc.)

• Brochures

• Web site

• Waterworks monitoring

• Communication program at water source: local product

sales, exchange program for kids, conservation program for citizens)

• Fish farm (a kind of trout), cultivation of wasabi (a kind of radish)

• Publication of waterworks facility as above

●Reference

<Case Study>


Business(E)


5.3-3 PR for sewer system

PR activities to inform citizens about waterworks have a wide

range of variations as followings;

・ Drawing contest on “Day of sewer”

・ Sewer fair, Campaign

・ Supplementary reading material for elementary school,

brochures

・ Monitoring sewer system

・ Environmental museum of water

●Reference

<Case Study>

・河川事業 2012 事業概要北九州市建設局（J）

※Countermeasure guideline of Kitakyushu Water and Sewer

Bureau

• Facility (Countermeasure guideline for earthquake, wind

and flood damage, cold wave, pipe incidents, terrorism)

• Water quality (Countermeasure guideline for terrorism,

water pollution, cryptosporidium)

• Others (Countermeasure guideline for drought)

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6 Procurement and Financing

6.1 Key Considerations

Identifying an appropriate route to procure and finance the infrastructure associated with a Sustainable Water Management Strategy involves detailed consideration of each discipline within the strategy and the following factors:-

The client/promoters appetite to risk during design, construction and operation phases;

The client/promoters ability to design/construct and operate systems within the water strategy;

Local regulatory conditions;

The local legislative conditions for design and construction projects;

Availability of local contractors and specialist suppliers; and

Competence of local contractors and specialist suppliers

6.2 Understanding the risks

In order to successfully procure and finance the infrastructure and/or services required to deliver the strategy, the risks associated with delivery need to be identified and understood, along with the market’s position on specific risk issues.

Prior to commencing procurement, a Project Risk Workshop should take place involving a range of specialists to provide technical, legal, financial, procurement and risk management advice. These stakeholders may comprise of a consultant technical adviser and/or a government representative. The output from the project risk workshop is a risk register that provides an initial allocation of the identified risks between the procuring entity, the service provider or both.

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The approach to managing risk can then be factored into the determination of the preferred procurement route, which should also consider the level of integration required. For example, are operations and maintenance to be part of the requirement and what is the level of direct control the procuring entity wishes to exercise?

The risk register should be a live document through the full life cycle of the project.

6.3 Procurement Route options

The preferred financing arrangements and who will source the necessary finance will also influence the choice of procurement route, with third party lenders will having their own selection criteria regarding project finance.

There are a host of procurement options that are available to take forward the design, construction and operation of the various aspects of the Sustainable Water Management Strategy. However, because of the nature of the design phase which is so integrated with the development of a Masterplan; there are two main procurement routes that are most appropriate. These are as follows:

Full design and traditional tender;

Design to outline status and tender under a design-and-build contract. This may also include operate and finance elements as additional options.

In general, local contractors would be able to carry out standard civil engineering works if the packages of work are fully designed and of a size which is appropriate to the available work-force.

With respect to the drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, the performance requirements are stringent and will require specialist plant. Therefore, a design, build and operate contract may be more appropriate based on an agreed performance specification.

(Reference：Waterworks related books (Japan waterworks

association HP) ）

○Total technology

・Waterworks facility design guideline

・Waterworks construction standard guideline

・Waterworks construction standard for earthquake

countermeasure

○Manual

・Water valve maintenance manual

・Water pumping manual

○Water treatment

・Advanced water treatment facility implementation guideline

・Reference for water treatment facility’s technology

・Total design of water treatment facility

○Water quality

・Treatment for trihalomethane

・Checking measure

・WHO drinking water quality guideline

○Machinery/ Instrumentation

・Case Study of facility troubles

・Manual for technical engineers of waterworks machines

・Energy use for waterworks facility

○General affair

・Explanation for water supply act

・Waterworks dictionary

・Handbooks

・Waterworks business guideline

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