Kisan Shankar Kathore v.Arun Dattatray Sawant

8/12/2019 Kisan Shankar Kathore v.Arun Dattatray Sawant

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4261 OF 2007

KISAN SHANKAR KATHORE …..APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

ARUN DATTATRAY SAWANT & ORS. …..RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

A.K. SIKRI, J.

The appellant heren !a" the "#$$e""%#l $anate n the

ele$t'n '% le"late a""e*+l,- !h$h he $'nte"te %r'* /-

A*+ernath 0'n"tt#en$,- Thane D"tr$t- 1ahara"htra. There !ere

%e $anate" n the %ra, %'r !h$h the ele$t'n" !ere hel 'n

O$t'+er 23- 4556 an the re"#lt" !ere e$lare 'n O$t'+er 2/- 4556.

A%ter he !a" e$lare ele$te- h" ele$t'n !a" $hallene +, the %r"t

re"p'nent- !h' " a 'ter n the "a $'n"tt#en$,. He %le the

ele$t'n pett'n n the Hh 0'#rt '% 7#$at#re at 8'*+a, "tatn that

the appellant9" n'*nat'n ha +een *pr'perl, a$$epte +, the

Ret#rnn O%%$er an the ele$t'n !a" ' #e t' n'n:$'*plan$e '%

the pr'"'n" '% the 0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina- the Repre"entat'n '% the

Civil Appeal No. 4261 of 2007 Page 1 of 40



Pe'ple A$t- 2;2 (herena%ter re%erre t' a" 9the A$t9) a" !ell a" R#le"

an Orer" %ra*e #ner the "a A$t.

4. The ele$t'n pett'n !a" %le #ner Se$t'n 255(2)()() an () '%

the A$t 'n the r'#n that n the n'*nat'n %'r* %lle n +, the

appellant he ha "#ppre""e h" #e" pa,a+le t' the <'ern*ent-

"#ppre""e the a""et" '% h" "p'#"e an al"' "#ppre""e the

n%'r*at'n an a""et" '% a partner"hp %r* '% !h$h he " a partner.

The appellant $'nte"te the "a pett'n. Een$e !a" le. A%ter

hearn the ar#*ent"- the Hh 0'#rt pa""e =#*ent ate A##"t

2/- 455> a$$eptn the plea '% the %r"t re"p'nent that the n'*nat'n

%'r* '% the appellant !a" e%e$te an "h'#l n't hae +een

a$$epte +, the Ret#rnn O%%$er. Th#"- !hle all'!n the ele$t'n

pett'n an "ettn a"e '% the ele$t'n '% the appellant- the Hh

0'#rt re$'re the n'n:"$l'"#re 'n %'ll'!n $'#nt"?

a) N'n:"$l'"#re '% #e" t' 1ahara"htra StateEle$tr$t, 8'ar n re"pe$t '% t!' "er$e $'nne$t'n"hel +, h* a*'#ntn t' R".>;-455@: an R".//-45@:.

+) The appellant %ale t' "$l'"e the '!ner"hp '%8#nal'! N'. // an the taBe" #e" there'%a*'#ntn t' R".3-66@: '!ne +, h" !%e.

$) The appellant %ale t' "$l'"e the part$#lar" '% theeh$le 1H:5:A0: '!ne +, the !%e.

)The appellant " #lt, '% n'n:"$l'"#re '% pr'pert,'!ne +, %r* Pa*aat Deel'per" '% !h$h theappellant " a partner- !h$h '!n" t!' pl't" '% lan"

*ea"#rn 2323 "C.*tr". an 24;4 "C.*t". n S#re,N'. 6- H""a N'. ; '% 1'#e Kal,an- Tal#a A*+arnath- D"tr$t Thane- 1ahara"htra.




0hallenn the *p#ne =#*ent- the pre"ent "tat#t'r,

appeal " %le- a" pr'e #ner Se$t'n 22/A '% the A$t.

3. We *a, "tate- at the '#t"et- that there " n' "p#te 'n %a$t"- na*el,-

the appellant ha n't "$l'"e $ertan n%'r*at'n"- a" %'#n +, the

Hh 0'#rt an n'te a+'e- n h" n'*nat'n %'r*. Entre "p#te

re"t" 'n the ""#e a" t' !hether t !a" n$#*+ent #p'n the appellant

t' hae "$l'"e "#$h an n%'r*at'n an n'n:"$l'"#re there'%

renere h" n'*nat'n nal an '. The nat#re '% n%'r*at'n

en +, the appellant n h" n'*nat'n %'r*- 'n the +a"" '% !h$h

the appellant $'nten" that t '#ht t' hae +een treate a"

"#+"tantal $'*plan$e- !'#l +e taen n'te '% later at the

appr'prate "tae. We ee* t appr'prate t' "tate the leal p'"t'n

$'ntane n the A$t- R#le" an Orer" a" !ell a" the =#*ent" '%

th" 0'#rt n 'rer t' #ner"tan a" t' !hether there !a" a

"#+"tantal $'*plan$e +, the appellant n the %'r* '% n%'r*at'n

en +, h* 'r t a*'#nte t' n'n:"$l'"#re '% the *ateral

n%'r*at'n !arrantn re=e$t'n '% h" n'*nat'n.

6. Sn$e the pett'n %le +e%'re the Hh 0'#rt !a" #ner Se$t'n

255(2)()() an ()- !e %r"t tae n'te '% the"e pr'"'n"- !h$h are

t' the %'ll'!n e%%e$t?




F100. Gr!"#$ %r #&'()r*"+ &(&'*" -& *#. / (2)S#+=e$t t' the pr'"'n" '% "#+:"e$t'n (4) % the Hh0'#rt " '% 'pn'n G

BB BB BB

() that the re"#lt '% the ele$t'n- n "' %ar a" t$'n$ern" a ret#rne $anateha" +een *aterall,a%%e$te G

() +, the *pr'per a$$eptan$e 'r an, n'*nat'n-'r

BB BB BB

() +, an, n'n:$'*plan$e !th the pr'"'n" '%

the 0'n"tt#t'n 'r '% th" A$t 'r '% an, r#le" 'r'rer" *ae #ner th" A$t-

the Hh 0'#rt "hall e$lare the ele$t'n '% the ret#rne$anate t' +e '.

. Se$t'n 255(2)() tal" '% re"#lt '% ele$t'n +en 9*aterall, a%%e$te9

+, *pr'per a$$eptan$e- !e !'#l le t' repr'#$e here Se$t'n

33(2) '% the A$t- !h$h *anate" %ln '% a n'*nat'n paper

$'*plete n the pre"$r+e %'r* n 'rer t' $'n"tt#te t t' +e a al

n'*nat'n. It rea" a" #ner?

F33. Pr&$&")*" % "*")*" )&r )"#r&!*r&&" %r ) )(*# "*")*". / (2) On 'r

+e%'re the ate app'nte #ner $la#"e (a) '% "e$t'n 35ea$h $anate "hall- ether n per"'n 'r +, h"pr'p'"er- +et!een the h'#r" '% eleen '9$l'$ n the%'ren''n an three '9$l'$ n the a%tern''n eler t' theret#rnn '%%$er at the pla$e "pe$%e n th" +ehal% nthe n't$e ""#e #ner "e$t'n 32 a n'*nat'n paper$'*plete n the pre"$r+e %'r* an "ne +, the$anate an +, an ele$t'r '% the $'n"tt#en$, a"pr'p'"er?

BB BB BB




/. Other releant pr'"'n" are Se$t'n" 33A- 36- 3 an 3/ '% the A$t-

!h$h are a" #ner?

F33A. R*+ *"%r)*". / (2) A $anate"hall- apart %r'* an, n%'r*at'n !h$h he " reC#re t'%#rn"h- #ner th" A$t 'r the r#le" *ae there#ner- nh" n'*nat'n paper elere #ner "#+:"e$t'n(2) '%"e$t'n 33- al"' %#rn"h the n%'r*at'n a" t' !hether G

() he " a$$#"e '% an, '%%en$e p#n"ha+le !th*pr"'n*ent %'r t!' ,ear" 'r *'re n a penn$a"e n !h$h a $hare ha" +een %ra*e +, the$'#rt '% $'*petent =#r"$t'n

() he ha" +een $'n$te '% an '%%en$e 'ther thanan, '%%en$e re%erre t' n "#+:"e$t'n (2) 'r "#+:"e$t'n (4)- 'r $'ere n "#+:"e$t'n (3)- '%"e$t'n an "enten$e t' *pr"'n*ent %'r 'ne,ear 'r *'re.

(4) The $anate 'r h" pr'p'"er- a" the $a"e *a, +e-"hall- at the t*e '% elern t' the ret#rnn '%%$er then'*nat'n paper #ner "#+:"e$t'n (2) '% "e$t'n 33-al"' eler t' h* an a%%at "!'rn +, the $anate n

a pre"$r+e %'r* er%,n the n%'r*at'n "pe$%e n"#+:"e$t'n (2).

(3) The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall- a" "''n a" *a, +e a%terthe %#rn"hn '% n%'r*at'n t' h* #ner "#+:"e$t'n(2)- "pla, the a%'re"a n%'r*at'n +, a%%Bn a $'p,'% the a%%at- elere #ner "#+:"e$t'n (4)- at a$'n"p$#'#" pla$e at h" '%%$e %'r the n%'r*at'n '% theele$t'r" relatn t' a $'n"tt#en$, %'r !h$h then'*nat'n paper " elere.

BB BB BB

36. D&$*$. / (2) A $anate "hall n't +e ee*e t'+e #l, n'*nate %'r ele$t'n %r'* a $'n"tt#en$,#nle"" he ep'"t" 'r $a#"e" t' +e ep'"te. G

(a) n the $a"e '% an ele$t'n %r'* a Parla*entar,$'n"tt#en$,- a "#* '% t!ent,:%e th'#"anr#pee" 'r !here the $anate " a *e*+er '% a

S$he#le 0a"te 'r S$he#le Tr+e- a "#* '%t!ele th'#"an %e h#nre r#pee" an




(+) n the $a"e '% an ele$t'n %r'* an A""e*+l, 'r0'#n$l $'n"tt#en$,- a "#* '% ten th'#"anr#pee" 'r !here the $anate " a *e*+er '% aS$he#le 0a"te 'r S$he#le Tr+e- a "#* '%%e th'#"an r#pee"?

Pr'e that !here a $anate ha" +een n'*nate +,*'re than 'ne n'*nat'n paper %'r ele$t'n n the"a*e $'n"tt#en$,- n't *'re than 'ne ep'"t "hall +ereC#re '% h* #ner th" "#+:"e$t'n.

(4) An, "#* reC#re t' +e ep'"te #ner "#+:"e$t'n(2) "hall n't +e ee*e t' hae +een ep'"te #nerthat "#+:"e$t'n #nle"" at the t*e '% eler, '% then'*nat'n paper #ner "#+:"e$t'n (2) 'r- a" the $a"e

*a, +e- "#+:"e$t'n (2A) '% "e$t'n 33 the $anateha" ether ep'"te 'r $a#"e t' +e ep'"te that "#*!th the ret#rnn '%%$er n $a"h 'r en$l'"e !th then'*nat'n paper a re$ept "h'!n that the "a "#*ha" +een ep'"te +, h* 'r 'n h" +ehal% n theRe"ere 8an '% Ina 'r n a <'ern*ent Trea"#r,.

BB BB BB

3. N*'& % "*")*"$ )"# & *& )"# ()'&%r &*r $'r!*"5. / The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall- 'nre$en the n'*nat'n paper #ner "#+:"e$t'n (2) 'r-a" the $a"e *a, +e- "#+:"e$t'n (2A) '% "e$t'n 33-n%'r* the per"'n 'r per"'n" elern the "a*e '% theate- t*e an pla$e %Be %'r the "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'n"an "hall enter 'n the n'*nat'n paper t" "eraln#*+er- an "hall "n there'n a $ert%$ate "tatn theate 'n !h$h an the h'#r at !h$h the n'*nat'npaper ha" +een elere t' h* an "hall- a" "''n a"*a, +e therea%ter- $a#"e t' +e a%%Be n "'*e$'n"p$#'#" pla$e n h" '%%$e a n't$e '% then'*nat'n $'ntann e"$rpt'n" "*lar t' th'"e$'ntane n the n'*nat'n paper- +'th '% the $anatean '% the pr'p'"er.

3/. S'r!*"5 % "*")*". / (2) On the ate %Be %'rthe "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'n" #ner "e$t'n 35- the$anate"- ther ele$t'n aent"- 'ne pr'p'"er '% ea$h$anatean 'ne 'ther per"'n #l, a#th'r"e n

!rtn +, ea$h $anate +#t n' 'ther per"'n- *a,atten at "#$h t*e an pla$e a" the ret#rnn '%%$er




*a, app'nt an the ret#rnn '%%$er "hall e the* allrea"'na+le %a$lte" %'r eBa*nn the n'*nat'npaper" '% all $anate" !h$h hae +een elere!thn the t*e an n the *anner la '!n n "e$t'n33.

(4) The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall then eBa*ne then'*nat'n paper" an "hall e$e all '+=e$t'n" !h$h*a, +e *ae t' an, n'*nat'n an *a,- ether 'n"#$h '+=e$t'n 'r 'n h" '!n *'t'n- a%ter "#$h"#**ar, nC#r,- % an,- a" he thn" ne$e""ar,- re=e$tan, n'*nat'n 'n an, '% the %'ll'!n r'#n"?G

(a) that 'n the ate %Be %'r the "$r#tn, '%n'*nat'n" the $anate ether " n't C#al%e'r " "C#al%e %'r +en $h'"en t' %ll the "eat

#ner an, '% the %'ll'!n pr'"'n" that *a,+e appl$a+le- na*el,?G

Art$le" 6- 254- 2>3 an 2;2-

Part II '% th" A$t- an "e$t'n" 6 an 26 '% the<'ern*ent '% Un'n Terrt're" A$t- 2;/3 'r

(+) that there ha" +een a %al#re t' $'*pl, !th an,'% the pr'"'n" '% "e$t'n 33 'r "e$t'n 36 'r

($) that the "nat#re '% the $anate 'r thepr'p'"er 'n the n'*nat'n paper " n'ten#ne.

(3) N'thn $'ntane n $la#"e (+) 'r $la#"e ($) '%"#+:"e$t'n (4) "hall +e ee*e t' a#th'r"e there=e$t'n '% the n'*nat'n '% an, $anate 'n ther'#n '% an, rre#lart, n re"pe$t '% a n'*nat'npaper- % the $anate ha" +een #l, n'*nate +,*ean" '% an'ther n'*nat'n paper n re"pe$t '% !h$hn' rre#lart, ha" +een $'**tte.

(6) The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall n't re=e$t an, n'*nat'npaper 'n the r'#n '% an, e%e$t !h$h " n't '% a"#+"tantal $hara$ter.

() The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall h'l the "$r#tn, 'n the

ate app'nte n th" +ehal% #ner $la#"e (+) '% "e$t'n35 an "hall n't all'! an, a='#rn*ent '% the




pr'$een" eB$ept !hen "#$h pr'$een" arenterr#pte 'r '+"tr#$te +, r't 'r 'pen 'len$e 'r +,$a#"e" +e,'n h" $'ntr'l?

Pr'e that n $a"e an '+=e$t'n " ra"e +, theret#rnn '%%$er 'r " *ae +, an, 'ther per"'n the

$anate $'n$erne *a, +e all'!e t*e t' re+#t t n'tlater than the neBt a, +#t 'ne %'ll'!n the ate %Be%'r "$r#tn,- an the ret#rnn '%%$er "hall re$'r h"e$"'n 'n the ate t' !h$h the pr'$een" hae+een a='#rne.

(/) The ret#rnn '%%$er "hall en'r"e 'n ea$hn'*nat'n paper h" e$"'n a$$eptn 'r re=e$tn the"a*e an- % the n'*nat'n paper " re=e$te- "hallre$'r n !rtn a +re% "tate*ent '% h" rea"'n" %'r

"#$h re=e$t'n.

(>) J'r the p#rp'"e" '% th" "e$t'n- a $ert%e $'p, '%an entr, n the ele$t'ral r'll %'r the t*e +en n %'r$e '%a $'n"tt#en$, "hall +e $'n$l#"e een$e '% the %a$tthat the per"'n re%erre t' n that entr, " an ele$t'r %'rthat $'n"tt#en$,- #nle"" t " pr'e that he " "#+=e$t t'a "C#al%$at'n *ent'ne n "e$t'n 2/ '% theRepre"entat'n '% the Pe'ple A$t- 2;5 (63 '% 2;5).

() I**eatel, a%ter all the n'*nat'n paper" hae+een "$r#tne an e$"'n" a$$eptn 'r re=e$tnthe "a*e hae +een re$'re- the ret#rnn '%%$er "hallprepare a l"t '% all, n'*nate $anate"- that " t'"a,- $anate" !h'"e n'*nat'n" hae +een %'#nal- an a%%B t t' h" n't$e +'ar.

>. A%ter han taen n'te '% the a%'re"a "tat#t'r, pr'"'n"- let #"

n'! pr'$ee t' "$#"" "'*e '% the *p'rtant =#*ent" '% th" 0'#rt

an t' $#ll '#t leal prn$ple" there%r'* 'n the "#+=e$t- !h$h hae a

re$t +earn 'n the ""#e '% "$l'"#re '% n%'r*at'n.

. Jr"t $a"e that nee" a *ent'n- !h$h " a *le"t'ne an trerre

ele$t'ral re%'r*" n th" $'#ntr,- " Union of India . Association for




Democratic eforms ! Anr.- (4554) S00 4;6. In th" $a"e- the

0'#rt hel that t !a" n$#*+ent #p'n eer, $anate- !h' "

$'nte"tn ele$t'n- t' e n%'r*at'n a+'#t h" a""et" an 'ther

a%%ar"- !h$h reC#re*ent " n't 'nl, e""ental part '% %ar an %ree

ele$t'n"- na"*#$h a"- eer, 'ter ha" a rht t' n'! a+'#t the"e

etal" '% the $anate"- "#$h a reC#re*ent " al"' $'ere +,

%ree'* '% "pee$h rante #ner Art$le 2;(2)(a) '% the 0'n"tt#t'n

'% Ina. The "#**n #p the entre "$#""'n n the =#*ent $an

+e %'#n n the %'ll'!n pa""ae?

F6/. T' "#* #p the leal an $'n"tt#t'nal p'"t'n!h$h e*ere" %r'* the a%'re"a "$#""'n- t $an +e"tate that?

2. The =#r"$t'n '% the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n " !e

en'#h t' n$l#e all p'!er" ne$e""ar, %'r "*''th$'n#$t '% ele$t'n" an the !'r Fele$t'n" " #"e na !e "en"e t' n$l#e the entre pr'$e"" '% ele$t'n!h$h $'n""t" '% "eeral "tae" an e*+ra$e" *an,"tep".

4. The l*tat'n 'n plenar, $hara$ter '% p'!er "!hen Parla*ent 'r State Le"lat#re ha" *ae a alla! relatn t' 'r n $'nne$t'n !th ele$t'n"- the0'**""'n " reC#re t' a$t n $'n%'r*t, !th the "a

pr'"'n". IN $a"e !here la! " "lent- Art$le 346 " are"er'r '% p'!er t' a$t %'r the a'!e p#rp'"e '%han %ree an %ar ele$t'n. The 0'n"tt#t'n ha" taen$are '% lean "$'pe %'r eBer$"e '% re"#ar, p'!er +,the 0'**""'n n t" '!n rht a" a $reat#re '% the0'n"tt#t'n n the n%nte aret, '% "t#at'n" that *a,e*ere %r'* t*e t' t*e n a lare e*'$ra$,- a" eer,$'ntnen$, $'#l n't +e %'re"een 'r ant$pate +, theena$te la!" 'r the r#le". 8, ""#n ne$e""ar,re$t'n"- the 0'**""'n $an %ll the a$##* tll there

" le"lat'n 'n the "#+=e$t. In Kanhiya Lal Omar $a"e(2;) 6 S00 /4 the 0'#rt $'n"tr#e the eBpre""'n




F"#perntenen$e- re$t'n an $'ntr'l n Art$le 346(2)an hel that a re$t'n *a, *ean an 'rer ""#e t' apart$#lar n#al 'r a pre$ept !h$h *an, *a, haet' %'ll'! an t *a, +e a "pe$%$ 'r a eneral 'rer an"#$h phra"e "h'#l +e $'n"tr#e l+erall, e*p'!ernthe Ele$t'n 0'**""'n t' ""#e "#$h 'rer".

3. The !'r Fele$t'n" n$l#e" the entre pr'$e"" '%ele$t'n !h$h $'n""t" '% "eeral "tae" an te*+ra$e" *an, "tep"- "'*e '% !h$h *a, hae an*p'rtant +earn 'n the pr'$e"" '% $h''"n a$anate. Jar ele$t'n $'nte*plate" "$l'"#re +, the$anate '% h" pa"t n$l#n the a""et" hel +, h* "'a" t' e a pr'per $h'$e t' the $anate a$$'rn t'h" thnn an 'pn'n. A" "tate earler- n CommonCause case- (2;;/) 4 S00 >4 the 0'#rt ealt !th a

$'ntent'n that ele$t'n" n the $'#ntr, are %'#ht !ththe help '% *'ne, p'!er !h$h " athere %r'* +la$"'#r$e" an 'n$e ele$te t' p'!er- t +e$'*e" ea", t'$'lle$t t'n" '% +la$ *'ne,- !h$h " #"e %'r retannp'!er an %'r re:ele$t'n. I% 'n an a%%at a $anate" reC#re t' "$l'"e the a""et" hel +, h* at the t*e'% ele$t'n- the 'ter $an e$e !hether he $'#l +e re:ele$te een n $a"e !here he ha" $'lle$te t'n" '%*'ne,.

Pre"#*n- a" $'ntene +, the learne Sen'r0'#n"el 1r. A"h!an K#*ar- that th" $'nt'n *a, n't+e *#$h e%%e$te %'r +rean a $'#" $r$le !h$h ha"p'll#te the +a"$ e*'$ra$, n the $'#ntr, a" thea*'#nt !'#l +e #na$$'#nte. 1a, +e tr#e- "tll th"!'#l hae t" '!n e%%e$t a" a "tep:n:a an 'ter"*a, n't ele$t la!:+reaer" a" la!:*aer" an "'*e%l'!er" '% e*'$ra$, *a, +l'""'*.

6. T' *antan the p#rt, '% ele$t'n" an n part$#lart' +rn tran"paren$, n the pr'$e"" '% ele$t'n- the0'**""'n $an a" the $anate" a+'#t theeBpent#re n$#rre +, the p'lt$al parte" an th"tran"paren$, n the pr'$e"" '% ele$t'n !'#l n$l#etran"paren$, '% a $anate !h' "ee" ele$t'n 'r re:ele$t'n. In a e*'$ra$,- the ele$t'ral pr'$e"" ha" a"trate$ r'le. The lttle *an '% th" $'#ntr, !'#l hae+a"$ ele*entar, rht t' n'! %#ll part$#lar" '% a$anate !h' " t' repre"ent h* n Parla*ent !here

la!" t' +n h" l+ert, an pr'pert, *a, +e ena$te.




.The rht t' et n%'r*at'n n e*'$ra$, "re$'n"e all thr'#h'#t an t " a nat#ral rht %l'!n%r'* the $'n$ept '% e*'$ra$,. At th" "tae- !e !'#lre%er t' Art$le 2;(2) an (4) '% the Internat'nal0'enant 'n 0l an P'lt$al Rht"- !h$h " a"#ner?

F(2) Eer,'ne "hall hae the rht t' h'l 'pn'n"!th'#t nter%eren$e.

(4) Eer,'ne "hall hae the rht t' %ree'* '%eBpre""'n this right shall include freedom to seek,receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,rearle"" '% %r'nter"- ether 'rall,- n !rtn 'r n prnt-n the %'r* '% art- 'r thr'#h an, 'ther *ea '% h"$h'$e.

/. On $#*#late rean '% a pleth'ra '% e$"'n" '%th" 0'#rt a" re%erre t'- t " $lear that % the %el *eant%'r le"lat#re an eBe$#te " le%t #n'$$#peetr*ental t' the p#+l$ ntere"t- th" 0'#rt !'#l haea*ple =#r"$t'n #ner Art$le 34 rea !th Art$le" 262an 264 '% the 0'n"tt#t'n t' ""#e ne$e""ar,re$t'n" t' the eBe$#te t' "#+"ere p#+l$ ntere"t.

>. Uner '#r 0'n"tt#t'n- Art$le 2;(2)(a) pr'e" %'r%ree'* '% "pee$h an eBpre""'n. V'ter9" "pee$h 'reBpre""'n n $a"e '% ele$t'n !'#l n$l#e $a"tn '%'te"- that " t' "a,- &r $&)$ ! r &r&$$&$ -5')$*"+ &. J'r th" p#rp'"e- n%'r*at'n a+'#t the$anate t' +e "ele$te " a *#"t. V'ter9" (lttle *an G$ten9") rht t' n'! ante$eent" n$l#n $r*nalpa"t '% h" $anate $'nte"tn ele$t'n %'r 1P 'r 1LA" *#$h *'re %#na*ental an +a"$ %'r "#ral '%e*'$ra$,. T& (*(& )" )5 *" &r -&%r&)*"+ *$ '*'& % &(&'*"+ ()89-r&)&r$ )$ ()89)&r$.

;. On the +a"" '% the a%'re"a "$#""'n- th" 0'#rt ""#e re$t'n"

%'r %ln a%%at an the nat#re '% n%'r*at'n !h$h !a" t' +e en-

"pelln '#t the "a*e n para 6 '% the =#*ent- !h$h rea" a"

#ner?




F6. The Ele$t'n 0'**""'n " re$te t' $all %'rn%'r*at'n 'n a%%at +, ""#n ne$e""ar, 'rer neBer$"e '% t" p'!er #ner Art$le 346 '% the0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina %r'* ea$h $anate "eenele$t'n t' Parla*ent 'r a State Le"lat#re a" ane$e""ar, part '% h" n'*nat'n paper- %#rn"hn

theren- n%'r*at'n 'n the %'ll'!n a"pe$t" n relat'nt' h"@her $anat#re?

(2) Whether the $anate " $'n$te@a$C#tte@"$hare '% an, $r*nal '%%en$e n the pa"t G % an,-!hether he " p#n"he !th *pr"'n*ent 'r %ne.

(4) Pr'r t' "B *'nth" '% %ln '% n'*nat'n- !hetherthe $anate " a$$#"e n an, penn $a"e- '% an,'%%en$e p#n"ha+le !th *pr"'n*ent %'r t!' ,ear" 'r

*'rean n !h$h $hare " %ra*e 'r $'nan$e "taen +, the $'#rt '% la!. I% "'- the etal" there'%.

(3) The a""et" (**'a+le- *'a+le- +an +alan$e-et$.) '% a $anate an '% h"@her "p'#"e an that '%epenant".

(6) La+lte"- % an,- part$#larl, !hether there are an,'er#e" '% an, p#+l$ %nan$al n"tt#t'n 'r'ern*ent #e".

() The e#$at'nal C#al%$at'n" '% the $anate.

25. The =#*ent n Association for Democratic eforms le t'

a*en*ent n the A$t !th the n#$t'n '% Se$t'n 33A (alrea,

repr'#$e a+'e) a" !ell a" Se$t'n 338 theren. Ele$t'n

0'**""'n al"' la '!n #elne" n the ,ear 4554. In"'%ar a"

Se$t'n 338 " $'n$erne- t !a" "tr#$ '!n +, th" 0'#rt n the

$a"e '% People"s Union for Civil #i$erties %PUC#& ! Anr. . Union

of India ! Anr.' (4553) 6 S00 3;;.




22. In 'rer t' +rn the re$t'n" $'ntane n the a%'re"a t!'

=#*ent" !thn the "tat#t'r, %ra*e!'r- re"e #elne" !ere

""#e +, the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n 'n 1ar$h 43- 455/. In para '%

the"e #elne"- para 26 '% the =#*ent n Association for

Democratic eforms " repr'#$e. Le!"e- para 23 tae" n'te '%

the re$t'n" en n the $a"e '% People"s Union for Civil

#i$erties. In para 2- t " n'te that the S#pre*e 0'#rt- !hle

"trn '!n Se$t'n 338 '% the A$t- "tate that earler re$t'n" '%

Ele$t'n 0'**""'n ate 7#ne 4- 4554 !'#l $'ntn#e t' 'perate

"#+=e$t t' the a%'re:*ent'ne re$t'n" '% the 0'#rt an- there%'re-

re"e re$t'n" ha +e$'*e ne$e""ar,. In para 2/- the"e

re$t'n" are ""#e n "#per"e""'n '% earler re$t'n" ate 7#ne

4- 4554. Para" 2 an 3 '% the"e #elne"@re$t'n" are releant

%'r #"- an- there%'re- !e repr'#$e the "a*e a" #ner?

F(2) Eer, $anate at the t*e '% %ln h" n'*nat'npaper %'r an, ele$t'n t' the 0'#n$l '% State- H'#"e '%the Pe'ple- Le"late A""e*+l, '% a State '% theLe"late 0'#n$l '% a State han "#$h a $'#n$l-"hall %#rn"h %#ll an $'*plete n%'r*at'n n rear t'

the *atter" "pe$%e +, the H'n9+le S#pre*e 0'#rt anC#'te n para" 23 an 26 a+'e- n an a%%at- the%'r*at !here'% " anneBe heret' a" AnneB#re:I t' th"'rer.

BB BB BB

(3) N'n:%#rn"hn '% the a%%at +, an, $anate"hall +e $'n"ere t' +e 'lat'n '% the 'rer '% theH'n9+le S#pre*e 0'#rt an the n'*nat'n '% the$anate $'n$erne "hall +e la+le t' re=e$t'n +, the

ret#rnn '%%$er at the t*e '% "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'n"#$h n'n:%#rn"hn '% the a%%at.




24. We !'#l al"' le t' repr'#$e para 2> '% the"e #elne"- !h$h

$'n$ern" the $a"e at han?

F2>. J'r the re*'al '% '#+t- t " here+, $lar%e thatthe earler re$t'n $'ntane n para 26(6) '% the earler'rer ate 4th 7#ne- 4554- n "' %ar a" er%$at'n '%a""et" an la+lte" +, *ean" '% "#**ar, enC#r, anre=e$t'n '% n'*nat'n paper 'n the r'#n '%%#rn"hn !r'n n%'r*at'n 'r "#ppre""n *ateraln%'r*at'n " n't en%'r$ea+le n p#r"#an$e '% the 'rerate 23th 1ar$h- 4553 '% the ApeB 0'#rt. It " %#rther$lar%e that apart %r'* the a%%at AnneB#re:I heret'

re%erre t' n para 2/(2) a+'e- the $anate "hall haet' $'*pl, !th the 'ther reC#re*ent" a" "pelt '#t n theRepre"entat'n '% the Pe'ple A$t- 2;2- a" a*ene +,the Repre"entat'n '% the Pe'ple (Thr A*en*ent) A$t- 4554 an the 0'n#$t '% Ele$t'n R#le"- 2;/2- a"a*ene +, the 0'n#$t '% Ele$t'n" (A*en*ent)R#le"- 4554.

23. The *eann an "$'pe '% the"e #elne" $a*e #p %'r "$#""'n

+e%'re th" 0'#rt n es(rgence India . )lection Commission of

India ! Anr.' (4523) 22 S$ale 36. That =#*ent !a" renere n a

!rt pett'n %le #ner Art$le 34 '% the 0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina %'r

""#an$e '% "pe$%$ re$t'n" t' e%%e$t#ate *eann%#l

*ple*entat'n '% the =#*ent" n Association of Democratic

eforms- People"s Union for Civil #i$erties an al"' t' re$t the

Ele$t'n 0'**""'n t' *ae t $'*p#l"'r, %'r the Ret#rnn O%%$er

t' en"#re that the a%%at" %le +, the $'nte"tant" are $'*plete n all

re"pe$t" an t' re=e$t the a%%at" han +lan part$#lar". Th"

pett'n- th#" !a" %le tan n'te '% the pra$t$e !h$h ha "tarte




prealn- na*el,- *an, $anate" !ere lean "'*e '% the

$'l#*n" +lan n ther a%%at" there+, '*ttn t' pr'e the

reC#re n%'r*at'n. A" per the pett'ner n that $a"e- n "#$h an

eent#alt, the Ret#rnn O%%$er "h'#l re=e$t the n'*nat'n

!herea" the Un'n '% Ina pleae that t "h'#l +e treate at par

!th %ln %al"e a%%at" an the $anate %ln "#$h an a%%at

"h'#l +e pr'"e$#te #ner Se$t'n 24A '% the A$t. The 0'#rt t''

n'te '% the pr'"'n" '% Se$t'n" 33A- 3/ an 24A '% the A$t an

therea%ter re%erre t' the earler three 7#e 8en$h =#*ent '% th"

0'#rt n *+aligram *+rivastava . Nares+ *ing+ Patel , (4553) 4

S00 2>/- !heren the 0'#rt ha "$#""e the p'!er '% re=e$tn the

n'*nat'n paper +, the Ret#rnn O%%$er '% a $anate %ln the

a%%at !th part$#lar" le%t +lan. The releant "$#""'n n th"

+ehal% " n para" 2 an 2/ '% the "a =#*ent- !h$h rea a"

#ner?

F2. Alth'#h- the r'#n" '% $'ntent'n *a, n't +eeBa$tl, "*lar t' the $a"e 'n han +#t the rea"'nnrenere n that er$t !ll $'*e n a %'r arn at a

e$"'n n the en $a"e. In 'rer t' arre at a$'n$l#"'n n that $a"e- th" 0'#rt traer"e thr'#h the'+=e$te +ehn %ln the pr'%'r*a. The pr'%'r*a*anate n that $a"e !a" reC#re t' +e %le a" t' thene$e""ar, an releant n%'r*at'n !th rear t' the$anate n the lht '% Se$t'n '% the RP A$t. Th"0'#rt %#rther hel that at the t*e '% "$r#tn,- theRet#rnn O%%$er " enttle t' "at"%, h*"el% !hetherthe $anate " C#al%e an n't "C#al%e- hen$e-the Ret#rnn O%%$er !a" a#th're t' "ee "#$h

n%'r*at'n t' +e %#rn"he at the t*e 'r +e%'re "$r#tn,.It !a" %#rther hel that % the $anate %al" t' %#rn"h




"#$h n%'r*at'n an al"' a+"ent" h*"el% at the t*e '%the "$r#tn, '% the n'*nat'n paper"- then he "'+'#"l, a'n a "tat#t'r, nC#r, +en $'n#$te+, the Ret#rnn O%%$er #ner Se$t'n 3/(4) '% the RP A$t relatn t' h" +en n't C#al%e 'r "C#al%e nthe lht '% Se$t'n '% the RP A$t. It " +'#n t' re"#lt

n e%e$t '% a "#+"tantal $hara$ter n the n'*nat'n.Th" 0'#rt %#rther hel a" #ner?

F2>. In the $a"e n han the $anate ha %ale t'%#rn"h "#$h n%'r*at'n a" "'#ht 'n the pr'%'r*aen t' h* an ha al"' %ale t' +e pre"entper"'nall, 'r thr'#h h" repre"entate at the t*e'% "$r#tn,. The "tat#t'r, #t,@p'!er '% Ret#rnnO%%$er %'r h'ln pr'per "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'npaper !a" renere n#at'r,. N' "$r#tn, '% the

n'*nat'n paper $'#l +e *ae #ner Se$t'n3/(4) '% the A$t n the lht '% Se$t'n '% the A$t.It $ertanl, renere the n'*nat'n paper "#%%ern%r'* e%e$t '% "#+"tantal $hara$ter an theRet#rnn O%%$er !a" !thn h" rht" n re=e$tnthe "a*e.

2/. It " $lear that the Ret#rnn O%%$er" ere thep'!er t' re=e$t the n'*nat'n paper" 'n the r'#nthat the $'ntent" t' +e %lle n the a%%at" aree""ental t' e%%e$t#ate the ntent '% the pr'"'n" '% theRP A$t an a" a $'n"eC#en$e- lean the a%%at+lan !ll n %a$t *ae t *p'""+le %'r the Ret#rnnO%%$er t' er%, !hether the $anate " C#al%e 'r"C#al%e !h$h nee !ll %r#"trate the '+=e$t +ehn%ln the "a*e. In $'n$"e- th" 0'#rt n Shaligram(supra) eal#ate the p#rp'"e +ehn %ln the pr'%'r*a%'r aan$n latt#e t' the Ret#rnn O%%$er" t' re=e$tthe n'*nat'n paper".

26. The leal p'"t'n "- therea%ter- "#**are n para 4>- !h$h

+e$'*e" *p'rtant %'r '#r p#rp'"e an- there%'re- !e pr'#$e the

"a*e here#ner?

F27. :) &&r+&$ %r & )-& #*$'!$$*" ')"-& $!)r*;&# *" & %r % %((8*"+ #*%&'*"$<

() The 'ter ha" the ele*entar, rht t' n'! %#llpart$#lar" '% a $anate !h' " t' repre"ent h* n the




Parla*ent@A""e*+le" an "#$h rht t' et n%'r*at'n" #ner"all, re$'ne. Th#"- t " hel that rht t'n'! a+'#t the $anate " a nat#ral rht %l'!n %r'*the $'n$ept '% e*'$ra$, an " an nteral part '% Art$le 2;(2)(a) '% the 0'n"tt#t'n.

() The #lt*ate p#rp'"e '% %ln '% a%%at al'n !ththe n'*nat'n paper " t' e%%e$t#ate the %#na*entalrht '% the $ten" #ner Art$le 2;(2)(a) '% the0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina. The $ten" are "#pp'"e t' haethe ne$e""ar, n%'r*at'n at the t*e '% %ln '%n'*nat'n paper an %'r that p#rp'"e- the Ret#rnnO%%$er $an er, !ell $'*pel a $anate t' %#rn"h thereleant n%'r*at'n.

() Jln '% a%%at !th +lan part$#lar" !ll rener

the a%%at n#at'r,.

() It " the #t, '% the Ret#rnn O%%$er t' $he$!hether the n%'r*at'n reC#re " %#ll, %#rn"he at thet*e '% %ln '% a%%at !th the n'*nat'n paper "n$e"#$h n%'r*at'n " er, tal %'r n e%%e$t t' the 9rhtt' n'!9 '% the $ten". I% a $anate %al" t' %ll the+lan" een a%ter the re*ner +, the Ret#rnn O%%$er-the n'*nat'n paper " %t t' +e re=e$te. We '$'*prehen that the p'!er '% Ret#rnn O%%$er t' re=e$tthe n'*nat'n paper *#"t +e eBer$"e er, "parnl,+#t the +ar "h'#l n't +e la "' hh that the =#"t$et"el% " pre=#$e.

() We $lar%, t' the eBtent that Para >3 '% People'snion for Civil Li!erties case (supra) !ll n't $'*e n the!a, '% the Ret#rnn O%%$er t' re=e$t the n'*nat'npaper !hen a%%at " %le !th +lan part$#lar".

() The $anate *#"t tae the *n*#* e%%'rt t'eBpl$tl, re*ar a" 9NIL9 'r 9N't Appl$a+le9 'r 9N'tn'!n9 n the $'l#*n" an n't t' leae the part$#lar"+lan.

() Jln '% a%%at !th +lan" !ll +e re$tl, ht +,Se$t'n 24A() '% the RP A$t. H'!eer- a" then'*nat'n paper t"el% " re=e$te +, the Ret#rnnO%%$er- !e %n n' rea"'n !h, the $anate *#"t +eaan penale %'r the "a*e a$t +, pr'"e$#tn

h*@her.




2. Keepn n *n the a%'re"a "tat#t'r, %ra*e!'r a" !ell a" the leal

prn$ple" en#n$ate n the a%'re:n'te =#*ent"- !e n'! pr'$ee

t' "$#"" the nat#re '% n%'r*at'n a+'#t !h$h there !a" n'n:

"$l'"#re +, the appellant.

RE / N"9#*$'($!r& % G&r"&" #!&$

2/. The appellant ha n't "$l'"e- n h" n'*nat'n paper@ a%%at-

that he !a" n arrear" n re"pe$t '% t!' ele$tr$t, *eter" "tann n

h" na*e- n re"pe$t !here'% ele$tr$t, $'nne$t'n !a" en +, the

1ahara"htra State Ele$tr$t, 8'ar (%'r "h'rt- 91SE89). The

'#t"tann a*'#nt n the"e t!' *eter" !a" R".>;-455@: an

R".//-45@: re"pe$tel,. It !a" pr'e- 'n the +a"" '% een$e le

+, the re"p'nent heren- that the a%'re"a #e" !ere '#t"tann

aan"t the"e t!' ele$tr$t, $'nne$t'n". The e%en$e '% the

appellant- h'!eer- !a" that 'ne ele$tr$t, *eter- !h$h !a" n h"

re"ental +#nal'!- !a" e%e$te an $'*plant" n th" +ehal% !ere

*ae t' 1SE8 %r'* t*e t' t*e an +e$a#"e '% that "p#te he !a"

'rall, a"e +, the '%%$al" '% 1SE8 n't t' pa, the a*'#nt.

2>. The Hh 0'#rt pr'$eee 'n the a""#*pt'n that there !a" a

"p#te. H'!eer- a" per the Hh 0'#rt that $'#l n't +e a al

rea"'n %'r n't "$l'"n th" n%'r*at'n !th a n'te that the *atter




!a" penn ree! at the han" '% 1SE8. Therea%ter- the Hh

0'#rt p'"e the C#e"t'n a" t' !hether "#$h n'n:"$l'"#re $an +e

treate a" a te$hn$al e%e$t 'r t " a "#+"tante 'ne. A" per the

Hh 0'#rt- the an"!er $'#l +e %'#n +, aertn t' the %'r* an

the a%%at" t' +e %le al'n !th the n'*nat'n %'r*. The"e %'r*"

reC#re the $anate" t' "$l'"e h" la+lte"@'er#e" t' p#+l$

%nan$al n"tt#t'n an <'ern*ent #e". Sn$e 1SE8 " a

<'ern*ent +',- the appellant !a" "#pp'"e t' e th"

n%'r*at'n. The Hh 0'#rt 'pne that n'n:"$l'"#re '% th"

n%'r*at'n- !h$h " er, tal t' ena+le the 'ter t' %'r* h" 'pn'n

a+'#t the $anate9" ante$eent"- re"#lte n *"n%'r*at'n an

"n%'r*at'n there+, n%l#en$n the 'ter" t' tae an #nn%'r*e

e$"'n. The "$#""'n 'n th" a"pe$t " "#**e #p +, the Hh

0'#rt n the %'ll'!n *anner?

FA$$'rnl,- I hae n' he"tat'n n tan the e! thatt " a $a"e '% n'n:"$l'"#re '% la+lt, n re"pe$t '%'#t"tann ele$tr$t, +ll" pa,a+le t' <'ern*entUnertan (1.S.E.8.) an that n'n:"$l'"#re " a"#+"tante e%e$t n the a%%at" %le al'n !th

n'*nat'n %'r*. The te"t t' h'l that the e%e$t ""#+"tante- n *, 'pn'n- " n't the a*'#nt n'le-+#t the $'n"$'#" a$t '% n'n:"$l'"#re an "#ppre""'n'% that %a$t. It !'#l +e a $a"e '% te$hn$al e%e$t %there !a" "'*e $ler$al err'r n the n%'r*at'n"$l'"e +, the $anate 'r %'r that *atter- a $a"e '%'*""'n #e t' la$ '% n'!lee '% eB"ten$e '% "#$h#e". In the pre"ent $a"e- the Re"p'nent !a"$'n"$'#" an a!are '% the %a$t that 'n the ate '% %ln'% the n'*nat'n %'r*- there !ere t!' '#t"tann

ele$tr$t, +ll" n relat'n t' t!' *eter" "tann n h"na*e- pa,a+le t' 1.S.E.8. It !'#l hae +een a




%%erent *atter % the Re"p'nent !a" #na!are '% that%a$t 'r that n' "#$h +ll !a" eer ""#e +, the 1.S.E.8.That " n't the $a"e '% the Re"p'nent. Th#"#ner"t''- n'n:"$l'"#re a+'#t the '#t"tannele$tr$t, +ll n the "#* '% R". >;-455@: pa,a+le +, theRe"p'nent t' 1.S.E.8. I" a "#+"tante e%e$t n the

a%%at. Re"#ltantl,- the n'*nat'n %'r* %le al'n!th "#$h a%%at !'#l +e$'*e tante an %'r !h$hrea"'n- t !ll hae t' +e hel that the "a*e ha" +een*pr'perl, a$$epte !thn the *eann '% Se$t'n255(2)()() '% the A$t. 8e"e"- the $anate ha" %alet' $'*pl, !th the reC#re*ent" '% the 'rer ""#e +,the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n n eBer$"e '% p'!er" #ner Art$le 346(2) '% the 0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina !h$h 'rer "%'#ne 'n the La! e$lare +, the ApeB 0'#rt n the$a"e '% Un'n '% Ina ". A""'$at'n %'r De*'$rat$

Re%'r*" ("#pra) an +nn #ner Art$le 262 '% the0'n"tt#t'n- there%'re- a%%e$tn h" n'*nat'n a" !ella" the Ele$t'n +en ' #ner Se$t'n 255(2)()() '%the A$t.

2. In"'%ar a" '#t"tann #e" n re"pe$t '% the "e$'n ele$tr$t, *eter

are $'n$erne- that pertane t' pre*"e" !h$h ha +een let '#t +,

the appellant t' h" tenant". There !a" n' "p#te that the a*'#nt

!a" '#t"tann. H'!eer- the e%en$e '% the appellant !a" that the

pr*ar, la+lt, '% *an pa,*ent !a" that '% the tenant". The Hh

0'#rt ha "$are th" e%en$e !th the '+"erat'n" that ele$tr$t,

*eter "t'' n the na*e '% the appellant n relat'n t' !h$h there

!a" an '#t"tann- !h$h a*'#nt !a" pa,a+le 'n the ate '% %ln '%

the n'*nat'n. Een the pre*"e" !here th" *eter ha +een

n"talle !ere '!ne +, the appellant. There%'re- n la!- t !a" the

appellant !h' !a" la+le t' +e pr'$eee aan"t %'r re$'er, '% the

a*'#nt an th" %a$t !a" en'#h =#"t%$at'n t' "$l'"e the a%'re"a




'#t"tann. A" per the Hh 0'#rt- een th" n'n:"$l'"#re

a*'#nte t' "#+"tante e%e$t.

On that +a""- the Hh 0'#rt hel that n'n:"$l'"#re '%

the"e <'ern*ent #e" renere the n'*nat'n paper nal an-

there%'re- t !a" a $a"e '% *pr'per a$$eptan$e.

. RE / N"9#*$'($!r& % -!"+)(8 N. =66 *" & ")& % $!$&)"# !$)"#*"+ )&$ &r&%

2;. 8#nal'! N'. // at 8alap#r n the l*t" '% K#la'n:8alap#r

1#n$pal 0'#n$l "tan" n the na*e '% Ka*al K"h're Kath're- !%e

'% the appellant. At the t*e '% %ln the n'*nat'n- there !ere

*#n$pal #e" n the "#* '% R".3-6/@:. Alleat'n '% the %r"t

re"p'nent !a" that +'th the a%'re"a n%'r*at'n" !ere "#ppre""e

an n't "$l'"e n the a%%at %le +, the appellant al'n !th the

n'*nat'n %'r*. A$$'rn t' h*- th" !a" $r#$al n%'r*at'n

rearn **'a+le pr'pert, '!ne +, the appellant9" !%e-

"#ppre""'n !here'% a*'#nte t' %ln a e%e$te a%%at an "#$h

an a%%at !a" n' a%%at n the e,e" '% la!.

45. Sn%$antl,- the aer*ent '% the %r"t re"p'nent n the ele$t'n

pett'n that the appellant ha "#ppre""e n%'r*at'n rearn the

a%'re"a **'a+le pr'pert, +el'nn t' h" !%e !a" n't

"pe$%$all, ene +, the appellant. The appellant 'nl, ene the




la+lt, '% taBe" pertann t' th" pr'pert,- that t'' 'n the r'#n that

th" pr'pert, !a" reC#re t' +e p#t t' real#at'n an rea""e""*ent

%'r the p#rp'"e '% a""e""n the taBe" an %'r th" p#rp'"e "n$e the

*ea"#re*ent '% the pr'pert, !a" #nertaen t' a""e"" the taBa+le

al#e- n' e*an n't$e" !ere ""#e +, the *#n$pal a#th'rt,.

Een hearn rearn re:a""e""*ent t'' pla$e 'n De$e*+er 4-

4526 +e%'re the 0'lle$t'r an t " 'nl, a%ter the $'*plet'n '% the

rea""e""*ent !'r the *#n$pal a#th'rt, ha ""#e taB e*an

n't$e".

42. In e! '% the a%'re"a- the Hh 0'#rt '+"ere that a" %ar a" the

'!ner"hp '% the pr'pert, n the na*e '% the !%e '% the appellant "

$'n$erne- t !a" a $lear $a"e '% n'n:"$l'"#re an the '!ner"hp

!a" pr'e een 'n the +a"" '% een$e pr'#$e +e%'re the 0'#rt.

A" %ar a" n'n:pa,*ent '% *#n$pal #e" " $'n$erne- the Hh

0'#rt n'te that the appellant *erel, eBplane the $r$#*"tan$e" n

h" !rtten "tate*ent a" t' !h, the *#n$pal taBe" n relat'n t' that

pr'pert, ha n't +een pa. H'!eer- the *#n$pal taBe" !ere pa

n part 'n O$t'+er 4- 4556- a%ter the ate '% %ln '% n'*nat'n !th

the pa,*ent '% R".2->3@: pertann t' the ,ear 4553:56. It !'#l

"h'! that the appellant !a" n arrear". The 0'#rt al"' "$#""e the

een$e 'n th" a"pe$t- na*el,- a+'#t the p#rp'rte "p#te relatn




t' the rea""e""*ent a" "et #p +, the appellant n h" e%en$e an ha"

ret#rne a %nn '% %a$t that- n %a$t- there !ere arrear" '% *#n$pal

taBe" n relat'n t' that h'#"e.

44. A" %ar a" n'n:"$l'"#re '% the **'a+le pr'pert, " $'n$erne- the

'nl, repl, en +, the appellant !a" that there !a" a "#+"tantal

$'*plan$e +e$a#"e '% the rea"'n that the appellant n h" a%%at

ha "$l'"e the al#e '% all the pr'perte" +el'nn t' h* an h"

"p'#"e- n the "#* '% R".22-25-555@:. The Hh 0'#rt- h'!eer-

%'#n that n' "#$h $a"e !a" *ae '#t n the !rtten "tate*ent.

1're'er- n the a%%at %le +, the appellant- aan"t the $'l#*n '%

**'a+le pr'perte"- he ha "$l'"e the pr'perte" at 8alap#r

an K#la'n- al#e at R".22-25-555@:- "h'!n aan"t the $'l#*n

9Sel%9. Th#"- the al#at'n '% the pr'perte" en n the a%%at !a"

'% th'"e pr'perte" !h$h +el'n t' the appellant an- there%'re- t

!a" a $lear $a"e '% n'n:"$l'"#re '% !%e9" pr'pert,. Th" n'n:

"$l'"#re " al"' taen a" a *ateral e%e$t. S#**n #p the

"$#""'n 'n th" a"pe$t- the Hh 0'#rt- n para >6- '+"ere a"

#ner?

F>6. In"'%ar a" the pre"ent $a"e " $'n$erne- a" "*ent'ne earler- the %a$t a""erte +, the Pett'ner "that the Re"p'nent ha" n't "$l'"e the '!ner"hp '%h" !%e n relat'n t' h'#"e N'. //@6 n the a%%at Fatall. That alleat'n ha" re*ane #n$hallene an#nene. In *, 'pn'n- there%'re- there " "#+"tan$en the "tan taen 'n +ehal% '% the Pett'ner that the




a%%at %le +, the Re"p'nent al'n !th then'*nat'n paper " 'nl, t' ' lp:"er$e an " n'a%%at at all a" " reC#re +, the *anate '% la! 'r the'rer ""#e +, the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n !h$h "%'#ne 'n the La! e$lare +, the ApeB 0'#rt. A" thea%%at %le +, the Re"p'nent al'n !th the

n'*nat'n %'r* "#%%er" %r'* th" "#+"tante e%e$t- then'*nat'n '% the Re"p'nent ha" +een *pr'perl,a$$epte !thn the *eann '% Se$t'n 255(2)()() '%the A$t. 8e"e"- the ele$t'n '% the Re"p'nent !a"' al"' 'n a$$'#nt '% n'n:$'*plan$e '% the 'rerpa""e +, the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n #ner Art$le 346 '%the 0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina- !h$h " %'#ne 'n the La!e$lare +, the ApeB 0'#rt #ner Art$le 262 '% the0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina- !thn the *eann '% Se$t'n255(2)()() '% the A$t.

RE / N"9#*$'($!r& % &*'(& MH90>9AC9>>> 8"&# -5 &)&(()"?$ 8*%&

43. Here aan- %r'* the etale "$#""'n $'ntane n the *p#ne

=#*ent '% the Hh 0'#rt- t +e$'*e" $lear that +, lean reC#"te

an "#%%$ent een$e- the %r"t re"p'nent pr'e that !%e '% the

appellant '!ne the a%'re"a eh$le an the part$#lar" there'%

!ere n't "$l'"e. The e%en$e '% the appellant !a" that he ha

*ent'ne the al#e there'% n h" a%%at- +#t a$$epte that t !a"

aan"t $'l#*n 9Sel%9 an n't n the nepenent $'l#*n '% h"

"p'#"e. H" e%en$e " "$#""e an re=e$te +, the Hh 0'#rt n

the %'ll'!n *anner?

F;. On anal,"" '% the plean"- t %'ll'!" that theRe"p'nent a*t" that *'t'r eh$le n C#e"t'n "'!ne +, h" !%e. H'!eer- t " n't h" $a"e that n then'*nat'n %'r*- he ha" "$l'"e the '!ner"hp '% the

"a eh$le '% h" !%e. Perhap"- the Re"p'nentnten" t' "#e"t that he ha" "#+"tantall, $'*ple




!th the reC#re*ent" +, "$l'"n the '!ner"hp '%*'t'r eh$le al#e R".-5-555@: an that t !a"p#r$ha"e aan"t l'an en +, 1 & 1 Jnan$alSer$e" Lt.

;5. 8e%'re !e eal !th the '$#lar een$e '% the

parte"- t !ll +e #"e%#l t' *ae re%eren$e t' the etal"t' +e "$l'"e +, the $anate a" per the pre"$r+ea%%at. The reC#re*ent " that the $anate "h'#l"$l'"e the Fetal" '% the *'t'r eh$le" '!ne anp'""e""e +, h*- h" !%e an@'r 'ther epenent*e*+er" '% h" %a*l, "eparatel,. The Re"p'nent-h'!eer- aan"t the "a $'l#*n ha" 'nl, *ent'ne%#re '% R".-5-555@: #ner the $'l#*n 9Sel%9- !h$he" an *pre""'n that the Re"p'nent h*"el% '!n"eh$le al#e R".-5-555@: an n'thn *'re. N'

etal" '% the *'t'r eh$le "#$h a" n#*+er '% eh$le-the *ae- the *'el "#$h a" e$'n'*$- l#B#r, 'r the,ear '% p#r$ha"e an the le are "$l'"e "' a" t'ena+le the 'ter" t' a""e"" !hether the etal""$l'"e are $'rre$t 'r #neral#e- n$l#n thelet*ate *ean" an $apa+lt, '% the $anate t'p'""e"" "#$h a""et". A" n the $a"e '% "$l'"#re *ae+, the Re"p'nent n re"pe$t '% +#ln"- n "*lar*anner- the "$l'"#re n re"pe$t '% eh$le " al"'n$'*plete- a#e an *"lean. The $anate$ann't et a!a, !th the eBplanat'n that he ha""$l'"e "'*e a*'#nt n 'ne '% the $'l#*n" a""#%%$ent 'r "#+"tantal $'*plan$e. The p#rp'"e '%"$l'"#re '% a""et" (*'a+le an **'a+le) anla+lte" t' +e *ae +, the $anate- " t' e#$ate the'ter" a+'#t the $'*plete %nan$al "tat#" '% the$anate- !h$h n%'r*at'n al"' %a$ltate" the 'ter t'a""e"" !hether the a""et" (*'a+le an **'a+le)e$lare +, the $anate hae +een pr'$#re +, h*'#t '% h" let*ate an n'!n "'#r$e '% n$'*e. The'ter" hae a %#na*ental rht t' n'! an re$ee"#$h n%'r*at'n a+'#t the $anate +e%'re the, taean n%'r*e e$"'n t' ele$t ther $anate. A" t " the%#na*ental rht '% the 'ter"- there " $'rre"p'nn#t, 'n the $anate t' "$l'"e tr#th%#l an $'*pleten%'r*at'n rearn the a""et" (*'a+le an**'a+le) a" per the pre"$r+e a%%at" !h$h %'r*"nteral part '% the n'*nat'n %'r*.




the 'nl, a"pe$t !h$h neee eter*nat'n !a" a" t' !hether the

appellant ha retre %r'* the "a partner"hp %r* n N'e*+er

4553- a" $la*e +, h*. H'!eer- %r'* the pleth'ra '% '$#*entar,

een$e pla$e 'n re$'r- the Hh 0'#rt ret#rne a %nn that

th'"e '$#*ent" $learl, "h'! that the appellant $'ntn#e t' re*an

an a$te partner een a%ter 4553 an !a"- n %a$t- a partner 'n the

ate '% %ln '% the n'*nat'n. Apart %r'* ar'#" '$#*ent"

reealn an e"ta+l"hn th" %a$t- *'"t *p'rtant '$#*ent !a" the

Dee '% D""'l#t'n '% the partner"hp %r*- !h$h !a" ate 7an#ar,

22- 455 an at the t*e '% een$e- the appellant ha a*tte the

$'ntent" there'%- a" !ell a" the "nat#re" '% the three partner"

appearn 'n that '$#*ent.

The Hh 0'#rt "#**e #p the e$"'n 'n th" a"pe$t n the

%'ll'!n *anner?

F246. On 'erall anal,"" '% the een$e- I haen' he"tat'n n $'n$l#n that the Pett'ner ha"e"ta+l"he the alleat'n that the Re"p'nent$'ntn#e t' +e partner '% the partner"hp %r*Pa*aat Deel'per" at lea"t tll De$e*+er 4556. It "

al"' *atter '% re$'r an a*tte p'"t'n that netherthe Re"p'nent n'r an, 'ther partner '% Pa*aatDeel'per" $a#"e t' e p#+l$ n't$e '% theretre*ent '% the partner 'r %'r that *atter- nt*at'n t'the Re"trar '% Jr*" tll 7an#ar, 455. O+'#"l,-nt*at'n ha" +een "ent t' the Re"trar '% Jr*" 'nl,a%ter the n"tt#t'n an "er$e '% the pre"ent Ele$t'nPett'n- han real"e the "er'#"ne"" '% thealleat'n. I% "'- t !a" '+lat'r, 'n the part '% theRe"p'nent t' "$l'"e h" ntere"t n the pr'perte"

p#r$ha"e n the na*e '% the "a %r*.




4. It !'#l +e pertnent t' *ent'n here that the %r"t re"p'nent ha

allee n'n:"$l'"#re '% *an, 'ther a""et"- la+lte"- et$. 'r

"#ppre""'n '% 'ther *ateral n%'r*at'n n the a%%at". H'!eer-

apart %r'* the a%'re"a %'#r n'n:"$l'"#re"- 'ther alleat'n" hae

n't +een a$$epte +, the Hh 0'#rt. We !'#l al"' le t' *ent'n

at th" "tae t"el% that 'n all the %'#r $'#nt" the Hh 0'#rt ha"

re$'re %nn '% %a$t"- !h$h are +a"e 'n the een$e pr'#$e

'n re$'r. A" !'#l +e n'te herena%ter- learne "en'r $'#n"el

appearn %'r the appellant n't een atte*pt t' ar#e that the"e

%nn" are !r'n 'n %a$t". He 'nl, *ae leal "#+*""'n" an h"

entre enea'#r !a" that %'r n'n:"$l'"#re '% the a%'re"a

n%'r*at'n- the Hh 0'#rt $'#l n't hae hel that the n'*nat'n

!a" !r'nl, a$$epte an %#rther that "n$e there !a" a "#+"tantal

$'*plan$e- there !a" n' rea"'n t' "et a"e the ele$t'n '% the

appellant.

4/. On the"e a"pe$t"- the Hh 0'#rt ha %ra*e ""#e" N'. > an -

!h$h are a" #ner?

F(>) D'e" the Pett'ner pr'e" that the Re"p'nent9"N'*nat'n J'r* " *pr'perl, a$$epte +, theRet#rnn O%%$er

() Whether 'n a$$'#nt '% *pr'per a$$eptan$e '% then'*nat'n paper- the Ele$t'n re"#lt " *aterall,a%%e$te




4>. On I""#e N'.>- %nn '% the Hh 0'#rt " that n'*nat'n !a"

*pr'perl, a$$epte +, the Ret#rnn O%%$er +, n the %'ll'!n

rea"'n"?

F235. That tae" *e t' the neBt ""#e a" t'!hether Pett'ner pr'e" that the Re"p'nent9"n'*nat'n %'r* " *pr'perl, a$$epte +, theRet#rnn O%%$er In"'%ar a" th" ""#e " $'n$erne-the Re"p'nent *a, +e rht t' the eBtent that theRet#rnn O%%$er $ann't +e %a#lte %'r han a$$eptethe n'*nat'n %'r* '% the Re"p'nent. That !a"reC#re t' +e a$$epte n"pte '% the '+=e$t'n- n e!'% the e$"'n '% the ApeB 0'#rt n the $a"e '% PU0L

("#pra) an the 'rer ""#e +, the Ele$t'n0'**""'n 'n the +a"" '% the La! e$lare n the "a7#*ent. Ina"*#$h a"- t !a" n't 'pen t' theRet#rnn O%%$er t' enC#re nt' $'ntent'#" ""#e"ra"e n th" Pett'n n the "#**ar, enC#r, at the"tae '% "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'n %'r*". Th'"e *atter"ne$e""arl, hae t' +e are""e 'nl, a%ter t ""$l'"e n an enC#r, #p'n tan een$e 'n thereleant %a$t" at the tral '% the Ele$t'n Pett'n. That'e" n't *ean that the n'*nat'n '% Re"p'nent !a"

pr'per an la!%#l. A" the Re"p'nent9" n'*nat'npaper "#%%ere %r'* the e%e$t" alrea, re%erre t' nthe earler part '% th" e$"'n- t " planl, a $a"e '%*pr'per a$$eptan$e '% h" n'*nat'n paper +, theRet#rnn O%%$er- $'ere +, the r'#r" '% Se$t'n255(2)()() '% the A$t. The ""#e N'.> !ll hae t' +ean"!ere a$$'rnl,.

4. I""#e N'. pertan" t' the C#e"t'n a" t' !hether the ele$t'n re"#lt

!a" *aterall, a%%e$te +e$a#"e '% n'n:"$l'"#re '% the a%'re"a

n%'r*at'n. The Hh 0'#rt t'' n'te '% pr'"'n" '% Se$t'n 255(2)

()() an () an "$#""e the "a*e. Therea%ter- "'*e =#*ent"

$te +, the appellant !ere "tn#"he an e$n th" ""#e

aan"t the appellant- the Hh 0'#rt $'n$l#e a" #ner?




F23>. In *, 'pn'n- t " n't ne$e""ar, t' ela+'rate'n th" *atter +e,'n a p'nt- eB$ept t' '+"ere that!hen t " a $a"e '% *pr'per a$$eptan$e '% n'*nat'n'n a$$'#nt '% nal a%%at 'r n' a%%at %lethere!th- !h$h a%%at " ne$e""arl, an nteral part'% the n'*nat'n %'r* an !hen that $hallene

$'n$ern" the ret#rne $anate an % #phel- t " n'tne$e""ar, %'r the Pett'ner t' %#rther plea 'r pr'ethat the re"#lt '% the ret#rne $anate ha" +een*aterall, a%%e$te +, "#$h *pr'per a$$eptan$e.

23. The a'!e p#rp'"e '% %ln the a%%at " t'*ae tr#th%#l "$l'"#re '% all the releant *atter"rearn a""et" (*'a+le an **'a+le) anla+lte" a" !ell a" $r*nal a$t'n" (re"tere- penn'r n re"pe$t '% !h$h $'nan$e ha" +een taen +, the

0'#rt '% $'*petent =#r"$t'n 'r n relat'n t'$'n$t'n n re"pe$t '% "pe$%e '%%en$e"). Th'"e are*atter" !h$h are %#na*ental t' the a$$'*pl"h*ent'% %ree an %ar ele$t'n. It " the %#na*ental rht '% the'ter" t' +e n%'r*e a+'#t all *atter" n relat'n t'"#$h etal" %'r ele$tn $anate '% ther $h'$e. Jln'% $'*plete n%'r*at'n an t' *ae tr#th%#l "$l'"#ren re"pe$t '% "#$h *atter" " the #t, '% the $anate!h' '%%er" h*"el% 'r !h' " n'*nate %'r ele$t'n t'repre"ent the 'ter" %r'* that 0'n"tt#en$,. A" the$anate ha" t' "$l'"e th" n%'r*at'n 'n a%%at-the "'le*nt, '% a%%at $ann't +e all'!e t' +er$#le +, the $anate" +, '%%ern n$'*pleten%'r*at'n 'r "#ppre""n *ateral n%'r*at'n-re"#ltn n "n%'r*at'n an *"n%'r*at'n t' the'ter". The "an$tt, '% "$l'"#re t' +e *ae +, the$anate %l'!" %r'* the $'n"tt#t'nal '+lat'n.

4;. A" p'nte '#t a+'e- there " n' "p#te 'n %a$t" that n%'r*at'n n

re"pe$t '% the a%'re"a %'#r a"pe$t" !a" n't "$l'"e +, the

appellant n the a%%at %le +, h* al'n !th the n'*nat'n %'r*.

The e%en$e an@'r =#"t%$at'n en %'r n'n:"$l'"n the"e

part$#lar" " rhtl, re+#%%e +, the Hh 0'#rt. H'!eer- "#+*""'n

'% 1r. 8. Anara,ana Ra'- learne "en'r $'#n"el appearn %'r the




appellant- !a" that han rear t' the =#*ent '% th" 0'#rt n

,.-. *idd+es+ar . Prasanna /(mar' (4523) 6 S00 >>/- the

0'#rt !a" reC#re t' eBa*ne a" t' !hether n%'r*at'n en n the

a%%at" !a" "#+"tantal $'*plan$e '% th'"e part$#lar" rearn

<'ern*ent #e"- a""et" an la+lte"- et$. He "#+*tte that the

n%'r*at'n a*'#nte t' "#+"tantal $'*plan$e. J'r th" p#rp'"e-

h" atte*pt !a" t' e*'n"trate that n"'%ar a" ele$tr$t, #e" '%

1SE8 are $'n$erne- there !a" a en#ne "p#te a+'#t the n'n:

pa,*ent a" %ar a" '!ner"hp '% +#nal'! N'. // n the na*e '% h"

!%e " $'n$erne- t !a" ae t' the al#e '% the pr'perte"

+el'ne t' the appellant *#n$pal taBe" n re"pe$t '% th" +#nal'!

!ere aan "#+=e$t *atter '% "p#te the al#e '% the eh$le '!ne

+, h" !%e !a" al"' "$l'"e aan"t h" '!n na*e an a" %ar a"

pr'perte" '!ne +, the partner"hp %r* are $'n$erne- the appellant

!a" "*pl, a partner %r'* !h$h he ha re"ne- een !hen th"

eent '$$#rre a%ter the %ln '% the n'*nat'n %'r*.

35. We *a, "tate- n the %r"t n"tan$e- that the =#*ent n ,.-.

*idd+es+ar ha" n' appl$at'n n"'%ar a" the pre"ent $a"e "

$'n$erne. The 0'#rt !a" ealn !th the %'r* '% a%%at that "

reC#re t' +e %le al'n !th the ele$t'n pett'n n 'rer t' $'*pl,

!th the pr'"'n" '% Se$t'n 3(2) pr'"' '% the A$t. The er,




*antana+lt, '% the ele$t'n pett'n !a" $hallene 'n the r'#n

that the a%%at %#rn"he +, the ele$t'n pett'ner !a" n't n

a+"'l#te $'*plan$e !th the %'r*at a%%at (J'r* 4). The 0'#rt-

h'!eer- #phel the e! '% the Hh 0'#rt h'ln that 'n per#"al '%

the a%%at- there !a" "#+"tantal $'*plan$e !th the pre"$r+e

%'r*at. Een !hen "'*e e%e$t !a" %'#n n the er%$at'n t' the

ele$t'n pett'n- t !a" hel that "a e%e$t " al"' $#ra+le an

$ann't +e hel %atal t' the *antana+lt, '% the ele$t'n pett'n. In

the pre"ent $a"e- !e are $'n$erne !th the a%%at !h$h a

$anate "een ele$t'n " reC#re t' %le al'n !th h" n'*nat'n

%'r*. At the "a*e t*e- !e pr'$ee 'n the +a"" that % there " a

"#+"tantal $'*plan$e '% the reC#re*ent" $'ntane n the "a

a%%at"- n the "en"e that there " a "$l'"#re '% reC#re

part$#lar"- n$l#n a""et"@la+lte" et$.- t $an +e treate a"

aeC#ate $'*plan$e '% the pr'"'n" '% the A$t- R#le" an Orer".

32. We hae al"' ept n *n the %'ll'!n '+"erat'n" n ,.-.

*idd+es+ar - !hle #nertan '#r anal,"" '% the ""#e n the

pre"ent $a"e?

F32. The 0'#rt *#"t *ae a %ne +alan$e +et!een thep#rt, '% the ele$t'n pr'$e"" an the a'an$e '% anele$t'n pett'n +en a "'#r$e '% ann',an$e t' theret#rne $anate an h" $'n"tt#ent". In "#har$ussain . %a&iv andhi, 2;/ S#pp S00 32 th" 0'#rt'+"ere (n the $'nteBt '% "#**ar, "*""al '% anele$t'n pett'n)? (S00 p. 346- para 24)




F24...S' l'n a" the "!'r '% Da*'$le" '% theele$t'n pett'n re*an" hann an ele$te*e*+er '% the le"lat#re !'#l n't %eel "#%%$entl,%ree t' e'te h" !h'le:hearte attent'n t'*atter" '% p#+l$ *p'rtan$e !h$h $la*'#r %'r h"

attent'n n h" $apa$t, a" an ele$terepre"entate '% the $'n"tt#en$, $'n$erne. Thet*e an attent'n e*ane +, h" ele$te '%%$e!ll hae t' +e erte t' *atter" pertann t' the$'nte"t '% the ele$t'n pett'n. In"tea '% +enenae n a $a*pan t' relee the "tre"" '% thepe'ple n eneral an '% the re"ent" '% h"$'n"tt#en$, !h' 'te h* nt' '%%$e- an n"tea'% re"'ln ther pr'+le*"- he !'#l +e enae n$a*pan t' e"ta+l"h that he ha" n %a$t +een #l,

eBe$#te.

34. In e! '% the a%'re"a- t!' %a$et" '% the ""#e- !h$h reC#re

$'n"erat'n- are a" %'ll'!"?

a) Whether there " a "#+"tantal $'*plan$e n "$l'"n the

reC#"te n%'r*at'n n the a%%at" %le +, the appellant al'n !th

the n'*nat'n paper

+) Whether n'n:"$l'"#re '% the n%'r*at'n 'n a$$'#nt '%

a%'re"a %'#r a"pe$t" ha" *aterall, a%%e$te the re"#lt '% the

ele$t'n

33. We hae alrea, "$#""e n etal ea$h te* '% n'n:"$l'"#re a"

!ell a" e%en$e '% the appellant pertann theret'. J'r the rea"'n"

re$'re n etal at that "tae +, the Hh 0'#rt an "tate a+'e-

!th !h$h !e aree- !e are '% the 'pn'n that t" %nn a+'#t n'n:

"$l'"#re '% the n%'r*at'n ua all the a"pe$t" " !th'#t +le*"h.




There " a "pe$%$ %'r*at n !h$h the n%'r*at'n " t' +e en-

!h$h !a" n't ahere t'.

36. Wth the"e re*ar" !e pr'$ee t' eal !th the %r"t a"pe$t.

In"'%ar a" n'n:"$l'"#re '% the ele$tr$t, #e" "

$'n$erne- n the en %a$t" '% the $a"e- !e are '% the 'pn'n that t

*a, n't +e a "er'#" lap"e. N' '#+t- the #e" !ere '#t"tann- at

the "a*e t*e- there !a" a !ona fide "p#te a+'#t the '#t"tann

#e" n re"pe$t '% the %r"t ele$tr$t, *eter. It !'#l hae +een +etter

'n the part '% the appellant t' e the n%'r*at'n al'n !th a n'te

a+'#t the "p#te- a" "#e"te +, the Hh 0'#rt- !e "tll %eel that

!hen the appellant n#rt#re +ele% n a !ona fide *anner that +e$a#"e

'% the "a "p#te he " n't t' e the n%'r*at'n a+'#t the

'#t"tann a*'#nt- a" t ha n't +e$'*e 9pa,a+le9- th" "h'#l n't

+e treate a" a *ateral lap"e. Le!"e- a" %ar a" the "e$'n

ele$tr$t, *eter " $'n$erne- t !a" n the pre*"e" !h$h !a"

rente '#t t' the tenant" an the #e" !ere pa,a+le +, the tenant" n

the %r"t n"tan$e. Aan- n "#$h $r$#*"tan$e"- 'ne $an !ona fide

+elee that the tenant" !'#l pa, the '#t"tann a*'#nt. N' '#+t-

% the tenant" ' n't pa, the a*'#nt the la+lt, !'#l hae +een that

'% the '!ner- .e. the appellant. H'!eer- at the t*e '% %ln the

n'*nat'n- the appellant $'#l n't pre"#*e that the tenant" !'#l




n't pa, the a*'#nt an- there%'re- t ha +e$'*e h" la+lt,. Sa*e

" the p'"t'n !th rear t' n'n:pa,*ent '% a "#* '% R".2->3@: a"

'#t"tann *#n$pal #e"- !here there !a" a en#ne "p#te a" t'

real#at'n an rea""e""*ent %'r the p#rp'"e '% a""e""n the taBe"

!a" ,et t' +e #nertaen. Han "a "'- !e *a, $lar%, that t

!'#l epen n the %a$t" an $r$#*"tan$e" '% ea$h $a"e a" t'

!hether "#$h a n'n:"$l'"#re !'#l a*'#nt t' *ateral lap"e 'r n't.

We are- th#"- $lar%,n that '#r a%'re"a '+"erat'n n the %a$t" '%

the pre"ent $a"e "h'#l n't +e treate a" han eneral appl$at'n.

3. Een % t " "'- n re"pe$t '% the a%'re"a a"pe$t"- 'n 'ther n'n:

"$l'"#re"- the $a"e '% the appellant ha" t' %al. We %n $lear $a"e

'% n'n:"$l'"#re '% +#nal'! N'. // n the na*e '% the appellant9"

!%e- !h$h " a "#+"tantal lap"e. S' " the $a"e a+'#t the n'n:

"$l'"#re '% eh$le n the na*e '% appellant9" !%e. Le!"e- n'n:

"$l'"#re '% the appellant9" ntere"t@"hare n the partner"hp %r* " a

er, "er'#" an *a='r lap"e. On all the"e a"pe$t"- !e %n that the

e%en$e@eBplanat'n %#rn"he +, the appellant 'e" n't n"pre an,

$'n%en$e. It " "*pl, an a%terth'#ht atte*pt t' !rle '#t '% the

*ateral lap"e 'n the part '% the appellant n n't "$l'"n the

reC#re n%'r*at'n- !h$h !a" "#+"tantal. We- there%'re- are '% the

e! that n the a%%at" en +, the appellant al'n !th the




n'*nat'n %'r*- *ateral n%'r*at'n a+'#t the a""et" !a" n't

"$l'"e an- there%'re- t " n't p'""+le t' a$$ept the ar#*ent '%

the appellant that n%'r*at'n $'ntane n the a%%at" +e treate a"

"#%%$ent@"#+"tantal $'*plan$e.

3/. We hae alrea, repr'#$e a+'e the releant p'rt'n" '%

=#*ent" n the $a"e" '% Association for Democratic eforms an

People"s Union for Civil #i$erties an the #elne" ""#e +, the

Ele$t'n 0'**""'n p#r"#ant theret'. A $'n='nt an $'*+ne

rean there'% $learl, e"ta+l"he" that the *an rea"'n %'r ""#n

re$t'n" +, th" 0'#rt an #elne" +, the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n

p#r"#ant theret' " that the $ten" hae %#na*ental rht #ner

Art$le 2;(2)(a) '% the 0'n"tt#t'n '% Ina t' n'! a+'#t the

$anate" $'nte"tn the ele$t'n" an th" " the pr*ar, rea"'n that

$a"t" a "'le*n '+lat'n 'n the"e $anate" t' %#rn"h n%'r*at'n

rearn the $r*nal ante$eent"- e#$at'nal C#al%$at'n" an

a""et" hel +, the $anate- h" "p'#"e an epenent $hlren. It

" 'n that +a"" that n't 'nl, Ele$t'n 0'**""'n ha" ""#e

#elne"- +#t al"' prepare %'r*at" n !h$h the a%%at" are t' +e

%le. A" a %'rt'rar- t %'ll'!" that % the reC#re n%'r*at'n a" per

the "a %'r*at n re"pe$t '% the a""et" '% the $anate- h" !%e an

epenent $hlren " n't en- t !'#l a*'#nt t' "#ppre""'n@n'n:

"$l'"#re.




3>. It !a" ar#e that a$$eptan$e '% n'*nat'n " a" per Se$t'n 33 '%

the A$t- !h$h $'ntan" reC#re*ent %'r a al n'*nat'n. J#rther

Se$t'n 3/(4) eal" !th re=e$t'n '% n'*nat'n 'n r'#n" "pe$%e

theren. It !a" the "#+*""'n '% the learne "en'r $'#n"el that at

the t*e '% "$r#tn, '% the n'*nat'n #ner Se$t'n 3/- n'*nat'n

$'#l +e re=e$te 'nl, % an, '% the r'#n" "tp#late n "#+:"e$t'n

(4) are "at"%e an there $ann't +e an, 9ee*e9 r'#n- !h$h "

n't $'ere +, Se$t'n 3/(4) '% the A$t. There%'re- the Ret#rnn

O%%$er ha rhtl, a$$epte the n'*nat'n %'r* a" n'ne '% the

r'#n" "pe$%e n "#+:"e$t'n (4) '% Se$t'n 3/ !ere attra$te. He

%#rther "#+*tte that Se$t'n" A- ;- ;A- 25 an 25A pr'e

"C#al%$at'n" %'r 1e*+er" '% Parla*ent an State Le"lat#re. A"

per the $'#n"el- %r'* the "$he*e '% the A$t t $an +e "een that at the

t*e '% "$r#tn, '% n'*nat'n- all that the Ret#rnn O%%$er " reC#re

t' eBa*ne " a" t' !hether the $anate "#%%er" %r'* an, '% the

"C#al%$at'n" *ent'ne n Se$t'n t' 25A '% the A$t an a" t'

!hether the n'*nat'n " n the %'r* pre"$r+e +, Se$t'n 33 an

a$$'*pane +, the '$#*ent" *ent'ne n "#+:"e$t'n" 4 t' > '%

Se$t'n 33 an !hether t " a$$'*pane +, an a%%at pre"$r+e

+, R#le 6A an the ep'"t reC#re +, Se$t'n 36 '% the A$t. Apart

%r'* the a%'re"a- the Ret#rnn O%%$er " n't e*p'!ere t' re=e$t




the n'*nat'n 'n an, 'ther r'#n. He ar#e that the rht '% the

Ret#rnn O%%$er t' $'n#$t a "#**ar, nC#r, nt' the $'rre$tne"" 'r

'ther!"e '% the $'ntent" '% the a%%at %le al'n !th the

n'*nat'n !a" eBpre""l, taen a!a, a" $an +e "een %r'* the

=#*ent '% th" 0'#rt n the $a"e '% People"s Union for Civil

#i$erties. Han n'te that the Ret#rnn O%%$er ha" n' p'!er t'

re=e$t a n'*nat'n !here %al"e n%'r*at'n " %#rn"he 'r *ateral

n%'r*at'n " "#ppre""e- the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n '% Ina an

Un'n '% Ina hae reC#e"te th" 0'#rt t' treat the "a*e a" eC#al t'

a +lan a%%at- a" n'te n the $a"e '% es(rgence India.

It " %%$#lt t' a$$ept the a%'re"a "#+*""'n" '% the

learne "en'r $'#n"el a" that !'#l a*'#nt t' n#ll%,n the e%%e$t '%

the =#*ent" a" !ell a" #elne" ""#e +, the Ele$t'n

0'**""'n.

3. When the n%'r*at'n " en +, a $anate n the a%%at %le

al'n !th the n'*nat'n paper an '+=e$t'n" are ra"e theret'

C#e"t'nn the $'rre$tne"" '% the n%'r*at'n 'r allen that there "

n'n:"$l'"#re '% $ertan *p'rtant n%'r*at'n- t *a, n't +e p'""+le

%'r the ret#rnn '%%$er at that t*e t' $'n#$t a etale eBa*nat'n.

S#**ar, enC#r, *a, n't "#%%$e. Pre"ent $a"e " t"el% an eBa*ple

!h$h l'#l, e*'n"trate" th". At the "a*e t*e- t !'#l n't +e




p'""+le %'r the Ret#rnn O%%$er t' re=e$t the n'*nat'n %'r !ant '%

er%$at'n a+'#t the alleat'n" *ae +, the '+=e$t'r. In "#$h a

$a"e- !hen #lt*atel, t " pr'e that t !a" a $a"e '% n'n:"$l'"#re

an ether the a%%at !a" %al"e 'r t n't $'ntan $'*plete

n%'r*at'n lean t' "#ppre""'n- t $an +e hel at that "tae that

the n'*nat'n !a" *pr'perl, a$$epte. 1". 1eena"h Ar'ra-

learne "en'r $'#n"el appearn %'r the Ele$t'n 0'**""'n- rht

ar#e that "#$h an enC#r, $an +e 'nl, at a later "tae an the

appr'prate "tae !'#l +e n an ele$t'n pett'n a" n the n"tant

$a"e- !hen the ele$t'n " $hallene. The r'#n" "tate n Se$t'n

3/(4) are th'"e !h$h $an +e eBa*ne there an then an 'n that

+a"" the Ret#rnn O%%$er !'#l +e n a p'"t'n t' re=e$t the

n'*nat'n. Le!"e- !here the +lan" are le%t n an a%%at-

n'*nat'n $an +e re=e$te there an then. In 'ther $a"e" !here

etale enC#r, " neee- t !'#l epen #p'n the '#t$'*e

there'%- n an ele$t'n pett'n- a" t' !hether the n'*nat'n !a"

pr'perl, a$$epte 'r t !a" a $a"e '% *pr'per a$$eptan$e. On$e t "

%'#n that t !a" a $a"e '% *pr'per a$$eptan$e- a" there !a"

*"n%'r*at'n 'r "#ppre""'n '% *ateral n%'r*at'n- 'ne $an "tate

that C#e"t'n '% re=e$t'n n "#$h a $a"e !a" 'nl, e%erre t' a later

ate. When the 0'#rt e" "#$h a %nn- !h$h !'#l hae

re"#lte n re=e$t'n- the e%%e$t !'#l +e "a*e- na*el,- "#$h a




$anate !a" n't enttle t' $'nte"t an the ele$t'n " '.

Other!"e- t !'#l +e an an'*al'#" "t#at'n that een !hen

$r*nal pr'$een" #ner Se$t'n 24A '% the A$t $an +e ntate

an the "ele$te $anate " $r*nall, pr'"e$#te an $'n$te- +#t

the re"#lt '% h" ele$t'n $ann't +e C#e"t'ne. Th" $ann't +e

$'#ntenan$e.

3;. The #p"h't '% the a%'re"a "$#""'n !'#l +e t' h'l that the

pre"ent appeal " t'tall, e' '% an, *ert" an "- a$$'rnl,-

"*""e.

…......................................7.(S#rner Snh N==ar)

…......................................7.(A.K. Sr)

Ne! Delh1a, 5;- 4526.

Kisan Shankar Kathore v.Arun Dattatray Sawant

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