1. Presented by : Kirstin Ahearn kahearn@ahearnink.com www.ahearnink.com November 2013(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013

2. Amazon has 104,000 books on grammar Google grammar 85.7 million results Google grammar books 329 million results Google grammar course 74.6 million results(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 3. Writingwith poor grammar makes youseem stupid! (from www.brainmass.com) Poor grammar leads people to deduce thatyou may be lacking other skills and abilities.Poor grammar reeks of lack of education, lack of intelligence, and sloppiness. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 4. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 5. If a reader has to pause to understand what thewriter (or speaker) is trying to convey, the reader stops reading.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 6. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 7. Subject is a noun (person, place, thing, idea) orpronoun Proper nouns are names, always capitalized Subject performs the verb Find verb first then find who/what is performingthe verb Put a or the in front of word to see if its a noun (a) mistake (the) moment (the) ideas Gerunds are nouns that end in ing (skiing) (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 8. subjectThe dog The dog The dogsFrom www.towson.edu(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013Verb (shows action)howled. is howling. were howling.TIP: Know subject and verb for correct agreement 9. Main verbInfinitive (to + verb)The dog barked to warn of danger.TIP: Do not split verbs (to warn loudly vs. to loudly warn) From www.towson.edu(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 10. Singular subjects EACH, EVERYONE, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY, ANYONE, ANYBODY, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY require singular verbs Each of the girls sings well. EITHER/NEITHER take singular verbs when usedas subjects(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013TIP: Know singular verb vs. plural by asking: What would go with he or they? 11. Two subjects connected by AND take plural verb The cat and dog go to the vet every month. Two singular subjects connected by OR/NOR,EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR take singular verb Either the boy or the girl takes that bus. A singular subject PLUS a plural subjectconnected by OR/NOR, EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR take singular verb Neither the doctor nor the nurse knew where the patientwent(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 12. Verb makes up the predicate part of a sentence Verb in the doing/action of a sentence Sentence can have more than one verb (and/orsubject)TIP: No verb no sentence!(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 13. Verb tense place the action in time Present tense happening now He is the one eating the piece of pie. They are the ones eating pie. Past already happened He ate the pie then went jogging. Future yet to take place He will eat pie after he jogs. He or she will eat pie tomorrow.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 14. Present Perfect started in past, is still happening The teacher or the students have eaten 10 pies sofar. Past Perfect double past tense or that happenedeven earlier I had eaten 10 pies when Mom walked in the door. Future Perfect combine past and future By next week, I will have gotten tired of pies.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 15. Continuous (progressive) form the -ing verb I am eating. I will be eating pies forever.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 16. PRESENT Bear Blow Bring Creep Dive Drag Draw Drink Freeze(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013PAST PAST PARTICIPLE bore blew brought crept dived dragged drew drank frozeborne blown brought crept dived (dove, informal) dragged drawn drunk frozen 17. PRESENT Get Grow Hang Hang Lay Lend Lie Ring Shake(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013PAST PAST PARTICIPLE got grew hung hanged laid lent lay rang shookgot, gotten grown hung hanged (a person) laid lent lain rung shaken 18. PRESENTPASTPAST PARTICIPLE Shrinkshrank, shrunkSink Slay Spring Swear Swim Tear Weep Wringsank slew sprang, sprung swore swam tore wept wrung (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013shrunk, shrunken sunk slain sprung sworn swum torn wept wrung 19. In the active voice, the subject is doing the action The passive voice must have a past participle andthe subject fills a different role than in the active voice. Judy was given gifts by Sam. Sam actually did the giving(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013TIP: Passive sentences arent incorrect just not preferred. 20. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 21. (adjective)The(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013subjectpredicatedog howled. 22. Describe nouns Clarify nouns Show which one, how many Can be comparative Ugly, uglier, ugliest Mean, meaner, meanest More beautiful, most unbelievable Can be absolute(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 23. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 24. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 25. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 26. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 27. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 28. Generally not capable of being intensified orcompared Absolute Complete Devoid Final Square Full Meaningless Superior(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013basic empty excellent dead essential harmless obvious ultimatecertain entire fatal perfect unique immortal pure universal 29. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 30. Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here! Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Tell where, when, how Frequently end in ly Dont confuse with adjectives Adverbs modify VERBS - adjectives modify NOUNS Keep modifiers close to the word they aremodifying! TIP: Like teenagers, modifiers want to be closest to the ones they love. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 31. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013predicatedog howled(adverb)(adjective)Thesubject. 32. Express relationships between other words(nouns) Never end a sentence with a preposition? More formal (from where will you graduate?) OK to leave at end! Idioms require certain prepositionsTIP: Place the word before the fence to see if its a preposition . (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 33. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 34. subjectsubject The brown dog(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013(preposition)adjectivepredicateadverbhowled loudly . 35. Phrases that don't mean what they literallysay, but have meaning to native speakers Under the weather is known by most Englishspeakers to mean not feeling quite well Sort of holdovers that had a more literalmeaning in the past Under the weather originates from when peopletraveled by boat; and during storms seasick passengers would go below deck, where they were literally under the weather(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 36. A chip on your shoulder:Upset for something that happened in the pastBend over backwards:Do whatever it takes to helpHave an axe to grind:To have a dispute with someoneA blessing in disguise:Something good that isn't recognized at firstRun out of steam:To be completely out of energyA piece of cake:An easy task(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 37. Half a verb Fallen / had fallen Screaming / was screaming Modifies the noun (or pronoun) Screaming with laughter, she fell off her chair.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 38. A. subject predicate (verb) = complete thought(independent clause) The candidate addressed the crowd. B. Fragment = no subject and predicate unit addressing the crowd, ... C. Fragment = -ing verb without a helping verb the candidate addressing the crowd, D. Dependent clause = no complete thought while the candidate addressed the crowd (c) Kirstin Ahearn, From www.towson.edu2013 39. Introduced by relative pronoun (that, which, who) orlinking conjunction (after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, while) Act as adjective, noun or adverb(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 40. A. Dependent clause, independent clause Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics. B. Independent clause dependent clause Jack reads comics although Tom reads novels. C. Independentclause,,nonessential dependentclause.,, Jack who reads comics rarely reads novels. D. Independentclauseessential dependentclause. People who read comics rarely read novels. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, From www.towson.edu2013 41. Two independent clauses may form a compoundsentence. Separate the two independent clauses in a compoundsentence with a comma and conjunction, or semi-colon (with or without adverb).; Tom read the novel however, his friend saw themovie., WRONG: Tom read the novel his friend saw themovie. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, From www.towson.edu2013 42. Conjunction Junction, Whats Your Function? Coordinating/matchmaking And, or, but, for, nor, so, yet Connect words to words, phrases to phrases,clauses to clauses Correlative conjunctions Two conjunctions in one Either/or, neither/nor Not only, but also(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 43. Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. It is thesecond largest city in the state. The capital of Connecticut, Hartford, is thesecond largest city in the state. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the secondlargest city in the state. Hartford, the second largest city in the state, is thecapital of Connecticut. Independent, non-essential dependent clause, clause(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 44. Hartford was once known as an industrial center.It was the home of several manufacturers. They made firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars. Once known as an industrial center, Hartfordwas the home of manufacturers of firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars. Dependent (adjective) clause, independent clause(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 45. Today, great wealth abounds in Hartford. Thewealth is centered in the insurance industry. However, few manufacturing jobs are still available. Although there is much wealth centered inHartford's insurance industry today, there are few manufacturing jobs available. independent clause, independent clause(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 46. Clarity, clarity, clarity. When you becomehopelessly mired in a sentence, it is best to start fresh: do not try to fight your way through against terrible odds of syntax.. The Elements of Style, E.B. White and WilliamStrunk, Jr.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 47. Writing is really re-writing. Re-write when yoursentence looses clarity (too many dashes, semicolons, commas, and other fancy marks). Think about this: Can you re-speak what youspeak? Think about what you are going to say (grammar/verbs and content) before opening your mouth. Notice how professionals use the pause! (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 48. A necessary tool to clearly express a thought,direction, statement Incorrect punctuation can change the meaning ofa sentence, the results of which could be farreaching. The Associated Press Stylebook, Norm Goldstein,editor(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 49. No one can write perfect English andkeep it up through a stretch of ten chapters. It has never been done. Christian Science Monitor(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 50. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 51. Possessive belonging to Form the possessive singular of nouns withs. Follow this rule whatever the final consonant (only add if plural noun ends in s). The girls food The girls food The horses food The waitresss food Exception: if the word that follows the now begins with ans, only add The waitress seat(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013From The Elements of Style, Strunk & White 52. Possessive, continued None of these pronouns need apostrophe Mine Ours Your/yours His/hers Its (note: its = it is) Theirs Whose More than one noun, make last possessive John Adams Jr.s father Mary and Garys apartment (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 53. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 54. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 55. Quiz 1. During the past few (weeks, weeks) a(weeks, weeks) worth of mail has equaled what is normally eight (weeks, weeks) worth.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 56. 1. During the past fewweeks a weeksworth of mail has equaled what is normally eight weeks worth.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 57. Quiz 2. Though (its, its) now named for the avenueon which (its, its) located, sometimes (its, its) referred to by (its, its) old name. .(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 58. its now named for the avenue on which its located, sometimes its referred to by its old name. 2. Though(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 59. Quiz 3. The (childrens, childrens) knowledge ofthe apostrophe was better than anyone (elses, elses), including the word (columnists, columnist).(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 60. childrens knowledge of the apostrophe was better than anyone elses, including the word columnists. 3. The(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 61. Quiz 4. These (kinds, kinds) of mistakes involving(apostrophes, apostrophes) are the bane of (writers, writers) lives.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 62. kinds of mistakes involving apostrophes are the bane of writers lives. 4. These(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 63. Quiz 5. After giving her employer four (months,months) notice of her departure, Jill received a (weeks, weeks) salary and ten (dollars, dollars) worth of paper clips.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 64. 5. After giving her employer fourmonthsnotice of her departure, Jill received aweeks salary and ten dollars worth of paper clips.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 65. Quiz 6. (Lets, Lets) stop at the (Smiths, Smiths).house and greet all the (Smiths, Smiths).(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 66. 6. (Lets, Lets) stop at the (Smiths, Smiths).house and greet all the (Smiths, Smiths).Rob Kyff, "Word Watch," Hartford Courant (16 January 2000).(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 67. : Introduce lists Give emphasis to part of a sentence Time Biblical and legal citations Capitalize first word after colon ONLY if its aproper noun (or the start of a complete sentence) Do not combine dash and colon(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 68. Just because it is important doesnt mean it shouldbe capitalized The new library service was popular with residents.(NOT: The new Service was popular...) Capitalize first initial in names of people, departments,places Capitalize first initial in titles BEFORE names According to Commissioner Roderick Bremby, theDepartment of Social Services will close six offices Roderick Bremby, the agencys commissioner, said Follow agency style when necessary The Commissioner said (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 69. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: oneparagraph to each topic. Use short paragraphs A quote should be its own paragraph The active voice is usually more direct andvigorous than the passive (start with I, we, he, etc.) Use positive words; try to avoid the word NOT(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 70. , Helps reader understand rhythm of the sentence Read your sentence out loud for natural pause(thats where comma goes) Use sparingly Use to avoid confusion and add clarification(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 From The Elements of Style, Strunk & White 71. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 72. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 73. , In a series of three or more terms with a singleconjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. If using a conjunction add commas between eachitem on the list The dinner will consist of light appetizers, beef, ham andcheese omelets, and strawberries and cream. Series of adjectives It was a dark, stormy night(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 74. If two clauses could stand alone, and are linkedby and, but or for, use commas She was glad she attended the show, for she wasable to meet the handsome actor. Restrictive relative clauses are not set off bycommas; you could NOT make these into two sentences My brother that lives in Arizona is named Pat.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 75. , A comma all by itself can transform the meaningof a sentence: He helped the native guides who were sick withmalaria. No comma appears before who. Therefore, what follows isa restrictive clause. Not all the guides had malaria. He helped the native guides, who were sick withmalaria. Putting the comma before who makes what follows a non-restrictive clause. It also changes the sentence to mean that all the guides had malaria.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 76. , Use when introducing a quote President Kennedy said, Ask not what your countrycan do for you Use at end of attributed quote Ask not what your country can do for you,President Kennedy said. Note: commas always go inside the quotation marks(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 77. , Use with hometowns, ages, states/country with cities John Jones, Minneapolis, Minn., was at the party. John Jones, 52, was at the party. John Jones wants to visit Dublin, Ireland, when hereturns from Fargo, N.D. Use with yes, no, and indirect addresses Yes, I will be there. No, sir, I will not be there. Use with numbers (except street addresses) The jar contained 1,200 jelly beans. John Jones moved to 1234 Main Street. Donot use periods for commas(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 78. ! To express surprise, emotion, disbelief That plane ride was fantastic! Fantastic! he said. Do not overuse!!(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 79. To be avoided whenever possible WinstonChurchill Use to join two words to form single idea Socio-economic Use to create modifier before a noun A little-used car; a little used car No hyphen with very or with adverb (-ly) With numbers (twenty-one) Suspension (10- to 20-year prison sentence)(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 80. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 81. - Two hyphens Use to justify the first part of your sentence We walked a long time long enough to getblisters. Use as alternative to parentheses We walked a long time it was sunset before wegot home and everyone had blisters. I love the dash especially in corporatedocuments!(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 82. () Use to clarify or add information (sparingly!) Do not capitalize first word when used within asentence Place period outside parentheses Try not to use. Perhaps you should re-write, use commas or dashes?(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 83. . At end of sentence With initials T.S. Eliot Not with acronyms (LBJ) In listing using numbers (1., 2., 3.) or letters (A.,B., C.) Place inside quotation marks Single space at end of sentence(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 84. ? End of question In list: Did he practice at all? At night? Before school? None needed here: He asked who practiced the piano before theconcert. Place inside quotes Who practiced? the piano teacher asked. Place outside quotes of book title. Who wrote The Elements of Style? (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 85. Direct quotes I want to learn to cook, the young girl said. Martin Luther King Jr. said, I have a dream. There is no such thing as Santa Claus, the boy told hisfather. All the kids on the bus say so. When writing dialogue Did you get the job? No. Did they say why? With titles of books (except the Bible and referencebooks), movies, plays, poems, songs, TV shows, speeches, works of art. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 86. Use to express irony The teacher could hardly spell! Unfamiliar terms tweeting Partial quotes She felt it was her best-kept secret. Quote within quote, use I felt the mayors statement, all is well, was a bitcontrived, the police chief said.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 87. ; Use sparingly, if at all Used to separate a thought to a greater degreethan a comma, but less than a period. The senator never showed up to vote on legislation;therefore, it was a surprise that he won re-election. Used to clarify when lots of commas are needed The man left behind three daughters and a son fromBurlington, VT; a brother from Topeka, Kansas; and his elderly parents, Janet and Greg Jones, also from Topeka.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 88. Spell out Single digits (numbers less than nine) I want five copies; I want 10 copies At start of sentence) Twenty-nine people won the award. Simple fractions, using hyphens One-half of the pieces have been eaten. A two-thirds majority is required for the bill to pass. Decades During the eighties and nineties(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 89. If using figures for decades, use these styles: During the 80s and 90s During the 1980s and 1990s Use figures for mixed fractions (except at start ofsentence) We expect a 5 percent wage increase. Five and one-half percent was the interest rate. Spell out time of day, especially with oclock She gets up at four thirty before the baby. The baby wakes up at five oclock. Use numbers with exact times The flight leaves at 6:22 a.m. She had a 7:00 p.m. deadline(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 90. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 91. Anyone who tries to explain that and which isless than an hour is asking for trouble. That is most often what you would say, so is what you should write. Mostly use which to describe, identify, locate, or explain that which precedes a comma The house, which has a red roof, was on fire. - On Writing Well, William Zinsser, 2001(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 92. As the first word in a question: Which movie was playing last week? Which team won last years World Series? As a pronoun to refer back to onesingle noun or to a whole idea: Referring to (or re-naming) one single word:A week ago I bought a cashmere sweater which cost $150. (The word which is re-naming the sweater.) Referring to a whole idea or phrase: In 2005, we took a vacation to Walt Disney World, whichhelped to bond our family members together. (The word which is referring to the taking of the family vacation.) (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013www.jalc.edu 93. Used after the word in.Note: The use of in with which is correct only if there is a sense of something being contained inside or within something else. Illinois is the state in which I live. (I live inside or withinIllinois.) The room in which we are sitting is hundreds of years old. Important: Do not repeat the word in after using it within which. Wrong: Illinois is the state in which I was born in. Correct: Illinois is the state in which I was born. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 94. Use other prepositions like these in front of the wordwhich: to which from which at which by which under which, etc. The preposition you use will be determined by theverb in the sentence Apply to a school (the school to which I applied) Park under a lamppost (the lamp under which Iparked)(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 95. Use that before a restrictive clause and whichbefore everything else. Gems that sparkle often elicit forgiveness. Specific types of gems (ones that sparkle) Diamonds, which are expensive, often elicitforgiveness. There was an earthquake in China, which is bad news.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 96. The lawnmower that is in the garage needssharpening. We have more than one lawnmower. Only the onein the garage needs sharpening. The lawnmower, which is in the garage,needs sharpening. We have only one lawnmower. It's in the garageand needs sharpening. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 97. Using that is never really wrong, though it maybe unnecessary Omitting that in some cases indeed may bewrong.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 98. That introduces ESSENTIAL clauses (nocommas) I dont trust products that claim to be all natural. Which introduces NON-ESSENTIAL CLAUSES(surrounded by commas) The product, which is on sale this week, claims tobe all natural. Who refers to people. She is the one who saved the girl from drowning.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013TIP: You can take out the parts with which and not change the meaning. 99. The statue that stands in the hall is on loan fromthe museum. A number of statues are in the building. Only the one inthe hall is on loan from the museum. The statue, which stands in the hall, is on loanfrom the museum. Only one statue is under discussion. It is on loan fromthe museum and happens to be in the hall.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 100. Less formally, use where, BUT be sure youare talking about place, not time. Incorrect: He was born somewhere around1970. Correct: He was born sometime around 1970. The year 1970 is a time, not a place(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 101. Use he or him to decide if it should be who orwhom WHO/WHOM wrote the letter? He wrote the letterso WHO is the correct choice. For WHO/WHOM should I vote? Should I vote for him? so WHOM is the correct choice.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 102. To lie is to tell an untruth Lie and Lay are present-tense verbs Lie means: to rest or recline. Lay means: to put or place something orsomeone down . Verb followed by an object(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 103. VERBSIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PASTPAST PARTICIPLELayLay(s)LaidHas laidLieLie(s)LayHas lainUse the simple present forms with action which happens consistently or action which is happening presently. Jack always lays the cordless telephone where no one can find it. I lie down for a nap at 2 p.m. every day.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013TIP: you lay something down, and people lie down by themselves. 104. VERBSIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PASTPAST PARTICIPLELayLay(s)LaidHas laidLieLie(s)LayHas lainUse the simple past forms with action completed in the past Rachel laid her recipe on the counter. I lay down for a nap yesterday.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 105. VERBSIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PASTPAST PARTICIPLELayLay(s)LaidHas laidLieLie(s)LayHas lainUse the past participle forms with has, have I have lain down for a nap every day this week. That hen has laid two eggs every day this week.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 106. Because indicates cause and effect Since used for relationship or time Due to is a adjective; follows to be I will go to the game because my daughter is on theteam. Since I have some extra money, I will buy the shoes. The cancellation was due to rain. TIP: DO NOT start a sentence with due to (OK to start with because )(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 107. Should have = shouldve Could have = couldve Would have = wouldve NEVER should of could of would of(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 108. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 109. Use different from NOT different than The weather was different from what we expected. Use differently than when a clause precedes andfollows the expression He works differently than she does.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 110. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 111. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 112. Good is an adjective You did a good job. (Describes the job.) You did good incorrect because there is no noun. Well is an adverb You did well on the test. (Answers how you did) Use when referring to health I do not feel well.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 113. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 114. Affect with an a means "to influence Will the budget cuts affect your staff? We can affect change by eliminating restrictions.TIP: Most of the time affect with an a is a verb and effect with an e is a noun.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 115. Effect essentially means "a result The effect of the law was harmful to the elderly The ruling had an adverse effect on how fastpeople drove on the highway. That book had a long-lasting effect on my thinking.(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 116. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 117. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 118. princiPAL a pal is your friend(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 119. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 120. Advice = recommendation Advise = the act of giving a recommendationAll ready = all are ready Already = refers to (c)time Ahearn, 2013 KirstinAdverse = unfortunate; opposed (things) She had an adverse reaction. Averse = having repugnance (people) He is averse to a military draft. 121. Among = 3 or more Between = Just 2(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 122. Assure = to promise or say with confidence Ensure = to make sure something will orwont happen Insure = to issue an insurance policyConnote = to suggest or imply Denote = to be a sign of e.g. = for example i.g. = that is, in other words (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 123. Every day = each day Everyday = ordinary(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013Empathy = to understand anothers feelings Sympathy = to feel compassion for 124. Fewer = number that can becounted Less = uncountable amount Under = directionIrregardless = NO SUCH WORD EXISTS Regardless = in spite of; without regard (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013TIP: Less than $100 NOT under $100 125. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 126. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 127. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 128. accidentally rhythm formerly benefit privilege latter advice ridiculous humorous challenge pursue led affect sacrilegious hypocrisy criticize repetition lose beginning immediately seize deceive rhyme marriage believe separate incidentally 2013 (c) Kirstin Ahearn, From The Elements of Style, Strunk & Whitedefinite mischief shepherd describe murmur siege despise necessary similar develop occurred simile disappoint parallel tooduel tragedy ecstasy playwright tries effect preceding undoubtedly existence prejudice until fiery principal 129. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 130. See how the pros do it again: Newspapers/magazines (articles, ads) E-mails, blogs, social networks (personal/work) Mail (letters, direct mail, newsletters) Catalogs Novels, non-fiction books Cereal boxes Fun to find the mistakes (menus) Read, read, read to write (and speak)!! (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 131. Keep a word journal Write down words in a column; add definition (when you can);include brief sentence using the word Read more often; read challenging material; look closely and pay attention word structure Magazines Newspapers (Wall Street Journal) Business books Essays!! E.B. White, Anne Fadiman Fiction?? Grammar sometimes used poetically Underline new words (then look them up) Practice using new words to make them second nature(dont sound forced) Use a thesaurus(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 132. At least half of the words in the English languageare derived from Greek and Latin roots. Knowing these roots helps us to grasp themeaning of words before we look them up in the dictionary. It also helps us to see how words are oftenarranged in families with similar characteristics. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 133. Learn meaning of root words Root (source) Meaning English words aster, astr (G) star astronomy, astrology audi (L) to hear audible, auditorium bene (L) good, well benefit, benevolent bio (G) life biology, autobiography dic, dict (L) to speak dictionary, dictator fer (L) to carry transfer, referral geo (G) earth geography, geology graph (G) to write graphic, photography manu (L) hand manual, manuscript phys (G) body, nature physical, physics(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 134. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 135. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 136. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 137. Consider the specific situation/reader Text messaging abbreviations place the needs of the writer before theneeds of the reader, unlike many other language developments, such as punctuation, which are meant to assist the reader. (Grammar Snobs Are Great Big Meanies, June Casagrande) It's rude to use text messaging abbreviations when the person on thereceiving end won't understand them. It may be rude NOT to use them when sending a message to someonewho you know will understand the abbreviations and who is reading (and scrolling through) your message on a tiny cell phone screen. (Modern Manners Guide, http://manners.quickanddirtytips.com)(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 138. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 139. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 140. (c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013 141. http://www.slideshare.net/kirstinah/grammarreview-course-march2013(c) Kirstin Ahearn, 2013