KIP - ASVT

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KIP - ASVT Systems Models Systems Engineering

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KIP - ASVT. Systems Models Systems Engineering. System approach. System approach: way of thinking and problem solving based on complex treatment of phenomena and processes, taking into account both internal and external links. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of KIP - ASVT

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KIP - ASVT

SystemsModelsSystems Engineering

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System approach

• System approach: way of thinking and problem solving based on complex treatment of phenomena and processes, taking into account both internal and external links.

• Methodical, objective: understand, appropriately formulate and solve a problem

• Tools: models, simulation

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Common characteristics of systems

• Systems have a structure that is defined by its parts and processes.

• Systems are generalizations of reality. • Systems tend to function in the same way.

This involves the inputs and outputs of material (energy and/or matter) that is then processed causing it to change in some way.

• The various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other.

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Basics of system approach• System is more than the sum of its parts• We analyze the system to be able to predict its behaviour• The main purpose of the system is that in favour of which

we can sacrifice other objectives.• Every system is an information system: it must analyze

the flow of information• It may be advisable to decompose complex system into

subsystems, which are then treated individually and in the end again as one whole.

• System is a dynamic network of interconnected elements. The change in one element results in changes other elements.

• The system boundary can change according to the goal of the analysis.

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Systems – basic concepts 1

• system – set of elements and their mutual links that exhibit specific behaviour as a whole

• structure – way of arrangement of elements and their links

• subsystem – subset of elements with stronger or more numerous links

• environment – elements not belonging to the system, but having links to its elements (however weaker then within the system)

• input – action from the environment to the system• output - action from the system to its environment • process – transformation input output

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Systems – basic concepts 2• feedback – link monitoring outputs and feeding

information to input• closed system - system without inputs and outputs

(not interacting with its environment)• open system – has inputs and outputs, exchanges

mass, energy, information with its environment • static system – neither system nor its elements

change with time• dynamic system - system and/or its elements

change in time• control, regulation – evaluation of inputs,

processes and output and doing changes

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System

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System as a black box

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System with feedback

• negative – system stabilization• positive – amplification of the response

Try to find examples of both kinds of feedback

SYSTEMINPUT OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

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Systems thinking

• Hard systems

• Soft systems

• Evolutionary systems

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Hard systems

• Useful for problems that can justifiably be quantified. However it cannot easily take into account unquantifiable variables (opinions, culture, politics, etc), and may treat people as being passive, rather than having complex motivations.

• Tools: simulations, computer modelling, techniques of operations research.

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Soft systems

• Cannot easily be quantified, especially those involving people holding multiple and conflicting frames of reference. Useful for understanding motivations, viewpoints, and interactions and addressing qualitative as well as quantitative dimensions of problem situations.

• Tools: Morphological analysis as a method for structuring and analysing non-quantifiable problem complexes.

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Evolutionary systems

• Methodology applicable to the design of complex social systems; open, complex systems with potential capacity to evolve over time.

• Tools: multidisciplinarity, chaos, complexity, emergence, cybernetics, cultural anthropology, evolutionary theory, and others.

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Notes - management

• Hard management – command and control, rigid organizational structures

• Soft management – leadership, mentoring, coaching, networking

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General system theory

• interdisciplinary approach• study of complexity and relation of the whole

to its parts (holism)

Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding

attempt to find common features of complex systems across disciplines; later on certain resignation on possibility of finding universal system principles and laws

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Applied system disciplines

• Operations research

• Systems analysis

• Cybernetics

• Methodology of „soft“ systems

• Systems engineering

• Development of IS• ....

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Operations research

• Development and utilization of mathematical models in decision-making– Problem statement– Model building– Finding solution from models– Solution implementation and control

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Systems analysis

• focused on system knowledge; distinguish principle features of the system, general from individual;

• tools: decomposition, analysis and synthesis

warning: the whole is more than sum of its parts

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Cybernetics

from Greek - steering

Nobert Wiener, 1945

• Cybernetics studies systems that can be mapped using loops in networks modeling information flows.

• Systems of automatic control must use at least one feedback loop

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Example 1 - controller

• 1868 James Clerk Maxwell analyzed “steam engine with controlled under variable load" as a system of non-linear differential equations and concluded that, depending on equations coefficients, the system behaviour will be described by one of the five following patterns:

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1 - damping

(1) The velocity is smoothly adjusted to desired value (the best possible response):

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2 – damped oscillations(2) The velocity is adjusted to desired value

after some oscillations (acceptable response):

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3 - oscillations(3) permanent oscillations – ineffective

response:

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4 – non-dumped oscillations

(4) oscillates with growing amplitude until the explosion:

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5 - explosion

or (5) straightly explodes:

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Feedback

• Negative (1,2) –system stability , homeostasis, frequent in technical and live systems

• Positive (4,5) – response amplification, welcome e.g. in economics – multiplication effects, synergic phenomena

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Example 2 - Thermostat

• Input – gas supplied by gasworks• Output - heat• Process – temperature monitoring, sending

signal to switch the burner on/off; gas is burned and warm air is delivered to the living room

• Feedback – if the temperature falls below / raise above the setpoint, the thermostat sends signal to switch the burner on/off

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Example 3- Family finance

• Input –incomes from salaries, gifts, lotteries ...• Process – saving money in banks, cash/credit card

payments, recording expenses, budgeting• Output – bought products and services (energy, rent,

insurance, food, home equipment, culture, ...)• Feedback – bank statements, comparing incomes

with spendings, changing the household economy.

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Methodology of soft systems

Extending application of system approaches to social systems

• reflects subjective interests and attitudes including fuzziness related to subjective interpretation of information and vagueness of the language (hard methods are successful only for well structured, deterministic problems)

• builds on achievements of biology, informatics, psychology, anthropology, linguistics, etc.

• cognitive science (P. Thaggard)• holism, emergency, synergetics vs. reductionism

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Systems classification (taxonomy)

Transcendent systems Social systems Man Animals Genetic systems Open systems Cybernetic systems Mechanical systems Physical systems

LIVE SYSTEMSSymbolic functions, information

INANIMATE SYSTEMS

Mass and energy

growingcomplexity

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System and order• Order: an arrangement of system elements

and links allowing to predict its future behaviour system can be controlled even with incomplete knowledge of all its elements and links

• Order is based on knowledge; however, due to our intervention into the system it needn’t have character of the law of nature

• Deterministic chaos, thriving on chaos (T. Peters)

• Complex systems, holism, emergence, synergy

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Holism• Considers the whole system, in its

environment, through its whole life– System of Interest, collection of elements with a

common identify, e.g. product, organization.– Viable system, must include everything needed to

maintain its existence and achieve its goals.• Consequences of Holism:

– The viability of a product generally relies upon interactions outside of its immediate (product) boundary.

– Systems are engineered within the context of one or more “containing systems”.

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Emergence• The whole entity exhibits a property which is

meaningful only when attributed to the whole and NOT to one of its parts

• Emergent properties vary with environment and relationships to related systems.

• Consequences of Emergence– no guarantee of benefit from optimising parts of

the system, or even all of the components independently

– Changing the elements or interactions within a system may effect its properties, this can cause emergent properties to change at a number of system levels.

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Systems engineering

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A magician takes somethingA magician takes something

Bahill and Dean, http://www.sie.arizona.edu/sysengr/slides/

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and…..and…..

POOF

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turns it into nothing!turns it into nothing!

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An engineer takes nothingAn engineer takes nothing

38

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and…..and…..

Bahill & Dean39

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turns it into something!turns it into something!

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What is Systems Engineering (SE)

• Design and control of complex technical systems

• Basic resources: 4M - Men, Machines, Materials, Money (and Time)

• Focuses on artificial systems – artifacts• Identifying and understanding all the

requirements the system must meet– Understanding solutions options space– ‘Optimal’ path from requirements identification, via

solutions, through to customer satisfaction

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Purpose

• Produce systems that satisfy the customers’ needs

• Increase the probability of success

• Reduce risk

• Reduce total-life-cycle cost

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Artificial systems

Typical features:• goals are formulated beforehand and

outside of the system• system is highly ordered, uncertainty is

not welcome• man stay outside of the system as its

user, client; plays a passive role or acts as one of the system‘s resources

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Early Systems developments

drew heavily on previous experience

• Expectations centred on performance

• Fundamental architecture based on years of evolution

• Fundamental interactions and influences in the environment well precedented e.g. ‘we know who the stakeholders are’

• the problem to be tackled was clear

Automobile technology about 1890

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The Systems challenge is becoming more complex

• Customer / Enterprise expectations– Constraints (performance, time, cost .. including through life cost etc)– Customers want Benefits achieved, not features for their own sake– We need to decide what is relevant to achieve those benefits– Customers want customisation & adaptability

• Enterprise environment– extended, global … organisations, team dynamics & decisions are

complex• Highly integrated with environment & other systems

– stronger, wider influences & interrelationships• Increasing rate of change … & uncertainty

– need to establish through life robustness … through life influences• Situations are becoming increasingly varied &

unprecedented

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• An increasing number of subsystem options (choices) are available

• Systems are more highly integrated than ever• The relationship between Function & Form is

changing significantly….. Systems engineers, must decide what is

relevant and critical….. SE face open problems rather than closed

problems

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Implications for SE

• establish a clear, common understanding of the problem across stakeholders, the SE team etc.

• cannot rely on previous precedents• system context and associated decisions must be

established and communicated explicitly• gaining confidence in the system is increasingly

difficult• Soft methods are essential in dealing with ‘open’

problems

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Methodology

• define problem or task (of the system)• specify (system) goals• develop conceptual system design

(system synthesis)• analyze and evaluate systems being

designed• select suitable (optimum) system• deploy and operate the system

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DefineRequirements

DefineRequirements

InvestigateAlternativesInvestigateAlternatives

Full-ScaleDesign

Full-ScaleDesign

ImplementationImplementationIntegration

& TestIntegration

& Test

Operation, Maintenance& Evaluation

Operation, Maintenance& Evaluation

Retirement,Disposal &

Replacement

Retirement,Disposal &

Replacement

The systemlife cycle

The systemlife cycle

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The vee life-cycle model

MissionAnalysis

SystemRequirements

FunctionalDecomposition

PhysicalDecomposition

Operation &Retirement

FinalSystem Test

VerifySubsystems

TestComponents

BuildComponents

Test Plan

Verification Plan

Validation Plan

Continuous Quality Improvement Plan

The design downstroke and the manufacturing upstroke

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Cost evolution for a typical project

100

80

20

0

60

Cos

t (%

)

TimeConceptdevelopment Full-scale

design

Start ofproduction

40

Actualexpenditures

Final costs locked-in

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The systems engineering process

But, it is not a serial process.It is parallel and highly iterative

CustomerNeeds

State theProblem

InvestigateAlternatives

Model theSystem Integrate Launch

the System Outputs

Re-evaluate Re-evaluate Re-evaluate Re-evaluate Re-evaluate

AssessPerformance

Re-evaluate

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SE is not a waterfall processDiscover

Requirements

Design

Build

Integrate

Test

a waterfallprocess

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Systems engineering is not

a throw it over the wall process

Requirements Designs Manufacturing

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Systems engineering is a fractal process

The systems engineering process is applied at levels of greater and greater detail. It is applied to the system, then to the subsystems, then to the components, etc. Similarly for the fractal pattern above, the same algorithm was applied at the large structural level, then at the medium-scale level, then at the fine-detail level, etc.

System

Subsystem-1 Subsystem-3

Component-2

Subsystem-2

Component-1 Component-3

Assembly-1 Assembly-2 Assembly-3

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Incremental iterations

• Even the lowest level systems are developed with iterations.

• The designs get bigger with each iteration.

• This allows manufacturing to overlap design.

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The foundation for a successful project

• Complete the problem statement before defining the requirements.

• Avoid stating the problem in terms of solutions.

• Involve the customer in the process of defining the problem and the requirements.

• Early in the system design consult all stakeholders (including manufacturing) about system requirements

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Validation and verification

• Validation: building the right system

• Verification: building the system right

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Validating requirementsmeans ensuring that• the set of requirements is complete and

consistent,

• a real-world solution can be built that satisfies the requirements, and

• it can be proven that a real-world system satisfies the requirements.

• If the requirements specify a perpetual-motion machine, the project should be stopped.

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Verifying requirementsEach requirement must be verified by

– Logical argument

– Inspection

– Modeling

– Simulation

– Analysis

– Test

– Demonstration

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Investigate Alternative Concepts

• The systems engineer’s job is to capture the values and preferences of the decision maker, so that the decision maker (and other stakeholders) will have confidence in the decision.

• The decision maker balances effort with confidence*

•Often this requires a formal tradeoff study.

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Components of a tradeoff study• Problem statement• Evaluation criteria• Weights of importance• Alternative solutions• Evaluation data• Scoring functions• Scores• Combining functions• Preferred alternatives• Sensitivity analysis

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Model the SystemModel the System

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Modelling myths and the reality

• The modelling process:– how should you model?– when should you model?– to what depth

• Benefits of modelling:– why are you modelling?– what value does a model give you?

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Where are models used?

• Everywhere:• Cooking:

– recipe is a process model for a cake– shopping list is a quantity and cost model– picture of the output is a graphical model

• Bridge design– Gant chart is a process model– Bill of materials a quantity and cost model– Loading calculations are mathematical model– blueprint is a graphical model

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Modelling Myths

1. You can think everything through from the start

2. Modelling is a waste of time

3. The world revolves about modelling languages

4. All system engineers know how to model

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Myth 1

• You can think everything through from the start– managers attempt to freeze requirements

at an early stage of development

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The reality• Paralysis through analysis:

– Spend so long modelling to an infinite level of detail to determine correct requirements that the model adds little relative value to the project

• Build exactly what the customer thinks he wants, not what he needs:– No true discussion on requirements leads

to development of incorrect solutions

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Myth 2

• Modelling is a waste of time

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The Reality• “The software

development process is essentially the same as it was 40 years ago…”

• “Embedded system engineers are under tremendous time-to market pressure...”

• Doubling the software size causes the development time to increase by a factor of 10 !

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The Reality• 72.8% of Projects are late and the average delay

is 3.8 months• 86.5% miss functionality expectations• Embedded designs will double from 2000 to 2003• Hardware design resources will need to grow

7.7%• Embedded programming resources will need to

increase by almost 50%…but it can only grow 20%

• Model based specifications are a way to speed up the development process and reduce costs (if used properly)

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Points to consider

• People need to ask two questions– Where can you use models ?– What benefit do they give ?

• Different stakeholders get different benefits and use models differently– Customer– Systems Engineer– Software Engineer– Miscellaneous benefits dependant upon depth of

modelling and tools used

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Myth 3

• The world revolves about modelling languages

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The reality

• Modelling language is not a methodology

• Modelling language is useful and have its place

• Pick the methodology / tools / processes that are appropriate

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Myth 4

• All system engineers know how to model

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The reality

• Most people are creating static paper/computer based models

• Most people are not taught how to model, they learn from experience

• To model you need experience based on domain, process and tool knowledge

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Decomposition

• physical

• functional

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What do we need to fly?

Physical Decomposition

For centuries, humans have been unsuccessful in theirattempts to fly because they used physical decomposition(brain, eyes, legs, and wings).

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What do we need to fly?

The Wright Brothers focused on three functions: control, horizontal thrust, and vertical lift.

Functional Decomposition

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Sensitivity analysisWe must use sensitivity analysis because intuition isn’t always enough.

What if ….

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Risk management addresses

• System risk– Performance, schedule and cost of the

product

• Project risk

• Business risk– Financial and resource risks to the enterprise

• Safety, environmental and risks to the public

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Risk management

Good risk management will not prevent bad things from happening. But when bad things happen, good risk management will have anticipated them and will reduce their negative effects.

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Risk factors are often coupledPerformance

Risk

ProjectRisk

CostRisk

ScheduleRisk

Schedule slips

Limited Funds

Technical Problems

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Risk management

hign Severity low

low Probability of failure high

NEGLECT

PREPARE

FOR

AVOID

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Extent of SE depends on risk

• At NASA, the probability of mission failure was about 10-2, but the severity was near 1. The product of these numbers was big, so they did lots of systems engineering.

• At a big software house, the probability that a new system will destroy user files was about 1, but their perceived severity was around 10-6. They did not care if users lost a few files. Therefore, they did little systems engineering.

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Example - Scenario• It’s a clear morning

• Temperature below -10 ºC

• A dozen skiers are scheduled to fly to Grenoble, France

• But there is a half inch of ice on the runway

• As an airline dispatcher, how would you manage this Icy Runway Risk?

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Risk management• Transfer: bus the skiers, thus transferring the

risk to bus lines

• Eliminate: cancel the flight

• Accept: send the plane as scheduled

• Mitigate– Request removal of ice from runway– Change runways – Change equipment (different type of aircraft)– Change crew

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Ignore

• How about ignoring the risk?

• Not acceptable.

• There is no I in TEAM.

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SE creates a system of systems

• The product• The process that produces the product

– The design and development system– The testing system– The production and manufacturing system– The operating system– The maintenance system– The performance evaluation system– The customer service system– The retirement and replacement system

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Interfaces

Interface control definitions (ICDs) define and document the interfaces among components.

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System integrationInterfaces Between

SubsystemsInterfaces Between Our System and the Rest of the World

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Launch the System

• Configuration management

• Project management

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The synergistic roles of SE and PM

• Systems engineering creates the product documents.

• Project management creates the process documents.

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Creating a new office complexSystems engineering

Creates the productDoing the right things

What is it for?Who is it for?

Alternative conceptsBuy, build or lease

Concrete building or trailers

Total life cycle costGet customer feedback

Create plans

Project managementCreates the processDoing things rightHow to buildWhen to buildWhere to build

Cost to buildGet feedbackBuild to plans

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Total system test

“People do what you inspect, not what you expect.”

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Make sure that all tasks are doneState the problem Design the system Produce

documentation Understand customer needs

Sensitivity analyses Lead teams

Discover requirements Assess & manage risk Assess performance

System validation Reliability analyses Prescribe tests Investigate alternatives

Integrate system components Conduct reviews

Define quantitative measures

Design & manage interfaces Verify requirements

Model the system Configuration management

Perform total system test

Functional decomposition

Project management Re-evaluate & Improve quality

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Ask yourself “Why?”

• The systems engineering process must be tailored for each project.

• Often this means omitting certain tasks, which reduces cost but increases risk.

• If you choose to omit one of these tasks, you should ask yourself, “Why?”

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Summary

• Systems engineering is the glue that holds it all together

• Systems engineering is responsible for the big picture. It must ensure that the system satisfies its requirements throughout the entire system life cycle; from birth to death.

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Back to basics - can we define Bart Simpson’s Guide to

Systems Engineering?

H.Sillitto

INCOSE UK Autumn 2004 Assembly

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The customer• I want reassurance that I will get what I

asked for and am paying for.• If the supplier has to change things or has to

do trade-offs I won’t feel hoodwinked but will be included in the process.

• Traceability will allow me to understand how technical features relate to my needs and help me to decide when it is worth persisting to solve difficult technical problems.

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The CEO• I have been offered all sorts of silver bullets

over the past ten years - EFQM, 6 sigma, TQM - and none has delivered the claimed benefits.

• I agree most of my projects are running late and I’d like to improve that situation.

• But you’re telling me that systems engineering will add delays up front.

• So if you want me to take you seriously, you have to show me the ROI from introducing systems engineering - and prove it!

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Technical Director of 10-man SME

• I want systems engineering sold as a simple exercise to integrating engineering activities to deliver what’s wanted when it’s wanted, and give me a broad perspective on the technical aspects of the business.

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Prime minister• Systems engineering would be interesting if it can

resolve conflicts to deliver vital public services - health service - transportation - schools - and deal with the huge security issues we now face.

• This is important to me because I want to make sure I am remembered for the enduring success of the achievements of my three terms in office

• But there isn’t much time left and I need results soon.

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17-year-old• Can you explain to me what you do at work

in 2 minutes in words I can understand?• Why are you often so stressed when you get

home?• Can you make me a mobile that looks cool

and works properly?• Will I get paid more as a systems engineer

than as an accountant?• And by the way, can I have the car keys

please?

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Undergraduate• I’ve only been involved in systems engineering

for 2 months and lots of people have described systems engineering to me but all the descriptions are different.

• A “unified theory of everything” would be a really good idea.

• We need to show how systems engineering works with other disciplines and what other disciplines need to understand about systems engineering.

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Recent graduate• What does a systems engineer do?

– The SE community needs to know what they are selling, and know how to sell it and show benefits to different groups.

• Show SE is part of all engineering disciplines– make sure undergraduates on other engineering courses understand

SE needs to be part of their skill base, show them how what they are learning can be applied within SE

– show the undergrads what they can expect in the future - NOT ALL OF THEM WILL BE RIGHT FOR SE. Empower them with the information to make that decision for themselves.

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• Unified theory - very difficult but necessary– SE has many definitions (some complementary, some at different

ends of spectrum)– Fewer diagrams/processes/lifecycles but better defined;– Simplify language, remove buzzwords

• Communication very important - relate ideas to known domains, everyday events, – Simple ideas, analogies, case studies: supermarket choice,

mountaineering, - -– Sell through use of SE on real projects: show successes/failures of

exciting projects with/without SE– Successes - Battle of Britain - failures - many defence projects

• Final thought – It’s not just about recruiting new systems engineers - it’s also

making sure that other undergrads understand the role of SE at an early stage in their career

– Consider re-branding: “Structured problem solving” does it for schoolkids!