Kingdom Protista

Protists are united on the basis Protists are united on the basis that they are not fungi, plants, or that they are not fungi, plants, or

animalsanimals

link between single-celled link between single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria) and the prokaryotes (bacteria) and the

plants, animals, and fungiplants, animals, and fungi

The kingdom Protista is thought to Have evolved about 1.5 billion

Years ago!!

The protists contain life forms that gaveRise to the 3 kingdoms of multicellularOrganisms – fungi, plants, and animals.

KINGDOM PROTISTA

AutotrophsAutotrophs

green algaebrown algaered algaediatomsdinoflagellateseuglenoids

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

amoeboidsciliateszooflagellatessporozoansplasmodial slime moldscellular slime moldswater molds

•Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors

• binary fission

Historically, scientists have referred toHeterotrophic protists as protozoa, and

To photosynthetic protists as algae.

We will talk about the protists in Three groups,

Animal like,Plant like, and

Fungi like.

Animal-like protists

•classified by the 4 ways they move:1) CiliaCilia -

2) Flagellum(a)Flagellum(a) -

•Coordinated movement between individual cilia

•Back and forth wave motion

tiny beating hair-like structures

whip-like tail(s)

•All heterotrophs

3) Pseudopodia -Pseudopodia -

Animal-like protists

•classified by the 4 ways they move:

projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot (“false foot”)

4) Sessile Sessile - No locomotion (_________)movement

1. Amoeba just visible to the naked eye

moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape

comes from the Greek word amoibe which means “change”

Animal-like protists - Examples

unicellular

aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams can cause disease – amoebic dysentery ingests small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

1. AmoebaAnimal-like protists -

Examples feeding sequence psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle process called phagocytosis

2. Paramecium

Animal-like protists - Examples

•Unicellular, slipper-shaped

•move by coordinated beating of many cilia

•aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams

2. Paramecium - continued

Animal-like protists - Examples

•Feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole

•ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

•protist that reproduce by forming spores

•sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria

•its caused by female mosquitoes

•humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito

•mostly common in tropical areas

•Sporozoa do not move on their own

•they are usually parasitic

Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like)

Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan

•Have chlorophyll•Make their own food

•salt water

•soil•tree bark

•freshwater

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

•they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms

•they are grouped according to color & stucture•into 5 main groups:

4) red dinoflagellates

2) diatoms 5) algae

1) euglena 3) dinoflagelletes

•they are grouped according to color & stucture

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena

B) Diatom

C) Dinoflagellates

D) Red Dinoflagellates

E) Green Algae

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena-•one celled alga that moves with one flagellum

•red eyespot near front end to find light…Why?

•lives in fresh water

•reproduces asexually

•have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( )autotro

ph

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

B) Diatom•beautiful one celled protists

•come in many shapes

•EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles

•important food source for water dwelling animals•cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts

•made of the same material as glass

•Think of a box with a lid

•cell coverings do not decay (when dead)•used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

C) Dinoflagellates

•Algae that is usually found in oceans

•Usually brown or red in color

•Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments•Move by two flagella

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

•produce large numbers which turns the ocean red•responsible for “red tides”•produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish•humans can become ill if they eat shell fish that have absorbed these chemicals

•common off the coast of Florida or other warmer areas

Red Tide

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

E) Green Algae•Come in many different forms•can be unicellular or multicellular

•usually found in “colonies”•Colony – a group of cells that live together

•they produce O2 in H2O •serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish

desmids

spirogyra

chlorella

•EX: volvox colony•Arranged in a single layer with flagella facing outward•The flagella beat and the colony spins through the water

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’dAlgae Examples

•EX: Kelp (brown algae) …aka….“sea weed”•used by humans for food•also used to thicken food such as ice cream and jelly

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

Slime Molds:

•fungus-like protists that are consumers•live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor

•feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and decaying leaves

•some are parasites (very few)

One of the greatest effects protistsHave on humans is that they

Cause disease.

They can also be good for us.

Protists make up much of the planktonIn the seas which support entire

Food webs.

And, green algae are the largest Group of photosynthesizers on

The planet, making most of our oxygen.

Amebic Dysentery is causedBy Entamoeba histolytica.

You get it from contaminated food or water.

Bloody diarrhea, vomiting, Extremely strong stomach ache.

Giardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia.

You usually get this from contaminatedWater, this is usually called

Backpackers diarrhea.

African sleeping sickness is caused byTrypanosoma gambiense.

This usually comes from bites from The tsetse fly.

You will get a high fever, weakness,And possibly die.

Malaria comes from Plasmodium species.

You can get this from a mosquito bite,Unless you have sickle cell.

The symptoms are fever, chills, sweats,And eventually death.

And lastly, Taxoplasmosis can come From contact with infected cat feces,

Or improperly cooked meat.

This comes from Taxoplasma gondii.

The only real danger is fetal. This canCause brain damage, and death

In fetuses.