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Kingdom Plantae

I. General CharacteristicsA. Most contain chlorophylls a and b.

B. Cell walls made of cellulose.C. Have tissues and organs (roots, stems and leaves).

II. Evolution of PlantsA. Evidence that plants evolved from algae1. Green algae and plants both have chloroplast with chlorophylls aand b2. Both have cell walls made of cellulose.

3. Both form starch as stored glucose.4. Both demonstrate alternation of generationsProblems with life on land:

A. DehydrationAdaptations: Roots, vascular tissue, cuticles and barkB. Support

Adaptations: Stiffer, thick cell walls; woodC. Distribution of gametes and/or sporesAdaptations: a) Water tight seeds and/or spores.

b) Spores lighter than air.

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III. Classification of Plants

NON-VASCULAR

A.Bryophytes: Primitive; Lack vascular tissue; Lack trueroots; eg. Mosses and liverworts (Hepatophyta)

VASCULAR

B. Ferns and allies: More advanced than Bryophytes;Contain vascular tissue; Reproduce by spores; Leavesgenerally grow from underground stems; eg. Ferns andhorse tails

C. Gymnosperms: Produce naked seeds in cones; Many areevergreens; Produce soft wood; Needle like leaves; eg.Redwoods, pines, cypress and junipers, ginkos

D. Angiosperms: Flowering plants; Either herbaceous orhardwoods; Most advanced of all plant forms

Class Monocotyldonae (Monocots)(1) seeds contain one cotyledon(2) leaves have parallel veins(3) flower parts are usually in multiples of 3(4) lack cambium(5) in the stem, vascular bundles are scattered(6) generally wind pollinated(7) All are herbaceous with a few exceptions

Class Dicotyledonae (Dicots)(1) This class is now called Eudicotyledonae(2) Seeds contain two cotyledons(3) Leaves have netted veins(4) Flower parts are usually in multiples of 4 or 5(5) Have cambium

(6) Vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder, in thestem.(7) Generally pollinated by animals(8) Some are herbaceous

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Plant TissuesI. Protective tissues:A. Epidermis - secretes the cuticleB. Cork - forms the bark

II. Ground (Storage/support) tissue:A. Parenchyma- thin walled-. store food and water-. in leaves contain chloroplast- Potato is mostly parenchymaB. Collenchyma- thicker walled-. provides support primarily- The stuff in celery that gets stuck in your teeth.C. Sclerenchyma- very thick walls- support- Surrounds the veins of leaves, stems and roots

Vascular tissueA. Xylem page1. made of dead cells

2. conducts water and dissolved minerals up the plant3. wood is primarily xylem4. Formation of xylemB. Phloem1. composed of sieve tubes (dead)2. associated with the sieve tube is a companion cell (live)3. conducts organic material up and down the stem of the plant

Growth tissueA. Meristem

1. responsible for 1 growth (lengthening)2. found at the growing tips of roots and stemB. Cambium1. responsible for 2 growth2. found only in dicots and conifers between xylem and phloem.

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Plant OrgansThe leaf

- two general shapes; broad & needle like.- Some evergreen some deciduous

Functions:1. Trap light for photosynthesis: Chlorophyll2. Control transpiration3. Release Oxygen and absorb Carbon dioxide(Stomata).4. Regulate the flow of gasses into and out of the leaf.

Modified leaves1. Needles on cactus2. Succulent leaves (water & carbohydrate storage; eg. onion; jadeplant)3. Tendrils on peas and beans (support, climbing)4. Leaves can be modified for catching food: pitcher plants, Venus flytrap and sundewInternal stem structure (Study diagrams in worksheet and text)

The Stem1. Functions of the stema) Conduct materials from root to leaves and visa versab) Support the plant and place leaves in light

Internal stem structure (Study diagrams in worksheet and text)Modified stems1. Tubers - underground stem used for storage - Potato2. Stolons - runners on top of ground3. Rhizomes - thick fleshy underground runners4. Bulbs - dwarf underground stems

The RootVascular bundles: dicots: central star arrangement; monocot ringarrangement

Functions of roots:a) anchorage : Tap roots (dicot), Fibrous roots (monocot)b) storage of food (tuberous roots: sweet potato; carrot,beet)c) absorption and transport of water and minerals(root hairs , xylem & phloem)Longest root: 68 meters in a Kalahari desert plant