KINGDOM PLANTAE

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Fossil fuels Medicine Latex Essential Oils Decoration Jobs

WHY STUDY PLANTS?

What is a Plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis using

chlorophyll a and b Most are autotrophs, but some are

parasitic or saprobes

Plant Life Cycle – You Draw It!

Haploid: Spores (N) produce a Gametophyte plant (N) which produces gametes; either sperm or eggs (reproductive cells)

The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.

Diploid: The Sporophyte Plant creates spores (N) by meiosis.

Plant Life Cycle

What Plants Need to Survive

Sunlight Water and minerals Gas exchange Movement of water and nutrients

throughout the plant body

Early Plants The first plants evolved from green

algae Size, color, and appearance of plants Similar reproductive cycles Cell walls and photosynthetic pigments

are identical to those of plants

Evolution Relationships

Overview of Plant Kingdom

Plants are divided into 4 groups based upon:

1. water-conducting tissues

2. seeds

3. flowers

Evolution Relationships

Project: Deep Green Since 1994 scientists have provided

strong evidence that plants evolved from green algae living in fresh water—not from the sea as previously thought.

12 Phyla of Plant Kingdom

BRYOPHYTES byro=moss phyte=plant Examples are:

Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Life cycles depend on water No vascular tissue: depends on

osmosis Very small & compact

Mosses

Human Uses for Moss Sphagnum moss (aka peat moss)

thrives in acidic water Dried sphagnum absorbs many times

its weight in water: natural sponge Alive is used in gardening: to acidify

the soil When compacted (peat) is used for

fuel.

Liverworts

Hornworts

Vascular Plants Tracheids are

specialized cells that can conduct fluids:– Xylem (water

upward)– Phloem (nutrients

and carbohydrates throughout the plant

Seedless Vascular Plants Both xylem and phloem can move

fluids against gravity The thick walls of xylem and LIGNIN

(substance that makes cell walls rigid) enables vascular plants to grow

upright and reach great heights Examples are: club mosses,

horsetails, and ferns

Lycophyta: Club Mosses

Once grew as huge (35 m) trees

One of the main components of coal

True leaves, stems, and roots

Need moist woodlands

Example: Lycopodium

Arthrophyta: Horsetail Only one genus is still

living Grows to about 1 m True leaves, stems,

and roots Stems contain silica

and were used for scouring pots

Example: Equisetum

Pterophyta: Ferns Leaves are called

FRONDS Stem is an

underground rhizome with roots

Found in moist, shaded forest areas

Sporangia form on underside of frond

Seed Plants: Freedom from Water!

Two main types:– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms

Dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land

Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers

Means “naked seed”

Adapted so that seed can survive in dry and extreme temperatures

Gnetophyta Just 3 genera Produces only 2

large,leathery leaves

Cones are formed at the base of the 2 leaves

Example: Welwitschia

Cycadophyta: Cycads Palm-like Date back to 225

million years ago Only 9 genera Example:

– Sego palm

Ginkophyta: Ginkoes Only one species

extant, Ginko biloba Looks like the fossil

remains of its ancestors, so true “living fossil”

Resistant to pollution so used in cities for shade

Coniferophyta: Conifers Most common gymnosperm Includes pines, spruces, firs,

cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews

Bristlecones can live 4 000+ years

Shed needles (leaves) throughout year so stay green (evergreens)

Needles adapted for dry, cool conditions with waxy coating, reduced surface area, cavities below leaf for gas exchange

Anthophyta: Angiosperms Appeared about 135

million years ago About 90% of all plants

are Angiosperms Developed reproductive

organs: flowers– Ovaries which protect the

seeds– Attract animals which help

with pollination

Two class of Angiosperms Monocotyledonae or Monocots Dicotyledonae orDicots

Monocotyledons Grasses Corn Wheat Lilies Gladiolus Palms

Monocot Characteristics

Dicotylendons

Roses Clover Tomatoes Oaks Daisies

                            

DICOTS

Monocots vs. Dicots

Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Stems

Woody: Thick cell walls that support the plant Trees, shrubs, and vines

Herbaceous: Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic

pressure (turgor) Dandilions, zinnias, petunias

Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Lifespans

Annuals Complete life cycle in one year

Biennials Life cycle takes 2 years

– Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves– Year two: grow new stems, leaves,and flowers

Perennials Live through many years

– May die back in winter,but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses)

– Most have woody stems (palms,trees, honeysuckle)

Plant Kingdom Phyla

Test Yourself!Monocot or Dicot?

A

B

C

D

E