Kingdom: Monera. General characteristics Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound organelles) Most...
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![Page 1: Kingdom: Monera. General characteristics Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound organelles) Most are unicellular (some live in colonies) Nobody seems.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bffa1a28abf838cc053d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kingdom: Monera
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General characteristics Prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles) Most are unicellular (some live in colonies) Nobody seems to be able to agree on how
they should be grouped!! (eek)
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Phylum: Schizophyta
• Largest group, contains common bacteria and Eubacteria
• Most are heterotrophs (take in food)
• Some are autotrophs (make their own food)
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• Basic shapes:
– Bacilli: rod shaped
– Spirilli: spiral or double helix
– Cocci: circular
– Long chains called streptococci
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Phylum: Cyanophyta• The “Blue- green” algae
• Actually contains many pigments. Colours can range from blue to red to black
• Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• Are found in hotsprings, polluted water, swimming pools (make rocks and pool walls very slick)
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Phylum: Prochlorophyta
• Photosynthetic microbes which live in marine organisms
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Phylum: Archaebacteria
• Methanogens: bogs, swamps, sewage plants
• Halophiles: high salt areas (the dead sea)
• Thermophiles: likes acidic/hot (hot springs)
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Nutrition: how monera “eat”
• Heterotrophs: get food from others
– Parasites get their food from living organisms without killing the host
– Saprophytes get their food from the dead (bacteria which break down corpses or old trees)
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• Autotrophs: make their own food
– Photosynthesis: change light energy into chemical energy
CO2 + H
2O + sunlight --> glucose + O
2
– Chemosynthesis: energy from chemicals
CO2 + H
2S --> (CH
2O)
n + H
2O + S
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Obtaining energy/respiration• Respiration
– Humans and animals have to breathe to obtain O
2 for respiration
– The purpose of respiration is to release energy from food so we can function
– Organisms which require oxygen for respiration are called aerobes
Glucose + O2 --> CO
2 + H
2O + energy
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• Fermentation
– Not all monerans require oxygen to release energy from food
– These organisms go through fermentation
– Less energy from fermentation than respiration
glucose --> C2H
5OH + CO
2 + energy
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• Obligate anaerobes: need an environment without O
2 to live
• Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O
2. (ex: E.coli in digestive tract)
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Reproduction• Asexual: binary fission
– DNA doubles
– Cell splits in two (clones)
– Important for increasing numbers
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• Sexual: conjugation
– Cell to cell contact with a “cytoplasm bridge”
– Small rings or genetic material (plasmids) are transferred from donor to recipient
– Allows for variation in bacteria
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Effects of Bacteria• Harmful
– Disease (bubonic plague, strep throat)
– Food spoilage
• Helpful
– Digestion
– Making yogurt and cheese
– Toxic/poison eating microbes (oil spills)
– Recycling plants/animals in the environment