Taxonomy- the field of science that classifies life into groups.

Systematics- studies diversity of life

It is the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

Biological Kingdoms

Five (5) Kingdoms

1. Kingdom Monera2. Kingdom Protista3. Kingdom Fungi.4. Kingdom Plantae5. Kingdom Animalia

Classification: Six kingdom system:

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Archaebacteria

E. coli Cyanobacteria

Paramecium Diatom Slime mold

Monera

Carolus Linnaeus (Father of classification)

Swedish doctor

Wrote 14 books in 3 years

Fish book: 3,000 pages

Professor of Medicine & Natural History

Carolus Linnaeus

1753: published book describing World’s plants(Species plantarum)

Started naming process (Binomial Nomenclature)

Binomial NomenclatureSystem of assigning names to

Organisms where an organism was given two names (genus + species)

Loxodonta africanasLoxodonta africanas

Tiger = Panthera tigris

Leopard = Panthera pardus

Lion = Panthera leo

Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Black Bear = Ursus americanus

Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus

Linnaean Hierarchy

KingdomPhylum (or Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Plantae & FungiPlantae & Fungi

Linnaean Hierarchy

“King Philip came over from Germany stoned.”

1. Confusing

2. Ambiguous

Disadvantages of using CommonNames;

Advantages of using Scienfific names:

1. Agreed upon system – One organism is assigned one scientific name the world.

2. Names are given using highly technical process.

Biological Species

Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

mule

horse

donkey

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom made of microscopic eukaryotic organisms.

Two main Divisions

1. Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)

2. Archaebacteria

Kingdom Monera They are:- Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria

Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria

Heterotrophic- Escherechia coli

Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

Asexual reproduction

Kingdom Monera

anthraxanthrax

pneumoniapneumonia cyanobacteriacyanobacteria

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Purple sulfur bacteria

General characteristics:1. They are Eukaryotic 2. Generally single-celled; if multicellular,

cells not organized into tissues3. Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms4. There are three (3) informal groups:- Plant-like (algal) protists

Animal-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Kingdom Protista

PHYLUM - KINGDOM PROTISTA

1. Phylum Rhizopoda (Euglenophyta)

2. Phylum Zoomastigna (Trypanosoma)

3. Phylum Apicomplexa (Plasmodium)

4. Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglena)

5. Phylum Oomycota (Phytophora)

6. Phylum Chlorophyta( Spirogyra)

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Sargassum polyphyllum

Sargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Hypnea chordacea

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Galaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Amoeba

Cilliates

Flagellates

Animal-like Protists

TRYPANOSOMES PARAMECIUM

Fungus-like Protists

Downey mildew

Slime molds

Mildew

Water molds

Blights

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeGeneral characteristics:

1.Eukaryotic

2.Multicellular organisms

3.True tissues.

4.Photoautotrophic nutrition.

5.Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

6. Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.

7. Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Sea grassesKingdom Plantae

Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves

Kingdom Fungi General characteristics

1. Eukaryotic

2. Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).

3. Nutrition:

Heterotrophic

Saprophytic (absorptive)

Kingdom Fungi

4. Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories.

5. Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi

Shelf fungus

Yeast

Toad stool

Rhizopus

Fungus infection in fish

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

General characteristic:

1. Eukaryotic

2. Multicellular organisms

3. True tissues.

4. Heterotrophic nutrition

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia5. Most exhibit significant capacity for

locomotion.

6. Cells not surrounded by cell walls.

7. Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Phylum of Kingdom ANIMALIA

1.Phylum Aschelimnthes (Roundworms = Nematoda)

2.Phylum Platyhelimnthes (Flatworms)

3.Phylum Annelida

4.Phylum Arthropoda

5.Phylum Chordata.

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum NematodaGeneral characteristics:

1. Roundworms ~ cylinrical body with tapering ends.

2. They have Primitive body cavity (Acoelomate)

3. They have Gut only one opening which is Mouth& Anus.

4. They have No circulatory system

4. Nervous system

5. Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem

6. Many are parasites

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes Platy~Flat and Heliminthes ~worm

General characteristics:

1. Consists of Flatworms ribbon like worms.

2. Blind digestive cavity

3. Bilaterally symmetrical

4. Thin, simple circulation

5. Sensory organs at front

6. Many parasitic

flatworm

nudibranch

Phylum Annelida

Class Hirudinea

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

earthworms leachesmarine worms

Economic importance of Annelids:

1.Earthwom (Lumbricus terresteris ) plays important role in soil formation,it is found in dampy or humid soil rich in decaying leaves and organic matters.

2.Leach of class Hirudinea is an acquatic blood feeder may play part in transmission of blood borne diseases eg Hepatitis C.

3.Marine worms form part of marine animals such as fish e,t,c

General characteristics:

1. Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles

2. Most species; 80% are insects

3. They have Hard chitinous exoskeleton

( which must shed to allow grow)

Phylum Arthropoda

Characteristics…..cont…

4. Have Open Circulatory system with blood, heart

5. Have special gas exchange system

6. Have developed sensory organ including antennae and true eyes.

7. They have body segments and appendeges.

CLASSES OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

1.Class Arachnida

2.Class Crustacea

3.Class Insecta

4.Class Diplopoda

5.Class Chilopoda

Class Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks & Mites)

Characteristics.

1.Very diverse class

2.Most species parasitic or predatory.

3.Many possess book lungs for gas exchange.

4.Spiders are able to produce a strong polymer – silk.

Class Arachnida. (arachnids, horseshoe crabs & sea spiders)

5. Body divided into 2 regions– Abdomen– Cephalothorax (fused head & thorax)

6. Lack jaws (Do not have jaws)7. Have 6 appendages & no antennae

– First appendages form chilicerae (frequently fangs)

Class Arachnids

• Spiders

• Scorpions ??

Economic importance:

1. They sting producing very painful stimulus

2. They can play part in biological control

3. They produce silk polymer which is important raw material in textile industries.

Scorpions

Class Crustacea

Class CrustaceaCharacteristics:1.Includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish,

shrimp, & barnacles2.Appendages are often highly specialized3.Gas exchange is usually through gills4.Many species taste delicious in butter

( They are source of food across culture)

Some Crustaceans

Marine Maine Lobster

Crayfish

Crabs

Barnacles

05 Nov. 2009 Arthropoda.ppt 59

Crustacea…Economic importance:1. They are source of food

across culture.2. They are ornamental

ostracodbrine shrimp

mantis shrimps

copepods

barnacles

Crustacea

4.They are Carnivorous

Class DiplopodaCentipede:

1. Segmented body

2. Each segment with one pair of legs

3. The first legs modified to fangs (poisonous claws)

4. They do not have poisonous claws

Class Diplopoda

Millipedes:

1. Cylindrical segmented body.

2. Each segment carries two pair of walking legs

3. They are herbivorous & Decomposers.

Class Insecta– Class Insects:

1. Body divided into three parts (tagma)

• Head, thorax, abdomen

• Majority of all arthropods are found in this class.

Tagmosis

• Head (~ 4-6 segments) feeding, sensation

• Head appendages– mandibles,

– maxillae,

– maxillipeds,

– chelicerae

– antennae

65

Tagmosis

• Thorax (~ 3-6 segments) – locomotion,

grasping.

• Thoracic appendages– walking legs,

– wings

– chelipeds

Thorax is divided into three portion each of which carries one pair of walking legs.

These portions are:- prothorax,mesothoax and metathorax.

Class Insecta (the insects)

2. Far & away the most diverse of animal groups

– More types of insects alone than all other animal groups combined

3. Inhabit all terrestrial & freshwater ecosystems.

Success largely attributed to coevolution with flowering plants.

Insect Body Plan4. Insects have 6 legs ( three pairs)• 5. Body divided in to three parts

namely:-– Head– Thorax– Abdomen

6. Most insects have wings, however in many species these are vestigal (wings are found on the second or second and 3rd abdominal segment.

Characteristics cont…7. Have advanced

excretory system composed of malphygian tubules

8. Exchange gasses through a complex tracheal system (there are spiracles on some of the body segment)

VisionVision

9. Have complex compound eye which is usually extremely sensitive to motion and allows 3600 vision

• Most insects see well into the UV spectrum

Feeding / MouthpartsFeeding / Mouthparts

10. Insects usually have specialized jaws/mouthparts suited to their ecological niche

11. They have only one pair of antennae.

MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

• Most insects undergo a process of metamorphosis - 2 types• Incomplete metamorphosis

– Larva similar to adult, with differing body proportions– Undergoes a series of molts resulting in adult phenotype

Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis• Larva is very unlike adult phenotype• Envelopes self in a coccoon or chrysalis where body

breaks-down and reforms into adult form.

Economic importances of insects:

1. Some insects such as Grasshopper they sources of food.

2. Insect larvae e.g. Army worms and Adult grasshoppers can destruct crops,

3. Vectors of diseases e.g. cockroach and housefly may be mechanical vector of gastro enteric fever

4. Termites destroy properties e.g. timbers at the same times they are edible.

5. Moth and butterflies are ornamental

6. Spider produces silk polymer which is very useful in textiles industries,

Phylum Chordata

Chordate Characteristics

Characteristics

• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)

Sharks, skates, rays, chimera

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes

Class Chondrichthyes

SubphylumVertebrata

Characteristics1. Posses jaws with teeth and bony skeleton. 2. They have paired fins that are equipped with

muscles and endoskeleton.3. They breathe by mean of gills and have 4 paired

gill arches covered by operculum3. Intestine- simple, no spiral valve4.They posses Swim bladder (air sacs)5. Lateral line

Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes

6. Homocercal tail

7. Body covered with dermal scales (cycloid, ctenoid sccales)

680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

Class Osteichthyes

Domino damsel

Trigger (Humu)

Dwarf moray

Porcupine

trumpetfishAchilles tang

White mouthed

morey

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

Rana cancrivora

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Characteristics

• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

Sea snake

Marine turtle

Marine iguana

Saltwater crocodile

Class AvesClass Aves

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell

Class AvesClass Aves

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Characteristics

• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

Dugong

manatee

Sea otter

Whales & Dolphins

Polar bear

Seals & sealions

STUDY QUESTIONS1. What is the difference between a prokaryote

and eukaryote?

2. Which kingdoms are prokaryote and which are eukaryote?

3. Define a species.

4. How do fungus feed?

5. What are some key characteristics of mammals?