King Faisal Hashemait

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Faisal I of Iraq

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Faisal I

Faisal visits Jerusalem in 1933.

King of Syria

Reign 8 March 192024 July 1920

Predecessor Title created

Successor Title abolished

King of Iraq

Reign 23 August 19218 September 1933

Predecessor Title created

Successor Ghazi I

Prime Minister See list[show]

Spouse Huzaima bint Nasser

Issue

Princess Azza of Iraq

Princess Rajiha of IraqPrincess Raifi'a of Iraq

King Ghazi I of Iraq

Full name

Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi

House Hashemite

Father Hussein bin Ali

Mother Abdliya bint Abdullah
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Born20 May 1885 Mecca,Ottoman Empire

[1][2]

Died8 September 1933 (aged 48)

Bern,Switzerland

Burial Royal Mausoleum,Adhamiyah

Religion Sunni Islam

Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi, (Arabic: Fayal ibn usayn; 20 May 18838 September 1933)[1][2]wasKingof theArab Kingdom of SyriaorGreater Syriain 1920, and was

King of Iraqfrom 23 August 1921 to 1933. He was a member of theHashemitedynasty.

Faisal fostered unity between Sunni and Shiite Muslims to encouragecommon loyalty and promotepan-Arabismin the goal of creating an

Arab state that would includeIraq,Syria and the rest of theFertile

Crescent.While in power, Faisal tried to diversify his administration by

including different ethnic and religious groups in offices. He faced great

challenges in achieving this because the region was under European -

specifically French and British - control and other Arab leaders of the

time were hostile to his ideas as they pursued their own political

aspirations for power. In addition, Faisals attempt at pan-Arab

nationalism may have contributed to the isolation of certain religiousgroups.

Contents

1 Early life 2 First World War and Arab Revolt 3 Post World War I

o 3.1 Participation in peace conferenceo 3.2 Greater Syriao 3.3 FaisalWeizmann Agreement

4 King of Syria and Iraq 5 Marriage and children 6 Film
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7 See also 8 References 9 External references 10 Further reading

Early life

Faisal was born inMecca[2]

(in present-daySaudi Arabia)in 1885,[2]

the

third son ofHussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca,theGrand Sharif of

Mecca.He grew up inConstantinopleand learned about leadership from

his father. In 1913, he was elected as representative for the city of

Jeddahfor theOttoman parliament.

In 1916, on a mission to Constantinople, Faisal visitedDamascustwice.

On one of these visits he received theDamascus Protocol,joined with

theAl-Fatatgroup of Arab nationalists.

First World War and Arab Revolt

Emir Faisal's delegation atVersailles,during theParis Peace Conference

of 1919.Left to right: Rustum Haidar,Nuri as-Said,Prince Faisal,

Captain Pisani (behind Faisal),T. E. Lawrence,unknown person,Captain Tahsin Kadry.

On 23 October 1916 atHamrain the Wadi Safra, the first encounter took

place between Faisal and CaptainT. E. Lawrence,a relatively junior

British intelligence officer from Cairo. Lawrence already had a vision of
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an independent post-war Arabian state, and knew it was essential to findprecisely the right man to lead the Arab forces to achieve this.

[5]

With the help of Lawrence, Faisal sided with the British Army and

organised theArab Revoltagainst theOttoman Empire,helping to endtheCaliphate.After a long siege he conqueredMedina,defeating thedefense organized byFakhri Pasha.

Arab nationalism and independence, not religion, was his main

motivation.Iqbalwrote in one of his poems about King Faisal as, "What

a beautiful message did Sans give to King Faisal By descent you areHijazi, but by heart Hijazi you could not be"

[6]

Faisal also worked with theAlliesduring World War I in their conquestofGreater Syriaand the capture ofDamascus,where he became part of

a new Arab government in 1918.

Post World War I

Participation in peace conference

Kingdom of Syria in 1918

In 1919 Faisal led the Arab delegation to theParis Peace Conference

and, with the support of the knowledgeable and influentialGertrude

Bell,argued for the establishment of independent Arabemiratesfor the

area previously covered by theOttoman Empire.His role in theArab

Revoltwas described by Lawrence inSeven Pillars of Wisdom,although
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the accuracy of that book has been criticized by some historians.[citation

needed]

Greater Syria

Main article:Arab Kingdom of Syria

British and Arab forces tookDamascusin October 1918, which was

followed by theArmistice of Mudros.With the end of Turkish rule that

October, Faisal helped set up an Arab government, under British

protection, in Arab controlled Greater Syria. In May 1919, elections

were held for theSyrian National Congress,which met the following

year.

FaisalWeizmann Agreement

Main article:FaisalWeizmann Agreement

On 4 January 1919, Faisal and Dr.Chaim Weizmann,President of the

World Zionist Organizationsigned the FaisalWeizmann Agreement for

Arab-Jewish Cooperation, in which Faisal conditionally accepted the

Balfour Declarationbased on the fulfillment of British wartime promises

of development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and on which subjecthe made the following statement:

Faisal (right) withChaim Weizmannin Syria, 1918.
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Coronation of Prince Faisal as King of Iraq

"We Arabs... look with the deepest sympathy on the Zionist movement.

Our deputation here in Paris is fully acquainted with the proposalssubmitted yesterday by the Zionist Organisation to the Peace

Conference, and we regard them as moderate and proper. We will do our

best, insofar as we are concerned, to help them through; we will wish the

Jews a most hearty welcome home... I look forward, and my people with

me look forward, to a future in which we will help you and you will help

us, so that the countries in which we are mutually interested may once

again take their places in the community of the civilised peoples of the

world."

These promises were not immediately fulfilled, in some cases not until

after the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel.[7][8]

but once Arab

states were granted autonomy from the European powers, years after the

Faisal-Weizmann Agreement, and these new Arab nations were

recognized by the Europeans and the U.N., Weizmann argued that since

the fulfillment was kept eventually, the agreement for a Jewish

homeland in Palestine still held.[8]

In truth, however, this hoped-for

partnership had little chance of success and was a dead letter by late1920. Faisal had hoped that Zionist influence on British policy would be

sufficient to forestall French designs on Syria, but Zionist influence

could never compete with French interests. At the same time Faisal

failed to enlist significant sympathy among his Arab elite supporters for
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the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, even under loose Arabsuzerainty.

King of Syria and Iraq

On 7 March 1920, Faisal was proclaimedKingof theArab Kingdom of

Syria(Greater Syria) by the Syrian National Congress government of

Hashim al-Atassi.In April 1920, theSan Remo conferencegaveFrance

themandate for Syria,which led to theFranco-Syrian War.In theBattle

of Maysalunon 24 July 1920, the French were victorious and Faisal was

expelled fromSyria.He went to live in the United Kingdom in August

of that year.

In March 1921, at theCairo Conference,the British decided that Faisal

was a good candidate for ruling theBritish Mandate of Iraqbecause of

his apparent conciliatory attitude towards the great power and based on

advice from T. E. Lawrence, more commonly known as Lawrence of

Arabia. But, in 1921, few people living in Iraq even knew who Faisal

was or had ever heard his name. With help of British officials, including

Mrs Gertrude Bell, he successfully campaigned among the Arabs of Iraqand won over popular support.

The British government, mandate holders in Iraq, were concerned at the

unrest in the colony. They decided to step back from direct

administration and create a monarchy to head Iraq while they maintained

the mandate. Following aplebisciteshowing 96% in favour, which was

not really accurate, but created by a British council of ministers who

wanted to put Faisal in power, Faisal agreed to become king. In August

1921 he was made king of Iraq.
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King Faisal's statue at a square named after him at the end ofHaifa

StreetinBaghdad.

He encouraged an influx of Syrian exiles and office-seekers to cultivate

better Iraqi-Syrian relations. In order to improve education in the

country Faisal employed doctors and teachers in the civil service and

appointedSati' al-Husri,the ex-Minister of Education in Damascus, as

his director of the Ministry of Education. This influx resulted in muchnative resentment towards Syrians and Lebanese in Iraq.

Faisal also developed desert motor routes fromBaghdadtoDamascus,

and Baghdad toAmman.This led to a great interest in theMosuloilfield

and eventually to his plan to build an oil pipeline to a Mediterranean

port, which would helpIraq economically.This also led to an increase inIraqs desire for more influence in the Arab East. During his reign,

Faisal made great effort to build Iraqs army into a powerful force. He

attempted to imposeuniversal military servicein order to achieve this,

but this failed. Some see this as part of his plan to advance his pan-Arab

agenda.

Royal Standard, as King of Syria.
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Royal Standard, as King of Iraq.

In 1925, after theSyrian Druze uprising,the French government began

consulting Faisal on Syrian matters. He advised the French to restore

Hashemitepower in Damascus. The French consulted Faisal because

they were inspired by his success as an imposed leader in Iraq.

Faisal saw theAnglo-Iraqi Treatyof 1930 as an obstacle to his pan-Arabagenda, although it provided Iraq with a degree of political

independence. He wanted to make sure that the treaty had a built-in end

date because the treaty further divided Syria and Iraq, the former which

was under French control, and the latter under British rule. This

prevented unity between two major Arab regions, which were important

in Faisals pan-Arab agenda. Ironically,Arab nationalistsin Iraq had a

positive reception to the treaty because they saw this as progress, which

seemed better than the Arab situation in Syria andPalestine.

Visit to Turkey,Mustafa Kemal

In 1932, the British mandate ended and Faisal was instrumental in

making his country nominally independent. On 3 October, the Kingdom

of Iraqjoined the League of Nations.
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Also in 1932, Shah Faisal dreamt that he was being addressed by

Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman,who said "O King! RemoveJabir ibn

Abdullah Ansariand me from the bank of river Tigris and bury us at

some safe place because my grave is already filled with water while

Jabir's grave is collecting water slowly." That year, a large number ofMuslims and non-Muslims, along with the King, Grand Mufti, Prime

Minister, and Prince Farooq of Egypt were there for the opening of

graves of both trusted companions of Muhammad. Both of the bodies

were said to be fresh and intact while their open eyes were said to issue

forth such divine light that the spectators' eyes were dazzled.

Furthermore, their coffins, clothes, and kaffan were also intact and at

first glance, it appeared as if they were alive. The two bodies were then

taken away and buried afresh near the grave of Salman al-Farsi, inSalman Park, which is 30 miles from Baghdad.

In August 1933, incidents like theSimele massacrecaused tension

between the United Kingdom and Iraq. Prime MinisterRamsay

MacDonaldorderedHigh CommissionerFrancis Humphrysto Iraq

immediately upon hearing of the killing ofAssyrianChristians. The

British government demanded that Faisal stay in Baghdad to punish the

guiltywhether Christian or Muslim. In response, Faisal cabled to the

Iraqi Legation in London: "Although everything is normal now in Iraq,

and in spite of my broken health, I shall await the arrival of Sir Francis

Humphrys in Bagdad, but there is no reason for further anxiety. Inform

the British Government of the contents of my telegram."[9]

In July 1933, right before his death, Faisal went to London where he

expressed his alarm at the current situation of Arabs that resulted from

theArab-Jewish conflictand the increased Jewish immigration to

Palestine, as the Arab political, social, and economic situation wasdeclining. He asked the British to limit Jewish migration and land sales.

King Faisal died on 8 September 1933, at the age of 48. The official

cause of death was a heart attack while he was staying inBern,

Switzerland, for his general medical checkup. He was succeeded on the
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throne by his oldest sonGhazi.Many questions arose from his sudden

death, as Swiss doctors assured that he was healthy and nothing serious

was with him. His private nurse also reported signs of arsenic poison

before his death. Many of his companions noticed that day that he was

suffering from pain in the abdomen (sign of poisoning) and not chest (atypical sign of heart attack). His body was quickly mummified before

performing a proper autopsy to find the exact result of death, a normal

procedure in such situations.[10]

A square is named in his honour at the end ofHaifa Street,Baghdad,

where an equestrian statue of him stands. The statue was knocked downfollowing the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, but later restored.

Marriage and children

Faisal was married to Hazima bint Nasser and had two sons and three

daughters:[11]

Princess Azza bint Faisal Princess Rajiha bint Faisal Princess Raifia bint Faisal Ghazi, King of Iraqborn 1912 died 4 April 1939, married his first

cousin, PrincessAliya bint Ali,daughter ofHM King Ali of Hejaz.

Film

He has been portrayed on film three times: in the 1951 filmSirocco

(dealing with the Syrian insurrection against France), byJeff Corey;

David Lean's epicLawrence of Arabia(1962), played byAlec Guinness,

and in the unofficial sequel toLawrence,A Dangerous Man: LawrenceAfter Arabia(1990) byAlexander Siddig.On video, he was portrayed in

The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 19 The Winds of

Change(1995) by Anthony Zaki.

FaisalWeizmann Agreement
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The FaisalWeizmann Agreementwas signed on 3 January 1919, by

Emir Faisal(son of the King ofHejaz), who was for a short time King of

the Arab Kingdom of Syria or Greater Syria in 1920, and was King ofthe Kingdom of Iraq (today, Iraq) from August 1921 to 1933, andChaim

Weizmann(later President of theWorld Zionist Organization) as part of

theParis Peace Conference, 1919settling disputes stemming from

World War I. It was a short-lived agreement for Arab-Jewish

cooperation on the development of a Jewish homeland inPalestineand

an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.

One or more of the Allies may have suggested that a representative of

the Zionist Organization secure the agreement. The secretSykes-Picot

Agreementhad called for an 'Arab State or a Confederation of Arab

States'... ...'under the suzerainty of an Arab chief.' The French and

British also proposed 'an international administration, the form of which

is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in

consultation with the other Allies, 'and the representatives of the Shereef

of Mecca.'[1]

1918. Emir Faisal I and Chaim Weizmann (left, wearing Arab headdress

as a sign of friendship)

Contents

1 Overview
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2 Background 3 The agreement

o 3.1 Text of the Agreement 4 Implementation 5 Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links

Overview

Weizmann first met Faisal in June 1918, during the British advance from

the South against theOttoman Empirein World War I. As leader of animpromptu "Zionist Commission", Weizmann traveled to southern

Transjordan for the meeting. The intended purpose was to forge an

agreement between Faisal and theZionist movementto support an Arab

Kingdom and Jewish settlement in Palestine, respectively. The wishes of

the Palestinian Arabs were to be ignored, and, indeed, both men seem to

have held the Palestinian Arabs in considerable disdain. Weizmann had

called them "treacherous", "arrogant", "uneducated", and "greedy" and

had complained to the British that the system in Palestine did "not take

into account the fact that there is a fundamental qualitative difference

between Jew and Arab".[2]

After his meeting with Faisal, Weizmann

reported that Faisal was "contemptuous of the Palestinian Arabs whomhe doesn't even regard as Arabs".

[3]

In preparation for the meeting, British diplomatMark Sykeshad written

to Faisal about the Jewish people, "I know that the Arabs despise,

condemn, and hate the Jews" but he added "I speak the truth when I say

that this race, despised and weak, is universal, is all-powerful and cannotbe put down" and he suggested that Faisal view the Jews as a powerful

ally.[4]

In the event, Weizmann and Faisal established an informal

agreement under which Faisal would support dense Jewish settlement in

Palestine while the Zionist movement would assist in the developmentof the vast Arab nation that Faisal hoped to establish.
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At their first meeting in June 1918 Weizmann had assured Faisal that

"the Jews did not propose to set up a government of their own but

wished to work under British protection, to colonize and develop

Palestine without encroaching on any legitimate interests".[5]

Weizmann

and Faisal met again later in 1918, while both were in London preparingtheir statements for the upcomingpeace conference in Paris.

They signed the written agreement, which bears their names, on 3

January 1919. The next day, Weizmann arrived in Paris to head the

Zionist delegation to the Peace Conference. It was a triumphal moment

for Weizmann; it was an accord that climaxed years of negotiations and

ceaseless shuttles between the Middle East and the capitals of Western

Europe and that promised to usher in an era of peace and cooperationbetween the two principal ethnic groups of Palestine: Arabs and Jews.[6]
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Map showing the boundaries of Palestine proposed by Zionists at the

Paris Conference, superimposed on modern boundaries.

Background

Main article:McMahonHussein Correspondence

Henry McMahon hadexchanged letterswith Faisal's fatherHussein bin

Ali, Sharif of Meccain 1915, in which he had promised Hussein control

ofArablands with the exception of "portions ofSyria"lying to the west

of "the districts ofDamascus,Homs,HamaandAleppo". Palestine lies

to the south of these areas and wasn't explicitly mentioned. That
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modern-day Lebanese region of theMediterraneancoast was set aside as

part of a future French Mandate. After the war the extent of the coastal

exclusion was hotly disputed. Hussein had protested that the Arabs of

Beirutwould greatly oppose isolation from the Arab state or states, but

did not bring up the matter ofJerusalemor Palestine. Dr.ChaimWeizmannwrote in his autobiography Trial and Errorthat Palestine had

been excluded from the areas that should have been Arab and

independent. This interpretation was supported explicitly by theBritish

governmentin the1922 White Paper.

On the basis of McMahon's assurances theArab Revoltbegan on 5 June

1916. However, the British and French also secretly concluded the

SykesPicot Agreementon 16 May 1916.

[7]

This agreement dividedmany Arab territories into British- and French-administered areas and

allowed for the internationalisation of Palestine.[7]

Hussein learned of the

agreement when it was leaked by the new Russian government in

December 1917, but was satisfied by two disingenuous telegrams from

SirReginald Wingate,High Commissioner of Egypt, assuring him that

the British government's commitments to the Arabs were still valid andthat the Sykes-Picot Agreement was not a formal treaty.

[7]

According to Isaiah Friedman, Hussein was not perturbed by the BalfourDeclaration and on 23 March 1918, inAl Qibla, the daily newspaper of

Mecca, attested that Palestine was "a sacred and beloved homeland of its

original sons," the Jews; "the return of these exiles to their homeland

will prove materially and spiritually an experimental school for their

[Arab] brethren." He called on the Arab population in Palestine to

welcome the Jews as brethren and cooperate with them for the common

welfare.[8]

Following the publication of the Declaration the British had

dispatched CommanderDavid George Hogarthto see Hussein inJanuary 1918 bearingthe messagethat the "political and economic

freedom" of the Palestinian population was not in question.[7]

Hogarth

reported that Hussein "would not accept an independent Jewish State in

Palestine, nor was I instructed to warn him that such a state was

contemplated by Great Britain".[9]

Continuing Arab disquiet over Allied
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intentions also led during 1918 to the BritishDeclaration to the Seven

and theAnglo-French Declaration,the latter promising "the complete

and final liberation of the peoples who have for so long been oppressed

by the Turks, and the setting up of national governments and

administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of theinitiative and choice of the indigenous populations."

[7][10]

Lord Grey had been theforeign secretaryduring the McMahon-Hussein

negotiations. Speaking in theHouse of Lordson 27 March 1923, he

made it clear that he entertained serious doubts as to the validity of the

British government's interpretation of the pledges which he, as foreign

secretary, had caused to be given to Hussein in 1915. He called for all of

the secret engagements regarding Palestine to be made public.

[10]

Manyof the relevant documents in the National Archives were later

declassified and published. Among them were the minutes of a Cabinet

Eastern Committee meeting, chaired byLord Curzon,which was held on

5 December 1918. Balfour was in attendance. The minutes revealed that

in laying out the government's position Curzon had explained that:

"Palestine was included in the areas as to which Great Britain pledgeditself that they should be Arab and independent in the future".

[11]

The agreement

Main points of the agreement:

The agreement committed both parties to conducting all relationsbetween the groups by the most cordial goodwill and

understanding, to work together to encourage immigration of Jews

into Palestine on a large scale while protecting the rights of the

Arab peasants and tenant farmers, and to safeguard the freepractice of religious observances. The Muslim Holy Places were to

be under Muslim control.

The Zionist movement undertook to assist the Arab residents ofPalestine and the future Arab state to develop their natural

resources and establish a growing economy.
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The boundaries between an Arab State and Palestine should bedetermined by a Commission after the Paris Peace Conference.

The parties committed to carrying into effect theBalfourDeclaration of 1917,calling for a Jewish national home in

Palestine. Disputes were to be submitted to the British Government for

arbitration.

Weizmann signed the agreement on behalf of the Zionist Organization,

while Faisal signed on behalf of the short-lived ArabKingdom of

Hedjaz.

Two weeks prior to signing the agreement, Faisal stated:

The two main branches of the Semitic family, Arabs and Jews,

understand one another, and I hope that as a result of interchange of

ideas at the Peace Conference, which will be guided by ideals of self-

determination and nationality, each nation will make definite progress

towards the realization of its aspirations. Arabs are not jealous of Zionist

Jews, and intend to give them fair play and the Zionist Jews have

assured the Nationalist Arabs of their intention to see that they too have

fair play in their respective areas. Turkish intrigue in Palestine has raisedjealousy between the Jewish colonists and the local peasants, but the

mutual understanding of the aims of Arabs and Jews will at once clear

away the last trace of this former bitterness, which, indeed, had already

practically disappeared before the war by the work of the Arab Secret

Revolutionary Committee, which in Syria and elsewhere laid the

foundation of the Arab military successes of the past two years.[12]

The areas discussed were detailed in a letter to Felix Frankfurter,

President of the Zionist Organisation of America, on 3 March 1919,when Faisal wrote :

"The Arabs, especially the educated among us, look with the deepest

sympathy on the Zionist movement. Our deputation here in Paris is fully

acquainted with the proposals submitted yesterday by the Zionist
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Organization to the Peace Conference, and we regard them as moderateand proper."

[13]

The proposals submitted by the Zionist Organization to the Peace

Conference were:

"The boundaries of Palestine shall follow the general lines set out below:

Starting on the North at a point on the Mediterranean Sea in the vicinity

South ofSidonand following the watersheds of the foothills of the

Lebanonas far as Jisr el Karaon, thence to El Bire following the

dividing line between the two basins of the Wadi El Korn and the Wadi

Et Teim thence in a southerly direction following the dividing line

between the Eastern and Western slopes of theHermon,to the vicinity

West of Beit Jenn, thence Eastward following the northern watersheds of

the Nahr Mughaniye close to and west of the Hedjaz Railway. In the

East a line close to and West of theHedjaz Railwayterminating in the

Gulf of Akaba.In the South a frontier to be agreed upon with the

Egyptian Government. In the West the Mediterranean Sea.

The details of the delimitations, or any necessary adjustments of detail,

shall be settled by a Special Commission on which there shall be Jewish

representation."[14][15]

Text of the Agreement

Agreement Between Emir Feisal and Dr. Weizmann[16]

3 January 1919

His Royal Highness the Emir Feisal, representing and acting on behalf

of the Arab Kingdom of Hedjaz, and Dr. Chaim Weizmann, representingand acting on behalf of the Zionist Organization, mindful of the racial

kinship and ancient bonds existing between the Arabs and the Jewish

people, and realizing that the surest means of working out the

consummation of their natural aspirations is through the closest possible

collaboration in the development of the Arab State and Palestine, and
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being desirous further of confirming the good understanding whichexists between them, have agreed upon the following:

Articles:

Article IThe Arab State and Palestine in all their relations and undertakings shall

be controlled by the most cordial goodwill and understanding, and to

this end Arab and Jewish duly accredited agents shall be established andmaintained in the respective territories.

Article IIImmediately following the completion of the deliberations of the Peace

Conference, the definite boundaries between the Arab State and

Palestine shall be determined by a Commission to be agreed upon by the

parties hereto.

Article IIIIn the establishment of the Constitution and Administration of Palestine,

all such measures shall be adopted as will afford the fullest guaranteesfor carrying into effect the British Government's Declaration of the 2ndof November, 1917.

Article IVAll necessary measures shall be taken to encourage and stimulate

immigration of Jews into Palestine on a large scale, and as quickly as

possible to settle Jewish immigrants upon the land through closer

settlement and intensive cultivation of the soil. In taking such measuresthe Arab peasant and tenant farmers shall be protected in their rights and

shall be assisted in forwarding their economic development.

Article V


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No regulation or law shall be made prohibiting or interfering in any way

with the free exercise of religion; and further, the free exercise and

enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination

or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall ever be

required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Article VIThe Mohammedan Holy Places shall be under Mohammedan control.

Article VIIThe Zionist Organization proposes to send to Palestine a Commission of

experts to make a survey of the economic possibilities of the country,and to report upon the best means for its development. The Zionist

Organization will place the aforementioned Commission at the disposal

of the Arab State for the purpose of a survey of the economic

possibilities of the Arab State and to report upon the best means for its

development. The Zionist Organization will use its best efforts to assist

the Arab State in providing the means for developing the natural

resources and economic possibilities thereof.

Article VIIIThe parties hereto agree to act in complete accord and harmony on allmatters embraced herein before the Peace Congress.

Article IXAny matters of dispute which may arise between the contracting parties

hall be referred to the British Government for arbitration.

Given under our hand at London, England, the third day of January, one

thousand nine hundred and nineteen

Chaim Weizmann Feisal Ibn-Hussein


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Reservation by the Emir Feisal

If the Arabs are established as I have asked in my manifesto of 4

January, addressed to the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, I

will carry out what is written in this agreement. If changes are made, Icannot be answerable for failing to carry out this agreement.

Implementation

Faisal conditioned his acceptance on the fulfillment of British wartime

promises to the Arabs, who had hoped for independence in a vast part of

theOttoman Empire.He appended to the typed document a hand-writtenstatement:

"Provided the Arabs obtain their independence as demanded in my

[forthcoming] Memorandum dated the 4th of January, 1919, to the

Foreign Office of the Government of Great Britain, I shall concur in the

above articles. But if the slightest modification or departure were to be

made [regarding our demands], I shall not be then bound by a single

word of the present Agreement which shall be deemed void and of no

account or validity, and I shall not be answerable in any way

whatsoever."

The Arabs did not obtain their independence and the Faisal-Weizmann

agreement survived only a few months. The decision of thepeace

conferenceitself refused independence for the vast Arab-inhabited lands

that Faisal desired, mainly because the British and French had struck

their own secretSykes-Picot Agreement of 1916dividing the Middle

East between their ownspheres of influence.With the conference

deciding on themandate systemfor all areas of the former Ottoman

Empire, prior to statements from either the Zionist or Arab sides, Faisal

soon began to express doubts about cooperation with the Zionist

movement. After Faisal was expelled from Syria and given theKingdom

of Iraq,he contended that the conditions he appended were not fulfilled

and the treaty therefore moot.St. John Philby,a British representative in

Palestine, later stated thatHussein bin Ali,theSharif of Meccaand King
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Philbyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Philbyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Philbyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Meccahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Philbyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire


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of Hejaz, on whose behalf Faisal was acting, had refused to recognize

the agreement as soon as it was brought to his notice.[17]

However,

Sharif Hussein formally endorsed theBalfour Declarationin theTreaty

of Svresof 10 August 1920, along with the otherAllied Powers,as

King of Hedjaz.

The United Nations Special Committee On Palestine did not regard the

agreement as ever being valid,[18]

while Weizmann continued tomaintain that the treaty was still binding. In 1947 Weizmann explained :

"A postscript was also included in this treaty. This postscript relates to a

reservation by King Feisal that he would carry out all the promises in

this treaty if and when he would obtain his demands, namely,

independence for the Arab countries. I submit that these requirements of

King Feisal have at present been realized. The Arab countries are all

independent, and therefore the condition on which depended the

fulfillment of this treaty, has come into effect. Therefore, this treaty, to

all intents and purposes, should today be a valid document".[19]

According to C.D. Smith the Syrian National Congress had forced Faisalto back away from his tentative support of Zionist goals.

[20]

Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties

FaisalWeizmann Agreement (1919) Paris Peace Conference, 1919 1949 Armistice Agreements Camp David Accords (1978) Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (1979) Madrid Conference of 1991 Oslo Accords (1993) Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994) Camp David 2000 Summit Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs List of Middle East peace proposals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-UN19470708-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-UN19470708-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-UN19470708-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords_%281978%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords_%281978%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treatyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treatyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Jordan_Treaty_of_Peacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Jordan_Treaty_of_Peacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projects_working_for_peace_among_Israelis_and_Arabshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projects_working_for_peace_among_Israelis_and_Arabshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projects_working_for_peace_among_Israelis_and_Arabshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_process_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Jordan_Treaty_of_Peacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accordshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treatyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords_%281978%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreementshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-UN19470708-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement#cite_note-17


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International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab-Israeli_conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab-Israeli_conflicthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab-Israeli_conflict

King Faisal Hashemait

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Transcript of King Faisal Hashemait