Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory and the States and the States

of Matterof Matter

Kinetic TheoryKinetic Theory• All matter (solids, liquids, and gases)

are made up of particles. • The kinetic theory states that

subatomic particles of all matter are in constant, random motion.

• The energy of these moving particles is called kinetic energy.

TemperatureTemperature• Temperature - measure of the

average kinetic energy of the particles in an object– temperature low, energy low– temperature high, energy high

• See what happens to the molecules when you change the temperature:

http://219.94.96.174/fizik/virtual/Applets/temperature/temperature.htm

Absolute ZeroAbsolute Zero• Absolute zero - theoretical

temperature when the kinetic energy of an object is zero; temperature at which matter stops moving

• This would be: 0 K, -273 C, -459.7 F• How close have we gotten? 100 pK

as of January 2008

There are 4 phases or states There are 4 phases or states of matter.of matter.

• Solid – definite shape and volume• Liquid – definite volume and takes

shape of its container• Gas – takes shape and volume of its

container• Plasma

SolidSolid• Even the particles in a solid move around -

but not much.• The particles that make up the solid are

always vibrating from side to side and up and down. If you give a solid some energy then the particles will move around a little bit more.

• This is what happens when you heat up a solid piece of wax - give it too much heat and the solid wax will turn into a liquid (or melt).

Types of SolidsTypes of SolidsCrystalline Amorphous

CrystalCrystal• A crystal is a solid in which the

particles are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three dimensions. This is called a crystal lattice.

• Examples: salt, ice, diamond, metals

AmorphousAmorphous• An amorphous solid is one that loses its

shape under certain circumstances.• Examples: wax, rubber, tar, glass,

cotton candy

Now answer these Now answer these questions.questions.

• All solids, liquids and gases are made out of what ?

• Are the particles moving or still ? • Do the particles in a solid move ? • What do you give a solid to make the

particles move more ? • What sort of energy could you give wax

to turn it into liquid ? • When they are hot do the particles move

more or less ?

• What is the name of the process in which a solid turns into a liquid ?

• Do the particles in a liquid move more or less than a solid?

• If you took energy out of a liquid would it turn into a gas or a solid ?

• What is the name of the process in which liquid water turns into solid ice?

LiquidLiquid• Particles will flow or glide over one

another, but stay toward the bottom of the container. Motion is a bit more random than that of a solid.

ViscosityViscosity• Viscosity – the resistance of a liquid

to flow

• High viscosity examples – lotion, honey, shampoo

• Low viscosity examples – water, vinegar, rubbing alcohol, pop

Now, answer these Now, answer these questions.questions.

• Liquids are made out of what ? • Liquid particles are always doing

what ? • A liquid will take up the shape of a

what ? • If you tip over a container of liquid,

the liquid will do what ? • What type of viscosity would maple

syrup have?

PlasmaPlasma• An ionized gas that conducts

electricity• Most common state of matter in the

universe and the least common state on Earth

• Found in the sun and stars as a product of nuclear fusion

• Found on Earth in fluorescent light tubes

GasGas• Particles are constantly moving in

straight lines (like hockey pucks). • When the particles collide with each

other, or with the walls of a container, they bounce back.

• The kinetic energy of the particle is greater than the attractive force between them, so they are much farther apart than particles of a solid or liquid.

Gases are compressible.Gases are compressible.• Gases are compressible because the

particles are so much farther apart than those of liquids and solids.

What are the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas? Lab investigations

Elastic CollisionElastic Collision• Collision with the walls of the

container or with other particles in which no kinetic energy is lost

• Ideal gas – gas that has elastic collisions; Except at low temperatures and high pressures, most gases can be considered ideal

PressurePressure• Force acting on a unit area of surface• Atmospheric pressure – pressure exerted

by the Earth’s atmosphere; 14.7 lb/in2

Now, answer these Now, answer these questions.questions.

• All gases are made out of what ? • Are gas particles moving or still ? • Is there a bigger or smaller distance between

gas particles compared with liquid ones ? • Which particles are the closest together: solid,

liquid or gas ? • Which particles have the most energy: solid,

liquid or gas ? • Does a gas take up the shape of a container,

yes or no ? • When gas particles bounce off walls they exert

what ?

Molecule MovementMolecule Movement

• Compare movement in solid, liquid, & gas by clicking on the link below:

http://web.visionlearning.com/custom/chemistry/animations/CHE1.1-an-threestates.shtml