Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids

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Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids Qi Wang Department of Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, & NanoCenter at USC University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Research is partially supported by grants from NSF-DMS, NSF-CMMI, NSF-China

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Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids. Qi Wang Department of Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, & NanoCenter at USC University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Research is partially supported by grants from NSF-DMS, NSF-CMMI, NSF-China. A A A A. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids

Page 1: Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids

Kinetic Theories for Complex Fluids

Qi WangDepartment of Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Mathematics

Institute, & NanoCenter at USCUniversity of South Carolina

Columbia, SC 29208

Research is partially supported by grants from NSF-DMS, NSF-CMMI, NSF-China

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Collabrators in the work discussed in the presentation

• Biofilm:– Tianyu Zhang, Montana State University

– Nick Cogan, Florida State Univ

– Brandon Lindley, University of South Carolina

• Polymer-particulate nanocomposites:– Greg Forest, Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

– Ruhai Zhou, Old Dominion Univ.

– Guanghua Ji, Beijing Normal University, PRChina

– Jun Li, Nankai University, PR China

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Applied and Computational Mathematics at USC

• A new applied and computational mathematics program has been launched at USC in 2009.

• The aims of the program are (i) to implement modern applied and computational mathematics curriculum in graduate training, (ii). To support science and engineering education and research on the campus of USC, (iii). to foster interdisciplinary research across various disciplines in science, engineering and medicine.

• The research areas in the ACM includes: computational mathematics, modeling and simulation of complex fluids/soft matter, computational biology, cellular dynamics, geo-fluid dynamics, climate modeling, wavelet analysis, imaging sciences, approximation theories, etc.

• More details can be found at http://www.math.sc.edu/~qwang/USC_applied_math.htm

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Opportunities in ACM at USC

• Graduate students: graduate students can pursue PhD track in applied and computational mathematics supported by TA and RAs. Students will be able to learn courses across various disciplines pertinent to their research areas.

• Faculty: Three new faculty members in bio-mathematics related to biofabrication will be hired in the next three years. This year the opening is a senior-level full professor position. This is supported by a $20M NSF EPSCOR-TRACK II grant (2009-2014). Intensive interaction with MUSC center on biofabrication and bioengineering at Clemson is expected.

• Postdoctoral training at Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute.

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Outline

• Introduction to kinetic theories for mesoscopic dynamics

• Example 1: kinetic theories for biofilms• Example 2: kinetic theories for polymer

particulate nanocomposites• Conclusion

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“Definition” of Complex Fluids or Soft Matter

• “A fluid made up of a lot of different kinds of stuff”; defining feature of a complex fluid is the presence of mesoscopic length scales in addition to the macorscopic scales which necessarily plays a key role in determining the properties of the system. (Gelbart et al, J. Phys. Chem. 1996).

• Complex fluids are also known in the physics community as the soft matter, the matter between fluids and ideal solids. “Soft condensed matter is a fluid in which large groups of the elementary molecules have been constrained so that the permutation freedom within the group is lost.” (T. A. Witten, Reviews of Modern Physics, 1998)

• Common feature in complex fluids/soft matter: “mesoscopic scale morphologies, dynamics and physics dominate the material’s macroscopic properties.”

• Examples: polymer solutions, metls, gels, surfactant solutions such as micellar solutions and microemulsions, colloidal suspensions such as ink, milk, foams, and emulsions, blood flows, biofilms, mucus, and muscles, cytoplasma, etc.

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Modeling approaches

Small length and time scale. Computational models: MD simulations, Monte Carlo Simulations, Ab Initio computations, discrete mechanical models,

etc. These are microscopic models. (Computational intensive.)

Intermediate length and time scale. Kinetic theories, multi-scale kinetic theories, Coarse

grain models (Dissipative particle methods), Bownian dynamics, Lattice Botzmann

Method. These are mesoscale models. (Hopefully, computational manageable.)

Large length and time scale. Continuum models, multiscale continuum models, reduced order models, etc. These are macroscopic models.

(Computational less expensive.)

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(Phase space or configurational space) Kinetic theory for complex fluids

(Doi & Edwards, 1986, Bird et al., 1987)

Mesoscopic description: dynamical distribution of “model” molecules. The transport equation is the Smoluchowski equation or kinetic equation.

Macroscopic description: mass, momentum, and energy balance equations.

Coupling via macroscopic velocity, velocity gradient, moments of the distribution

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Conservation equations

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Constitutive equations

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Kinetic equations: mesoscopic transport equations

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Smoluchowski equation for mixtures

• Smoluchowski equation can be extended to account for active materials, live materials such as active filaments, sperms, virus, bacteria, and reactive materials in multi-species environment. The

generic form of the equation in this system is given by

@f i@t = ¡ r ¢( _xf i ) + gi

Where fi is the pdf or ndf for species i and gi is the source or reactive term for the species. Conservative properties or conditions are imposed on fi and gi, which may be algebraic or integral form. The source terms come from the decomposition or decoupling of the pdf (ndf) into independent pdf (ndf) fi, i.e. f=f1 fn.

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Coupling to the macroscopic transport equations

• The coupling with the macroscopic mass, momentum, and energy transport is achieved via the stress constitutive equation. The viscous part of the extra stress and the elastic part of the extra stress is calculated separately.

• The viscous part of the extra stress is done semi-phenomenologically by fluid dynamics and/or ensemble averaging.

• The elastic part of the extra stress is done using the variational principle or the virtual work principle for equilibrium dynamics. For nonequilibrium dynamics (like active systems), averaged forces per unit area have to be calculated using ensemble averages (Kirdwood, Briels & Dhont, etc.).

• Two examples of kinetic theories are given in the following to elucidate the formulation: biofilms and polymer particulate nanocomposites.

Smoluchowski equation for pdf at mesoscale

Balance equations for mass, momentum, energy at the macroscopic scale

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Example 1: Biofilms

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What are Biofilms?

• Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature and manmade materials. Biofilm forms when bacteria adhere to surfaces in moist environments by excreting a slimy, glue-like substance called the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Sites for biofilm formation include all kinds of surfaces: natural materials above and below ground, metals, plastics, medical implant materials—even plant and body tissue. Wherever you find a combination of bacteria, moisture, nutrients and a surface, you are likely to find biofilms.

In a pipe Plaque on teeth

In a creek. In a membrane

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Where do biofilms grow?

• Biofilms grow virtually everywhere, in almost any environment where there is a combination of moisture, nutrients, and a surface.

• This streambed in Yellowstone National Park is coated with biofilm that is several inches thick in places. The warm, nutrient-rich water provides an ideal home for this biofilm, which is heavily populated by green algae. The microbes colonizing thermal pools and springs in the Park give them their distinctive and unusual colors.

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Staph Infection (Staphylococcus aureus biofilm) of the surface of a catheter (CDC)

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Giant, Mucus-Like Sea Blobs on the Rise, Pose Danger National Geographic News, October 8, 2009

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Biofilm expansion, growth and transport process in flows

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Characteristics of Biofilms: dynamic, cellular structure and signaling, and gene expression

• Biofilms are complex, dynamic structures

•Gene and Cellular Structures

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Modeling Challenges

• Basic mathematical models for the growth of the biofilm colony should account for the properties of the EPS, nutrient distribution/transport/consumption, bacterial dynamics, solvent interactions, etc.

• Additional features can include: intercellular communication, signaling pathways, impact of the gene expression; drug interaction with the biofilm components, especially, the bacterial microbes….

• Existing models: low-dimensional models, diffusion limited aggregation for patterns, discrete or semidiscrete model coupled with local rules or automata, viscous fluid models or multi-fluid continuum models.

• Disadvantages of the multifluid models: how to imposed initial and in-flow/out-flow boundary conditions for each velocity in multi-fluid models? Numerical methods in multi-dimensions may be difficult.

• Our approach: one fluid, multi-component modeling, to systematically include more components. Advantages: an averaged velocity is used and the material is treated as incompressible. (See Beris and Edwards, 1994).

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A two-component kinetic model for biofilms

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Schematic of the model

EPS network

BacteriumSolvent

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A kinetic theory formulation

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Another model (nonseparable model, diffusive stress)

T he Smoluchowski equation for the e®ective polymer is

@@t

Ã+r ¢(vÃ) = r ¢(¸r ¹ Ã)+r q¢1³

(r q¹ Ã)¡ r q((r vn+(a¡ 1)Dn)¢qÃ)+Gn:

T he stress constitutive equation is given by

d¿n

dt¡ W n¢¿n+¿n¢W n¡ a[Dn¢¿n+¿n¢Dn]+

¿n

¸1=

2´n

¸1Dn+

¸2

¸1Ánr ¢(Ánr ¿n);

where ¸1 = ³4»ºkB T is the relaxation time, ´n = a³

4» is the EP S

polymer viscosity, ¸2 = ¸³4»:

T he viscous stresses are

¿s = 2´sds; ¿ps = 2´psDn:

T he mobility is assumed as

¸ = ¸0Án(1 ¡ Án):

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Boundary conditions

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Stability of a constant steady state

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The mixing energy and growth rates

3<0

3>0

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Numerical method and simulation issues • A 2nd order projection method is devised to solve the momentum

transport equation for the average velocity.

• A second order semi-implicit solver is developed to solve the generalized Cahn-Hilliard equation based on GMRES method.

• A second order Crank-Nicolson scheme is used to solve the nutrient transport equation.

• A first order streamline upwind scheme along with a high order RK scheme is used to solve the constitutive equation for the polymer.

• The interface between the biofilm and the solvent is defined as {x|Án(x,t)=0+}.

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Single hump growth up to t=300

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Biofilm growth

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Sheared thick biofilm colony vs thin collony

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Shedding in shear

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Viscoelastic behavior

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Oscillatory shear

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References• T. Y. Zhang, N. Cogan, and Q. Wang, “Phase Field Models for Biofilms. I.

Theory and 1-D simulations,” Siam Journal on Applied Math, 69 (3) (2008), 641-669.

• T. Y. Zhang, N. Cogan, and Q. Wang, “Phase Field Models for Biofilms. II. 2-D Numerical Simulations of Biofilm-Flow Interaction,” Communications in Computational Physics, 4 (2008), pp. 72-101

• T. Y. Zhang and Q. Wang, Cahn-Hilliard vs Singular Cahn-Hilliard Equations in Phase Field Modeling, Communication in Computational Physics, 7(2) (2010), 362-382.

• Q. Wang and T. Y. Zhang, “Kinetic theories for Biofilms”, DCDS-B, in revision, 2009.

• Brandon Lindley and Q. Wang, Multicomponent models for biofilm flows, submitted to DCDS-B, 2009.

• Q. Wang and T. Y. Zhang, Mathematical models for biofilms, Communication in Solid State Physics, submitted 2009.

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Example II: Polymer-particulate nanocomposites

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What are polymer nanoparticle composites?• The polymer nanoparticle composites are mixture of polymer matrix with

nanosized particle fillers. They may share the properties of both components or even develop new ones.

• Improved material properties include:          Mechanical properties e.g. strength, modulus and dimensional stability          Decreased permeability to gases, water and hydrocarbons          Thermal stability and heat distortion temperature          Flame retardation and reduced smoke emissions          Chemical resistance          Surface appearance          Electrical conductivity and energy storage          Optical clarity in comparison to conventionally filled polymers• The commonly used nanoparticles include clays, silicates, nanorods, carbon

nanotubes, metals, etc.

Nanoparticles dispersed in polymer matrix

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Microstructure in polymer clay nanocomposites

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Isotropic and Nematic phases in Boehmite in polyamide-6 (Picken et al, Polymer, 2006)

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Rheological Functions in PS+DMHDI (Zhao et al, Polymer, 2005)

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Modeling challenges for nanocomposites

• Semiflexibility: Clays and carbon nanotubes are not completely rigid. They are semiflexible! Modeling semiflexible ensembles is harder than either the flexible or the fully rigid ones.

• Surface physics: Polymer nano-filler compatibility issue and its consequence to the polymer-nanoparticle interaction.

• Hydrodynamics: Hydrodynamics of a single semiflexible nanoparticle in solvent (viscous or even viscoelastic, Jeffreys orbit?). Hydrodynamic interaction for a cluster of semiflexible nanoparticles.

• NP Dispersion: Dispersion of nanoparticles in polymer matrix. I.e., intercalated vs exfoliated.

• Recent attempts: Phenomenological continuum models consistent with the GENERIC formalism (Grmela et al. Rheol Atca 05 for fibers, J. Rheol. 07 for platelets)

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Kinetic theory for polymer nanoparticle composites

Let f(m,x,t) be the number density function (ndf) for model nanoparticles of spheroidal shape with axis m at location x. By adjusting aspect ratio of the spheroid, rod shaped and platelet shaped inclusion can be modeled. Main interest: rod or platelet.

m

Rodlike Discotic

||m||=1

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Free energy functional

F = FnpF =

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Linear elastic springs (Rouse chain)

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R1 R2

R5

m

R3

R4

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Incompressibility constraint:The system is assumed incompressible so that the volume fractions add up to unity: +Vs f dm=1, where V is the volume of the nanoparticle. This constraint is upheld at every material point x. A Lagrange multiplier’s method is then used to derive the fluxes of the NP and the flexible polymer host in the inhomogeneous regime, respectively.

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Kinetic model

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The rest of the equations

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Excluded volume potential and other parameters

• The volume fraction of the polymer is a constant in monodomain.• In shear flows, Pe the Peclet number denotes the dimensionless shear

rate.• One bead-spring mode in the chain is adopted in the simulation.• The excluded volume potential is approximated by the Maier-Saupe

potential Ums=-const N kBT h mmi:mm.• Key material parameters rf : semiflexibility, N: strength of excluded volume interaction, » 1-2: strength of polymer-nanorod interaction. >0

promotes a perpendicular orientation between the nanorod and the polymer chain; <0 favors a parallel alignment between them.

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Effect of on monodomain equilibirum

•Nonzero ¯ enhances nematic order in the nanoparticles and the host.

•As rf increases, the nematic order decreases in the nanorod ensemble.

Sq and su are order parameters for the nanoparticle and the polymer matrix, respectively; F is the free energy.

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Effect of on monodomain steady states

•Positive promotes perpendicular alignment of the polymer with the nanorod.

•Negative one favors parallel alignment. Negative one also improves the local nematic order in the nenorod dispersion.

• =90%.

Top: Pe=0; Bottom: Pe=0.1.

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Transient shear stress

Experimental comparison: transient viscosity (PBT+MMT, Wu et al, Euro Polym. J, 2005)

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G’, G’’, ´*

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Spatial-temporal structure formation in inhomogeneous flows (1-D).

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Dynamical smectic structure in inhomogeneous flows

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References

• M. G. Forest, Qingqing Liao, and Qi Wang, “2-D Kinetic Theory for Polymer Particulate Nanocomposites,” Communication in Computational Physics, 7(2), (2010), 250-282.

• Jun Li, M. G. Forest, Qi Wang and R. Zhou, “Flows of polymer-particulate nanocomposites: weakly semiflexible limit,” submitted to DCDS-B, 2009.

• Guanghua Ji and Qi Wang, Structure Formation in Sheared Polymer-Rod Nanocomposites, submitted to Journal of Rheology, 2009.

• G. Forest, J. Li, Q. Wang, and R. Zhou, Stability of the steady state in flows of polymer-particulate nanocomposites in the regime of low volume fraction, to be submitted, 2009.

• J. Li and Q. Wang, “Flows of polymer-particulate nanocomposites: II. Kinetic predictions,” to be submitted, 2009.

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Summary

• Kinetic theory provides a convenient modeling platform for tackling complex problems arising in complex fluids leading to models with less adjustable model parameters

• Reduced order models derived from the kinetic theory can play an key role in directing the development of phenomenological models.

• Computational advances can improve the solution procedure of the kinetic models at reduced cost.

• Coupling of multispecies in mixture can be done inherently.

• The mathematical structure of the models and solution behavior remains wide open.