Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant...
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Transcript of Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant...
![Page 1: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kinematics
![Page 2: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lesson Objectives
At the end of lesson, students should be able to:
State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant by speed and velocity, and
calculate average speed and velocity. State what is meant by uniform acceleration, and
calculate acceleration..
Lesson Objectives
![Page 3: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
House
You are visiting a friend on his island. One day, he shows you a map of the island. At the bottom of the map there is this message. “Dig 3km away from the house for the treasure.” Both of you decide to set off to find this treasure.
![Page 4: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Treasure Map
Path A:2km
Path E:3km
Path F:1.5km
Path D:1.5km
Path B:1km
Path J:3km
Path C:3km
Path H:1km
Path G: 3 km
Path I:2km
![Page 5: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Treasure Map
Where do you start to dig for the treasure?
Is there enough information to know where to dig?
What other information do we need?
![Page 6: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Recall
What is a vector? Let us look at this table below and fill in the
blanks.Physical Quantities Scalars or Vectors
Length
Mass
Weight
Temperature
Moment
Scalar
Scalar
Scalar
Vector
Vector
![Page 7: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Distance and Displacement
Distance
A scalar quantity
Magnitude only.
Displacement
A vector quantity
Magnitude and direction
![Page 8: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Treasure Map
Path A:2km
Path E:3km
Path F:1.5km
Path D:1.5km
Path B:1km
Path J:3km
Path C:3km
Path H:1km
Path G: 3 km
Path I:2km
![Page 9: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Where to dig?
We decide to dig at the hills for the treasure. We walk along path A and D from the house. The total distance we have traveled is 1.5km + 1.5km = 3km.
![Page 10: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Where to dig?
Path D:1.5km
Path A:1.5km
450
Displacement Calculation
Let displacement be s
By Pythagoras Theorem
s2 = 1.52 + 1.52
s = (1.52 + 1.52)
s = 2.12km
s = 2.12km
However, our displacement is not 3 km. Our displacement is shown by the direct line (in red)
![Page 11: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Where to dig?
Instead of walking to the hills, we decide to dig at the rock. We start from the house and then walk west for 3km to reach the rock and we dig there.
What is our distance traveled? Distance traveled = 3 km
What is our displacement? Displacement = 3km , west
![Page 12: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Distance and displacement
Question 1Starting from the house,
We walk along path B, path G and path H. What is our (i) Distance traveled. (ii) Displacement.
(i) Distance traveled = 1+3+1 = 5km
(ii) Displacement = 3km, West
![Page 13: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Distance and displacement
Question 2
Starting from the house,
We walk along path C, path I and path J. What is our (i) Distance traveled. (ii) Displacement.
(i) Distance traveled = 3+2+3 = 8km
(ii) Displacement = 2km, north
![Page 14: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Distance and displacement
Question 3
Starting from the house,
We walk along path B. What is our
(i) Distance traveled. (ii) Displacement.
(i) Distance traveled = 1km
(ii) Displacement = 1km, south
![Page 15: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Distance and displacement
Question 4Starting from the house,
We walk along path A, path D, path E, Path F, and path B. What is our
(i) Distance traveled. (ii) Displacement.
(i) Distance traveled = 2+1.5+3+1.5+1 = 9km
(ii) Displacement = 0Distance vs. Displacement applet
![Page 16: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Practice Question 1
The diagram below shows position of a cross-country skier at
various times. The skier moves from A to B to C to D. Determine
the distance traveled by the skier and the resulting
displacement during these three minutes.
Distance Traveled = 180+140+100 = 420m
Total Displacement = 140m to the right
![Page 17: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Practice Question 2
Diagram below shows several of Beckham’s positions at various
times of a football game. Beckham moves from position A to B to C
to D. What is Beckham's resulting displacement and distance
traveled?
Distance Traveled = 35+20+40 = 95m
Total Displacement = 55m to the left
![Page 18: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SpeedDefinition: Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance with time.Equation: v = s / twhere v = speed; s = distance; t = time interval
Speed & Velocity
![Page 19: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Example:A motorcycle covers a distance of 15 km in 30 minutes.Q. What is the motorcycle’s average speed? Q. Does the average speed help us to determine the maximum or minimum speed of the motorcycle? Q. The above answer seems slow for a motorcycle. Explain why it is probably correct.
<v> = s / t = 15 km / (30/60) h = 15 km / 0.5 h = 30 km h-1
No, it does not.
Average speed is just an average value for the car. For example, on an Expressway, the motorcycle could be travelling at 80km/h. After exiting from Expressway, the motorcycle gets stuck in a traffic jam and travels at 5 km/h. As such, it could be travelling faster at times and slower at other times whichis why the average speed seems correct.
Speed & Velocity
![Page 20: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Question 1:A plane travels at a constant speed and covers a distance of 2750 km in a period of 2 hours 30 minutes. What is the speed of the aeroplane?
s = 2750 km
t = 2 h 30 min = 2.5 h
<v> = s / t = 2750 km / 2.5 h = 1100 km/h
Speed & Velocity
![Page 21: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Question 2:A man walks along his garden path in 2 mins. If his average speed for the walk was 2 m/s, how long is his garden path?
t = 2 mins = 120s
<v> = 2 m/s
s = <v> x t = (2 x 120) m = 240m
Note the SI units of speed and time in this example.
Speed & Velocity
![Page 22: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Question 3:A man jogs a distance of 8 km in 40 minutes. Calculate his average speed in (i) km/h & (ii) m/s.
(i) <v> = s / t = 8km / (40/60)h = 12 km/h
(ii) <v> = s / t = (8 x 1000)m / (40 x 60)s = 3.33 m/s
Speed & Velocity
![Page 23: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Question 4:Convert the following speeds between m/s and km/h.i) 15 m/s & ii) 100 km/h
(i) v = 15 m/s = (15/1000)km / (1/60x60)h = 54 km/h
(ii) v = 100 km/h = (100 x 1000)m / (1 x 3600)s = 27.8 m/s
Speed & Velocity
![Page 24: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Question 5:You walk a distance of 2 km at an average speed of 8 km/h. You then run for a further 5 minutes with an average speed of 14 km/h. What is your average velocity for the whole journey?
s1 = 2 kmv1 = 8 km/ht1 = s1 / v1 = 2/8 h = ¼ h
v2 = 14 km/ht2 = 5 min = 5/12 hs2 = v2 x t2 = 14 km/h x 5/12 h = 35/6km
<v> = (s1 + s2) / (t1 + t2) = (35/6 + 2)km / (1/4 + 5/12)h<v> = 11.75 km/h
Speed & Velocity
![Page 25: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
VelocityVelocity is a vector and has both magnitude and direction..
Definition:Velocity is defined as the rate of change of distance in a specified direction with time.
Velocity can also be defined as the rate of change of displacement with time.
Speed & Velocity
![Page 26: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example:A car drives 40 km north along a road and then 20km south along the same road. It takes 2 hours to complete its journey. Calculate:a) average speed for the journey ; b) the average velocity for the journey.a) Total Distance = 40 + 20 km = 60 km
Time = 2hAverage speed = distance / time = 60 km / 2h = 30 km/h
b) Displacement = (40 –20) km = 20 kmTime = 2hAverage velocity = displacement / time = 20/2
= 10 km/h (towards north).
Speed & Velocity
![Page 27: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Equation:
a = (v – u) t where a = acceleration in m s-2 ; v = final velocity in m s-1 ; u = initial velocity in m s-1 ; t = time interval between the change from the initial velocity to the final velocity.
Acceleration
![Page 28: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Example 1:A bus at rest is accelerated to a velocity of 30 m/s in 10 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the bus.
Solution:Initial velocity, u = 0 m s-1.Final velocity = v = 30 m s-1.Time interval = t = 10 s.
a = (v – u) / t = [(30 – 0) / 10] m s-2 = 3 m s-2.
Acceleration
![Page 29: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Question 1:A car is travelling at a constant velocity of 20 m/s before it accelerates to a velocity of 65 m/s in 5 seconds. What is the acceleration of the car?
Solution:u = 20 m s-1.v = 65 m s-1.t = 5 s.
a = (v – u) / t = [(65 – 20) / 5] m s-2 = 9 m s-2.
Acceleration
![Page 30: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Question 2:A car initially has a velocity of 60 m/s. After braking for 5 seconds it has a velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate the acceleration of the car.
Solution:u = 60 m s-1.v = 20 m s-1.t = 5 s.
a = (v – u) / t = [(20 – 60) / 5] m s-2 = - 8 m s-2.
Note the negative sign for the acceleration in this case.
Acceleration
![Page 31: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Deceleration When an object reduces its velocity (or speed),we can state this in several way. We can say that the object (a) is experiencing deceleration ;
(b) is experiencing retardation ;
(c) is experiencing negative acceleration.
Acceleration
![Page 32: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Question 3: A train slows down from 80 m/s to rest in one minute. Calculate the retardation of the train.
Solution:u = 80 m/s ;v = 0 m/s ;t = 1min = 60 s ;a = (v-u) / t = [(0 – 80) / 60] m/s2 = - 1.33 m/s2
Since acceleration is – 1.33 m/s2 , retardation is 1 m/s2 .
Acceleration
![Page 33: Kinematics. Lesson Objectives At the end of lesson, students should be able to: State what is meant by distance and displacement. State what is meant.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee45503460f94bf2bd4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Concept Map
Write down one thing you have learnt in this lesson.
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Is the rate of change of displacement per unit time
Is the rate of change of velocity per unit time
v = s t
a = (v – u) t
All these quantities are
Vectors.
They have both magnitude and
direction .