Kiichiro Fukasaku OECD Development Centre Thailand-OECD Seminar on Aid for Trade: Meeting New...
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Transcript of Kiichiro Fukasaku OECD Development Centre Thailand-OECD Seminar on Aid for Trade: Meeting New...
Kiichiro Fukasaku OECD Development Centre
Thailand-OECD Seminar on Aid for Trade: Meeting New Challenges, Bangkok, 24 September 2007
ASEAN Economic Integration and Trade-Related Assistance
2
Key Messages
1. The greater integration of CLMV countries into the regional and global markets is an important process for narrowing the development gap with ASEAN-6.
2. For CLMV to reap the full benefits of integration, it is important to strengthen the private sector’s production capacity.
3. “Aid for trade” can complement CLMV’s own efforts to address supply-side constraints and strengthen policy formulation and implementation capacities.
4. Monitoring and evaluation can help support various initiatives undertaken at both bilateral and regional levels and improve their effectiveness.
3
Managing the integration of CLMV into the regional and global markets poses
a major challenge...
• Realising expected benefits:– Better access to markets, FDI and knowledge– Gains from more efficient resource allocation
and larger economies of scale– Greater incentives to sustain domestic reform
• Addressing concerns over:– Adjustment of domestic firms to greater
competition (weak supply response, limited diversification)
– Economies in transition (non-competitive SOE sector, structural unemployment, social safety nets)
– Impact on government revenues
4
…because the development gap remains large between ASEAN-6 and CLMV…
• The aggregated population of CLMV corresponded to almost 40 % of ASEAN-6 in 2006, but their trade share amounted to only 7 % in the same year.
• Per-capita incomes in CLMV are much lower than most of ASEAN-6; for instance, the per-capita income in Vietnam was still roughly a fourth of Thailand’s at the 2005 exchange rate and nearly 40% in PPP terms.
5
The need to narrow the development gap has been increasingly recognised…
• ASEAN Vision 2020 (1997)– the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) to
be realised by 2020 (brought forward to 2015) with free trade in goods and services, free flow of skilled labour and freer flow of capital
– ASEAN implemented AFTA in 1992, AFAS in 1995 and AIA in 1998, with longer time frames for fulfilling obligations granted to CLMV
6
ASEAN’s own efforts to narrow the development gap have recently
attracted more political attention…
• The launch of the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI, 2000)
• The Hanoi Declaration on Narrowing the Development Gap for Closer ASEAN Integration (2001)
7
ASEAN’s own efforts are also supported by donors…
• The IAI Work Plan was approved in 2002 for the six-year period of July 2002 – June 2008, with focus on 4 priority areas, namely, – Infrastructure development (transport and
energy);– Human resource development (public sector
capacity building, labour & employment and higher education);
– Information and communications technology; and– Promoting regional economic integration (trade in
goods and services, customs, standards and investment) in CLMV countries
• In addition to ASEAN-6, 11 donor countries and agencies have also supported IAI Work Plan projects by providing financial assistance.
8
ASEAN has further strengthenedits own efforts…
• Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (2003)– “Deepening and broadening the integration
of ASEAN states shall be accompanied by technical and development co-operation in order to address the development divide …”
– The Vientiane Action Programme (VAP, 2004-2010)
– The IAI Work Plan has been broadened under the VAP to include the poorer sub-regions in ASEAN-6.
9
Other measures includes…
• The ASEAN Integrated System of Preferences (ASIP, 2005)– Preferential market access targeted for
exports originating from CLMV and provided by ASEAN-6 on voluntary and bilateral basis
• Mekong Basin Development – ASEAN Mekong Basin Development
Cooperation (AMBDC, 1995)– ADB Greater Mekong Sub-region (ADB-GMS,
1992)
10
In a nutshell, trade-related development assistance is critical for
• Promoting ASEAN economic community building
• Supporting CLMV’s own efforts to reap the full benefits of integration
11
“Aid for Trade” Objectives
• Make trade more effective for development• Help build supply-side capacity and trade-
related infrastructure• Help facilitate, implement and adjust to
trade reform and liberalisation• Assist regional integration• Assist smooth integration into the world
trading system; and • Assist in implementation of trade
agreementsSource: WTO Aid for Trade Task Force Recommendations (WT/AFT/1, 27/07/2006)
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Aid for Trade as defined by the WTO Task Force
Trade-Related Infrastructure
Building Productive Capacity
Trade-Related Adjustment
Other Trade-Related needs
Trade Policy Regulations
Trade Development
If explicitly identified astrade-related priorities in the recipient country’s national development strategies
As defined by theWTO/OECD Joint Database
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Three broad AfT categories
1. Trade policy and regulations (TPR)
2. Building productive capacity (BPC)(including trade development for non-DAC reporting countries and agencies)
3. Trade-related infrastructure (TRI) (energy, transport and telecom)
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ODA and Aid for Trade Commitments
Source: OECD/DAC CRS database; WTO/OECD database
Note: USD billion in 2004 constant prices
81
98 98
120
18 20 24 22
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2002 2003 2004 2005
ODA Aid for Trade
15
Global Aid-for-Trade Commitments by Category
Source: OECD/DAC CRS database; WTO/OECD database
Note: USD million in 2002-2005 average, constant 2004 prices
11,247
8,928
804
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Trade policy andregulations
Building productivecapacity
Trade-relatedinfrastructure
16
ODA and AfT Projections to 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140USD billion (2004 constant)
Total ODA
Doubling 2005 volume
‘Aid for Trade’
DAC Members' net ODA 2001-05 and DAC Secretariatsimulations of net ODA, 2006-2010
Stable relative shares
17
ODA and AfT to Southeast Asiacum.2002-2005, USD million (commitments) in constant 2004 prices
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
CA IN LA MY PH TH VN
Total ODA Total AfT
18
AfT to Southeast Asiaannual ave. 2002-2005, USD million (commit) in constant 2004 prices
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
ASEAN (7)
Total AfT TPR BPC TRI
3471
59
954
2458
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AfT to Southeast Asia* by Donors annual ave. 2002-2005, USD million (commit) in constant 2004 prices
Total AfT
TPR BPC TRI
Bilateral
Japan 2157 4 267 1886
Germany
160 0 66 94
France 99 3 72 25
Multi-lateral
IDA 509 17 170 322
ADB 271 9 176 85* ASEAN (7)
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Requirements for Effective Monitoring
• Develop PRSP, DTIS and government strategies
• Set up a medium-term budget framework budget allocation to each sector
• Sectoral allocation of aid Identify gaps and duplications
• Performance evaluation according to Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness
21
WTO Process of Global Monitoringat Three Levels
• Global data on financial commitmentsand disbursements- Analysis of global trends- Comparable data across time and countries
• Donors’ self-assessments- Tracking fulfillment of pledges
- Finer detail on Aid for Trade coverage
• In-country assessments- Connecting measurement to national strategies
22
CLMV can also offer useful lessons…
• Three of CLMV are signatories of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness– Cambodia and Vietnam have taken part in the 1st
Baseline Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration
– Laos has yet to join the survey, but it has established with 22 donors the Vientiane Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2006)
• CLMV experience with multi-donor assistance (e.g.)– The Integrated Framework in Cambodia (> Laos)– The Mekong Private Sector Development Facility
(MPDF)
23
Concluding Remarks
• Mainstreaming trade into support to infrastructure and productive sectors is key
• Ensuring the neutrality of Aid for Trade
• More co-ordination and specialisation among donors needed
24
Concluding Remarks (cont)
• To make regional reviews work, it is necessary to…
- develop aid tracking schemes from commitments to disbursements
- engage major non-traditional donors
- ensure participation of private-sector stakeholders
25
Thank you!