7.7

Kidney Disease

Urinalysis

Normal:0.1 % blood sugar can be reabsorbed.

Diabetes Mellitis: Inadequate secretion of insulinBlood sugar levels tend to rise. Excess sugar remains in nephron. Osmotic pressure in nephron water remains

in nephron and lost with urine. Affected usually void large volumes of urine:

need to drink more water.

Diabetes Mellitus

Destruction of ADH-producing cells or nerve tracts b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland. No ADH no reabsorption increase in very

dilute urine

Diabetes Insipidus

Also called nephritisCaused by inflammation of nephrons (many

ways)Toxins produced by invading microbes destroy

glomerulus vessels proteins and other large molecules able to pass into nephron.

Proteins (no reabsorption): remain in nephron and create osmotic pressure, drawing water into nephron.

Bright’s Disease

Precipitation of mineral solutes from blood. Two groups: alkaline and acid stones. Sharp stones lodge in renal pelvis ureter

urethra.Can tore delicate tissues.

Kidney Stones

Surgical removal (old technique)New technique: Extracorporeal shock-wave

lithotripsy (ESWL) Nonsurgical technique: high-energy shock

waves to break kidney stones into smaller peices.

Tiny granules can be voided in excretory system.

Treatment of Kidney Stones

Dialysis: exchange of substances across a semipermeable membrane. Operates of principles of diffusion and blood pressureCannot perform active transport.

Two kinds of dialysisHemodialysis

Machine connected to circulatory system by a veinBlood pumped through dialysis tubes in a bath of various solutes

Urea and other waste solutes continually removed. Also receives hormones the kidneys can not produce.

Peritoneal dialysis2 L of dialysis fluids pumped into abdominal cavity, urea and

other wastes diffuse from plasma into dialysis fluid. Drained off and replaced several times a day.

Dialysis Technology

Nothing can surpass the workings of a working kidney.

Today, transplant is 85% effective. Immune system can reject new kidney.

New kidney attached to blood vessels and bladder in the lower abdomen. Old kidney not removed unless chronically infected/inflamed.

Kidney Transplants

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