kflIfs f k|s fzg - Supreme Court of Nepal · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^&, j }zfv – !, k "0ff {°...

$: kflIfs f k|s fzg - Supreme Court of Nepal · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^&, j }zfv – !, k "0ff {° $@& 1 ö @)^&, j}z fv – ! kflIfs f k|s fzg jif{!(, cÍ!k"0ff{Í $@& k|s fzs @)^&,$
;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g @)^&, j}zfv – !, k"0ff{° $@&

1

ö@@))^̂&&,, jj}}zzffvv –– !!

kkffllIIffss kk||ssffzzgg

jjiiff {{ !!((,, ccÍÍ !! kk""00ffff {{ÍÍ $$@@&&

kk||ssffzzss

@@))^̂&&,, jj}}zzffvv !!––!!%%


2

;;jjff]] {{RRrr ccbbffnntt //ffddzzffxxkkyy,, ssff77ddff88ff }} ++

kkmmff ]]gg gg++== $$@@%%))&&$$@@,, $$@@^̂@@##((&&,, $$@@^̂@@##((**,, $$@@^̂@@**))!!,, $$@@%%**!!@@@@ EExxtt..@@^̂%%!! --;;DDkkffbbgg__,, @@^̂%%)) --55ffkkffvvffggff__,, @@!!))(( --lljjqqmmLL__ kkmm \\ooffSS;;MM $$@@^̂@@**&&**,, kkff ]] ==jj==gg++== @@))$$##**

EEmmaaiill:: iinnffoorr@@ssuupprreemmeeccoouurrtt..ggoovv..nnpp,, WWeebb:: wwwwww..ssuupprreemmeeccoouurrtt..ggoovv..nnpp

;;DDkkffbbgg ;;llddlltt

ddffggggLLoo GGooffooffwwLLzz >>LL kk||ssffzz jj::ttLL -- ccWWooIIff

;;xx//llhhii66««ff// >>LL lljjkk''nn GGooff }}kkffgg]] -- ;;bb::oo

;;DDkkffbbss >>LL tt]]hh]]GGbb||kk||;;ffbb zzddff{{ ;;ffkkssff]]66ff -- ;;llrrjj

;;DDkkffbbgg zzffvvffddff ssffoo{{//tt ssdd{{rrff//LLxx??

ssDDKKoo''66// ccllwwss[[tt >>LL zzDDee''kk||;;ffbb ccffrrffoo{{ dd''bb||00ff ccllwwss[[tt >>LL ppTT;;jj ssffGG55ff ddxxhh{{gg ggff==;;''==>>LL ss[[ii00ffjjxxffbb''// uu''??ªª ggff==;;''==>>LL ;;DDeemmggff ll;;DDvv88ff kk''88ff;;}}ggLL ll88== >>LL ;;//::jjttLL vv88\\ssff ssffooff{{nnoo ;;xxooff]]uuLL >>LL ss[[ii00ffjjxxffbb''// >>]]ii77

@)^& j}zfv ! b]lv !% ;Dd ljleGg Ohnf;x¿af6 ;Dkfbg zfvfdf k|fKt lg0f{o ÷ cfb]zx¿

lljjzz]]iiff OOhhnnff;; !! kk""00ff {{ OOhhnnff;; %% ;;++oo''QQmm OOhhnnff;; %% OOhhnnff;; gg++== !! !!## OOhhnnff;; gg++== @@ @@%% OOhhnnff;; gg++== ## && OOhhnnff;; gg++== $$ ** OOhhnnff;; gg++== %% @@ OOhhnnff;; gg==== ^̂ $$ OOhhnnff;; gg++== && @@


3

OOhhnnff;; gg++== ** !!^̂

hhDDddff ((** ooff ]] ;;ddffrrff// aa''nn]] ll66gg xxff ]] .. llgg00ff {{oo ;;++IIff ]]kkLLss//00ff uubbff {{ OOhhnnff;;nn]] gg}} kk||ooff ]]uu uu//]]ssff zzAAbb ooxxff FF ggkk//]]ssff kkllgg xx''gg ;;SSbb55gg\\ .. ooxxff FF ppllNNnnllvvtt llgg00ff {{ooxx¿¿ssff ]] ggSSssnn llnngg ;;llssgg]]55 ..


4

@)^& ;fn j}zfv ! b]lv !% ut];Dd d'2fsf] nut km5\of}{6 ljj/0f

nut qm=;+ laifout d'2f lhDd]jf

/L ;/]sf]

o; jif{ k/]sf] hDdf

km5\of}{6 ;+Vof af+sL

1= b]jfgL k'g/fj]bg 3652 893 4545 1514 3031 2= kmf}hbf/L k'g/fj]bg 2368 653 3021 895 2126 3= b]jfgL k")f{ Ohnf; 67 18 85 68 17 4=

k'g/fj]bgkq

kmf}hbf/L k")f{ Ohnf; 36 7 43 40 3 5= jGbLk|ToIfLs/)f 3 58 61 51 10 6= ;fwf/)f l/^ 2601 1005 3606 1144 2462 7= k")f{ l/^ 10 8 18 9 9 8=

l/^ lgj]bg

ljz]if l/^ 64 48 112 62 50 9= ;fws ;fws 87 63 150 71 79 10= bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm b]jfgL 1094 717 1811 973 838 11=

bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfpFm

bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm kmf}hbf/L 364 264 628 363 265 12= k'g/fjnf]sg k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg 327 370 697 201 496 13= cg'dlt k'g/fa]bgsf] cg'dlt lgj]bg 105 28 133 43 90 14= ljljw ljljw 72 18 90 30 60 15= lgj]bg 10 265 275 172 103 16=

lgj]bg k|ltj]bg k|ltj]bg 14 139 153 93 60

hDdf 10874 4554 15428 5729 9699

@)^& ;fn j}zfv ! b]lv !% ut];Ddsf] d'2ftkm{sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f

-s_ sfo{lbg !@ -ª_ cfb]z ;+Vof #*# -v_ k]zL r9]sf d'2f ;+Vof @!)$ -r_ km5\of]{6 ;+Vof #!% -u_ sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f :ylut ePsf d'2f ;+Vof ^^* -5_ x]g{ gEofPsf %$$ -3_ x]g{ gldNg] d'2f ;+Vof !^@ -h_ lg=;'= ;+Vof #@

;d"xs[t -cleofg_ d'2fx¿sf] @)^& j}zfv !% ut];Ddsf] l:ylt

km};nf ;d"x

s"n d'2f cl3Nnf]

cjlw;Dd o;

cjlw;Dd hDdf

x]bf{x]b}{ lg=;'=d]nldnfkdf

uPsf] jfFsL

kmf}hbf/L #^% !*$ & !(! !#$ $ !&$ b]jfgL !!*! *&( @! ()) ! & #$ @*!

l/6÷jfl0fHo ##^ @^$ @! @*% @ ! %!

p4/0fM ;c a'n]l6g @)^=== === ! jf @ k"0ff{ÍÍ ==== , k[i7 ====

-;fn_ -dlxgf_


5

pbfx/0ffy{M ;c a'n]l6g, @)^&, j}zfv – !, k"0ff{Í $@&, k[i7 !!


6

ssff==llhh==bb==gg++== ##((..))$$((..))%%))

dd""NNoo

??==!!%%..––

dd''bb||ssMM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, 5fkfvfgf, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+ .

gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg kkllqqssff ttyyff ;;jjff ]] {{RRrr ccbbffnntt aa''nn]]ll66gg ccaa xxffdd||ff ]] jj]]ee;;ffOO66ddff ppkknnJJww 55gg\\

77]]uuffggff

wwwwww..ssuupprreemmeeccoouurrtt ..ggoovv..nnpp

ooff ]] jj]]ee;;ffOO66 vvff ]]nn]]kkll55 aaffooff FFttkkmm {{ gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg kkllqqssff ttyyff TToo;;ssff]] ttnn ;;jjff ]] {{RRrr ccbbffnntt aa''nn]]ll66ggddff llSSnnss uugg'' {{xxff ]];;\\ ..

@@))^̂^̂ ;;ffnn jj}}zzffvvbb]]llvvssff ooLL kkllqqssffddff ;;ddfflljjii66 llgg00ff {{ooxx¿¿ kk99gg // ccssff]] {{ llgg00ff {{oo ggeePP;;DDdd llggMMzz''NNss 88ffppggnnff ]]88 uugg{{ ;;llssgg]]55 ..

gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg ccffooff ]]uussff ]] jj]]ee;;ffOO66ddff ;;++lljjwwffgg ;;dd]]tt xxffnn;;DDdd @@%%)) hhlltt PP]]ggxx¿¿ // ttLLddWWoo]] !!)))) jj66ff hhlltt PP]]ggssff ]] cc++uu|| ]]hhLL

ccgg''jjffbb llggMMzz''NNss kk99gg // 88ffppggnnff ]]88 uugg{{ ;;llssgg]]55 ..

77]]uuffggff

wwwwww..llaawwccoommmmiissssiioonn ..ggoovv..nnpp


7

ljifoö;"rLöö

qm=;+ ljifo kIf ÷ ljkIf k[i7 ljz]if Ohnf; !–#

1= pTk|]if0f e/ts'df/ k|;fO{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

2= pTk|]if0f cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

3= pTk|]if0f g/]zs'df/ k|wfg lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

4= pTk|]if0f uf]jb{gnfn gsdL{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

5= pTk|]if0f nIdLk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;d]t

k"0f{ Ohnf; # 6= df]xL sfod

lji0f'b]j /fpt s'dL{ lj= u'7L ;+:yfg sfof{no hgsk'/

;+o'Qm Ohnf; $–^ 7= c+z rng z'snIdL nfdf ;d]t lj=

;f]daxfb'/ nfdf 8= e|i6frf/ ;gts'df/ /]UdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/9= 7uL 5qdfg >]i7 lj=bLks df:s] ;d]t10= hLp df:g]

a]Rg] sdnL ofbj lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

11= e|i6frf/

g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= a;Gts'df/ s'Fj/ ;d]t

12= 8fFsf g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= kbd dfgGw/ ;d]t

13= st{Jo Hofg If]qaxfb'/ zfxL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ 14= nfu" cf}ifw

k|bLks'df/ zfx lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

15= pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

s]zj cof{n lj= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt

Ohnf; g+= ! ^–( 16= ;jf/L Hofg v'daxfb'/ 9'Ëfgf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/17= oftgf tyf

Ifltk"lt{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no afUn'Ë lj= /fh]Gb|axfb'/ s]=;L

18= c+z btf{ /fdk|;fb dxtf] rfO{ ;d]t lj= /fdnvg dxtf] rfO{

19= df]n lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm

kbdaxfb'/ dxt lj= e}/jgfy u'7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt h'Dnf

20= afnL ljuf] dun' a/} lj= hudf]xg a/} 21= lnvt ab/ nfn dxdb w'lgof lj= /fdb]j

kl08t s'Dxf/ 22= pTk|]if0f

k/dfb]z k|bLk lzNksf/ ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t

23= hfn;fhL hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

24= c+z hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

25= pTk]|if0f k/dfb]z

/fh]Gb| vgfn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= @ (–!) 26= pTk]|if0f ;'lht d'Gb'n lj= >d cbfnt 27= pTk]|if0f

k|ltif]w dfwjk|;fb e08f/L lj= hn>f]t dGqfno ;d]t

28= pTk]|if0f uugaxfb'/ sfsL{ lj= u[x dGqfno ;d]t

29= afnL ljuf] e/fOkfpFm

u+ufbQ hf]zL lj= zflGtb]jL vqL ;d]t

30= st{Jo Hofg

g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= afns[i0f 9'ª]n ;d]t

31= hUuf btf{ b]jL a/} lj= /fdfgGb /fpt a/} ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= $ !! 32= pTk]|if0f

b]jLr/0fk|;fb s]j6 lj= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ?kGb]xL ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= % !!–!@33= aGbL

k|ToIfLs/0f/lj bfxfn lj= /fh' clwsf/L ;d]t


v]dh+u kf08] lj= g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t

35= rf]/L z]if /O{; cfnd lj= g]kfn ;/sf/36= pTk]|if0f dx]zs'df/ yklnof lj= g]kfn

;/sf/ Ohnf; g+= ^ !#–!$

37= pTk]|if0f ;'zLn dxh{g lj= ;fg'd}of dxh{g ;d]t


uh]Gb| ljqmd /f0ff lj= If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no ;'v]{t ;d]t


8

39= pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

k|Nxfb -rf}w/L_ yf? lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no l;/xf ;d]t

40= pTk]|if0f vu/fh cfrfo{ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn ;d]t


;f]gfd tfdfË ;d]t lj= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;d]t


cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t


cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8f ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= & !%–!(44= af6f] xs

sfod hns[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj= tLy{dfof >]i7

45= lgif]wf1f k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;Kt/L


k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]t

47= bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfpFm

/tgnfn cu|jfn lj= g]kfn la6'ldg tyf Jof/]n pBf]u

48= btf{ ab/ xl/gf/fo0f ld> lj=/fd;f]let d08n

49= hUuf lvrf]nf

dxfjL/ ;fx lj= u'bL b]jL ;/bfgL{

50= xs sfod dfnkf]t sfof{no wgs'6f lj= k|]daxfb'/ s'Fj/

51= df]xL nut s6[f

;'/]zs'df/ rf}w/L lj= zlgnfn dfemL

52= km};nf ab/

/fd v]nfjg vTj] lj=s[i0fsnf v+u

53= c+z bkf]6 /fd v]nfjg vTj] lj= /fdhLjg v+u ;d]t

54= ;|]:tf ab/ btf{ ab/

/fd:j?k rf}w/L lj= s]jn dxtf]

55= lg0f{o ab/ ;"o{s'df/ ljdnL lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]=sf= ;d]t

56= 5"6 hUuf btf{

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s lj= s0f{axfb'/ >]i7

57= pTk|]if0f /fdfgGb l5kL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn ;d]t

58= k/dfb]z uLtfb]jL d/f]l8of lj= /fli6«o

jfl0fHo a}+s s]=sf= ;d]t 59= pTk|]if0f sfG5fefO{ ;'jfn lj= s[i0faxfb'/

;'jfn ;d]t Ohnf; g+= ( !(–@)


hutaxfb'/ 8+uf]n lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/ ;d]t


sfhLdfg nfdf lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t

62= c+z rng ;'/]Gb| rf}w/L lj= levd bf; rf}w/L ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= !) @!–@$

63= s/f/ e+u Ifltk"lt{

dx]z xdfn lj= hLjgs'df/ ;d]t

64= xs sfod gfgL5f]/L skfnL ;d]t lj= dbg]Zj/fgGb a}B ;d]t

65= c+z rng ;jd'l2g ldof ;d]t lj= ;lkmb /xdfg ldof ;d]t

66= af6f] sfod ;L/s'df/L u'?ª lj= dLgaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t


/fh]z uf}td lj= k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t


dgf]h kf}8]n lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t

69= pTk]|if0f lzjd+unk|;fb zfx t]nL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t

70= pTk]|if0f 8f= xl/ZrGb| pk]|tL lj= lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fg aL/ c:ktfn ;d]t

71= pTk]if0f lbns[i0f >]i7 lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

72= e|i6frf/ clDasfk|;fb pkfWofo lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

Psn Ohnf; @$ 73= pTk]|if0f

k/dfb]z ;'GtnL tfdfª lj= cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;d]t

74= pTk]|if0f a;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7 ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t


9

ljz]if Ohnf;

!

df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof= >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] WS–))#@, pTk|]if0f, zlQms'df/ j]ufgL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ePsf lgsfon] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lslbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/L cfkm"sxfF ljrf/fwLg ljifo nfdf] ;do;Dd clgl0f{t cj:yfdf /fVg' lgZro g} ;'xfpFbf] ljifo dfGg gldNg] . df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu jflemPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ sf] cfwf/df o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . u[x dGqfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] kl/kqn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ df k|o'Qm pQm sfg"g eGg] kbfjnLsf] :yfg u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . o; k|sf/ oL lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] df}lns xsdf jGb]h nufPsf] egL cfkm\gf lj?4sf] kl/kqsf] cl:tTj b]vfPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t sfg"gsf] x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] kl/kq jf ;f]sf] Joj:yf cdfGo / jb/ -Ultra Virus_ x'g ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOb}g . kl/kq ePsf] eP eGg] cfwf/df cl:tTj d} g/x]sf] lg0f{o jf kl/kqnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg -Judicial Review_ sf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df o; cbfntn] pQm wf/fsf] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cfslif{t u/L cdfGo jf jb/ 3f]lift ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvb}g . cl:tTjd} g/x]sf] lgj]bg Joxf]/fdf pNn]v ePsf] ts{;Ddsf] cfwf/df sfNklgs ljifoj:t'sf] ?kdf /x]sf] cf}lrToxLg s'/fnfO{

l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]usf] cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6 yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM k'gf/fd vgfn sDKo'6/M ;Ltf u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

k"0f{ Ohnf;

!

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7, df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, kmf}=k'=O=g+=CF–))!$ / ))!%, st{Jo Hofg, eLds'df/ /fO{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, s]d/axfb'/ /fO{ ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

k'g/fjb]g ug]{ clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{ jf gug'{ lghx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ljifo eP klg sfg"gn] pknJw u/fPsf] ;f] clwsf/sf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf lgoGq0f ug{ jf ;+s'rg nufpg x'Fb}g . sfg"gadf]lhd Goflos sfd ug]{ bfloTj ePsf s'g} klg lgsfon] o:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]udf Jojwfg pTkGg gu/L ;xh ?kdf k|of]u ug{ lbg'k5{ . ;f] clwsf/df lgoGq0f / ;+s'rgsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ eg]sf] sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] pkef]udflysf] cltqmd0f e} Gofo;+ut x'g g;Sg] .

dg;fok"j{s af6f] 9'sL d[tspk/ wfl/nf] xltof/n] sf6L df/]sf] cj:yf b]lvFbf ;hfodf sdL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gx'Fbf ;hfodf sdL x'g'kg]{ lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] .

d[tspk/ xltof/ k|of]u gu/]sf] eGg] dfq sf/0f cfk/flws bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] cfwf/ aGg g;Sg] .

Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .


10

@ df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/, df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+=–DF–)))!, df]xL k|df0fkq gfd;f/L, emj/ ofbjsf] d'=;=ug]{ km'nf]jtL ofbj lj= hubLzk|;fb bf;

hUufwgLn] g} df]xLsf] b]xfGt ePkl5 lghsf kTgL tyf 5f]/fx¿;d]tsf ljleGg xsjfnf /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} Ps JolQmnfO{ df]xL dfGb} jfnLsf] bfjL ;flwsf/ lgsfodf ljlw;Ddt tl/sfn] ub{5 eg] o;nfO{ kTofpg] lqmofsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{kg]{ . lhNnf cbfnt ;flwsf/ lgsfo xf] . sfg"gn] afnL d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ lbPsf] 5 / cbfnt k|j]zsf] dfWod lkm/fb lnP/ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ df]xL kTofPsf] dfGg'kg]{ .

k}lqs ;DklQ;/x xsjfnf ePsf] sf/0faf6 dfq :jtM df]xL xs gfd;f/L x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 df]xL xs k|fKt ug{sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ePadf]lhd df]xLsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ s'/f :jfefljs g} x'G5 . df]xLdf sdfOcfPsf] hUufdf ;fna;fnL v]tL ug'{, hUufsf] ef]lts :j?k glaufg'{ / hUufwgLnfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd s'tafnL a'emfpg' g} df]xLsf] d'Vo st{Jo x'g] .

e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf] Joj:yf hUufwgLsf nflu :jljj]sLo k|s[ltsf] xf] . t/, JoQm eO;s]sf] :jljj]s kl/jt{g ug{ cf}lrTo, cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;df klg s;}sf] xsflwsf/ g} l;h{gf eO;s]sf] df]lxofgL xs ckx/0f ug{ hUufwgLnfO{ klg clwsf/ x'Fb}g . sfg"gn] df]xL kTofpg] jf /f]Hg] sfo{ljlw gtf]s]sf] cj:yfdf of] sfg"gL k|Zg geO{ tYosf] k|Zg xf] . o;df ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] s'g} e"ldsf x'Fb}g . hUufwgLn] ;fljs df]xLsf] d[To'kl5 lghsf xsjfnfx¿dWo] s;nfO{ df]xL kTofpg] eGg] tYosf] lg0f{o Ps k6sdfq ug{

kfpF5 . hUufwgLnfO{ df]xL /f]Hg kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eGb}df cfh Pp6f / ef]ln csf]{ xsjfnfnfO{ df]xL kTofpFb} hfg kfpF5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] sfg"gn] lbPsf] of] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g uO{ hUuf sdfpg] jf:tljs df]xLsf] xs ;Fw} hf]lvddf kg{hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'Ug] b]lvG5, hf] e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf] dd{ / efjgfcg's"n gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

# df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/, df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^% ;fnsf] DF–))@*, 3/ p7fO{ lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng, lzjgGbg ;fx t]nL lj= lxtnfn ;fx t]nL b]jfgL k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿df kIf ljkIfsf] df}lvs egfO{ jf lkm/fb k|ltpQ/kqsf] n]vfO{eGbf lnvtsf] cfwf/df jf:tljs Gofo lg?k0f u/L lgisif{df k'Ug' jfR5gLo klg x'g] x'Fbf lnvtdf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ cgb]vf ug'{ Gofo;+ut gx'g] . ;2] lnvt sfuh :jo+n] hUuf jfbLsf afa'n] k|ltjfbLsf afa'nfO{ ?=*)!. afkt ef]u rng ug{ lbPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / ;f] lnvt sfg"gadf]lhd /lhi6«]zg kfl/t gePsf] cj:yf eP klg pQm lnvtsf] Joxf]/fdf ljjfbsf] hUufdf log} k|ltjfbLsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] eGg] tYonfO{ cGoyf cy{ u/L jfbLsf] df}lvs sygsf] cfwf/df lghsf gfpFdf btf{ g} gePsf] ;f] ldGxL hUuf plNnlvt hUuf ldRg]sf] ! g+= sf] Psfsf] xssf] hUuf csf{n] rfkL ldrL 3';fO{ vf; x'Fb}g eGg] jfSof+zn] ljjfbsf] hUuf jfbL bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLn] lvrf]nf u/]sf] egL dfGg Gofo;+ut gb]lvg] . cfkm\gf] tyf afa'sf] gfddf btf{ g} g/x]sf] ldGxL k|s[ltsf] o:tf] hUufdf ef]u ;d]t k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvPaf6


11

ljjfbsf] hUufdf lvrf]nf d]6fO{ 3/ p7fO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM k'gf/fd vgfn sDKo'6/M ;Ltf u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, b]=k'=O=g+= @)^$–DF–)))@, lg0f{o ab/ btf{ ab/ btf{ ;d]t, pdfb]jL ho;jfn lj= hok|sfz ho;jfn ;d]t s'g} d'2fdf ePsf] ldnfkqdf /flvPsf] sfg"gljk/Ltsf zt{x¿n] JolQmsf] sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ ;+s'rg ug{ g;Sg] c+z d'2fdf ePsf] ldnfkqsf] x}l;ot eg]sf] c+z xssf] k|flKt / ljjfbsf] ;dflKt xf] . To;n] sfg"gadf]lhd c+z xs :j?k 5'6\ofPsf] ;DklQdf csf]{ kIfsf] lgoGq0f /xg] eGg] x'b}g . olb sfg"gn] g} s'g} xssf] pkef]udf s'g} lsl;dsf] lgoGq0f jf ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ lgjf{w pkef]usf] bfjL ug{ g;lsg] . sfg"gn] s'g} lsl;daf6 cj/f]w gu/]sf] jf zt{ tf]s]sf] xssf] pkef]unfO{ d'2fsf kIfn] tf]s]sf] zt{sf cfwf/df s'l07t ug]{ xf] eg] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfggL xs lg/y{s x'ghfg] . ldnfkq x'Fbfsf] ;dodf cyf{t\ n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# åf/f ;+zf]wg x'g' cl3;Dd jxfn /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, :qL c+zwgsf] @ g+= n] leGg ePsf] sGof, ;wjf jf ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] cfkm\gf] xssf] rndf ;j} / crndf cfwf;Dd s;}sf] d~h"/ geP klg cfkm\gf] v'z ug{ kfpF5g\ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n s;}n] s'g} ;Demf}tf jf ldnfkq jf cGo s'g} Joxf]/fdf ;xdlt hgfPsf] eP klg To;n] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] . ldnfkq cfkm}Fdf sfg"gsf] pkh ePsfn] ldnfkqdf plNnlvt s'g} klg zt{n]

sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lg:t]h jf lgliqmo kfg]{ zlQm u|x0f ub}{g . ;DklQ h;sf] gfddf /x\of] p;}sf] dfq x'g g;Sg] ljlwzf:qnfO{ xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] klg :jLsfl/cfPsf] 5 . gfd g/x]s} JolQmsf] ;d]t ;DklQdf xs cGt/\e"t /x]sf] x'G5 . pkef]u ug{ g;lsg] j:t'nfO{ ;DklQsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] gfddf ;DklQ 5 eGb}df To;df xs cGt/\e"t /x]sf cGo xsjfnfsf] xsnfO{ ;d]t lghx¿sf] ;xdltljgf lgolGqt ug{ ;lsGg . o;f] ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] To;n] cGo JolQmsf xsdf dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] . sfg"gn] g} cfwf;Dddf cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] u/L lbPsf] clwsf/nfO{ s6f}tL ug]{ u/L z]ifkl5sf] js;kqsf] lnvtnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf lgliqmo kfg{ g;lsg] . O{R5f / d~h"/Lcg';f/ zt{ aGb]h /fVg kfpg] s'/fn] sfg"gk|bQ xsnfO{ g} s'l07t t'Nofpg] x}l;ot u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

• o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=O=g+= @)^$–DF–)))!, z]ifkl5sf] js;kq ab/, pdfb]jL ho;jfn lj= hok|sfz ho;jfn ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

!

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&#*, #&#( / #&$), eljtJo Hofg, c?0fs'df/ ld> lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, o'j/fh k'/L ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, ;'j0f{nfn dfemL ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/ / ^-@_ g= sf] ;hfosf] bfjL


12

ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL ubf{ eljtJo kg{ uO{ Hofg ;d]t d/]df ;f]xL cj:yfsf nflu s;"/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf P]gsf] pQm bkmfn] u/]sf] 5 . of] jf/bft g} eljtJo -Accidental incidence_ egL bfjL ul/Psf]n] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] cfk/flws p2]Zo -Criminal motive_ / dfg'{ kg]{ lgot (Mens rea_ jf/] ljz]if ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g . cleof]hg kIfaf6} k|:t't jf/bftnfO{ eljtJosf] jf/bft xf] eGg] lgisif{df k'uL ;f]xLcg';f/sf] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvFbf To;tkm{ yk k|df0fsf] vf]hL ug'{ klg k/]g . dfg]{ lgot geP/ klg oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] u/]sf] s'6kL6 ;d]tsf] sfo{af6 eljtJo k/L d[To' ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf sDKo'6/M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @) ut] /f]h @ z'ed .

@ ;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^^–WH–)%@, aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f, uugl;+x 7s'/L lj= sf/fuf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t clGtd eP/ /x]sf] km};nfn] lglZrt u/]sf] ;hfoaf6 ;fdfGotM s;}n] klg pGd'lQmsf] ck]Iff /fVg' x'Fb}g / cbfntn] klg To:tf] ck]IffnfO{ hfoh 7x¥ofpg g;Sg] .

s'g} klg JolQm, clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] uNtLsf] kl/0ffd JolQmn] ef]Ug' kg]{ cj:yf cfpg' x'Fb}g . s;}sf] uNtLsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf Ps If0fsf nflu klg s'l07t x'g gx'g] .

hj JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf vt/fdf kb{5, To; cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfn] cfkm"df cGt/lgxLt clwsf/cGtu{t To;nfO{ hf]ufpg] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . cem ;+ljwfgn] g} GofokflnsfnfO{ To; lsl;dsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifssf]

?kdf k|:t't ug'{ Gofokflnsfsf] k/d st{Jo jGg] .

km};nfadf]lhd eGb}df sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbeGbf a9L s}bdf j:g'kg]{ / j}olQms :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g] cj:yf cfpg gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t @( ut] /f]h ! z'ed

# df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)%$@, pTk|]if0f, clwsf/k[R5f k/dfb]z ;d]t, clwjQmf /fds[i0f sfkm\n] ;d]t lj= u[x dGqfno ;d]t cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{tsf] pkrf/ dfu ug]{ kIfn] h'g sfo{ jf lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] xf] To:tf sfo{ jf lg0f{onfO{ Jojxf/åf/f ;d]t c:jLsf/ u/L To:tf] ljjflbt sfo{ jf lg0f{osf lj?4 Goflos pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ . Psk6s cfkm"n] :jLsf/ u/L h/Ljfgf ltl/;s]sf] ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo eGb} l/6 lgj]bgaf6 r'gf}tL lbg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed

$ df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)^^$, pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z clwsf/k[R5f ;d]t, clwjQmf lji0f'k|;fb e6[/fO{ ;d]t lj= Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;d]t lgj]bsx¿n] bfjL u/]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgk"j{sf] cj:yf xfn ljBdfg gePsf], ;fy} ljjflbt /sd cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% sf] ljlgof]hg ljw]osaf6} Joj:yf ePsf] tyf ;f] ljw]os tTsfnLg ;+;baf6 kfl/t eO{ ;f] /sd pQm cfly{s jif{leq} ljsf; sfo{qmddf vr{ eO;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] lgjf{rgk"j{sf] cj:yf Pj+ kl/l:ylt xfn ljBdfg geO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] ;d]t


13

cj:yfdf k|:t't lgj]bgsf] c? tYout k|Zgx¿ tkm{ o; cbfntn] k|j]z u/L yk JofVof / ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed

%= df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*)$ / #&&@, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= Clif/fd e08f/L ;d]t, /fdxl/ e08f/L ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ulx/f] rf]6 k'¥ofO{ ul/Psf] s'6kL6n] dflg; dg{ klg ;Sb5 eGg] ;fdfGo ;dem ePsf] h'g;'s} dflg;n] ;xh} cg'dfg ug'{kg]{ . jf/bftdf k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] eGg] k|df0fåf/f k'li6 / :yflkt x'g g;s]sf] ;fy} jf/bftdf pS;fPsf] jf jrg lbPsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf 7f]; cfwf/ k|df0flagf k|ltjfbL Clif/fd e08f/LnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df s;"/bf/ sfod ug{ gldNg] . k|ltjfbLn] d[tspk/ cGo k|sf/n] rf]6 5f8]sf] eGg] tYo :jtGq k|df0faf6 k'li6 gePsf] l:yltdf s]jn hfx]/Lsf cfwf/df dfq} oL k|ltjfbL ;fGgfgL e08f/LnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/ u/L ;hfo ug{ Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

Ohnf; g+= ! !

df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(^^), xs sfod btf{, a'wf] emfu8gL lj= dlgnfn p/fj ;d]t klxnf s'g} JolQmsf] gfpFdf btf{ sfod g/x]sf] / s'g} JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf cfO{ g;s]sf] hUufsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} c+z d'2fsf] tfobftLdf plNnlvt Joxf]/faf6 cGo s'g} d'2fdf ePsf] ldnfkqaf6 s;}sf] xs hfg] jf s;}sf] xs

sfod x'g] egL cy{ ug'{ sfg"g / Gofosf] l;4fGtcg's"n gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L sDKo'6/M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ • o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(^%(,

xs sfod btf{, a'wf] emfu8gL lj= dlgnfn p/fj ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@ df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=()(), km};nf ab/, /fd;]js ofbj lj= ;f]let ;fx t]nL u'7L ;+:yfg sfg"gL JolQm xf] . sfg"gL JolQmn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ j]rljvg bfg bftJo jf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] xs x:tft/0f ug{ kfpg] g} x'G5 . u'7L ;+:yfgn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ o;/L xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg] egL s'g} sfg"gn] aGb]h nufOPsf] kfOb}g . o;/L u'7L ;+:yfgn] hUuf k|ltjfbL ;f]let ;fxsf] gfddf /}s/ kl/0ft ug]{ u/L u/sf] lg0f{opk/ klxnf g} d'2f k/L clGtd eO;s]kZrft\ pxL ljifodf log} k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ k'gM lkm/fb lbO{ d'2f ug{ Goflos lglZrttf -Finality of judgement_ sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'g] . c=j+= *^ g+= t];|f] kIfsf] xs d]l6g uPdf cfslif{t x'g] xf] . lagfcfwf/ ;Ifd cbfntsf] km};nf ;fdfGotM ab/ x'g] cj:yf x'b}g . k6s k6s yl/yl/sf JolQm p7L d'2f xfNg] / d'2f yf]kfg]{, csf]{ kIfnfO{ b'Mv x}/fgL lbg] k|j[lQnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg of] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] klg xf]Og . s]jn st}af6 s;}sf] xs d]l6g gkfcf];\ egL xs ;'/lIft ug{ ul/Psf] ljz]if / ckjfbfTds Joj:yfn] ljjfbsf] hUuf kf]v/Ls} hUuf xf] egL dfGg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM dfwjk|;fb clwsf/L sDKo'6/M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\


14

• o;} nufpsf] @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=()(!, btf{ ab/, /fd;]js ofbj lj= ;f]let ;fx t]nL ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

# df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)%& ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=&)^#, lvrf]nf, s'dfn] yfkf ;d]t lj= /fdcof]Wof k|;fb snjf/ j:t'tM ;e]{ gfkL ePsf] hUuf hdLgsf] If]qkmn 5'6\ofpg] / gfkLaf6 sfod ul/Psf lsQfsf] ;Ldf 5'6\ofpg] d'Vo cffwf/sf] ?kdf ;e]{ gfkLsf] gS;fnfO{ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . olb To;df ljjfb x'G5 eg] df}s}df ;Rofpg]tkm{ sf/jfxL rnfO{ To;nfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ .

;e]{ gfkLaf6 lglj{jfb?kdf hUuf gfkL e} lsQf 5'6\ofO{ gS;f ;LdfÍg u/L jfp08«L 5'6\ofO{ sfod eO/x]sf] lsQf hUufnfO{ cfwf/ ?kdf lnO{ ljjfb lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ .

h] h:tf] lsl;daf6 ;e]{ gS;fdf jfp08«L sfod eO{ lsQfsf6 x'G5 ;f] g} k|To]s lsQfsf] jfp08«L ;d]tsf] ;f] lsQfsf] :j?k sfod ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;f]xLcg';f/ g} ef]u u/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ .

Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

$ df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)&(, pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z, hutaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt ug'{ eGbf cufj} lnPsf] tflndafktsf] cÍ kfpg' kb{5 eGg lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodjnL, @)%& sf] lgod #! n] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 lnPsf] tflndn] dfq cÍ kfpg] Joj:yf

u/]sf]af6 lgj]bsx¿n] tflndafktsf] cÍ k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} #) ut] /f]h # z'ed\

% df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!^!, pTk|]if0f, cf]dk|sfz rf}w/L lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] lg0f{oadf]lhd c:yfoL dfWolds lzIfs t[tLo >]0fLdf lgo'lQm kfO{ sfo{/t\ /x+b}sf] cj:yfdf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 ePsf] lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf] lzIfs kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ dfWolds lzIfsaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf] JolQm lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !!r sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+sf] b]xfo -!_ / -@_ tyf lzIfs ;]jf cof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& sf] lgod !)-^_ sf] b]xfo -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] g} b]lvFbf unt ljj/0f "lj:yflkt" egL b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L pDd]b\jf/ e} l;kmfl/z ePsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} #) ut] /f]h # z'ed\

^ df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )@#$, dfgf rfdn, ;'/]z dxh{g ;'jfn ;d]t lj=ltldnf ;'jfn ;d]t jfbLn] tf/]v u'hf/L sfg"gn] yfDg] ydfpg] Dofb u'hf/L j;]sf] cj:yf ePsf] / cfb]zfg';f/ ;fIfL pkl:yt u/fO{ jskq;d]t eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't d'2fdf d'n'sL P]g c=j++= !*%s-@_ cfslif{t x'g] geO{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !!-@_ cfslif{t


15

x'g] b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2fdf a'em];Ddsf k|df0fsf cfwf/df d'2fsf] km};nf ug'{kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\

& df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(!&^, a08fkq ab/ btf{ ab/ btf{, ljho kf08] ;d]t lj= hogGbg ld> tTsfnLg cj:yfd} cfkm\gf] hUuf btf{ u/fO{ kfpFm egL cflwsfl/s lgsfodf lgj]bg u/]sf] ;f]df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf sf/jfxL geO{ kl5 oL jfbLn] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df xs j]xsdf ;'gfPsfn] lkm/fb k/]sfnfO{ df}s}df sf/jfxL grnfO{ a;]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] . crn ;DklQ ljgf;|f]t k|fKt x'g g;Sg] / ;|f]tljgfsf] k|flKtn] dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] gx'Fbf ljgfk|df0f k|ltjfbLx¿sf lktfn] hUuf btf{ u/fO{ c+lzof/df a08f ePsf] sfo{ b"lift b]lvFbf ;f] hUuf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ePsf] a08fkq ;f] xb;Dd ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M d's'Gb lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !) ut] /f]h # z'ed o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M • @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(!&$, hUuf

lvrf]nf rng, ljho kf08] lj= hogGbg ld>

• @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(!&%, hUuf lvrf]nf rng, /fd]Zj/ kf08] lj= hogGbg ld>

* df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=***(,

axfn e/fO{ kfpFm, gfgLafa' >]i7 lj= k"0f{eQm k|wfgfË ef]ujGwsL lnvtsf] xsdf efvf gf3]sf ldltn] @ jif{leq jGws lnPsf] crn ;DklQ rng ug{ glbPsf] cj:yfdf rng rnfO{ dfUg gfln; lbg'kg]{ / ;f] efvfleq gfn]; glbPdfq lnvt skfnL x'g] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] Joj:yf xf] . t/ 3/ jxfn / hUufsf] cfo:tf gvf]Hg] egL pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL lbg 5'6[} 3/ jxfnsf] sfuh ;d]t eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf jfbLn] ef]ujGwsL lnvtadf]lhdsf] crn ;DklQ rng kfPsf] eGg] gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/adf]lhd x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M d's'Gb lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !) ut] /f]h # z'ed\

( df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(&&!, c+z rng, lk|sn a}B ;d]t lj= lji0f'xl/ a}B ;d]t df]xgxl/n] c+z 5f]8kq ubf{ :jf:gL, 5f]/fsf] c+z xs k|fKt ug]{ g};lu{s xsnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ u/L c+z e/kfO{ kfl/t u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] c+z 5f]8kqsf] lnvtsf cfwf/df jfbLx¿n] c+z gkfpg] eGg gldNg] .

k}t[s ;DklQ crn hUuf hdLg 5bf5+b} rn ;DklQ lsg lng' k/]sf] ;f]sf] sf/0f plNnlvt lnvtdf v'Ng g;s]sf] tyf c+z e/kfO{ ul/lng] afx]s cGo c+lzof/sf gfpFdf c+za08fsf] @ g+= adf]lhd j/fj/ c+za08f u/]sf] gb]lvg] . s]jn df]xgxl/af6 c+z kfpg] lhsL/ lnPsf] e/df df]xgxl/n] crn ;DklQ k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLnfO{ c+z kfpg] xsaf6 al~rt ug{ kfpg] b]lvGg . d'2f rNbf rNb}sf cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL lji0f'xl/, clDasf j}Bsf] ;d]t d[To' e};s]sf] cj:yfdf df]xgxl/sf >LdtL 5f]/f jfbLx¿n] c+z xfn;Dd


16

k|ltjfbLaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] gb]lvFbf hDdf tLg c+lzof/ sfod x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

Ohnf; g+= @ !

df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=*#(^ / (#(& hUuf lvrf]nf, k|]dgfy 9sfn lj=nIdL >]i7 ;d]t, nIdL >]i7 ;d]t lj= k|]dgfy 9sfn km};nfsf] 7x/df k'Ug ljjflbt hUufsf] e}cfPsf] gfk gS;fsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / ;e]{ gfkLsf] If]qkmn cfsf/ k|sf/ le8fP/ hUufsf] :j?k -Structure_ Psgfzsf] 5 5}g ;f] osLg ug'{kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\

@ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(&@*, lg0f{o btf{ ab/, u0f]znfn >]i7 lj= anWjh /f0ff jfbLn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{oaf/] yfxf kfPkl5 hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= / hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= cg'¿k ^ dlxgfleq lkm/fb bfo/ ug'{kg]{df ;f] xbDofb g3fO{ lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbLsf] lkm/fb sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] xbDofbleq k/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . xbDofbleq gk/]sf] lkm/fbaf6 d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ #) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

# df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=

#)&%, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, cgGtdfg hf]zLsf] d'=;=u/L cfkm\gf] xsdf ;d]t dgf]hdfg hf]zL ;d]t lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t bftfn] cfkm\gf] rn crn ;DklQ jf cfo:tf jf ;DklQdf cfkm\gf] xs 5f8L ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu ;dk{0f ug]{ x'Fbf u'7L eg]sf] s'g} ;fdflhs jf wfld{s sfo{ lg/Gt/ ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf] xs 5f8L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ klg xf] . u'7Laf6 JolQmsf] xs ;dfKt x'g] / ;d"x, ;Dk|bfo jf ;d'bfosf] xs l;h{gf x'g] k|lqmof ePsfn] u'7L /fVg]n] cfkm\gf] OR5fkq dfkm{t JoQm OR5fnfO{ gdfl;g] u/L hf]ufO{ lg/Gt/tf -Perpetual continuity_ k|bfg ug'{ /fHo jf /fHosf c+usf ?kdf /x]sf ;j} lgsfox¿sf] sfg"gL st{Jo x'g] . hUufsf] cfsf/ / hUufdf lgj]bsx¿sf] 3/n] rr]{sf sf/0f jfF8kmfF8 ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bs df]xLsf gfddf k"/} hUufsf] :jfldTj sfod x'g cfP klg k/Dk/f, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|rng, dfGotf / sfg"gn] g} u'7L k|yfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/L u'7L g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt, wd{sf] Ps cleGg sfg"gL c+u ePsf] / To;nfO{ sfg"gn] g} dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf bfjLsf] hUufdf lgj]bsx¿ u'l7of/ geP klg u'7Lsf] k"/} hUufsf] hUufwgL ag]kl5 To:tf] hUuf;Fu uf+l;Psf] / To:tf] hUufn] afs]sf] Legacy af6 lgj]bsx¿ pGd'Qm x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ #) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

• o;} nufpsf] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#)^(, pTk]|if0f, u0f]znfn >]i7 lj= anWjh /f0ff ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

$ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=


17

#)&@, pTk|]if0f, u'0f/Tg zfSo lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t lgj]bs shf{ sldl6df g/x]sf], lgj]bspk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL k|f/De ePkZrft\ a9'jf kfO;s]sf] eGg] b]lvP klg ;+u7gsf] sd{rf/Lsf] pRr g}ltstf, cg'zfl;t Pj+ z'4tf x'g'kg]{ / sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnLsf] cfr/0f k"/f u/]sf] kfngf x'g'kb{5 . cfr/0fljk/Lt sfd u/L ;+u7gsf] lxt ljk/Lt sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] nflu g} ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL Joj:yf ePsfn] cfr/0fljk/Ltsf] sfo{ a9'jf x'Fb}df IfDo gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

• o:t} k|s[ltsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#)&*, pTk|]if0f, 3dfgl;Fx v8\sf lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

% df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=CR )$%(, Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= rGb| kmfuf] ;d]t ls6fgL hfx]/L, kLl8tsf] sfuh tyf lghn] cbfnt;dIf /f]lxtn] uf]nL xfGof] c?n] s]xL u/]g egL n]vfPsf] jskq, z+s/ u'?ªsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] jskq ;d]tsf cfwf/df oL k|ltjfbLx¿ s;"/df lgbf]{if geP tfklg kLl8tnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zon] cfkm}n] aGb's k|xf/ u/]sf] jf dfg{nfO{ jrg lbPsf] jf d2t u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLx¿sf] 36gf:yndf pkl:yt /x]sf] cfwf/df Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !% g+= cg';f/ ;hfo ug'{ sfg"gsf] /f]xdf Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

^ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)%@), pTk|]if0f ;d]t, s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln= gu/ zfvf lj/f6gu/ lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no lj/f6gu/ ;d]t Pp6} 3/hUuf bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf /fVg gx'g], bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf eP kl5Nnf] /f]Ssf jb/ e} cl3Nnf] /f]Ssfn] g} dfGotf kfpg] . klxnf /f]Ssf /fVg] a}+snfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf glbO{ kl5 /f]Ssf /fv]sf] sfo{ dfGo l;4fGtsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt b]lvPsfn] /f]Ssf km's'jf gx'Fb} k'gM /f]Ssf /fv]sf] sfo{ cfkm}df u}/sfg"gL, u}/Goflos / nfk/jfxLk"0f{ b]lvg] . Psfsf] /f]Ssf x'Fbfx'Fb} clen]v x]b}{ gx]/L bf]xf]/f] /f]Ssf /fVg] sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . u}/lhDd]jf/ sfo{ ug]{ k|j[lQ cGTo ul/g' sfg"gL zf;g ePsf d'n'ssf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf g} xf] . u}/sfg"gL /f]Ssfsf cfwf/df bf=vf= btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL ul/Psf] lg0f{osf] sfg"gL dfGotf z"Go x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

& df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)!&&, k/dfb]z, ;+hos'df/ emf lj= klZrd If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no kf]v/f ;d]t k|x/L lgodfjnLn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|lqmof cg'z/0f u/L k'g/fj]bg u/L cfkm"nfO{ ePsf] cGofosf lj?4 pkrf/ vf]Hg kfpg] lgj]bssf] xsnfO{ ljkIfLx¿n] s'l07t u/]sf] ge} lgj]bs g} cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f gu/L pkrf/ vf]Hg] sfo{df pbf;Lg /x]sf] b]lvFbf o; cbfntn] lgj]bsnfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sb}g . lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg g} btf{ gu/L k'g/fj]bgdf sf/jfxL lsgf/f ul/lbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zsf] dfu


18

u/]sf] kfOFbf lgj]bg bfjL lg/y{s / k|of]hgxLg b]lvg cfof] . x'nfsdfkm{t k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g gcfPsf]n] / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] ;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 k'g/fj]bg btf{ x'g gcfPsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmnfO{ lgj]bsn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bgdf lg0f{o ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ Goflos d"No dfGotf / k/dfb]zsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff lj?4 x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @) ut] /f]h @ z'ed .

* df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= wo–)$#%, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, gfu]Gb|k|;fb ofbj lj= dn+ujf gu/kflnsf ;d]t De Facto Docrtine cg';f/ kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm Defective x'g ;S5 . t/ lgo'lQm Defective g} ePklg lgo'lQm ePsf] kbflwsf/Ln] k|of]u u/]sf] clwsf/ / u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL De Jure officer n] u/] ;/x x'g] x'Fbf lgo'lQm unt eP klg kbdf jxfn x'Fbf u/]sf] sfd / u/]sf] lg0f{o De Facto Doctrine cg';f/ ;xL dflgg] x'gfn] ldlt @)^@.!).@^ sf] lgjf{rg vf/]h eP klg pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfd ;d]t ab/ ug]{ u/L ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf De Facto Doctrine cg';f/ lg0f{o ab/ x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

( df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *^!), c+z btf{, uLtfb]jL bfz ;d]t lj=/fdntfs'df/L rf}w/L syjlgofOg

k|ltjfbLx¿n] jfbL /fdntfnfO{ cfkm\gf] c+lzof/ gePsf] egL k|ltpQ/df lhsL/ lnP klg lghnfO{ k|ltjfbLx¿sf] c+lzof/ sfod u/L c+z kfpg] 7x/fO{ km};nf u/]pk/ lghx¿n] k'g/fj]bg kqdf lhsL/ glnPaf6 pQm k|Zgsf] Goflos lg/fs/0f e};s]sf] dfGg'kg]{ .

h'g jvt 5f]/Ln] c+z kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf g} lyPg, ;f] jvt oL jfbLn] c+z kfpFm egL bfo/ u/]sf] lkm/fbsf] cfwf/df jfbL ;d]t c+z d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 c+lzof/ sfod ug'{ Gofof]lrt gx'g] x'Fbf lgh 5f]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

!) df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–))##, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, bLk]Gb|axfb'/ If]qL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 dflgg] s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf] g]t[Tj lbg] ueg{/ kb /fhgLlts kl/jt{sf] ;fy;fy} kl/jt{g gxf];\ b]zsf] cfly{s, df}lb|s / ljQLo gLltn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg'kb{5 egL ueg{/ kbnfO{ Fixed tenure kb agfOPsf] xf] . k|fs[lts sf/0fafx]s ueg{/ kb kbfjlw gk'Ub} l/Qm e} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ ueg{/ kbdf lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ cj:yf / sf/0fnfO{ Unfortunate dfGg'kg]{ .

lgj]bsnfO{ ueg{/ kbdf ;fljssf ueg{/nfO{ e|i6frf/ d'2f rnL z'? cbfntaf6 bf]ifL 7x/fPsf] sf/0f g]kfn ;/sfn] u7g u/]sf] ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/z / lbPsf] /fosf] zt{df conditional lgo'lQm ul/Psf] / ljhogfy e6[/fO{nfO{ klg ;f]xL zt{df cjsfz ul/Psf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L gx'g] eGg] k|Zg g} gcfpg] .


19

lgj]bsnfO{ cf/f]k nufO{ penal consequence lg:sg] u/L sf/jfxL u/L kbd'Qm ul/Psf] cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbO/xg' kb}{g . s;}nfO{ cf/f]k jf cleof]u nufpg' kbf{ dfq To:tf] cf/f]k jf cleof]ucg';f/sf] sfd u/]sf] xf] xf]Og egL ;kmfOsf] k|df0f k]z ug]{ df}sf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljhogfy e6[/fO{nfO{ ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf ;kmfO{ kfPdf ;f]xLadf]lhd x'g] cyf{t ;kmfO kfPdf :jtM k'gj{xfnL ug]{ zt{df cjsfz lbG5 eg] To; cj:yfdf To:tf] lg0f{o jb/ u/fO/xg kb}{g . olb l;kmfl/z ug{ ul7t ;ldltn] s'g} zt{ g/fvL cjsfz lbg] egL 7f8f] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] / ToxL 7f8f] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ljhogfy e6[/fO{nfO{ cjsfz lbPsf] eP To; cj:yfdf lgjb]ssf] ueg{/ kbsf] lgo'lQm unconditional x'g] lyof] . s]xL xb;Dd lgj]bsnfO{ x6fpFbf ;fob partially k|fs[lts Gofosf] s'/f cfpg ;Sg] lyof] . t/ h;/L ljhogfy e6[/fO{sf] jvf{;L Conditional lyof] To;}u/L lgj]bssf] lgo'lQm klg conditional ePsf] sf/0f b'j}nfO{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt cfslif{t gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ % ut] /f]h ^ z'ed .

!! df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)@&&, k/dfb]z, aL/u~h eG;f/ sfof{no k;f{ lj= kjgs'df/ u'Ktf k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO{ kfpg] e} cbfntaf6 bfn rf]/L k}7f/L d'2fdf ePsf] clGtd km};nfadf]lhd aL/u~h eG;f/ sfof{non] u/]sf] lnnfdaf6 hDdf ePsf] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM dx]Gb| kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M ejfgL 9'+ufgf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!@ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@#), pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, /fdk|sfz >]i7 lj= cho >]i7 ;d]t k'g/fj]bg txjf6 z'? cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L z'? cbfntn] s'g} j'em\g kg]{ k|df0f ga'emL km};nf u/]sf] b]lvPdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt cfkm}n] ga'em]sf] k|df0f ;d]t a'emL km};nf ug{;Sg] x'Fbf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t k'g/fj]bg Ps ;zQm / k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/ xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] dfusf] ;DaGwdf k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf x'g'sf] ;fy} lgj]bsaf6 pQm Joj:yfsf] cjnDjg u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]sfn] k|:t't l/6sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6sf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L Gofo lg?k0f ul//xg gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tMpk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!# df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= %%!, lgif]wf1f, ejfgLz+s/ cfrfo{ ;d]t lj=lhNnf jg sfof{no ;f]n'v'Dj' ;d]t o;} hUufsf] ;DaGwdf k/]sf] pTk]|if0fsf] l/6 ljrf/fwLg ePsfn] ;f]xL l/6df km};nf x'Fbfsf jvt bfjLsf hUufsf ljifodf 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf o; lgif]wf1f d'2faf6 s]xL ul//xg' gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tMdx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!$ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= CI–)$(&, k/dfb]z, zflGtb]jL ofbj lj=rGb|b]jL k|f=lj= 8f]sxf j+ul8of ;d]t


20

sfg"gL pkrf/ dfu ubf{ pko'Qm k|lqmof cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pko'Qm k|lqmofsf] cefjdf sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt x'g ;Qm}g . s'g} lgsfoaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfd sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ug{ u/fpg sfd ;DkGg gx'Fb} k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfd ;DkGg e};s]sf] cj:yfdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tMdx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed .

!% df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WH ))%$, aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f, s[i0fnfn >]i7sf] tkm{jf6 eLdaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= dxfgu/Lo k|x/L j[Q jf}4 ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ s]xL ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw / ;hfo_ P]g, @)@& sf] s;"/df k|x/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ jfwf Jojwfg l;h{gf u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zn] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lx/f;tdf /fv]sf] eGg] b]lvPsfn] lgj]bssf] y'gf Goflos lx/f;t dfGg' kg]{ .

s]xL ;fj{hlgs -ck/fw / ;hfo_ P]g, @)@& cGtu{tsf] d'2f cleof]ukq bfo/ ugf{;fy Bailable offence ePsf] x'Fbf o; k|sf/sf ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfjZos cjlwdfq lx/f;tdf /fVg' kb{5 . o; k|s[ltsf ;j} d'2fdf cg';Gwfg ug'{kbf{ k"/f cjlw y'gfdf /fVg' kb{5 eGg] cfzoaf6 sf]xL klg u|l;t x'g gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofo sDKo'6/M j]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn j}zfv !) ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\

!^ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–

))#&, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, s'naxfb'/ lnDa" lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t lgud P]gn] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] clwsf/ jf lgudn] ug]{ sfd Ps} k6s b'O{ clwsf/Ldf s]lGb|t x'g;Sg] Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf sfo{sf/L cWoIf / dxfk|jGws b'j} sfo{sf/L k|d'v ePsf] eGg gldNg] . lgud h:tf] autonomus corporation ;~rfngdf xjfO ;]jf ;~rfngdf cg'ejL / Joj:yfkg Pj+ ko{6g Joj;fo tyf k|zf;g;DaGwL Joj;fo;Fu kl/lrt JolQmx¿ ePsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g cfjZos x'G5 / ;~rfns ;ldltn] team spirit df sfo{ ug{'kg]{ .

;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g ug{ clwsf/ kfPsf] ;/sf/n] xfd|f] dfG5]sf] Syndrome af6 d'Qm eO{ /fd|f] dfG5] lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs st{JonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;xL dfG5] lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @* ut] /f]h ^ z'ed

!& df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–))#& -lgj]bg g+=%**#_, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, s'naxfb'/ lnDa" lj= ;~rfns ;ldlt g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf ^-@_ cg';f/ dxfk|jGwssf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] t/ lgudsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;~rfns ;ldltn] gtf]sL s]jn sfo{sf/L cWoIf Ps JolQmn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] sfd / clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ u/L tf]s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsfn] pQm k|Tofof]hgdf plNnlvt P]gsf] bkmf ^-@_ / &-@_ adf]lhd ePsf] gb]lvPsfn] lgudnfO{ ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ cj


21

dxfk|jGwssf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ;~rfns ;ldlt cfkm}n] :ki6 ?kdf dxfk|jGwssf] kbLo dof{bf / lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ tf]Sg' egL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;~rfns ;ldltsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] . Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t ! ut] /f]h ! z'ed

!* df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)!@&, k|ltif]w pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, s'naxfb'/ lnDa" lj= ;~rfns ;ldlt g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;?jf / sfhsf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 . t/ kbflwsf/ gePsf] lgsfodf ;?jf / xflh/ u/fpg] eGg] x'Fb}g . sfh / ;?jf ;]jfsf] zt{s} Ps zt{cGtu{tsf] zt{ xf] . t/ sfd gtf]sL ljgf dfu / p2]Zo csf]{ sfof{nodf xflh/ u/fpg] ;]jfsf] zt{ xf]Og / x'g g;Sg] . dlGqkl/ifb\ jf dGqL sfo{sf/L clwsf/;DkGg / gLltut lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd eP klg dlGqkl/ifb\n] jf dGqLn] ug]{ lg0f{o sfg"gcg's"n, ts{;+ut, hfoh dgfl;j / sf/0fn] ;dly{t x'g'kb{5 . olb dlGqkl/ifb\sf] jf dGqLsf] s'g} lg0f{onfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g eg] To:tf] lg0f{o o; cbfnt;dIf ;+j}wflgs k/LIf0f x'Fbf c8\g g;Sg] . sfg"gL zf;gdf ;/sf/ jf cGo s'g} clwsf/Lsf] :j]R5frf/L lg0f{osf] s'g} :yfg gx'g] . Autonomus body sf] dxfk|jGws hf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cleGg ;b:o xf] p;sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . dxfk|jGws Corporation sf] gLlt lgdf{tf ;~rfns ;ldlt / corporation sf] cGo c+uaLr ;Dks{sf] dfWod aG5, Corporation sf] dxfk|jGws "A hyphen which joins a buckle which fastens the policy making part of the corporation to the implementation part" eGg ;lsG5 . o:tf]

dxŒjk"0f{ kbnfO{ kbflwsf/ gePsf] dGqfnodf xflh/ u/fpg] eGg] lg0f{o clwsf/ljxLg lg0f{o dflgg] . Ohnf; clws[tM pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @* ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\

!( df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)!@*, k|ltif]w pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, s'naxfb'/ lnDa" lj= ;~rfns ;ldlt g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t 5f8f / cg'zf;gxLg ultljlw s'g} klg ;++u7g jf lgsfonfO{ dfGo x'Fb}g . ;hfo ug'{kbf{ clVtof/jfnfn] cfj]z -Whim_ df cfP/ jf :j]R5frf/L eP/ sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sb}g . clVtof/jfnfn] k|of]u ug]{ ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg"g Fair play af6 lgb]{z x'g'kg]{ . sd{rf/Lsf] Dignity /fVg sfg"gdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf] jfx]s lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] clwsf/LeGbf tnsf] clwsf/Ln] ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ g;Sg] . lgo'lQm ug]{ eGbf tNnf] txsf clwsf/Laf6 :ki6Ls/0f dfu ug{ gkfpg]df dGqLn] :kli6s/0f dfu]sf]af6 clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] sf/0f pQm :ki6Ls/0f dfu u}/sfg"gL x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM pk|]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @* ut] /f]h ^ z'ed

@) df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)^@%, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, bL3{gf/fo0f /]UdL lj= >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] /fhLgfdf u/L ;]jfaf6 aflxl/g] JolQmn] g]kfn oftfoft ;+:yfg lj36g ePsf sf/0f cjsfzdf k/]sf sd{rf/L ;/x ePsf] egL bfjL ug]{ / ;f]cg';f/sf sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfP


22

;/xsf ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'g} klg sfg"gL tYout cfwf/ /x]ePsf] b]lvg gcfpg] .

lgj]bsn] :j]lR5s cjsfz lnFbf tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"g, lgod, ljlgod Pj+ lg0f{o cg';f/sf ;'ljwf kfPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jo+ :jLsf/ u/]sf] / :j]lR5s /fhLgfdf lbFbf kfpg] ;'ljwf cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] lnO{ kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ cGo ju{ jf ;d"xn] kfP ;/xsf ;'ljwf bfjL ug{ ldNg] cj:yf g} 5}g . cGo ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmn] cGo k|of]hg jf sfo{ljz]ifsf cfwf/df kfPsf] ;'ljwf lbg cfkm"nfO{ al~rt ul/Psf] sfo{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL lg/y{s / cf}lrToxLg b]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

@! df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–#)#^, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, dlgkfn Ph's]zg P08 d]l8sn u|'k -g]kfn_ ln= lj= Psåf/ ;ldlt, pBf]u ljefu ;d]t s'g} ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ ljleGg ;'ljwf lbg] zt{ /fvL ;+emf}tf u/L ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf nufgL u/]sf] ePdf ;+emf}tf cjlwe/ ;/sf/n] PstkmL{ ?kn] To:tf] ;+emf}tf ;+zf]wg ug{ jf e+u ug{ ;Sb}g eg] tf]lsPsf] pBf]ux¿df nufgL u/]df lbOg] ;'ljwf P]gdf g} :ki6 tf]s]sf] sf/0f ljb]zL nufgLstf{ cfZj:t eO{ nufgL u/]kl5 To:tf] ;'ljwf lbGg egL ;/sf/n] OGsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ sfg"g Pj+ ljjGwg b'j}af6 jfFlwg] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] u/]sf] Joj:yf x]/L P]g nfu" ePsf] ldltblv P]g ;+zf]wg x'g' cufl8;Ddsf] cjlwleq eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pQm P]gcGtu{t /x]/ u/]sf] dflgG5 . k|To]s ;fj{ef}d /fi6«sf] tLg} c+u ljwflosf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsf ;fj{ef}d

x'G5g\ . /fi6«sf tL ;fj{ef}d c+ux¿ cfkm"df ePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . ljwflosL clwsf/ cGtu{t ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] ;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg';f/sf] sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . agfPsf] sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg, vf/]h ug{;S5 . sfg"g lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg, / vf/]hL oL tLg} s'/fx¿ ;fj{ef}d;Qf cyf{t\ Sovereignty sf] Ps identity x'g . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fi6«n] sfg"g agfO{ nfu" u/L k'gM To;nfO{ vf/]h ug{ ;S5 . k|To]s /fi6«nfO{ of] clwsf/ Sovereignty n] k|bfg ug]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

@@ df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=/ df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!($, lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng, ;'/]Gb|nfn lrqsf/ lj= j'l4/Tg lrqsf/ jfbL bfjL :yflkt x'g] gx'g] lg0f{odf k'Ug'kg]{ d"n cfwf/ dflgPsf] gS;f d'r'Nsf g} /Ltk"j{ssf] gePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL gS;fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL km};nf u/]sf] cfkm}df q'l6k"0f{ x'g] . jfbL bfjLdf k|j]z u/L jfbL bfjL :yflkt x'g] gx'g] s'/fsf] lg?k0f g} gu/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"gcg'¿ksf] b]lvg cfPg . o;sf ;fy} lvrf]nf u/]sf] eGg];Dd 7x/ u/L rngtkm{ x'g] / ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v g} gu/L ePsf] km};nfnfO{ k"0f{ / kl/kSj lg0f{o egL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/M lgd{nf e6[ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @! ut] /f]h # z'ed .

@# df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–#@!*, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, sG;]K6 kmdf{:o"l6sn -g]kfn_ k|f=ln=lj= b/f]ufk|;fb s'dL{ ;d]t


23

ljkIfL b/f]ufk|;fb s'dL{n] @$) lbgeGbf a9L cjlw ?h' xflh/ /xL sDkgLdf sfd u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsfn] ljkIfL b/f]ufk|;fbnfO{ sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf lgo'lQm lbO{ nuftf/ @$) lbg eGbf a9L cjlw sfddf nufPsf] b]lvFbf sfo{Ifdtf / Odfgbf/L gePsf] eGg] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} lghsf lj?4 lghsf] Supervisor nufot ;Da4 clwsf/Lsf] negative adverse remark ;d]t gePsf] / @$) lbg nuftf/ ?h" xflh/ /xL sfd u/]sf] b]lvPsfn] lghsf] cj sDkgLdf :yfoL x'g] xs l;h{gf x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofo Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !( ut] /f]h # z'ed .

Ohnf; g+= #

!

df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )@%#, c+z, snfjtLgfy lj= h}b]j gfy k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-s_ sf] ;uf]nsf c+lzof/dWo] h;sf gfp+df /x]sf] eP klg To:tf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] x'g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf / k'g/fj]lbsfn] cfkm"n] hUuf k|fKt u/]sf] ;oddf 5'6[L leGg eO{ c+zj08f ePsf] egL lhsL/ lng g;sL c+za08f ePsf] gb]lvO{ ;uf]nd} /x] ePsf] b]lvP ;d]tsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ k]6jf]nLaf6 j'lemPsf oL k'g/fj]lbsfsf] gfpFdf /x]sf] hUuf;d]t ;uf]ns} b]lvg cfpF5 . ;uf]ndf /x]sf] ;dodf ;uf]ndf /x]sf kl/jf/sf s'g} klg ;b:osf] gfpdf cfh{g u/]sf] o:tf ;DklQ lghsf] lghL geO{ ;uf]ns} / j08f x'g] ;DklQd} kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM s[kf;'/ sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @! ut] /f]h $ z'ed

@ df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=

*$)&, af6f] sfod u/L lgsf; vf]nL kfpFm, eLdaxfb'/ v'kf >]i7 lj= k|]daxfb'/ v'kf >]i7 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+= df cl3b]lv rlncfPsf] jf lbOcfPsf] 7fpFsf] lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg x'Fb}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf ldl;n ;+nUg gS;f ;h{ldg nufotsf k|df0fx¿n] k'g/fj]bssf] bfjL ;dly{t ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm 3/agfpg]sf] # g+= adf]lhd ;fljsb]lv k|of]u ul/cfPsf] jf6f] / lgsf;sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 9f]sfnfO{ jGb ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[kf;'/ sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

# df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!^^, pTk|]if0f, afnlszf]/ /fo ofbj lj= ;f]lgofb]jL ;d]t /f]Ssf km's'jf ePsf] hUuf lghL cfh{gsf] xf] eGg] b]lvPaf6 To:tf] ljjflbt ljifodf ;a"b k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . l/6 If]qaf6 o:tf ljjflbt ljifoj:t'df ;a"b k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%@%, pTk|]if0f, cz]Zj/ d/Ls ofbj lj= kf08j ofbj ;d]t

lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf lhsL/ lnPsf] ljifo Psflt/ xs j]xssf] k|Zg;Fu hf]l8Psf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{lt/ lgj]bssf] c+z xs hltsf] hUufsf] 8fs lnnfd ab/ e} hUuf ;d]t km's'jf e};s]sf] b]lvPsf] l:yltdf lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]cg'¿k lghsf] ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f k|bQ ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, j]rljvg ug]{ tyf ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] ;d]tsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .


24

% df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L tflc/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !@@$, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, gLt's'df/L ;d]t lj= k/z'/fd rf}w/L ;d]t c?sf] ;DaGwdf P]gn] g} :jf:gL, 5f]/L, a'xf/Lsf] bfOhf] / ljjfx gePsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljjfx vr{nfO{ hfohft ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 5'6 lbPsf] cj:yfaf6 lauf] el/e/fp ug]{ qmddf lhNnf cbfntn] hfohft tfobft;d]tsf k|lqmof cjnDjg ubf{ ljjfx vr{afkt cnu u/L ljuf] e/L e/fpsf] sfo{ ug{;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFbf l/6 lgj]bdf p7fOPsf dfu ;DaGwdf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b08 ;hfosf] @^ g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ePsf] cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] To; ;DaGwdf sfg"gL pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ xs l/6 lgj]bsx¿df ;'/lIft /xg] g} x'G5 . o;/L k|:t't ljifo km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{;Fu ;DjlGwt ePsf] / To;tkm{ sfg"gL k|lqmofadf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[kf;'/ sfsL sDKo'6/M gd|tf jf:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg !* ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

^ df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^–WO–)$)$, pTk|]if0f, tLy{/fh 9sfn lj= /fwf s]=;L= ;d]t n]gbg] Jojxf/sf] ( g+= sf] Joj:yfn] lgj]bssf] wgdf C0fLsf] xs gk'u];Dd ;fx"n] ;f] wgdf ;dfpg kfpg] b]lvFb}g . a08faf6 C0fLsf] xs sfod geP;Dd jf j08f g5'l6[P;Dd ;uf]nsf] wg, h]yf hUufaf6 ljuf] e/fp ug{ gldNg] . b=;= sf] @^ g+= sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ b'lgofsf] lauf]afkt hfohft ubf{ Tof] wg vfg] afx| jif{b]lv dflysf P]gadf]lhd dfg' g5'l6[O{ ;Fu j;]sf jf Tof] wg vfFbf ;Fu a;]sf kl5

leGg x'g]sf] c+z ;d]t hfohft ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]n] of] Joj:yfnfO{ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] * / ( g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf;Fu ufF;L x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 o:tf] cj:yfdf b=;= sf] @^ g+= nfO{ cnUu} -Seperately_ x]g{ ldNb}g . P]gsf] dg;fo klg Tof] xf]Og . cyf{t 5f]/fn] lnPsf] C0f /sd lnvtdf d~h"/L jf ;fIfL ga;]sf jfj'sf] uf]Zjf/f wgaf6 c;"n ug]{tkm{ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] * / ( g+= sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L JofVof ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

& df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$^#, lnvt btf{, cg/hLt xl/hg lj= emAjfnfn sxf/ cfkm\gf] d~h"/L gePsf] cfkm\gf] c+z efu nfUg] ;uf]nsf] /fhLgfdfaf6 ljqmL ePsf] hUufpk/ sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]]sf] xbDofbleq ;/f]sf/jfnf c+lzof/ cbfntdf k|j]z gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] xbDofb gf3L k/]sf] lkm/fbaf6 lghsf] lkm/fb dfu bfjLadf]lhd OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[kf;'/ sfsL{ sDKo'6/M gd|tf af:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= $ !

df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=WO–)&)(, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t, OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj= /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t


25

df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /foM s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf

;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu dfq} ;DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ .

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;j} ljjfbx¿ cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To:tf ljjfbx¿df ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgx¿ ;d]t ;dflxt e} cbfntn] ltgsf] Pp6f lglZrt ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf klg 5 eg] dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ?kdf cfPsf] s'g} ljjfb Gofoof]Uo x'g ;Sb5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePklg To:tf] ljjfb ljz'4 /fhgLlts k|lqmof jf /fhgLlts tl/sfaf6 ;dfwfg x'g] k|s[ltsf] 5 eg] To:tf] ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf cbfntdf k|j]z u/fpg' / cbfntaf6 u|x0f ul/g ;d]t gx'g] .

Goflos lg/f]k0fsf nflu cbfntdf k|:t't ul/g] ljjfb sfNklgs jf cg'dflgt geP/ oyfy{df cfwfl/t Pj+ cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g;Sg] k|s[ltsf] klg x'g'k5{ . s]jn af}l4s pT;'stf, lh1f;f jf rf;f]sf] ;dfwfg ug{' dfq ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf xsb}ofnfO{ pbf/ /fVg'sf] cy{ x'g ;Sb}g . cbfntn] sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgdf cfwfl/t eO{ ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ub{5 . Goflos lg?k0f x'g g;Sg] jf ug{ gkg]{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, af}l4s jf To:t} lsl;dsf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf cGo ljjfbx¿df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo egL cbfntdf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /xg'sf] d"n p2]Zo cbfntn] To:tf] ljjfbdf lbg] lg0f{o jf cfb]zaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fn] Gofosf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug{ ;s"g eGg] klg xf] . To:tf] ljifodf

cbfnt;dIf lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg kfpg] xsb}of ;DalGwt JolQm jf ;j{;fwf/0f hf] ;'s}nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . jf:tjdf hg;d'bfo jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf :jfy{df k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 / lgj]bs lghL JolQmut d'2fsf] ?kdf gcfO{ s'g} ;d'bfo jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf :jfy{ /Iff ug]{ x]t' jf wf/0ffn] pkrf/sf] nflu cfPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs xs ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f x'g hfG5 . o:tf] ljjfbdf s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] sf/0f Goflos afx]s cGo cfwf/df To:tf] k|Zgsf] ;xL lg/f]k0f x'g g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ?kdf cbfntaf6 ;dfwfg jf lg/f]k0f x'g ;Sg] .

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ;DkGg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfdx¿ dlGqkl/ifb\nufotsf lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zdf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfdaf6} ;DkGg x'g] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/rgfut Joj:yfaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf d'n'ssf] /fi6«fWoIfsf] x}l;otdf ;Dkfbg ul/g] To:tf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fleq kg]{ xf]Ogg\ eGg gldNg] .

;+j}wflgs /fi6«fWoIfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf clwsf/ / st{Josf] kfngf lghn] :jljj]sdf ug]{ geO{ ;+ljwfgtMdlGqkl/ifb jf ;Dj4 lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd ug]{ x'Fbf To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;DjlGwt l;kmfl/zstf{n] g} k"0f{ hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fdfGotM ;+j}wflgs /fi6«fWoIfnfO{ To:tf] sfd sf/jfxLdf pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g] dfGotf 5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/zljgf /fi6«fWoIfaf6 ePsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf lghnfO{ pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 eGg gx'g] .

j:t'tM ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x¿ lghsf] sfof{nodfkm{t g} ;Dkfbg x'g] xf] . ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltsf] b}lgs sfdsf/jfxLdf k|ToIf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg


26

;+ljwfgtM :yflkt /fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6 dufOPsf] lnlvt hjfkm oyfy{df /fi6«kltaf6} dufP ;/x x'g] / kbLo dof{bf ;d]tnfO{ x]/L /fi6«kltaf6 JolQmut ?kdf lnlvt hjfkm dufpg'eGbf /fi6«kltsf] sfof{noaf6} dufpg' :j:y, ;xh Pj+ plrt x'g] eO{ tbg'?k k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmnfO{ /fi6«kltsf] Goflos pGd'lQmsf] cy{df lnOg' dgfl;j x'Fb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf klg ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ;Lw} lnlvt hjfkm gdufPs} sf/0fn] lghnfO{ Goflos pGd'lQm ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug{' Gofof]lrt x'g g;Sg] .

;+ljwfg cfkm}+df /fhgLlts Pj+ sfg"gL b:tfj]h ePsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgåf/f ;[lh{t /fi6«fWoIf jf /fi6«kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿ lgM;Gb]x ?kd} /fhgLlts / sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs b'j} k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] /fi6«kltaf6 ePsf] s'g} sfd jf lg0f{osf] k|s[ltsf] klxrfg ug{ To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfd sf/jfxL s:tf] k[i7e"lddf ePsf] 5 / To;af6 s] kl/0ffd jf c;/ pTkGg x'G5 eGg] x]g'{ h?/L x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf sfd, st{Jo jf clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljjfbx¿ /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿ g} x'G5g\ eGg] cg'dfg u/L To;df lglxt /xg] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ cbfntdf k|j]z ug{ glbg] jf h] h:tf] k|s[ltsf] k|Zgx¿ ePklg To;pk/ cbfntn] ljrf/} gug]{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg gldNg] .

;+qmd0fsfndf d'n'sdf ev{/} ;+:yfut x'g nfu]sf] u0ftGqsf] w/f]x/ jf k|tLssf ?kdf /x]sf] /fi6«ktLo ;+:yfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfng / ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|d'v st{Jo ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf p7fOPsf ljjfbx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs / Goflos ;+af]wgaf6 ;f] ;+:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; / cf:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpgdf d2t g} k'Ug hfg] eO{ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x]sf] u0fftGqfTds ;+j}wflgs

ljsf;qmdn] :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff lng' c:jfefljs gx'g] . df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fo

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ;fljsadf]lhd kbdf oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{z ePsf tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{on] sfod d'sfod d's// ePsf b'a}n] xfn cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf xfn >L 5qdfg l;+x u'?Ë lgo'Qm e} ;s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; l:yltdf ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 lgb]{zkq lbOPs} sf/0faf6 dfq ;f] lgb]{zkq xfn;Dd lqmofzLn /lx/x]sf] egL dfGg gldNg] .

;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] clGtd JofVoftfsf] x}l;otn] o; cbfntn] cfk"m;dIf k]z ePsf] ljjfbdf lbg] lg0f{on] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ / Ps lglZrt ghL/ jf sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]t sfod ug]{ x'G5 . To;sf nflu o; cbfntdf NofOPsf] ljjfbsf] cl:tTj oyfjt\ eO{ To;df p7fOPsf] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgx¿ klg Goflos lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ cf}lrTo / k|of]hg klg x'g' kb{5 . cf}lrTo / k|of]hg g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] s'/fdf cbfntn] lg0f{o lbO/xg' kg]{ cj:yf klg kb}{g . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfwfg e};s]sf 5g\ eg] ljjfb g} gePsf s'/fdf lg0f{o lg/f]k0f ul//xg' kb}{g eGg] Gofosf] :yflkt dfGotf jf l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . h'g ;dodf h'g ljifodf ljjfb pTkGg x'G5 ;f]xL ;dodf To; ljifosf] lg0f{o lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ .

;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ ;fljsadf]lhd oyfjt\ lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lbOPsf] kq lgb]{z;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxL k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf sfod /x]sf] ljifo tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn] g} cjsfz kfPsf] ;d]t sf/0faf6 xfn lgik|of]hg eO;s]sf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$$


27

sf] pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] tTsfnLg sfg"gL Joj:yfaLr /x]sf] elgPsf] c:ki6tf jf c;+utL ;d]t pQm P]gdf ePsf] ;+zf]wgaf6 xfn ;dfKt e} k|wfg;]gfkltsf] cjsfz;DaGwL sfdsf/jfxLdf /fi6«kltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ljwflosfn] g} :ki6 ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L k|wfg;]gfkltsf] cjsfz;DaGwdf /fi6«kltsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf] :ki6tfsf] lgldQ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-#_ df ;+zf]wg e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To;} ljifodf /fi6«kltaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]{zkq ;d]t lgik|of]lht e};s]sf] / eljiodf k|of]u x'g] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf] vf]hL ul//xg' plrt klg gx'g] .

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 o; ljifodf k"0f{Onf;af6 JofVof x'g' kg]{ egL ePsf] cfb]z;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL sDKo'6/ M gd|tf af:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t #! ut] /f]h # z'ed\

@ df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^% ;fnsf] WO–)(#@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, ;LdfgfljxLg dfgj clwsf/ -x\o"dg /fO6; jLbfp6 k|mlG6o;{, g]kfn_ lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /foM o;} nufpsf] l/6 g+= )&)( sf] o;} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] l/6 lgj]bg cfh o;} Ohnf;af6 lg0f{o x'Fbf pQm lgj]bgdf cGt/\lgxLt /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs k|Zgsf] lg?k0f o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'g'kg]{ egL lj:t[t cfwf/ ;lxt /fo JoQm eO{ cfb]z ePsf] / k|:t't lgj]bg ;d]t ;f]xL lgj]bgsf]

nufpsf] eO{ k/:k/ cGt/\k|efjL eO{ Ps};fy lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ . df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /foM tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\af6 tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] ljifodf ePsf] lg0f{o g} xfn k|of]hgxLg e};s]sf] b]lvPsf] egL nufpsf] l/6 g+= )^%–wo–)&)( sf] pTk|]if0fsf] lgj]bgdf lj:t[t ljZn]if0f e};s]sf] / k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;d]t ;f]xL l/6df p7fOPsf] k|Zg g} p7fOPsf] / d"n l/6 lgj]bg g} k|of]hgxLg ePsf] egL vf/]h e};s]sf] l:yltdf yk ljrf/ ul//xg' gkg]{ . df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 k|:t't lgj]bg ;d]t k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ egL cleJoQm /fo;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt /x]sfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL sDKo'6/M gd|tf jf:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t #! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

# df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)&&&, ;fj{hlgs wd{ sLlt{ ;+/If0f, sf/L d08n ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfnfo ;d]t hUuf hdLgnufot ;a} rn crn ;DklQsf] wgL jf :jfdL k|fs[lts JolQm jf s'g} ;+3 ;+:yf jf u'7L h:tf sfg"gL JolQmx¿ dfq x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;f]afx]s kf]v/L cfkm}+ wgL jf :jfdL x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf jfbLsf] bfjL ljlw;Ddt tyf ts{;+ut gb]lvbf kf]v/L ;+/If0f ug]{ lhDdf kfpFm eGg] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{ sDKo'6/M cld//Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 # ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M


28

• @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)&&(, s/f/adf]lhd /sd lbnfO{ kfpFm, sf/L d08n ;d]t lj= hL/]vg d'lvof ljg

• @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)&&^, s/f/adf]lhd /sd lbnfO{ kfpFm, sf/L d08n ;d]t lj= hL/]vg d'lvof ljg

• @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)&&*, 7]Ssf z"Go ul/kfpFm, sf/L d08n ;d]t lj= ;f}lvnfn d08n ;d]t

• @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=CI–)$^%, hfn;fhL, sf/L d08n ;d]t lj= ;f}lvnfn d08n ;d]t

$ df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ^&!, ^&@, ^&#, ^&$, ^(^ / ^(&, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ))@$, e|i6frf/, lzj/fh s8]n lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, u0f]zk|;fb kf}8]n lj=c=b'=c=cf=, sfnL/fd kf}8]n lj= c=b'=c=cf=, kxn yfkf If]qL lj= c=b'=c=cf=, sdn d}gfnL lj= c=b'=c=cf=, /fdz/0f yfkf lj= c=b'=c=cf, dLgaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t lj=clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;fdfg j/fdbs} cj:yfdf k]z x'g g;s]sf] cfwf/df dfq j]/Ltsf] g/x]sf] Eof6 lann] j}wtf u'dfO{ k|df0fof]Uo g/x]sf] eGg] cy{ ug{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 cf}lrTok"0f{ / pko'Qm b]lvb}g . cbfntn] k|df0f :j?k ldl;n ;+nUg Eof6 ljnnfO{ k|df0fsf] /f]xdf d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 . kl5 k]z ePsf] lan k|df0fof]Uo x'g g;Sg] eGg] cleof]u bfjLnfO{ plrt 7x/fPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"g Pj+ Gofo;+ut b]lvg gcfpg] . j/fdb ePsf ;fdfgx¿ cfkm\gf] kmd{af6 k|f1kgkqcg'¿k cfoft ePsf egL k|1fkgkq / Eof6 lan -Vat Bill_ ;d]t k]z u/L k|ltjfbLn] ;fdfg cfkm\gf] ePsf] :jLsf/ ul/;ss]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ;dfgx¿ eG;f/

rf]/L k}7f/L u/L NofPsf] / k]z ePsf sfuhft cGoyf /x] ePsf] egL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ cleof]u nufpg] jfbL kIfdf lgxLt /xg] x'Fbf jfbLn] g} k|df0fåf/f k'li6 ug'{ ;Sg'kg]{ . sfg"gsf] k|of]u ubf{ sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lnPsf] lglb{i6 p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{ ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ Gofostf{n] Vofn /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gdf plNnlvt s'g} klg sfo{ljlwut k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u ubf{ sfg"gadf]lhd g} ul/g'k5{ . lsgls sfg"gsf] jf:tljs kIf To;sf] sfo{ljlwut -Procedural part_ s'/fdf klg cGt/\lgxLt /x]sf] x'G5 . ;f]nfO{ pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] . cfk;df aflemO{ cljZj;gLo /x]sf] Psdfq aofgnfO{ csf6\o k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L s;"/ :yflkt ug{ Gofof]lrt gx'Fbf cleof]hg kIfnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf ePsf] aofgaf6 s'g} d2t k'Ug;Sg] b]lvg gcfpFbf cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL sDKo'6/M gd|tf jf:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 ^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed .

Ohnf; g+= % !

df=Gof=>L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= %)$ / ))&%, z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt ab/, lgd{nk|;fb ofbj lj= ;+ho ofbj, ;+ho ofbj lj= /fdjrg ofbj ;d]t c8\8faf6 kfl/t s'g} lnvt ;f] c8\8faf6 gSsn lnO;s]kl5 cfkm\gf] xs hfg] ePsf] jf cGo s'g} ck/flws sfo{ eP ul/Psf] s'/f yfxf kfPsf]df To:tf] xs hfg] ePsf] kIfn] ;Lw} ;f] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf hfn;fhL jf sLt]{ egL gfn]z lbg ldNg] . sfg"gadf]lhd kfl/t ePsf] s'g} lnvt jf c8\8f cbfnt jf sfof{non] ;|]:tf jf


29

/]s8{df /x]sf] s'g} lnvtnfO{ c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd b]vfpg ;'gfpg kg]{ / ;f] b]v] ;'g]kl5 dfq ;2] sLt]{ jf hfn;fhL egL eGg gldNg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . c8\8faf6 kfl/t lnvt klg b]vfO{ ;'gfO{ dfq bfjL lng] eGg] pQm c=j+= &* g+= sf] cy{ / cfzo /x]sf] klg b]lvFb}g . 3/;f/sf] s'g} lnvt eP dfq ;f]nfO{ c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd csf]{ kIfnfO{ b]vfpg ;'gfpg kg]{ x'G5 . ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] bfg as;, /fhLgfdf, 5f]8kq nufot s'g} k|sf/n] cfwL eGbf a9L crn ;DklQ xs 5f8L lbg'kg]{ ePdf cfkm\gf] c+lzof/ xsjfnf ;d]t /x]sf] 5f]/fsf] d~h"/L lnO{ dfq xs 5f8L lbg kfpg] . ljwjf :jf:gLdflg;n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] d~h"/Llagf cfwf eGbf a9L cfkm\gf] c+z xssf] ;DklQ askq u/L xs 5f8L lbg tTsfn k|rlnt :qL c+zwgsf] @ g+=;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ldNg] x'Fb}g . sfg"gn] g} ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgif]w u/]sf] s'g} sfo{ s;}n] ug{ x'Fb}g / ;f] u/]df cbfntaf6 ab/ 3f]lift ug{ ;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

@ df=Gof=>L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !@)*, k|ltif]w, dfgaxfb'/ /fO{ ;d]t lj= lji0f' ;fksf]6f ;d]t ha/h:tL ?kdf u/fOPsf] elgPsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!! sf] h'g sfuhsf ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] xf], ;f]xL sfuhsf ;DaGwdf s/sfk d'2f k/L lg0f{o ;d]t eO;s]sf] b]lvFbf j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] k|of]u ;d]t eO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|sfz pk|]tL sDKo'6/M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

Ohnf; g+= ^ !

df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )@*&, pTk|]if0f, em'dfb]jL df]Qmfg lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no nlntk'/ ;d]t lgj]bsn] sfuh u/fPsf] eg] klg of] o:tf] Joxf]/fsf] sfuh u/fPsf] eGg g;s]sf] ;fy} ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] klg ;DemfO{ j'emfO{;Dd u/]sf] t/ lgj]bgdf plNnlvt sfuh u/fpg], 8/, wDsL lbg] nufotsf sfo{ gu/]sf] egL Joxf]/f n]vL lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePsf] tyf ha/h:tL sfuh u/fPsf] egL k]z x'g cfPdf ;f]xL jvt k|Zg p7fO{ lgj]bsn] ph"/ ug{;Sg] g} x'Fbf xfn sfuh u/] u/fPsf] s'/f g} OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ef]nfgfy 9sfn sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@ df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= wo–)((!, k|ltif]w ;d]t, df]xgs[i0f zdf{ lj= lzjf zfx /f0ff ;d]t lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ em'Sofpg] nufotsf sfo{ u/L cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/df x:tIf]k x'g] cfz+sf b]vfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L ljkIfLn] 7uL;DaGwdf ph"/L k/L a'em]sf];Dd eg]sf] cGo sf/jfxL u/]sf] egL lgj]bsn] eGg g;s]sf] l:yltdf sf/jfxL gug'{ eGg'sf] cf}lrTo /xGg . olb ljkIfLx¿n] u}/sfg"gL sf/jfxL z'? u/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gL pkrf/ vf]Hg lgj]bs :jtGq /xg] x'gfn] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM ef]nfgfy 9sfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .


30

# df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= wo–))&(, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, cdLts'df/ 7fs'/ lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t blnt hfltdf ;dfj]z ug]{ qmddf /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] pk;ldlt u7g u/L 5fgjLg ;d]t u/L cflwsfl/s lgsfon] dw];L d"nsf nf]xf/ hflt blnt xf]Og egL eg]sf] cj:yfdf tYodf k|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ef]nfgfy 9sfn sDKo'/6M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )@*&, k/dfb]z ;d]t, g]kfn jftfj/0fLo sfg"g Joj;foL ;+3 -g]nf_ ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

dfu ul/Psf ljifodf kof{Kt sfg"gsf] ljBdfgtfsf] cefj b]lvg], ;+qmldt ju{sf ;d:ofx¿ slNkt ge} oyfy{ ?kdf ulxl/Psf] kfOg], clg To:tf ljifodf /fHosf] tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ gu/L ;d:ofnfO{ c;Daf]lwt ?kdf /fVg] s'/fx¿ ;lqmo zf;g k|0ffnLn] ck]Iff u/]sf s'/f x'g ;Sb}gg\ . sfo{kflnsfn] b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ljleGg cË;Fu ljlw;Ddt ;DaGw /fVg'kg]{ eP /fvL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ pBt x'g'kb{5 . sfo{kflnsfnsf] k|s[ltaf6} p;sf st{Jo ljwflosL / Goflos pq/bfloTjx¿ 5g\ / sltko s'/fx¿df cfjZostfg';f/ p;n] zf;sLo ultljlwx¿sf] cf/Destf{ / kl/rfns x'g' kb{5 . To:tf] /rgfTds e"ldsfsf] pk]Iff u/]/ lgj]bsn] sfg"g agfO{ p;sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ dfu u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ sfg"g agfpg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L ljifo egL cfkm\gf] e}/x]sf] bfloTj jf e"ldsf s} klg ;+s'rg jf pk]Iff

u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5, h'g pT;xk|b dfGg gldNg] .

;dfhleq} Ps ju{n] ljlwaf6 k|fKt ;j} xsx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs nfesf] cj:yf ef]uL ljlzi6 l:yltdf /xg] / h'g bLglxg ju{sf] nflu /fHo ;fdflhs k4ltsf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg]{ xf], ToxL ju{af6 To:tf] ju{nfO{ rflxPsf] j]nf ;j} ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 Ro't eP/ j:g'k/]sf] cj:yf sfg"g, Gofo / ;Eotfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t ;x\o x'g g;Sg] .

Pr=cfO=eL=÷ P8\;sf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\nfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu ;/sf/n] pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ bfloTj af]s]sf] ;/sf/n] s] s:tf] sfg"g agfpg] / slxn] agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ ljwflosfsf] dfq ePsf] eg]/ klG5g ldNg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o cfn]vx¿ tyf ;+ljwfgdfkm{t JoQm u/]sf] k|ltj4tfcg'¿k hgtfk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM lzlz//fh 9sfn sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn j}zfv #) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; g+= * !

df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= CI–)&##, 3/ axfn lbnfO{ 3/ vfnL u/L lvrf]nf d]6fO{ kfpFm, h'u'tnfn ofbj lj= e}hg 7fs'/ ;d]t gfk gS;f d'n'Nsfdf plNnlvt ljjflbt 3/ hUuf cfkm"n] /fhLgfdf kfl/t ul/lnPsf] / /fhLgfdfsf] s}lkmot dxndf pNn]v ePcg'¿k ls=g+= leqsf 3/ hUuf x'g\ eGg] bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g;Sg] 7f]; / tYoo'Qm ;a"b k|df0f k]z u/L j:t'lgi7 tj/n] k|dfl0ft


31

ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf 3/ jxfndf j:g lbPsf] egL bfjL ug]{ jfbLn] tT;DaGwdf s'g} lnvt sj'lnot;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sfn] ljjflbt g+Dj/sf] 3/ hUufnfO{ jfbLn] lkm/fb / /fhLgfdf lnvtdf plNnlvt ls=g+= leqsf] 3/hUuf xf] eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM xl//fh sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ o o;} pufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *&^@,

3/ p7fO{ hUuf lvrf]nf rng, e}hg 7fs'/ ;d]t lj= /fdgGbg ofbj ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

Ohnf; g+= (

!

df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=*!&%, c+z, wd{bfz clx/ lj= huGgfy clx/ ;d]t k|:tt d'2fsf k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr c+z d'2f k/L c+z kfO{ 5'l6[ leGg e};s]sf] k|df0f ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] / lghx¿ aLr c+z d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] ph"/ gfn];;d]t u/fPsf] eGg] s'g} lhsL/ lng g;s]sf] / @)!# ;fndf lbPsf] c+z d'2f;d]t jfbLn] tf/]v g} 5f8L d'2f l8;ld; km};nf e}/x]sf] ;d]tsf Jojxf/ k|df0faf6 oL jfbL / k|ltjfbLx¿ klxn] g} 5'l6[ leGg e};s]sf] eGg' / dfGg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM xl//fh sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

@ df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=($*@ xs;kmf, t]t/L rf}w/L lj= ;/f]b]jL rf}w/L ;d]t df]xLsf] d[To'kZrft\ hf]t sdf]b ul//x]sf] xs vfg] xsjfnfn] sfg"gn] olt cjlw;Dd gfd;f/L u/fO{ ;Sg'kg]{ eg]sf]

cj:yfdf ;f]xL cjlwleq / cjlw gtf]s]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] cg's"ntd ;dodf gfd;f/L u/fO{ xs sfod u/fpg ;Sb5 . xs l:y/ ?kdf /lx/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ To;sf] ;dflKt egL dfGg gldNg] . k|lqmofut sfo{ljlwn] s]xL ;dosf] nflu xs x:tfGt/0f x'g g;Sbf ;f]xL sf/0fn] xsjfnfsf] xs u'Dg uPsf] egL dfGg g;lsg] . df]xL xssf] lg/Gt/tf b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf gfd;f/L u/fpg afFsL /x]sf] cfwf/df dfq k'g/fj]bssf] xs ;dfKt x'g ;Sb}g . :jo+ hUufwgLn] df]xLsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L df]xL lgisfzgtkm{ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] tyf log} k'g/fj]bsn] df]xL gfd;f/Lsf] sf/jfxL rnfO{ df]xL gfd;f/L ug]{ lg0f{o ;d]t e};s]sf] cj:yfdf df]xL xs k|fKt JolQm xf]Og egL clwsf/sf] ;dflKt ug{ sfg"g / Gofosf] /f]xdf o'lQm;+ut gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM rGb|k|sfz ltjf/L sDKo'6/M zDe' zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

# df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=)!%^, df]xL gfd;f/L, lszf]/Lk|;fb zdf{ lj= dx]Gb| /fpt e"ldxf/ ;d]t lnlvt ?kdf cfr/0f Jojxf/af6 k|s6 u/L k|ToIf ?kdf g} df]xLsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f] g} kof{Kt cfwf/ xf], lnlvt ?kdf 5'6[} df]xL kTofPsf] sfuh x'g ckl/xfo{ gx'g] . @)%# ;fndf e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ ;+zf]wg eO{ ;f] ;+zf]wgaf6 gfltnfO{ ;[lh{t df]lxofgL xs ;f] eGbf cl3b]lv p7]sf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf ;d]t nfu" x'G5 eGg gldNg] . @)%# ;fndf e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] ;+zf]wg x'g'k"j{sf] l:yltdf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @^-!_ df ePsf] ;+zf]wgsf] ;'ljwf lnO{


32

gfltnfO{ hUufwgLn] df]xL kTofpg gldNg] g} b]lvPsf] ;fy} hUufwgLn] cl3 klg lszf]/Lk|;fb zdf{;Fu jfnL s't j'em\g] df]xL d'2f lbg], w/f}6L a'em\g] ;d]tsf cfr/0fut lqmof ul/cfPsf] b]lvFbf df]xL lszf]/Lk|;fb zdf{nfO{ g} kTofO{ df]xL gfd;f/L u/L lbg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM bLks 9sfn Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn df3 !& ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

o @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=*&&^, gfd;f/L km};nf ab/, lszf]/Lk|;fb zdf{ lj= ljgf]bk|;fb zdf{ ;d]t

o @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= Wo–)^#% pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]z, xl/ZrGb| zdf{ lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no dxf]Q/L ;d]t

$ df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(!!&, hUuf lvrf]nf 3/ x6fO{ rng, b'MvL ;fx uf]7 lj= kltofb]jL y?gL tYo / ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftn] Pp6f s'/fsf] ;Totf :yflkt ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;TonfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L k|ltjfbLsf] egfOnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfgL lgisif{df k'Ug ldNb}g . o;/L lg0f{o lgisif{df k'Ug] xf] eg] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftsf] k|dfl0fs cl:tTj n'Kt k|foM x'g] . ljkIfL lemsfpg] Dofbdf k|ltjfbL Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yf ;d]taf6 yk k|df0f a'em\g kg]{ egL xbDofbsf] cfwf/df vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L k'gM OG;fkmsf] nflu z'? cbfntdf k7fpg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"g tyf Gofosf] /f]xdf o'lQm;Fut g} g]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM rGb|k|sfz ltjf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

o o;} nufpsf] @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(!!* gfkL lg0f{o btf{ ab/, b'MvL ;fx uf]7 lj=

kltofb]jL y?gL ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

% df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )@@(, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, u0f]zh+u /f0ff ;d]t lj= >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t sfg"gcg';f/sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ r'gf}tL lbg sfg"gn] :ki6tM ;Ifd lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf gu/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ jGb u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu o; cbfntdf l/6 If]qdfkm{t clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ /xG5 . t/ To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|flKtsf] nflu lghnfO{ j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvg' x'Fb}g . j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] j}slNks dfu{sf] cjnDjg gu/L ;Lw} l/6 If]qaf6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . sfg"gL Joj:yf lgik|of]ht x'g] u/L pkrf/ k|flKtsf] cGo dfu{ v'Nnf /fVg Gofo k|flKtsf dfGo l;4fGtn] ;d]t gldNg] . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ?6 Ohfht /4 ug]{ oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no jfudtLsf] lg0f{o lj?4 P]gsf] bkmf !&!-!_ df plNnlvt k'g/fj]bsLo pkrf/sf] k|lqmofdf lgj]bsx¿ k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvPg . cGo lgsfosf] tf]s cfb]zsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg k|ydtM lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L pk/sf] sfg"gL pkrf/ sfg"gdf lglb{i6 t/Lsfcg';f/ g} cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM rGb|k|sfz ltjf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

o o:t} k|s[ltsf] ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )%)&, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, u0f]zh+u /f0ff ;d]t lj= >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .


33

^ df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= !(!, nfu" cf}ifw, Parita Ratanam lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ cbfnt;dIfsf] jofgdf k|x/Ldf ePsf] jofg cfkm"nfO{ g;DemfO{ gj'emfO{ u/fPsf] xf] cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiff cfpFb}g egL n]vfO{ lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] o; cbfnt;dIf bfo/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf k/]sf lghsf] ;lx5fkdf c+u|]hL zJbx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvFbf c+u|hL efiffsf] 1fg gePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] jofg k|yd b[li6df g} ljZjf;nfos gb]lvg] . e} cfPsf] j/fdbL d'r'Nsf, k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] jofg, j/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf /f]xj/df j:g] JolQmx¿sf] jskq tyf kl/l:ylthGo k|df0f ;d]tsf] ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx¿af6 k|ltjfbL Parita Ratanam n] cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] lghnfO{ nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !$-!_-5_-#_ adf]lhd !% jif{ s}b / kfFr nfv h/Ljfgf x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL sDKo'6/M ejfgL 9'+ufgf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

& df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##^^, pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z, ljj]s/fh l;Fx /f7f}/ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ljleGg k|zf;lgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] tf]s cfb]zsf e/df JolQmsf] xs :jfldTj tyf sfg"gL clwsf/sf] l;h{gf x'g g;Sg] ;j{ljlbt tYo ePsf]df @)@) ;fndf jg ;Ldfgf l8dfs]{zgleq k/]sf] tTsfn sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t pkrf/sf] cjnDjg u/L xs k'gM:yflkt u/fpg' ;Sg' kg]{df cfkm\gf] clwsf/ tyf st{Jok|lt df}sfdf hfu?s jf ;r]i6 gePsf oL lgj]bsnfO{ cGttM cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]

b]lvFbf df}sfdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] pkef]udf pbf;Lgtf b]vfO{ a:g] oL lgj]bsx¿nfO{ @)@) ;fndf jg ;Ldfleq kf/]sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf @)%( ;fndf cfP/ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ljnDjsf] l;4fGt ;d]tn] ;xof]u gug]{ x'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] bfo/f leq ;dflxt u/L ;xof]u ug{ g;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ef]nfgfy 9sfn sDKo'/6M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ . o;} nufp lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

o @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= #)*), pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;Ltf/fd sfkm\n] lj= ;xsf/L ljefu ;d]t

o @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=)*!& hUuf /f]Ssf km's'jf, ;Ltf/fd sfkm\n] lj= ;xsf/L ljefu ;d]t

* df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)%$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)#&, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, hubLzk|;fb cu|jfn lj=s/ sfof{no x]6f}8f ;d]t sDkgLnfO{ cf=j= @)%).%! sf nflu ljo/ pTkfbg ug{ ldlt @)%).%.( df lbOPsf] Ohfht kqdf tof/L dfn pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u x'g] sRrf dfnsf] cg'kftsf] kl/0ffd pNn]v u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] ;f] cf=j=sf] cGtz'Ns, cGtz'Ns P]g, @)!% / cGtz'Ns lgodx¿ @)!( adf]lhd a'emfO;s]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 lgoldt ?kdf x'g] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf dfn / pTkfbg ePsf] tof/L dfnsf] cg'kftnfO{ cg'dflgt cfwf/df j]?h' cf}NofPsf] / ;f] j]?h"pk/ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'Fbf ;f] ;ldltn] pQm j]?h' b]vfOPsf] /sd c;"npk/ ug{sf nflu cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]xL lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df cy{ dGqfnon] cfkm\gf


34

dftxt ljefu Pj+ sfof{nonfO{ kq n]vL c;"n ug{ eg]sf] cfwf/df d"No clej[l4 s/ sfof{no x]6f}8fn] ldlt @)%#.!@.!@ df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ ?=^),^@,^%#.(# c;"npk/ ug{ kqfrf/ u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] sfo{ egL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|sfz pk|]tL sDKo'6/M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; & ut] /f]h # z'ed\

( df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$^ / #$$*, 7uL, b'uf{ pk|]tL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dbg zdf{ s[lqd n]6/ Kof8df gSsnL ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt agfpg] sfo{, :jLs[lt g} k|fKt gu/L ljb]zL ljlgdosf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ sfo{ / a}+snfO{ em'Sofgdf kf/L 7Ug] tLg k[ys sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt tLg :jtGq s;"/ x'g .

;dfg k|ltjfbL eP eGb}df bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og . s;"/sf xsdf Ps} k6seGbf j9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo gul/g] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-^_ n] ;dflxt u/sf]] bf]xf]/f] vt/fsf] l;4fGt oxfF ljljw s;"/ ePaf6 Pp6} s;"/ xf] eGg] ts{;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[tM ;'bLk b+ufn sDKo'/6M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

o @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$&, ljb]zL ljlgdo, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dbg zdf{ ;d]t

o @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$% / #$$( ;/sf/L 5fk b:tvt sLt]{, b'uf{ pk|]tL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dbg zdf{

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ultljlw

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7Ho"åf/f k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo

d'Vo GofofwLzx¿nfO{ kbaxfnLsf] nuQ} lbg' ePsf] lgb]{zg dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd hgtfsf xs clwsf/sf] /Iff Pj+ k|rngsf nflu l56f]5l/tf] lgikIf tYff ;j{;'ne Gofo ;Dkfbg ug{] lhDd]jf/L Gofokflnsfdfly /x]sf] s'/f ljlbt} 5 . ;dfhsf] kl/jt{gzLn :jefj, hgtfsf OR5f / cfsf+Iffdf x'g] j[l4, ablnFbf] ljZj kl/j]z, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] ljsf; h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{

ug{ ;Dej 5}g . o;sf] nflu pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] of]hgfj4 Pj+ pRrtd\ k|of]u / kl/rfng u/L ;dod} Gofo k|fKt ug{] hgrfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg' cfh Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf xfdL ;a} GofosdL{x¿n] cfkm\gf sfd sf/jfxLx¿nfO{ lgikIf, :jtGq, kf/bzL{ Pj+ ljjfb/lxt tj/n] ;~rfng u/L hgtfsf] Gofo k|flKtsf] rfxgfnfO{ k"/f ug'{kg{] bfloTj klg xf] . of] bfloTj k"/f ug{ xfd|f ;fd' ljBdfg /x]sf


35

r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L, lgikIf, :jtGq Pj+ l5tf]5l/tf] ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu b]xfoadf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' x'g of] lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5'M– 1= Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{

GofosdL{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w, g]t[Tj Ifdtf, lgikIftf, kf/blz{tf, ;bfrf/ Pj+ sfo{s'zntfaf6 dfq Goflos dof{bfsf] ;+/If0f x'g] eO{ To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;d]t kg{ hfg] x'Fbf GofosdL{n] o; s'/fnfO{ ;b}j dgg\ ub}{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L axg u/L u/fO{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;dlk{t x'g' xf]nf .

2= Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ of]hgfj4 l56f] 5l/tf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf Gofokflnsfsf] k|yd k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogaf6 xfdLn] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAw Pj+ ;Fufn]sf cg'ejx¿sf] cfwf/df Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L, kl/is[t Pj+ ;doj4 ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ Gofokflnsfsf] bf];|f] /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^^÷^&–@)&)÷&!_ sf] th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] Joxf]/f ljlbt} 5 . pQm of]hgfn] cf}+NofPadf]lhd Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfnufot Gofo k|zf;gsf If]qdf /x]sf P]g lgodx¿df ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / k|of]unufotsf If]qdf sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;f] of]hgfnfO{ cfkm\gf] tx / dftxtsf lhNnf cbfnt;d]taf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] ;DaGwdf tof/ ug'{ ePsf] sfo{ of]hgfcg'¿k Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf . ;fy} ;f] of]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm" dftxtsf sd{rf/L, ;DalGwt af/ PsfO{ ;d]t;Fu ;do–;dodf 5nkmn u/L of]hgfsf]

ljifodf hfgsf/L ;+k|]if0f u/L Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df tLj|tf Nofpg' xf]nf .

3= Gofo / sfg"gsf] If]qdf lbgfg'lbg ljsl;t eO/x]sf gjLgtd\ cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt Pj+ ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ePsf gofF gofF l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tnfO{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf hfgsf/L /fVg' / ltgsf] cg'z/0f u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg' x/]s GofosdL{sf] nflu clt cfjZos 5 . To;sf] nflu ;+:yfut Pj+ JolQmut ¿kdf ;d]t ;"rgf k|ljlw ;d]tsf] clwstd\ pkof]u u/L cWoog, hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg Pj+ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf ltgsf] k|of]u ug{]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' xf]nf .

4= d'2fsf kIfsf] ?kdf /x]sf afns, a[4, czQm, dlxnf / ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ?kn] kl5 k/]sf ju{sf] plrt sfg"gL k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . To;sf nflu :yfgLo af/ Pj+ j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf .

5= ;]jfu|fxLk|lt xfdLn] ug]{ Jojxf/af6 g} cbfntk|ltsf] hgcfZyf lgwf{/0f x'g] xf] . h;/L :j:YosdL{x¿n] lj/fdLk|lt Jojxf/ ubf{ b]vfpg] cfTdLoefj, ljgozLntf / gd|tfaf6 g} lj/fdLn] cfwf /f]u lgsf] ePsf] cg'ej ub{5g\, To;/L g} xfdL cbfntdf sfo{/t\ GofofwLz tyf sd{rf/L ;a}n] lzi6tf, gd|tf tyf zfnLgtfk"a{s Gofosf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] kL/dsf{ ;'g'jfO ug{ ;s]df d'2fsf] sf/0f tgfjdf /x]sf pkef]Qmfx¿df s]xL xb;Dd eP klg /fxtsf] cg'ej x'g]5 . To;}n] cbfntx¿df tbg';f/sf] sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf .

6= Gofokflnsfsf] sfd sf/jfxL l56f]5l/tf], ;j{;'ne, kx'Frof]Uo Pj+ hgck]Iffcg'¿k x'g g;Sg'df ljleGg ljs[ltx¿ sf/s


36

tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] tYo ljs[ltljxLg Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; cWoog sfo{bnåf/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6 phfu/ ePsf] 5 . ;f] sfo{bnåf/f To:tf ljs[lt Pj+ sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ x6fO{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ cem lgikIf, l56f]5l/tf], k|efjsf/L / hgck]Iffcg'¿k ;~rfng ug{ tTsfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ug'{kg]{ gLltut, sfg"gL, Joj:yfksLo / cGo ;'wf/sf If]qx¿ ;d]t klxNofO{ cfjZos ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t k]z ul/;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . pQm k|lta]bg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] j]j;fO6df /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/L GofokflnsfnfO{ ljs[ltljxLg ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t u/L :jtGq Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] hgtfsf] rfxgf, cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ cem bl/nf] agfpg' cfh xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf st{Jo xf] . t;y{ pQm k|ltj]bgsf] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf r/0fj4 ?kdf ljleGg lg0f{o Pj+ ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ oyfzL3| yfngL ul/g] 5 . cfˆgf] txaf6 cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ljs[ltljxLg agfO{ Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] kljq sfo{df x/bd k|of;/t\ /xg' xf]nf .

7= k|To]s txsf] cbfntdf sfo{/t\ GofofwLz Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{df cfkm}df Pp6f g]t[TjbfoL JolQm klg xf] . To;df klg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf k|To]s cbfntx¿sf Goflos / k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ c4{Goflos lgsfox¿sf] Goflos sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]nL d'2f dfldnfsf] of]hgfa4 ?kn] Joj:yfkg u/L sfg"g;Ddt lg/f]k0f u/fpg] sfo{df x/bd k|oTgzLn /xg' kb{5 . To;}n] cfk"m / cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfntsf] Goflos / k|zf;lgs

sfdsf/jfxL Pj+ c4{Goflos lgsfox¿sf] Goflos sfdsf/jfxLsf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L zL3| Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf . ;fy} cfk"m dftxtsf c4{Goflos lgsfoaf6 x'g Gofo ;Dkfbg;DaGwL sfo{sf] clgjfo{ ?kdf dfl;s Pj+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg dufO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;d]tdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ xf]nf .

8= xfd|f sltko cbfntx¿df cem} klg ldl;n sfuhftx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] k4ltdf Ps?ktf Pj+ j}1flgstf ckgfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . l5g'jf ldl;n Joj:yfkgsf] k'/ftg 9fFrfaf6 xfdL d'Qm x'g ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . clxn] eO/x]s} ;fwg, ;|f]t / hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng / k|of]u u/L o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg g;lsg] cj:yf eg] 5}g . To;}n] cbfntsf l5g'jf ldl;nx¿nfO{ km};nf ldltsf cfwf/df clen]vj4 u/L oyfzL3| Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} ljrf/fwLg d'2fsf ldl;ndf ;d]t d'2fsf] tYo, ljjflbt ljifo, lg0f{o ug'{kg{] k|Zg, ;Dj4 sfg"gnufotsf cfjZos s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L l6kf]6 ug{] k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;s] d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf zL3|tf cfpg] x'Fbf To;tkm{ ;d]t ljz]if Wofg lbg' xf]nf .

9= cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿ ;dod} sfof{Gjog x'g g;s] kIfn] Gofo kfPsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpFb}g . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ePsf] l9nf;':tLsf sf/0f ;d]t cbfntk|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf k|lts"n c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt h:tf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] / dftxtsf cbfntx¿ ;d]tdf lgoldt ?kdf ;lqmo u/fO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ePsf] k|ultsf] k|To]s dlxgf cg'udg u/L /0fgLlts of]hgfn] lnPsf nIocg'¿k ;dod} km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fpg] tkm{ ljz]if kxn ug'{ xf]nf .


37

10= cbfntdf pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Pj+ ldtJolotfk"j{s k|of]u u/L Gofo ;Dkfbgdf nfUg' kg{] cfjZostf 5 . k|To]s GofofwLznfO{ sfg"gåf/f g} 5'§} Joj:yf eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cbfntsf ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u x'g] u/]sf] eGg] 6Lsfl6Kk0fLnfO{ bf]xf]l/g glbg sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt ;'ljwf afx]s cbfntnfO{ g} yk ef/ x'g] lsl;dn] yk ;'ljwf k|of]u ug{] jf dfu ug{] kl/kf6LnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf k|>o glbg' xf]nf . To:tf] k|j[lQsf] af/]df lgoldt cg'udg u/L s8fO{sf ;fy /f]s nufpg' xf]nf .

11= GofofwLzsf] cfr/0fsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ klg 6Lsfl6Kk0fL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL / ;f];DaGwL u'gf;fx¿ xfd|f] cfr/0fdf jfl~5t ;'wf/ Nofpg g;lsPsf sf/0fn] ;d]t cfpg] u/]sf] xf] . To;}n] GofofwLz cfrf/ ;+lxtf, @)^% sf] k"0f{ kfngf Pj+ To;sf] cg'udg ;d]t ug'{kg{] vfFrf] 5 . t;y{ cfkm" / cfkm" dftxtsf GofofwLzx¿af6 GofofwLz cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^% sf] k"0f{ kfngf u/L u/fO{ ;bfrf/ sfod ug{] u/fpg] / To;sf] lgoldt k|ltj]bg k]z ug{] ug'{ xf]nf .

12= Goflos sfd sf/jfxLaf6 cg'lrt kmfObf lnO{ cbfntk|lt hgtfdf gsf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{] Pj+ jf:tljstfnfO{ cf]em]ndf kf/L kIfnfO{ x}/fgL lbg] dflg;x¿sf] Pp6f ju{ ;a} txsf cbfntx¿df lqmofzLn /x]sf] tYo phfu/ ePsf] 5 . ljrf}nLofsf] ;+1f lbOPsf] pQm ju{n] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ aLr}df df]ntf]n u/L kIfnfO{ cfly{s zf]if0f ug{] / cbfnt, GofofwLz / sd{rf/LnfO{ ab\gfd u/fpg] h:tf lqmofsnfk ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf] ju{af6 Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df kg{ hfg] k|efj jf c;/k|lt ;d]t ;r]t eO{ sfo{ ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf .

13= GofofwLz / d'2fsf kIfx¿ aLr km};nf ubf{sf jvt plrt ;+jfb jf hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg gx'Fbf klg Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{af6 ;DalGwt kIfn] ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;af6 xfg{] kIfn] cgfjZos z+sf ug{] / GofofwLz / cbfntk|lt cgfjZos 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug{] ;Defjgf /xG5 . d'2fdf lg0f{o ;'gfpFbfsf cj:yfdf GofofwLzn] Ohnf;af6 lhTg] kIfnfO{ of] o; sf/0fn] lht]sf] / xfg{] kIfnfO{ of] o; sf/0fn] xf/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;"lrt ug{ ;s]df klg cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfk|ltsf] cgfjZos 6Lsfl6Kk0fL sd x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] o;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{] u/fpg] ug'{ xf]nf .

14= Gofokflnsfsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf e|fds Pj+ cNk;"lrt 6Lsfl6Kk0fL tyf unt ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0faf6 Gofokflnsfdfly g} gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfG5 . t;y{ cfkm\gf] txaf6 ePsf Goflos sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL sfo{sf ljifodf ;xL, oyfy{ / ;To ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f ug{ cflwsfl/s kbflwsf/L dfkm{t\ cfwf/o'Qm ljZj;gLo ;"rgfx¿ cfbfgk|bfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ xf]nf .

15= sfj' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/]df afx]s cfk"m / cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfntdf sfo{/t\ GofofwLzx¿sf] ljbf :jLs[t ubf{ cbfntsf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L dfq ljbf :jLs[t ug]{ u/fpg] ug'{ xf]nf .

16= cbfntsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fu ;do ;dodf cGt/\lqmof jf 5nkmn u/L pgLx¿sf] u'gf;f] jf kL/dsf{ ;'Gg] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} cbfntsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf p7\g] hgu'gf;f] jf ph"/Lx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ u/L tTsfn} To:tf u'gf;f] jf ph"/L ;dfwfg ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg' xf]nf .


38

17= d'2fdf k|df0f a'lem;s]kl5 l56f] lsgf/f u/L zL3| Gofo k|bfg ug'{ kg{] bfloTj cbfntsf] xf] . o;sf] nflu Ohnf; Pj+ ax; Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 klg zL3|tf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf ;fy} cgfjZos ?kdf k]zL :ylut u/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL nDAofpg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L zL3| d'2f km5\of{}6 ug{ ;DalGwt af/;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' xf]nf . :yfgLo af/ PsfO ;Fusf] ;xsfo{nfO{ ;d'lrt dxTj lbFb} ;'wf/sf sfo{df sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ ;d]t ;xefuL agfpg ljz]if Wofg lbg' xf]nf . ;fy} :jR5 kqsfl/tf ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jfk|bfossf aLrdf ;d:of/lxt ;DaGw ljsl;t u/fpg] s8L xf] eGg] tYonfO{ dgg\ ub}{ :yfgLo kqsf/x¿;Fu cfjlws cGt/\lqmofdf hf]8 lbg' xf]nf .

18= Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf /x]sf cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, af/ / j]~raLrsf] 5nkmn, Gofo If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt, sd{rf/L;Fusf] 5nkmn h:tf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf ;+rfng / ;lqmo u/fO{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLdf ;dGjo / ;xof]u h'6fO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ xf]nf .

19= dftxt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] u'gf;f] ;'gL pgLx¿sf] kL/dsf{ ;dfwfg ug{] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} cbfnt sfo{ ljj/0f lgb{]lzsf, @)%& tyf ;DalGwt cbfntsf] lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePcg'¿k k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L ls6fg u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/sf cfwf/df cg'udg, lgoGq0f / lg/LIf0f u/L b08 / k'/isf/nfO{ j:t'lgi7 ?kdf lqmoflGjt ug{] ug'{ xf]nf .

20= cbfntx¿df jif{]gL ?kdf a]?h' a9\b} uPsf] / To;sf] km5\of{}6 ug{] k|j[lQdf pbf;Lgtf /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;}n] cfkm" / cfkm"

dftxtsf] cbfntx¿df /x]sf] j]?h' km5\of{}6 ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ u/L cfly{s cg'zf;g sfod ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf .

21= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod #s= df pNn]v ePsf ljifox¿nfO{ u+eL/tfk"j{s dgg u/L To; jdf]lhdsf ljj/0fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;dod} To;sf] k|ltj]bg k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ xf]nf .

22= o;eGbf cufl8 k|wfg GofofwLzHo"x¿af6 lbOPsf lgb]{zgx¿sf] kfngf Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf cfk"m / cfˆgf] dftxtsf cbfntx¿af6 ePsf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff u/L oyfzL3| k|ltj]bg ;d]t k7fpg' xf]nf .

23= Gofokflnsfn] d]nldnfknfO{ cfk\mgf] cleofgsf] ?kdf lnPsf] ;Gbe{df cf–cfk\mgf] cbfnt / dftxt lhNnf cbfntdf d]nldnfkq s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L d]nldnfk ;ldltsf] ;Dks{ / ;dGjodf of] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .

24= b]zsf ljleGg cbfntdf d'2f d'NtjLsf] ;+Vof ck]Iffs[t ?kdf a9L b]lvPsf] x'Fbf sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL t'?Gt d'ntjL hufO{ sfo{ yfngL ug]{ / d'ntjL hufO{ sf/jfO{ z'? u/]sf] tYofÍsf] hfgsf/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ u/fpg' xf]nf .

cGTodf, Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] If]qdf x'g]

;'wf/ jf ljsf; ;d]t Pp6f lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . xfd|f] nugzLntf, ;Ifdtf, OdfGbf/L / kf/blz{tfaf6} Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;'wf/ cfpg] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] txaf6 o; k'gLt sfo{df bQlrQ eO{ nflu/xg' x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

wGojfb !

kflIfs f k|s fzg - Supreme Court of Nepal · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^&, j }zfv – !, k "0ff {°...

Documents

Transcript of kflIfs f k|s fzg - Supreme Court of Nepal · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^&, j }zfv – !, k "0ff {°...