Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________

Early Years of the Cold War Section 1

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295 Guided Reading Workbook

Section Summary THE FUTURE OF THE POSTWAR WORLD At the Yalta Conference, Allied leaders strongly supported an international peacekeeping group. They also agreed that nations set free from Germany should be able to create their own governments. After the war Germany was divided into four parts. The United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France each controlled one part. Inside the Soviet section, Berlin was also divided.

Allied leaders formed a court to try Nazi leaders. At the Nuremberg trials, 21 Nazis were convicted of crimes against humanity. In separate trials, seven Japanese were sentenced to death.

MAIN IDEAS 1. As World War II ended, leaders began planning the future of the postwar

world. 2. The United States and the Soviet Union went from being allies to enemies

after World War II. 3. Americans adjusted to postwar life.

Key Terms and People Yalta Conference meeting of leaders to agree on postwar strategies

Nuremberg trials postwar trial of Nazi leaders for war crimes

United Nations organization of nations dedicated to finding peaceful solutions to international conflicts

Cold War long struggle between the United States and Soviet Union for global power

containment policy of preventing the Soviet Union from expanding its influence

Truman Doctrine policy of providing aid to help countries fight communism

Marshall Plan U.S. grants and loans to fund European recovery from World War II

North Atlantic Treaty Organization mutual defense alliance of United States, Canada, Iceland, and nine Western European nations

GI Bill of Rights laws to help returning veterans readjust after the war

Fair Deal domestic programs and civil rights protections proposed by Truman

Why do you think Germany was divided into four sections?

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In 1944 world leaders met to plan the United Nations (UN). The goal of the UN was to settle global conflicts peacefully. One of the first major actions of the UN was the division of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states. Israel joined the United Nations in 1949.

FROM ALLIES TO ENEMIES Soon after the war, conflicts arose between former allies—the United States and the Soviet Union. Stalin expanded control over the nations of Eastern Europe. This helped lead to the Cold War.

The United States had new policies based on containment of the Soviet Union. These policies included the Truman Doctrine. This provided aid to countries to help fight communism. The Marshall Plan was created to help make war-ravaged Europe stable. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact were formed as rival alliances.

POSTWAR AMERICA As veterans returned from war, new laws and the GI Bill of Rights eased their transition. When rationing ended, prices went up as people rushed to buy goods. Unions demanded pay raises and went on strike. The president and Congress took action to gain more control over labor disputes.

Many African American soldiers came back to find prejudice and bigotry. President Truman supported their demands for civil rights laws. Although that support caused him to lose political strength in the South, he won reelection in 1948. He campaigned on the promise of a Fair Deal.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Writing to Debate Should Axis leaders have been held responsible for actions ordered by their governments? Why or why not?

What caused Truman to lose some of his support in the South?

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_______________________

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Underline the word that describes the postwar policy of the United States toward Soviet expansion.

What was the purpose of the United Nations?

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DIRECTIONS Look at each set of terms below. On the line provided, write the letter of the term that does not relate to the others.

_____ 1. a. containment b. Cold War c. North Atlantic Treaty

Organization d. Fair Deal

_____ 2. a. Yalta Conference b. GI Bill of Rights c. Fair Deal d. civil rights

_____ 3. a. United Nations b. Truman Doctrine c. North Atlantic Treaty

Organization d. International Military

Tribunal

_____ 4. a. Nuremberg trials b. Truman Doctrine c. containment d. Marshall Plan

DIRECTIONS Match the terms in the first column with their correct definitions from the second column by placing the letter of the correct definition in the space provided before each term.

_____ 5. United Nations

_____ 6. containment

_____ 7. Truman Doctrine

_____ 8. GI Bill of Rights

_____ 9. Marshall Plan

_____ 10. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

a. the alliance formed to defend its members against the Soviet Union

b. the U.S. policy of preventing the Soviet Union from expanding its influence

c. $13 billion in U.S. loans and grants given to Western Europe for recovery

d. policy stating that the U.S. government would give aid to foreign countries to fight communism

e. law that offered veterans money for education and loans for homes and businesses

f. established in 1945 by 50 countries to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts

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Brinkmanship

ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONSStudy the political cartoon, and then answer the questions that follow.

1. What does “the Brink” refer to?

2. What does Dulles’s Superman outfit suggest?

3. What does the caption suggest about Dulles’s brinkmanship policy?

from Herblock’s Special for Today (Simon & Schuster, 1958)

Cartoon 31 Political Cartoons

John Foster Dulles was the U.S. Secretary of State at the time. Dulles argued that the United States might have to come to the brink of war to stop com-munism, an idea known as brinkmanship.

This cartoon appeared in 1958, when anti-Communist sentiment was high among Americans. At the same time, many Americans feared a nucle-

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

31 U.S. History Political Cartoons Activities

ar conflict.

Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________

Early Years of the Cold War Section 2

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298 Guided Reading Workbook

Section Summary THE KOREAN WAR The Cold War quickly spread from Europe to Asia. The Communists in China, led by Mao Zedong, gained control of the country. Many Americans worried that all of Asia might soon become Communist.

The Allies had divided Korea at the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union controlled the northern half. The United States controlled the southern half. In 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korea. The UN sent troops from the United States and 15 other countries to help South Korea. After capturing the North Korean capital, hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers joined North Korea.

MAIN IDEAS 1. The United States fought Communist North Korea in the Korean War. 2. Fear of Communists led to a new Red Scare at home. 3. President Eisenhower faced Cold War crises around the world.

Key Terms and People Mao Zedong Communist leader who established the People’s Republic of China

38th parallel line that marked the division between North Korea and South Korea

Joseph McCarthy Wisconsin senator who made charges of communism in the government and the military

hydrogen bomb nuclear weapon far more powerful than the atomic bomb

arms race rush by the United States and the Soviet Union to build more weapons

Sputnik world’s first artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957

brinkmanship willingness to go to the brink of war to stop communism

Academic Vocabulary concrete specific, real

Why did UN troops go to Korea in 1950?

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299 Guided Reading Workbook

In 1951 the two sides reached a stalemate on the 38th parallel. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952. He promised to end the war. A truce in 1953 finally stopped the war. Once again, Korea was divided.

A NEW RED SCARE The first Red Scare came after the Russian Revolution in 1917. After World War II, people in the United States again began to fear that Communists would take over. Starting in 1947 Congress held hearings to look into Communist influence in the movie industry. Spy cases also increased concerns. Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy charged that Communists were inside the government. He had no concrete proof, so he made up some of the charges.

EISENHOWER AND THE COLD WAR Cold War tension rose around the world. The development of the hydrogen bomb led to a nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. When Sputnik was launched in 1957, the United States rushed to launch its own satellite. NASA was a new agency charged with carrying out space research.

Eisenhower did not agree with Truman’s policy of containment. Instead, he wanted to turn back the Communist gains. Eisenhower supported the plan of brinkmanship. He used the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to protect democracy in places such as Iran and Guatemala.

In 1956 Egypt threatened to nationalize the Suez Canal. The United States and the Soviet Union worked together to prevent war. But the Cold War would continue despite this mutual aid.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Write to Analyze Write a paragraph about the similarities and differences of brinkmanship and containment.

Underline the name of the first artificial Earth satellite.

What do you think “a stalemate on the 38th parallel” means?

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Why would the United States and the Soviet Union work together when Egypt seized the Suez Canal?

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Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Section 2, continued

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DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the word in the word pair that best completes the sentence.

1. The Soviet Union beat America to space when it launched

______________________ into orbit. (a hydrogen bomb/Sputnik)

2. ______________________ ruined many careers by accusing people in the U.S. government of being Communists. (Joseph McCarthy/Mao Zedong)

3. After World War II, Korea was divided by the ______________________. (arms race/38th parallel)

4. ______________________ was the result of the United States and the Soviet Union building more and more weapons. (Brinkmanship/The arms race)

5. ______________________ was more powerful than the atomic bomb. (The hydrogen bomb/Sputnik)

DIRECTIONS Write two adjectives or descriptive phrases that describe the term, person, or event.

6. Mao Zedong ______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

7. Joseph McCarthy __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

8. hydrogen bomb ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

9. arms race ________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

10. Sputnik __________________________________________________________

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Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________

Early Years of the Cold War Section 3

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301 Guided Reading Workbook

Section Summary AMERICA’S ECONOMY IN THE 1950S After the war the American economy grew rapidly. People had money to spend. They felt financially secure. Many young people married and started families. This led to a baby boom.

People moved to new parts of the country for better jobs and quality of life. Many businesses and workers moved to the Sun Belt. The population in this region doubled in 30 years. New highways linked the whole country.

Highways made it easier for people to live in the suburbs and still work in the city. New growth in the suburbs drew many new homebuyers. By 1970 more people lived in the suburbs than in cities.

Many families enjoyed the comfort and ease of suburban life. Others criticized it as being too much based on consumer culture and encouraging conformity. Some suburbs would not sell homes to African American families.

MAIN IDEAS 1. America’s economy boomed in the 1950s. 2. Americans enjoyed new forms of popular culture. 3. Social critics found fault with 1950s society.

Key Terms and People baby boom a significant increase in the number of babies born

Sun Belt southern and western states that offered a warm climate year-round and low tax rates

urban renewal programs to improve services and housing in deteriorating cities

beats young writers, or “beatniks,” who criticized society with unusual writing styles and rebellious behavior

Why did the baby boom start after the end of the war?

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Why did some people criticize life in the suburbs?

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As white middle-class families moved from the cities, tax income in the cities declined. As a result, city services were reduced. This hurt people who could not afford to leave the cities. The federal government began an urban renewal program to improve city life.

AMERICAN POP CULTURE American life changed quickly in the 1950s. New technologies changed the way individuals shopped and ate. By the end of the decade, 90 percent of households had a television set. That meant that people all over the country shared the same experiences of watching news, entertainment, and sports.

New styles of music developed in the 1950s. African American jazz musicians helped create a type of music known as Bebop. Bebop was a complex jazz style played at a very fast pace. At the same time, rock ‘n’ roll was sweeping the nation. Teenagers powered the rock ‘n’ roll revolution by buying most of the records sold in the late 1950s. Like jazz in an earlier era, many adults were concerned and they criticized the new forms of music.

SOCIAL CRITICS Many people were not happy with the way American society was going. Women had few job choices. Writers found fault with greed and conformity. Beatniks, or beats, used unusual writing styles and rebellious behavior to pass judgment on society. Many young people related to the beats. They also identified with defiant characters in popular movies.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Writing to Analyze Would you prefer to live in a city or a suburb? Write a paragraph explaining the reasons for your choice.

What did many young people find appealing about beats?

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_______________________

Underline the name of two new music styles that developed in the 1950s.

Why did cities need money from the federal government for urban renewal programs?

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Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Section 3, continued

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DIRECTIONS Use the four words or phrases from the word list to write a summary of what you learned in the section.

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____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS On the line provided before each statement, write T if a statement is true and F if a statement is false. If the statement is false, write the correct term on the line after each sentence that makes the sentence a true statement.

_____ 1. The urban renewal drew many businesses and workers to its warm climate and low tax rates.

___________________________________________________________

_____ 2. The baby boom produced new literature that challenged the rules of society.

___________________________________________________________

_____ 3. The government started urban renewal programs to help save decaying cities.

___________________________________________________________

_____ 4. The baby boom was a population explosion after World War II.

___________________________________________________________

baby boom Sun Belt

urban renewal beats

Name Class Date

As you read the passage below, think about

how the story functions as an allegory.

“Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of

ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, labori-

ous, and short. We are born, we are given just so

much food as will keep the breath in our bodies,

and those of us who are capable of it are forced to

work to the last atom of our strength; and the very

instant that our usefulness has come to an end we

are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. No animal in

England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure

after he is a year old. No animal in England is free.

The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is

the plain truth . . .

“Man is the only creature that consumes without

producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay

eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot

run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of

all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back

to them the bare minimum that will prevent them

from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself . . .

“Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the

evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of

Human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the

From Animal Farm by George Orwell. Copyright © 1946 by Harcourt, Inc. and renewed 1974 by Sonia Orwell. Reproduced by permission of Harcourt, Inc., electronic format by permission of A.M. Heath & Co., Ltd.

from Animal Farmby George Orwell

Early Years of the Cold War Literature

VOCABULARYcomrade a friend or fellow

member of a group

tyranny a government where the person in charge has absolute power

ABOUT THE READING George Orwell was a famous English journalist and novelist. In Animal Farm, Orwell uses animals as sym-bols for political leaders to convey a message against totalitarianism. This type of writing, in which characters and actions symbolize things beyond themselves, is called allegory.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

12 Early Years of the Cold War

This passage begins with Old Major, the prize Middle White Boar, passing on wisdom to his fellow farm animals.

What do you think Orwell is try-ing to say in this passage?

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produce of our labour would be our own. Almost

overnight we could become rich and free. What

then must we do? Why, work night and day, body

and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That

is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not

know when that Rebellion will come, it might be in

a week or in a hundred years, but I know, as surely

as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or

later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that,

comrades, throughout the short remainder of your

lives! And above all, pass on this message of mine

to those who come after you, so that future genera-

tions shall carry on the struggle until it is

victorious.

“And remember, comrades, your resolution must

never falter. No argument must lead you astray.

Never listen when they tell you that Man and the

animals have a common interest, that the prosper-

ity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all

lies. Man serves the interest of no creature except

himself. And among us animals let there be perfect

unity, perfect comradeship in the struggle. All men

are enemies. All animals are comrades.”

ANALYZING LITERATURE

1. Main Idea What idea is Old Major trying to pass on to the animals?

2. Critical Thinking What might be an effect of “Rebellion”?

ACTIVITY

3. Choose a memory of something that happened in which you learned a lesson

from its outcome. Write a creative allegory using different characters or symbols,

that is similar to Orwell’s style.

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13 Early Years of the Cold War

Animal Farm, continued Literature

Circle the words that are used to describe class systems and politics.

What metaphor might the author be using to describe Man and animals not sharing a “common interest”?