Key Learning Points

8/10/2019 Key Learning Points

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KEY LEARNING POINTSMain PointsTips: Relevance

• They should be of significant importance to the title (neither trivial or toovague) (Practice 7)

• Organisation• Points should be neatly organized within the essay (Practice 1, 8 &9)

• Each paragraph should be focused on one point. i.e. there should beorganization within the paragraph.Adeqac!

• These should consider the title from different perspectives (political,environmental etc) (Practice 1 & 10)Matrit!

• The points should include a consideration of opposing views (the!owever") but does not have to agree with them. They may be rebutted,#ualified or conceded. (Practice 2)

Practice"Organisation#Adeqac!$onsider all angles to a title. $ategorize the points in the following past year%$E essay #uestions using one or more of the categories provided below.

& 'hat would you miss most about your country if you were obliged to liveabroad permanently

'hat can be done to alleviate suffering in the world* +ar too little attention is paid to the needs of the handicapped iscuss.- !ow do you measure success in life 'hat do you consider to be the purpose of education/ 0either a borrower nor a lender be" 1hould we follow this advice in our

lives today7 !ow can we as individuals become more healthy

123E 14%%E1TE $5TE%26E1

& Political - PhysicalEconomic Psychological1ocial (shortened form of *)$ultural

nternational 5dvantages0ational isadvantagesndividual

* Physical / 3aterialntellectual 0on83aterialEmotional1piritual93oral1ocial

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$ultural

Practice $Matrit!:%alance

+or each of the following argumentative topics, only one side of the argument isgiven. Try to find as many points as you can for the other side of the argument.:egin with the suggested phrase.

& 1etting up a casino in 1ingapore is necessary. t would provide us withanother avenue for generating revenue. 3any ;obs will be created.:esides the money spent on gambling, the tourists who come in for thispurpose would also need to spend on other areas such asaccommodation.&o'ever( c)ec*s need to +e pt into place to ensre t)at t)e dangersassociated 'it) ga,+ling do not aversel! a--ect societ!

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n the field of medicine, some traditional practices are distinctly harmful tohealth. +or instance, certain traditional home cures among the $hinese,3alays and ndians =also, the traditional belief that evil spirits areresponsible for sic>ness = the patient is ta>en to a bomoh" or templemedium, instead of being given proper medical or psychiatric help.&o'ever( traditional ,edicine s)old not +e crsoril! dis,issed. I- one/s ai, is to prevent or reverse a slo'l! progressing disease int)e long ter,( traditional ,edicine does )ave plent! o- 'isdo, tos)are.

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* %ay marriages should not be allowed, as it is perverse. %od made menand women and it is only natural that a man should marry a woman. 3en

and women have complementary #ualities both of which are necessary for a marriage and for the raising of children. :esides, gay marriages will notresult in the birth of children, unless of course cloning is allowed. This wille?acerbate the problem of under population in many developed countries.&o'ever( in den!ing ga!s t)e rig)t to get ,arried( anot)er set o- pro+le,s e,erges.

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- The private ownership of cars should be restricted. @ehicle pollution hasresulted in many environmental problems. n addition, resources arewasted as large #uantities of metal etc are re#uired for the production of cars and of course, the oil that is used up cannot be replaced. Theeconomic cost is also worrying. The hours lost in traffic ;ams result in theloss of productivity and this may also lead to health problems, includingstress related diseases.&o'ever( t)e political( econo,ic( social and cltral advantages o- t)e ,otor car cannot +e denied.

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EvidenceTips

• 3ust be accurate, the source stated and plausible

• The evidence should match the point it is used to substantiate e.g.general points must be matched with general e?amples and evidence.

• 4se a range of e?amples (appro? *) to ma>e a general point• 4se a more detailed e?ample to ma>e an in8depth" point

• 5void logical fallacies e.g. sweeping statements, false claims etc

(Practice3 -6)

Practice 0 MAT1RITY 5voiding logical fallacies6ead through the types of logical fallacies and how to #ualify them.

Types of logical fallacies

!asty generalizations

• $anteen food is always tasteless

• 1chool is boring1tereotypes

• %irls with long hair are very feminine

• 5ll men are male chauvinist pigs

• 'omen drivers cannot be trusted

• 'esterners are se?ually permissive2versimplification

• 'hat"s wrong with this place Aust one thing. Everything is so competitive.

• There is only one thing wrong with him. !e is a good for nothing.+alse authority

• r ? has a Ph. Therefore, he would be a good president.

• Person 5B 'hat ma>es you say that 'estern $ulture is decadent Person :B t"s in the newspapersC

+alse use of statistics

• 1uper =1lim 5rtificial Dogurt will help you lose weight because it has only

calories per ounce.rrelevance

• $rime and delin#uency are on the rise. Therefore we had better abolishthe income ta?.

$ause and effect

• The crime rate has increased. This is because there are more violentshows on television.

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• !e dran> essence of chic>en yesterday. Therefore he will do well intoday"s test.

To avoid logical fallacies, use plenty of #ualifying terms e.g. tends to , correlatedto , seems to, possibly, largely, probably, is li>ely to etc. 5void absolute terms.

Fualify the following statementsB

e.g. Gogical +allacyB $anteen food is always tastelessFualified 1tatementB n my opinion, canteen food tends to be

tasteless91ometimes, canteen food can be tasteless.

& 'or>ing conditions could be improved if women wor>ers did not ta>eso much time off for sic> leave.

1he couldn"t sleep last night, so she failed the #uiz this morning.* The 4nited 1tates, in formulating and applying its future foreign policy

must choose between a return to strict isolationism and total globalcommitment.

- People are either good or bad. $aucasians have better physical features than 5sians./ 4se mpulse" perfume and every man will fall at your feet.7 'omen are wea>er than men.H Everyone who wor>s for 3icrosoft is richI the median salary is

J&, a year.K 'omen are either pretty or intelligent but never both.& :ehind every successful man is a woman.&& The law is a good one because President L introduced it and he is a

good and honest man.& :an aerosol sprays or we"ll all die of s>in cancer.&* 5merica is a land of easy8spending millionaires, se?y blondes,

fabulous Par> 5venue apartments and easy morals. !ow do >now watch 5merican moviesC

&- 3embers of race L are all stingy.& L had an affair with his secretary. Therefore he will not ma>e a good

president.

Practice 2

'rite a short paragraph of about words on Aunior $ollege Gife". 3a>e surethat your paragraph does not contain any logical fallacies. Fualify all yourstatements.



Practice 3:ring newspapers to class. Pic> out logical fallacies in newspapers, especially

advertisements and #ualify them.

Practice 4:3ost dramatic student in the class to read out passage. %roup wor>B Pic> outfallacies and rewrite a #ualified version and present. E?plain your #ualifications.

& MN'omen in the past they were not at all well educated. 5nd why was thisso "ll tell you whyC The reason is the pre;udice of the men = the male chauvinistpigs" who loo>ed down upon women and consider themselves so much superiorthan women. (0o basis at all for this, as we all >nowC) The universities werereserved only of the men and the women had to stay at home as domesticservants. Even those who were very intelligent and capable of going to the bestuniversities, they were deprived of this opportunity whereas the men, those who

wee not so intelligent they could go into the university. 0ow is this fair, as>youO

MThe government should watch out for foreign elements that do harm tothe country. They are disgusting in their moral behaviour and have no sense ofmorality whatsoever. They do not thin> twice about all sorts of se?ual sinsC Theyindulge in orgies and bring with them drugs and filthy magazines and so ouryoung people ;oin them in this terrible mess of corruptionCO

* M3any countries fail to co8operate with others because they only thin> oftheir own interests and are very selfish and self8centred, not caring for whathappens to other countries as long as they themselves are doing well. They willeven wage war against another country and drain it of its last ounce of blood andma>e thousands of people suffer. own with these utterly selfish countriesCO

Ta>en from The %eneral Paper by $atherine Gim

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Additional E5ercises:

Practice 6Relevance'hich of the three paragraphs is of significant importance to the title i.e. relevant.

'hat ma>es it relevant

TitleB f life were one long holiday, would leisure then become as tedious aswor>

Paragraph &B 1ometimes people feel useless and unimportant when they do notwor>. This is this is because wor> increases one"s self =respect and self8worth.'hen we wor>, we usually put into use our s>ills, talents and ideas. This will helpus derive a sense of satisfaction and achievement. 'e can also be proud that weare contributing in our own special way to the progress of society.

Paragraph B f life were one long holiday and people do not need to wor>, themore active ones will surely go around loo>ing for something to do to occupytheir time. This may increase the number of people, especially youngsters gettinginto all sorts of mischief. They may go around damaging public property, drin>ingor fighting. 5s the saying goes, Man idle mind is the devil"s wor>shop.O Thereforewor> is important as it prevents people from getting into mischief.

Paragraph *B f life were one long holiday, there is the danger that people mayfind leisure increasingly boring and unchallenging. Det another day of leisure maypresent itself as something tedious rather than e?citing or rela?ing. 2ne mayactually miss the e?citement of meeting deadlines, clinching deals, improving theperformance of one"s company or even the satisfaction of having done a ;ob well.2n the other hand, a day of leisure may not give the same challenge ande?citement as one >nows full well that the conse#uence of not performing at afriendly game with friends or having to cancel a high tea appointment does nothave an economic impact on oneself or one"s country.

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Practice 7Organisation 8'it)in t)e essa!9T)e -ollo'ing points -or t)e topic Ani,als in t)e Service o- Man; are all,i5ed p. Re<arrange t)e points in 0 or 2 paragrap)s.

& 1ource of food for men, for instance, cows give beef, sheep mutton.

Elephants are used in :urma to draw heavy logs of wood from thetimber forests.

* !orses have been very useful to men as means of fast transportationIhistory full of e?amples of war fought on horsebac>.

- !ides from cows are used for leather goods such as shoes and bagsIwood from sheep is used for clothes, carpets and rugs.

ogs, cats, birds are valuable as pets and companions, especially tochildren and old, lonely people

/ n the very difficult terrain of the 5ndean mountains, sure8footedanimals such as he ya>s serve as beasts of burden.

7 'ithout the camel, transportation and communication in the sandy

deserts would not have been possible.H 5nimals are also used in scientific research and e?periments =

invaluable to man in this way8 save him from fatal diseases8 mon>eys,guineas pigs, rats often used in medical research.

K n the cold, ice8bound lands of the north, the Es>imos move about insleds drawn by large dogs called hus>ies.

& 3on>eys have been used in space research.&& The fur of animals such as the ermine and chinchilla are very beautiful

and ran> highly in the world of fashion.& 'ater buffaloes, o?en and horses have been used in farming from time

immemorial.


8Practice =9Organisation 'it)in t)e essa!n the following essay #uestion, M+or what purposes might the developing nationsreasonably e?pect to receive financial help from the more developedO the pointshave been neatly arranged in paragraphs. !owever, the order of the paragraphscould be better. iscuss and re8arrange the paragraphs, giving your rationale.

+irst paragraphB

5 developing country may need a large sum of money to develop its culture andto instill in its people a sense of national pride. 3ay not have the money 8therefore depends on financial assistance from the more developed countries.1econd ParagraphBn times of national catastrophes, such a natural disasters, developing nationscan reasonable e?pect financial help8large amounts of money needed to helpvictims and repair damage caused.

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Third ParagraphB 'hen a developing country needs to build up its defence system. Threats ofaggression from a neighbouring country.+ourth ParagraphB'hen capital is re#uired for necessary industrialization programmes and the

developing country does not have this capital, for instance programmes to buildhydroelectric power stations.+ifth ParagraphB 'hen the developing country is dependent on agriculture and needs money toincrease its agricultural productivity, as through the building of canals, fertilizerplants etc.Ta>en from The %eneral Paper by $atherine Gim

Practice ">Adeqac!: Ensring a 'ide range o- points

The following is a summary of points contained in an essay written by a student.The #uestion was M'hat schemes for ensuring an ade#uate water supply havebeen, or might be put into operation in your country The essay, thoughsatisfactory in its e?pression and organization, was given a low grade because of inade#uacy of points. $an you e?plain why this essay was inade#uateo an essay outline that is relevant and which covers a wide scope.

ntroduction 1ome sentences describing the necessity of water to life =for drin>ing, washing, coo>ing = also for agriculture,

industries

+irst paragraph etailed description of 1ingapore"s water supply = itsreservoirs = details and statistics about location and

size of reservoirs

1econd paragraph escription of problem of shortage of water = dry season,little rainfall = in addition, wasteful habits of some

people in their use of water

Third paragraph escription of a reservoir in 1ingapore = ran;i = itscapacity = steps ta>en to ensure that water is fit for

drin>ing even without being boiled.

+ourth paragraph escription of government"s measures to ma>e people usewater economically e.g. M1ave 'aterO $ampaigns


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