KEY ISSUE 1: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Chapter 3. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration 19 th century used...
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Transcript of KEY ISSUE 1: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? Chapter 3. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration 19 th century used...
KEY ISSUE 1: WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
Chapter 3
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
19th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration Migration impacted by push/ pull
factors Unfavorable conditions push people
out of a place Attractive opportunities pull people
to a place Economic factors are main cause
of migration Most migrants move only short
distance Each migration flow procedures a
compensating counter-flow Long-distance migrants go to
centers of commerce and industry (economic opportunity)
Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural areas
Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence likelihood to migrate
Three categories: Why migrants move Distance they typically
move Characteristics of migrants
Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction
Applied to migration Larger places attract more
migrants than smaller places do.
Destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities if the same caliber. Aka closer places attract
more migrants than more distant places.
Mathematically Multiplication of two
populations divided by the distance b/w them
Gravity Model proposes an equation that balances distance and size in trying to predict spatial patterns
Limitations Does not factor
selectivity factors Age Education level
Human behavior does not always fit into predicted patterns
Terms
Migration: long-distance move to a new
location
Emigration: moving from a particular location
( out-migration)
Immigration: moving to a particular location
(in-migration)
Migration Stream: Pathway from a place of origin to a
destination Migration counterstream: people
moving back to the place of origin from the new place
Gross Migration: total # of migrants moving into
and out of a place, region, or country.
Net Migration: gain or loss in the total
population of that area as a result of migration. Net in-migration
More immigrants than emigrants
Net out-migration More emigrants than
immigrants
Mobility: ability to move from one place
to another, either permanently or temporarily.
Circulation: short term, repetitive, or
cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.
Why is it important?
Data has social, political, and economic consequences:
Out-mig. of highly trained professionals from Cuba, leaves Cuba with providing health care.
Low-labor costs have drawn low-skilled in-migrant workers Can cause political issues
• Example, the U.S. accusations that immigrants are “stealing” American jobs
Geographers concerned with why people migrate
Changing scale has had major implications on migration
With globalization, why do people still migrate?
I. Reasons for Migrating
Most people migrate for economic reasonsCultural and Environmental factors also
induce migration Not as frequent as economic factors
PUSH/PULL FACTORS
A push factor induces people to move out of their present location
A pull factor induces people to move into a new location
Three kinds of push/pull factors: Economic Cultural Environmental
Economic Push/Pull Factors
Push Factors Not enough job opportunities
Pull Factors Areas with lots of natural
resources Job opportunities
Areas like US and Canada attracted immigrants because of economic opportunities American dream
Places that one people emigrated from, like Scotland, are now immigration “hot spots” due to new natural resources discovered.
Cultural Push/Pull Factors
Forced international Migration Slavery Political instability
Recent Example: Lebanese and Kurds
Scattered due to war and civil strife
Lebanon lost a large # of population to migrations
Kurds never established autonomous state
Many left due to military aggression, and persecution
Other examples Jews Deportation of Armenians
after WWI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qSwDN0G2IA
Palestinians after establishment of Israel.
Political Conditions: Push/Pull Factors
Environmental Factors
Pull Factors Attractive locations
Mediterranean coast of France Alps Rocky Mountains
climate Arizona
people with Asthma, allergies
Flordia beach, warm winters
Thanks to improved technology people can live anywhere Air conditioning Transportation communications
Environmental Push Factors
Adverse physical conditions Flooding
Hurricane Katrina
Natural Disaster Japanese earthquake
Nuclear radiation Irish Potato Famine
Drought Sahel region of Northern
Africa
Great Depression Migration
Intervening Obstacles
Where migrants go is not always their desired destination Blocked by intervening obstacle
In the past, mainly environmental Migration was on horse or
foot example: people trying to
reach California during the gold rush often couldn’t cross Rocky Mountains, Great plains, or desert.
European Migration to America hindered by crossing the Atlantic Ocean
Sometime were told they were going to America, but weren’t taken there!!
Today: Transportation allows
for more migration Trains, cars, airplanes
More political issues Passports documentation
II. Distance of Migration
Ravenstein’s laws Most migrants relocate
short distance and remain within same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Two types of Migration Voluntary/ Forced
Voluntary- choice to move Forced- pushed from land
Internal migration Movement within a
country Types:
Interregional Intraregional
International migration
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within the same country Shorter distances Easier cultural
assimilation
Two Types:
Interregional movement from one
region to another within the same country From Bluffton, SC to
Boston, Mass)
Intraregional movement within one
region From a city to suburb Example:
• From Bluffton, SC to Hilton Head, SC
Historical Internal Migration : U.S.
1st wave Westward settlement
Manifest destiny From Eastern seaboard
to West Coast Rural-to-urban
Industrialization cause New jobs
2nd wave 1940s- 1970s African-Americans migrating
from rural south To cities in South, North, and
West Mechanization of cotton Defense jobs (WWI, WWII)
3rd wave Cold War jobs Emergence of Sunbelt West/ Mid-west growth too
Economic opportunity Air conditioning Cheap land
Internal Forced Migration
“Trail of Tears” Cherokee Indians forced to leave Georgia for Oklahoma
China Mao’s cultural revolution 10-17 million
South Africa Apartheid, 1960-1980 3.6 million
Forced “Eco-Migration” Bangladesh floodplain
settlement of 1960’s Ethiopia famine of 1984-
1985
New Examples:Yemen
running out of waterChina
desertificationLouisiana/ Alaska
rising sea levels
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another Two types:
Voluntary the migrant has
chosen to move• Economic reasons
Forced migrant has been
compelled to move by cultural factors
International Voluntary Migration
Usually occurs due to high wage differentials, job opportunities, family links, unemployment conditions, etc.
Temporary labor migration- guest workers
Transnational migrants: set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state Mexican migrants Asian migrants
Refugees
Refugees are a case of forced migration
Refugee: People who have been forced
to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety asylum
14 million refugees in 2007
Refugees
Large refugee movement from Central Asia and Afghanistan after Sept. 11th
Two largest groups of international refugees: Palestinians Afghans
Two largest groups of internal refugees Sudan Colombia
Major Regions of Refugees
Sub-Saharan Africa Tribal Ethnic Conflicts
Rwanda, Congo Sudan
Darfur Religious/ ethnic
tensions War-related
Zaire, Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and Burundi
The Middle East Palestinians Kurds
Europe Fall of Yugoslavia/
Balkans 7 million refugees
Southeast Asia Vietnam Cambodia
30,000 refugees Burma/ Myanmar
Dictatorial government
South Asia Afghan refugees Sri Lanka
1 million
Internally Displaced Person
IDPs: Individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of
their own country because of global conflict or human rights abuse
Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky Change in migration
pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Stage 1 High CBR/ High CDR Daily or seasonal mobility in
search of food Searching for local necessities temporary
Internal migration Stage 2
High CBR/ dropping CDR High rate of Natural Increase Overtaxing resources/ limited
opportunities push out immigrants
Like decline in death rate, migration a result of technological change
International Migration Some Interregional Migration
Rural areas to cities
Migration Transition Model
Stage 3 & 4 Slowing growth rate
Result of social change Fewer children
Principal destinations for international migrants
International Migration Societies in stage 3 & 4
become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries
Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migration
From cities to suburbs
III. Characteristics of Migrants
Gender Ravenstein’s Laws
Most long-distance migrants are male
Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals
Reality Reversed in 1990s women now
55% of U.S. immigrants Mexican Immigration
Similar patterns• Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican
immigrants men• Now women majority
Family Status Most immigrants young adults
Ravenstein right! 40% of U.S. immigrants today
between 25-39 years old Increasing # are children
16% under 15 years old
Migration Selectivity
Decision to migrate often fits into predictable pattern based on age, income, and other socio-economic factors
Migration selectivity Evaluation of how likely
someone is to migrate based on personal, social, and economic factors
Age Most influential factor in
migration selectivity Americans are most likely to
move between 18 and 30
Education The more educated people
are the more likely they are to make long-distance moves
Brain-drain Educated people leave
KY- Appalachian region Brain-gain