Key-ideas of the presentations and debatesdata.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/03/59/52/20140511/ob... · 2012...

Key-ideas of the presentations and debates

Resilience 2014 – Montpellier

Rural’Est off-site session

Sunday 4/5/2014

Program of the day

Visting the farm « Terre de Liens »

(Vispens)

5 academic and public actors contributions

France (Roquefort and Natural Regional Parc Causses)

Romania

Greece

Poland

4

Fundamental aims of the public policy

The effectivity:to be achieved when the resource allocation

leads to obtainments of maximum effects, and the allocation of goods and services contributes

to the higher satisfaction of consumers

The equality: it relates to the

distribution of all resources among person actings,

regions being with the object of the policy

The safety:attained under conditions of the political, economic and

environmental stability which permits to producers and consumers to reduce

costs of adaptations

Resilience

5

The present approach to the welfare is too narrow, oriented on goods, and not on the possibilityNo one society cannot attend that it is developeds, if basic necessities of life all of his members are not satisfied. Only their assecure causes that people are free and can in fullness use their own potential In the economic growth the huge part play investments, innovativeness (on technological and social level) and the long-term vision of the development. They are most important factors of the improvement of the competitiveness, the height of the level of the welfare and the sustainable development

Resilience and the welfare economy

6

- The effects of crises are: increase of world agricultural and food prices as well as decrease of consumers incomes,

- As a result the income condition of farmers in comparison to other groups might improve (so the tension on agricultural policy lowers),

- The increase of food prices is not really perceived in developed countries as the share of speeding’s on food in households budgets is relatively low,

- In the less developed countries high food prices are a huge problem as the share spendings on food constitute over 50% of households budgets,

Winners and loosers of global and food crises

Visit in the farm « Terre de Liens » (« Land of Link »)

Principle of Terre de lienDetails concerning the farm Terre de liens

Citizen gather their money to buy farm land and settle organic farmers

+ new status: Public fundation

That farm

136 ha bought by Terre de Lien

2 farmers

Beef and sheep production (potentially goat cheese and bread)

4 ha to (er)build houses

10 persons living and renewing the village

Self-funding + local authorities contribution

Some questions raised during the visit Principles

Solidarity, collaboration, community

Social equity

Autonomy

Local direct marketing, added value

Environment and ecology

Some questions raised during the visit Concrete issues

Financing housing

Public goods management. Eg: local spring water

Autonomy = privatisation?

Public authorities = dependancy?

Presentations(afternoon session)

Presentations1. Petite agriculture, lien social et gestion innovante du foncier: résonances

locales : Arnaud Boudou (Chef de projet au PNR des Grands Causses) et Thomas Lesay (Coopérateur Bergers du Larzac)

2. Résilience of small familly farms in Greece : Pavlos Karanikolas

3. Self-subsistence farming and and résilience in Romania : Marie-Luce Ghib, Daniela Giurca, Lucian Luca

4. Non-market contribution of Polish farms to national economy - Marek Wigier (IERIGZ Varsovie), Catherine Darrot (Agrocampus Ouest)

5. New EU regulation and funds supporting the social economy - Marjorie Jouen (Notre Europe – Institut Jacques Delors) et Patricia Andriot (Région Champagne-Ardenne)

Petite agriculture, lien social et gestion innovante du foncier: résonances locales : Arnaud Boudou (Chef de projet au PNR des Grands Causses) et Thomas Lesay (Coopérateur Bergers du Larzac)

Since 50’s (still true) : Roquefort: cooperative linking producers and processing-marketing industry

Co-decision (production, prices, marketing) = social and economic innovation

Certification, label : local product (Roquefort Village)

Allows small local farms to survive

Job creation ++

Since 80’s-90’s: also over-production / Roquefort bought by industry (Besnier consortium)

Main aim: making money

less negociation with farmers

Some farmers leave the system and produce their own (non roquefort) cheese

France

1. Informal food networks in Greece

ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝAGRICULTURAL UNΙVERSITY OF ATHENSDepartment of Agr. Economics & Rural Development

Type of Network (An initial mapping) Broader Athens

The rest of Greece

1 Organized Direct Sales 39 76

2 Food Networks Without intermediaries 64 101

3 Urban vegetable gardens 63 84

4 Social Groceries 66 102

5 Agricultural Cooperatives [new type co-ops]

34

6 Recycling – Re-use of Food

9 4

Source: www.enallaktikos.gr, April 2014

In response to the crisis, since 2011:

Greece


Year 1 2 3 4 5 6

Farm Households

Non-Farm Households with some income +

subsidies from agriculture

Non-Farm Households with some subsidies

from agriculture

Retired Farm

Households

Non-Farm Households

with agr. production

for self-consumption

Non-Farm Households

Total

Some agricultural production for self-consumption

2009154.331

3,8%

299.196

7,3%

88.228

2,1%

230.709

5,6%

1.150.227

28,0%

2.191.460

53,3%

4.114.151

100%

2012166.947

4,0%

236.946

5,7%

60.098

1,4%

251.604

6,0%

1.178.001

28,3%

2.269.640

54,5%

4.163.236

100%

2009-2012+12.616 -62.250 -28.130 20.895 +27.774 78.180 49.085

A detailed typology of All Greek Households:

Source: Household Budget Surveys, Elaborated Data

Greece

Agricultural Self-Consumption: mitigates poverty rates


Source: Household Budget Surveys, Elaborated Data

Farm Households Retired Farm Households Total0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

30%

19%

34%

55%

19% 18%21%

24%

11%

17%

42%

11%15%

Without agricultural self-consumptionWith agricultural self-consumption

2012, Poverty Rates

Greece

3. A Field Survey in Municipality of Ancient Epidaurus


• Detailed farm-level data in 2006

• historical data (1950’s-2006)

• A follow-up survey in 2011

Greece


0 10 20 30 40 50 600

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Olive Oil, Dry Cultivation,Average Total Cost (€/Kg)

Euros/Kg

Therefore, beyond a minimum level of production:

1. Costs remain essentially constant

2. Strong indications for constant returns to scale

3. No substantial differences in efficiency of farms

Greece

Resilience to the current crisis (I):2006-2011: Although product prices have fallen,

farms remain economically sustainable and

households retain medium and high income,

mainly due to:

Further farm expansion and improved management (e.g. increased yields per ha), combined with conversion to organic farming, or

farm succession

Increase of direct sales to Athens’ open-air markets (29% of farms in 2006, 38% in 2011)

Unabated demand for tourist services


1 . Semi-subsistence farming an adaptation to overpass the transition in Romania

> Economic difficulties since 1990

> Restitution and redistribution of land: creation of a social buffer through self consumption/semi-subsistance farming

> Evolution of farm structure, more over since UE adhesion

Romania

2. A social buffer against development? > Pouliquen, 2001 – Neo-peasant blocked a

global reflation ? (land market, consumption…)

> Then Pouliquen, 2011 change his mind : acceptation that duality cannot be avoid – not a rapid disparition of semi-subistence farm as employment is not firstly solved in the other sector/ migration

> Ambilavence of the semi-subistence farm (Luca, )

Romania

Farm population (upper panel) and farm land (lower panel): distribution by agricultural size (%, 2010) [figures in square brackets indicate average agricultural farm size)

Source: Eurostat, Agricultural Census 2010

Romania

The contribution of self-consumption to the welfare of rural households in Romania

Source : our calculations after NIS data, TEMPO On-line data base, www.insse.ro

Rural households

87.6

88.4 93.9

102.

6

105.

2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

euro

/per

s./m

onth

equivalent value ofconsumption of agriculturalproducts from own resources

social transfers

disposable income (beforesocial transfers)

risk-of-poverty threshold (60%of median equivalised incomeafter social transfers)

Romania

The contribution of self-consumption to the welfare of agricultural households in Romania

Source : our calculations after NIS data, TEMPO On-line data base, www.insse.ro

Agricultural households

87.6

88.4

93.9

102.6

105.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

euro

/per

s./m

on

th

equivalent value ofconsumption of agriculturalproducts from own resources

social transfers

disposable income (beforesocial transfers)

risk-of-poverty threshold(60% of median equivalisedincome after social transfers)

Romania

Standard output in (ESU/AWU)<2 2-4 4-8 8-16 16-

4040-100

> 100

Number of farms (in thousand)

931,2

199,6

164,1

114,1

68,0 13,7 2,8

Structure 62,4 13,4 11,0 7,6 4,6 0,9 0,2

Standard output (ESU)/per farm

0,6 2,9 5,7 11,2 23,6 57,5 211,0

Poland

34

Changes in the number of farms and area of agricultural land according to the area group in 2002-2012 (in %)

Poland

35

Two trajectories driving out of the peasant-like model

1. « Heritage » farms

2. Farms evolving toward a specialised/intensified model

Three « peasant-like » trajectories

1. Semi-subsistence farms

2. Intensified peasant-like marlet-related farm

3. Diversification of rural activities

Non-market contribution to national economy of Polish farming activity - Catherine DARROT

Peasant-like farms (1 to 30 ha)

Poland


Poland

Subsistence farms as the way of live

Share of farms (in %) Share of UAA (in %)

Poland

38

Non-marketed contribution

- Public goods (landscape, environment)

- Conservation of natural resources (sustainability)

- Semi-subsistence

Poland

39

Non-marketed contribution

- Land flexibility (unformal land-market)

- Food provision (non marketed)

Poland

Farms Area owned Area realy farmedDifference

in ha

K1 14 11 - 3

Z1 1,28 1,28 0

Z3 5,35 5,35 0

Z6 3,2 1 - 2,2

K2 5,65 3,15 - 2,5

K13 9,83 11,83 2

D6 8,54 8,54 0

D7 11 11 0

S3 6 2,25 -3,75

S5 3 3 0

S7 3,5 2,5 -1

Average 6.5 5.5 - 1 ha

Our sample: Land use of small farms with reduced activity or only for semi-subsistence


Poland

Our sample: Land use of farms with a more significant activity

Area declared (visible

instatistics)

Area realy farmed

thanks to unformal land rent

Difference

Average 15,4 20,4 + 4,9 ha


Poland

As a carefull indication, the average between the ground and top values are;

Population concerned by non-marketed food (average) 52%

Proportion of the national food concerned in volumes

(average)19%

We want to estimate here the % of the non-matketed Polish food

And the % of the population benefiting of it

Carefull : This study does not include urban food gardens, which also contribute for potentially high quantities


Poland

The new situation (2014-2020) The territorial cohesion, as a new aim for the EU (Lisbon Treaty

2007/2009)

Common strategic framework 2014-2020 includes 5 territorial funds: ERDF, ESF, Cohesion Fund, EAFRD – Rural Development Fund, EMFF – Fisheries Fund

Social inclusion + social innovation + non-profit organisations / social enterprises / cooperatives included as such in the list of thematic objectives of the 5 Funds ( ERDF, EAFRD, EMFF)

EU

EU 2014-2020

Many new opportunities

BUT, optional regimes

very different situations in regions and member states, depending of the political willingness

http://www.notre-europe.eu

Social and Solidary economy (SSE) - What policy issues ? What goals ?

L’ESS, economy such as it should be : 3 basics rules or 2 principles

Social utility (not only products but connect environnemental and social impact)

Non profit organisation

Participatory governance ( decision connected whose works not only whose have financial capital ; place for workers and volontaries)

L’ESS, fashion effect or structural impact ? Risk of to do something just to give an image, or a showcase is important (of point of view public policy)

L’ESS, is a minor part of economic ( just more of 10 % of employers or volum products) but it is intersting to discover new organisations and new ways of products…

How included ESS in european policy of region ? With What limits?

European structurals funds : for what ?

Implement SSE in territory and accept experiments

Implement SSE in all régional politics

Tools

one specific objectif

In each item, actors of SSE have been to concerned

Mains limits and risks

Do not be a showcase

Subjectiv choice

Accept the risk

Funds for social and non visible innovation

Key-ideas of the discussions and debates

Context elements for resilience The agriculture economy is dominated by

productivity and specialisation of activities and of persons

Recent or old crisis bring people to go back famring (90’S Romania, after 2008 for Greece)

Context elements for resilience

Larzac/ parc/ history and project area - But problems of standard of living /poverty

Exclusion and poverty are not the same thing: there can be connections but not necessarily

Context elements for resilience There is an increasing tension between two models

liberalism-specialisation-market-concurrence-competitivity

autonomy-social innovation-interdependancy-collaboration

The good thing is that there are many young people not only fascinated with agriculture but as well willing to be a farmer (visit and debates at a farm “Terre de lien”)

Resilience: describing the facts Small farms and autonomy

Smaller, more resilient agriculture contribute to (non marketed) public goods procurement (environment, social)

Self consumption in farming mitigate the rate of poverty – Self-subsistence is a resilient way to meet the transition challenges (social and economic)

Resilience through accumulation of different type of incomes and farm/non farm activities

2 alternative strategies for farmers: direct marketing (integrating food chain) and diversification of activities (eg. Tourism)

Resilience: describing the facts Some strategies for resilience

Interdependency of activities and of persons

Informal networks and relatives ++

Cooperation for access to land and land management (Terre de Lien)

Avoid taxation?

Resilience: positive and limiting factors Small farms are performant (economy, agronomy, social organisation).

Their costs of production/unit are similar to larger farms.

Their incomes are composite and thus manage to reach national standard income. It explains their viability.

They contribute to innovative forms of economy

But they do not employ an lot of (full time) workers

Small farms now go through a situation of very high pressure in EU: performance, economic investment and specialisation high rate of suicide. The market forces supported by EU policy are strong: environmental conservation is decreasing

Resilience: positive and limiting factors

A resilience perspective to farming would be to consider farmers

Not as individual entities but in the context of the composite entity farm-firm/farm-household

As part of a broader system which includes technical, social and economic aspects

As that part of the agrifood system which faces threats of marginalisation

Resilience: positive and limiting factors

Cooperation between all actors is the solution for building resilience

Lack or difficulties of cooperation: faced not only in communist countries

Resilience: supporting frameworks and policies The contribution of EU funds highly contribute to the

competitivity of large, specialised farms

Public authorities as a mean to mitigate private appropriation of public goods as drinking water appropriated by individuals or private operators

Which is the place of small farms / semi-subsistence in the CAP ? And in each EU country?

Resilience: supporting frameworks and policies Global government is required to introduce social economy

What is poverty, what is social exclusion? One knows little about those facts. They must be differenciated in order to properly focus public policies

Social innovation is necessary to resilience processes, but there is no harmonised EU framework to support it. No EU harmonised status for cooperation, mutuality, social change. It does not help to the definition of a common policy.

Resilience: supporting frameworks and policies Cooperative governance could be a solution

Questions and debates Problem for cooperation : everybody wants to be a leader

(Southern Greece/Romania) / Nobody wants to be a leader (Larzac, Terre de Lien)

Terre de liens : debate between regulation processes

faith in the state?

Independancy and self-regulation with alternative rules?

Questions and debates How to define the best equilibrium for action

and decision, between:

Institutions

Individuals

public policies which should altogether support processes of autonomy while defending general interest

Questions and debates Resilience

is sometimes a result but not a goal?

VS

Is it a mean for social inclusion and environment preservation?

Debate on the role and place of market

Debate on the (illusion of) technologic innovation as THE good solution

Questions and debates Resilience: very different approach between

EU countries and not same reaction between EU farmers

Key-ideas of the presentations and debatesdata.over-blog-kiwi.com/1/03/59/52/20140511/ob... · 2012...

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