Key Findings of 2011 ATRS Global Airport Performance ... Findings of 2011 ATRS Benchmarking... ·...
Transcript of Key Findings of 2011 ATRS Global Airport Performance ... Findings of 2011 ATRS Benchmarking... ·...
Key Findings of 2011 ATRS Global Airport
Performance Benchmarking project
Prof. Tae Oum,
Prof. Chunyan Yu,
Dr. Yapyin Choo
The Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)
www.atrsworld.org
The ATRS Global Airport Benchmarking Task Force
Asia Pacific: P. Forsyth, Yeong-Heok Lee, Yuichiro Yoshida, Japhet Law, Shinya Hanaoka
Europe: Nicole Adler, Jaap de Wit, Hans-Martin Niemeier, Eric Pels
North America: Tae Oum, Bijan Vasigh, Jia Yan, Chunyan Yu
Middle East: Paul Hooper
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)1
Outline
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study
Airports Included and ATRS Database
Some Characteristics of Sample Airports
Methodology
Key Results on Efficiency and Costs
User Charge Comparisons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 2
Objective of the Benchmarking Study
To provide a comprehensive, unbiased
comparison of airport performance focusing on
Productivity and Operating/Mgt Efficiency
Unit Cost Competitiveness
Comparison of Airport Charge Levels
Our study does not treat service quality differentials
across airports for data reasons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 3
Airports Included in the study
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)4
Canada-US 63 airports
Europe 45 airports (2 New)
14 airport groups
Asia 32 airports (5 New)
5 airport groups
Oceania 9 airports
Latin America 7 airports (All New)
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 156 airports
19 airport groups
The ATRS Database The ATRS Database contains time-series information (from year 2001)
including financial data, traffic and capacity data of the major airports and airport authorities (groups) in the following geographic regions:
– Asia Pacific
– Europe
– North America and
– Latin America (non-financial data only)
The data includes
– Characteristics of Airport (capacity, type of ownership etc)
– Traffic (ATM, passengers, freight, etc.)
– Aeronautical Revenue
– Non-Aeronautical Revenue including concession, car parking
– Operating Statistics and Operating Expenses
– Balance Sheet
1.5 year lag in data (due to airport annual reporting lag)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 5
Data Sources: FY 2001-2009
Airport’s Financial Statements, Annual Reports and direct data requests;
US FAA, DOT statistics;Association of European Airlines (AEA) Statistics ICAO Digest of Statistics:
annual and monthly traffic data annual financial data - not for all airports
ACI; IATA annual traffic statistics; capacity information; airport charges general information surveys (Asia Pacific and Europe)
occasional and not complete
IMF and World Bank – various price indices including GDP deflators for service sectors and PPP
US Census Bureau, Statistics Canada – regionally based Cost of Living Index
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 6
Outline
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study
Airports Included and ATRS Database
Some Characteristics of Sample
Airports
Methodology
Key Results on Efficiency and Costs
User Charge Comparisons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 7
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 8
Passenger Traffic - Top 10 Airports (’000 passengers) :2009, 2007, 2005
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
2009 2007 2005
Asia Pacific Europe North America
Aircraft Movements, 2009 (’000 ATM)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
PEK
DX
B
CG
K
DEL
BO
M
ICN
SHA
TPE
MA
A
NG
O
PER
PEN
CN
X
HD
Y
CD
G
MA
D
FCO
ZRH
CP
H
OSL
AR
N
GV
A
STN
TXL
EDI
BH
X
CIA
KEF
BTS
ATL
DEN LA
S
PH
L
EWR
LGA
IAD
SEA
HN
L
FLL
YUL
STL
MD
W
MK
E
YWG
PIT
SMF
AB
Q
SNA
YHZ
RIC
2009 Mean
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 9
Asia Pacific Europe North America
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 10
Air Cargo - Top 10 Airports (’000 metric tons)
2009, 2007, 2005
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
HK
G
PV
G
ICN
DX
B
NR
T
SIN
PE
K
TP
E
BK
K
CA
N
CD
G
FR
A
LH
R
AM
S
IST
CG
N
BR
U
TL
V
ZR
H
MX
P
ME
M
SD
F
MIA
LA
X
JFK
OR
D
IND
EW
R
DF
W
OA
K
Me
tric
To
nn
es
('0
00
)
2009 2007 2005
Asia Pacific Europe North America
% Non-Aero Revenue, 2009
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
SIN
ICN
MEL
/AP
AC
SEL
CN
S
BK
K
XM
N
KU
L
AP
II
FRA
OR
Y
IST
ATH
FCO
TLL
GV
A
HA
M EDI
SOF
MX
P
CG
N
MA
D
HEL
JAX
MC
I
SMF
PH
X
FLL
IND
SJC
ALB LA
S
DC
A
SEA
SFO
CLE
IAH
MIA
STL
2009 Mean
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 11
North AmericaEuropeAsia Pacific
Outline
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study
Airports Included and ATRS Database
Some Characteristics of Sample Airports
MethodologyKey Results on Efficiency and Costs
User Charge Comparisons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 12
Methodology:
Efficiency Measurement
• Variable Factor Productivity (VFP) Index
– Total Factor Productivity (TFP) - Impossible because of capital input cost accounting problem
• VFP is essentially the ratio of total (aggregate)
output index divided by total (aggregate) variable
input index, namely labor and soft cost input (total
non-labor variable inputs).
• In fact, we compute VFP using the multilateral
index procedure proposed by Caves, Christensen and
Diewert (1982).
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 13
Airport Productivity Index
Outputs Inputs
14
• Aircraft movement
• Passengers
• Non-aeronautical
revenues
• (Cargo tonnes handled)
• Labour
• Other non-labor, non-capital (soft cost) inputs – i.e., catch all expenses deflated by price index
Potential Reasons for the Measured
Productivity (gross VFP) Differentials
Factors Beyond Managerial Control:
– Airport size (Scale of aggregate output)
– Average aircraft size using the airport
– Share of international traffic
– Share of air cargo traffic
– Extent of capacity shortage - congestion delay
– Connecting/transfer ratio
We compute ‘residual (Net) variable factor productivity (RVFP) measures after removing effects of these Factors
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 15
Outline
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study
Airports Included and ATRS Database
Some Characteristics of Sample Airports
Methodology
Key Results on Efficiency and Costs
User Charge Comparisons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 16
Gross VFP Vs Residual (Net) VFP(after removing factors
beyond managerial control ) :
Oceania (SYD=1.0)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 17
After removing factors beyond managerial control such as capacity constraint, average aircraft size, % international traffic, etc, CHC’s relative performance in term of Net VFP improved significantly.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SYD CHC MEL AKL BNE PER ADL WLG Mean
Gross VFP Net VFP
Residual (Net) Variable Factor Productivity:
Asia (HKG=1.0)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 18
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
HKG SIN CAN HAK ICN SEL BKK KUL XMN PEN KIX SZX NGO NRT PEK PVG Mean AOT APII MAHB SAA Mean
Residual (Net) Variable Factor Productivity:
Europe ( CPH=1.0)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 19
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
CPH
OSL
ATH
BRU
MA
DZR
HBC
NA
MS
DU
BST
NCD
GM
AN
VIE
ARN
LGW
ORY LH
RD
US
FRA
MU
CFC
OM
ean
GVA KE
FLI
STL
VCI
ACR
LED
IBH
XTL
LH
AM LJU
HEL
MLA TX
LW
AW BTS
BUD
CGN
SOF
Mea
n
AD
RPP
LSc
hiph
olA
NA
Swed
avia
AEN
AD
AA
BAA
Frap
ort
Fina
via
AD
PBe
rlin
TAV
Mea
n
Large Airports> 15 million passengers
Small Airports< 15 million passengers
Airport Groups
Residual (Net) Variable Factor Productivity:
N. America – Passengers > 15 million (YVR=1.0)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8A
TL
MSP CLT
TPA
MC
O
YVR
HN
L
FLL
SEA
PH
X
LGA
MD
W
SLC
BO
S
IAH
IAD
SFO
EWR
JFK
DTW SA
N
BW
I
PH
L
DC
A
LAS
MIA
DFW DEN LA
X
OR
D
Me
an
Residual (Net) Variable Factor Productivity:
N. America – Passengers < 15 million (YVR=1.0)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 21
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Top Efficiency Performers (2011)(based on Net VFP index=operating/management efficiency)
Asia Pacific: Oceania Airports: Sydney, Christchurch Asian Airports: Hong Kong, Singapore
Europe: Large Airports (> 15 million pax): Copenhagen and Oslo
Small/Medium Airports (< 15 millions Pax): Geneva,Reykjavik-Keflavik
North America (Canada/US): Large Airports (> 15 million pax): Atlanta, Minneapolis/St
Paul
Small/Medium Airports (< 15 millions Pax): Raleigh-Durham,Reno
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 22
Past Airport Efficiency Excellence Top
Performers, 2006-2010
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 23
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
North
America
Hartsfield-Jackson
Atlanta International
Airport
Hartsfield-Jackson
Atlanta International
Airport
Hartsfield-Jackson
Atlanta International
Airport
Hartsfield-Jackson
Atlanta International
Airport
Large Airport Category
Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
International Airport
Small/Medium Airport Category
Raleigh-Durham International
Airport
Europe Copenhagen Kastrup
International Airport
Oslo International Airport Copenhagen Kastrup
International Airport
Copenhagen Kastrup
International Airport
Large Airport Category
Oslo International Airport
Small/Medium Airport Category
Genève Aéroport
Asia-
Pacific
Incheon International
Airport
Hong Kong International
Airport
Hong Kong International
Airport
Hong Kong International
Airport
Large Airport Category
Hong Kong International
Airport
Small/Medium Airport Category
Seoul Gimpo International
Airport
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 24
Cost Competitiveness = Net VFP and Input Price Effect
N. America – Passengers < 15 million (YVR=0.0)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 25
Cost Competitiveness = Net VFP and Input Prices Effect
Europe (CPH=0.0) - the higher the better
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
KEF TL
L
EDI
ATH CIA
TLV
BH
X
SOF
BTS
MLA
CP
H
WA
W LIS
LJU
STN
BR
U
MA
N
BU
D
AM
S
OSL
LGW
ZRH
GV
A
VIE
FCO
HA
M
LHR
FRA
DU
S
AR
N
HEL
CG
N
TXL
DU
B
OR
Y
MU
C
CD
G
BC
N
MA
D
Me
an
PP
L
AD
R
AN
A
TAV
BA
A
Frap
ort
Sch
iph
ol
Swe
dav
ia
DA
A
Fin
avia
AEN
A
AD
P
Be
rlin
Me
an
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 26
Cost Competitiveness: = Net VFP and Input Price Effect
Asia (HKG=0.0) – the higher the better
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 27
Cost Competitiveness = Net VFP and Input Price Effect
Oceania (SYD=0.0) - the higher the better
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
CHC SYD AKL MEL BNE PER ADL WLG Mean
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 28
Cost Competitiveness = Net VFP and Input Price Effect
N. America – Passengers > 15 million (YVR=0.0)
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Top Unit Cost Competitiveness Performers
Asia-Pacific:
Oceania: Christchurch, Sydney
Asia: Haikou, AOT (Airport Authority of Thailand), APII
(Angkasa Pura II, Indonesian Group)
Europe: Polish Airports, Reykjavik-Keflavik, Tallinn
N. America:
Large Airports (> 15 million Pax): Atlanta, Charlotte,
Tampa
Small/Med Airports (< 15 million Pax): Raleigh-
Durham, Reno, Nashville
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 29
Outline
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study
Airports Included and ATRS Database
Some Characteristics of Sample Airports
Methodology
Key Results on Efficiency and Costs
User Charge Comparisons
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 30
Landing Charges: Basis for computing
• Assumptions:
– (Use of signatory airlines)
– Passenger aircraft
– Peak and off-peak charges separately treated
– International flights
– Some airports have summer/winter rates – these are
averaged
– Assumed 2 hours aircraft parking
• Exclusion: Tax, Noise charges, lighting surcharge
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 31
Landing Charges for
Boeing 767-400, 2010 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)32
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
CLT
BN
AR
DU
SLC FLL
AT
LP
BI
RIC
JAX
ME
MM
CO
PH
XS
DF
SA
NT
PA
MS
YS
AT
PH
LO
AK
IND
MC
IH
NL
SN
AR
NO
MIA
LAS
MS
PS
JCA
BQ
ALB
DC
AY
VR
IAH
AU
SS
EA
IAD
SM
FY
OW
SF
OC
VG
BW
IY
EG
YH
ZP
DX
LAX
YY
CY
WG
YU
LD
FW
BO
SO
RD
JFK
EW
RS
TL
LGA
YY
Z
NA
SS
CL
EZ
EB
SB
CG
HG
IGG
RU
RIX
AR
NS
TN
-off
pe
ak
LGW
-off
-pe
ak
CR
LF
RA
ST
N-p
ea
kM
LAF
CO
MU
CM
XP
CIA
PR
GG
VA
LIS
LHR
TX
LV
IEH
AM
ED
IM
AN
-pe
ak
MA
N-o
ffp
ea
kH
EL
KE
FS
OF
BR
UZ
RH
IST
CG
NC
PH
BC
NM
AD
BU
DT
LLC
DG
OR
YLG
W-p
ea
kT
LVA
MS
OS
LA
TH
BE
GW
AW
BH
XB
TS
LJU
DU
BD
US
KU
LB
KK
CN
SD
XB
CE
IC
NX
HD
YH
KT
CG
KM
NL
BO
MD
EL
MA
AT
PE
SE
LC
AN
HA
KP
EK
PV
GS
HA
SZ
XX
MN
SIN
PE
RIC
NA
DL
AK
LM
FM
HK
GP
NH
RE
PW
LGN
GO
NR
TK
IXH
ND
US$
Landing Charges for Boeing 767 Mean
North America
Latin America
Europe Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific: Landing Charge
for Airbus 320, 2010 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 33
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
KU
L
BK
K
CN
S
DX
B
CE
I
HD
Y
HK
T
CN
X
CG
K
BO
M
DE
L
MA
A
TP
E
MN
L
SIN
SE
L
CA
N
HA
K
PE
K
PV
G
SH
A
SZ
X
XM
N
ICN
AD
L
AK
L
CH
C
PE
R
HK
G
MF
M
PN
H
RE
P
NG
O
WL
G
NR
T
KIX
HN
D
Landing Charges for AirBus 320
Europe: Landing Charge
for Airbus 320, 2010 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 34
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
RIX
AR
N
MLA
FRA
CR
L
STN
-off
pe
ak
FCO
MX
P
CIA
GV
A
LIS
HEL TX
L
VIE
HA
M EDI
ZRH
MA
N-o
ffp
eak KEF
LGW
-off
-pe
ak
STN
-pe
ak
CP
H
BC
N
MA
D
IST
PR
G
CD
G
OR
Y
BR
U
TLL
MA
N-p
eak
MU
C
SOF
TLV
AM
S
CG
N
BEG
BU
D
WA
W
BH
X
ATH OSL
LJU
LHR
BTS
DU
B
DU
S
LGW
-pe
ak
Landing Charges for AirBus 320
North America: Landing Charge
for Airbus 320, 2010 (in US$)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CLT
BN
A
RD
U
SLC
ATL FL
L
PB
I
RIC
JAX
MEM
MC
O
PH
X
SDF
SAN
TPA
MSY
SAT
PH
L
OA
K
IND
MC
I
HN
L
SNA
RN
O
MIA
LAS
MSP SJC
YVR
AB
Q
ALB
DC
A
IAH
YYC
YOW
AU
S
SEA
YEG
SMF
IAD
YHZ
CV
G
SFO
BW
I
YWG
PD
X
LAX
YUL
DFW BO
S
JFK
OR
D
EWR
STL
LGA
YYZ
Landing Charges for AirBus 320
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 35
Summary – Landing/Takeoff Charges
(Airbus 320)
Asia-Pacific Results:
Highest charges: Haneda, Kansai, Narita
Lowest charges: Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Cairns
European Results:
Highest charges: London Gatwick peak, Dusseldorf, Dublin
Lowest charges: Riga(Latvia), Stockholm, Malta
North American Results:
Highest charges: Toronto, LaGuardia, St. Louis
Lowest charges: Charlotte, Nashville, Raleigh-Durham,
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 36
Combined Landing and Passenger Charges
Given that it is difficult to separate landing and
passenger charges for some airports, the combined
landing and passenger charge may reflect a better
picture.
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 37
Asia Pacific: Combined Landing and
Passenger Charge
for Airbus 320, 2010 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 38
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
KU
L LC
CT
MA
A
BO
M
DEL
HK
G
SIN
TPE
KU
L
PER
MN
L
HN
D
SEL
CG
K
CA
N
HA
K
PEK
PV
G
SHA
SZX
XM
N
AD
L
ICN
AK
L
MFM
MEL CEI
CN
X
HD
Y
HK
T
DX
B
CH
C
BK
K
WLG
BN
E
CN
S
PN
H
REP
SYD
NR
T
NG
O
KIX
Me
an
Europe: Combined Landing and
Passenger Charge
for Airbus 320, 2010 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 39
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CR
L
RIX
MA
N-o
ffp
eak KEF TL
L
GV
A
CIA
AR
N
MX
P
MA
N-p
eak
HA
M
HEL
BC
N
FCO
MA
D
STN
-off
pe
ak
CG
N
STN
-pe
ak
OSL
BEG
AM
S
EDI
CP
H
LGW
-off
-pe
ak
KB
P
LJU
MLA
BU
D
TXL
LIS
BH
X
FRA
SOF
VIE
DU
B
BR
U IST
ZRH
ATH
WA
W
MU
C
BTS
TLV
DU
S
LGW
-pe
ak
CD
G
OR
Y
PR
G
LHR
Me
an
N. America: data allows us to compute
Cost per Enplaned Pax for Airlines (CPE)
• CPE = sum of landing fees, terminal arrival fee,
rents and utilities, terminal apron charges/tiedowns,
and passengers other aeronautical payments to
airports divided by enplaned passengers
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 40
North America: Total Charges per Enplaned
Passenger, 2009 (in US$)
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 41
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
CLT
ATL SLC
JAX
MEM
MK
E
MC
I
RD
U
TPA
BN
A
PH
X
SAT
MSP
SAN
FLL
MD
W
MC
O
RIC
CV
G
PB
I
RN
O
DFW LA
S
DTW AU
S
AB
Q
ALB
SMF
HN
L
BW
I
PH
L
SNA
IAH
SJC
MSY
OA
K
CLE
IND
SEA
DC
A
OR
D
PD
X
LAX
DEN
BO
S
IAD
SFO
STL
ON
T
MIA
LGA
SDF
PIT
EWR
JFK
Me
an
YEG
YYC
YWG
YHZ
YOW
YVR
YUL
YYZ
Me
an
US$ United States Canada
Summary – Cost per Enplaned
Passenger (CPE)
North American Results:
Highest charges: Toronto, New York JFK,
Newark
Lowest charges: Charlotte, Atlanta, Salt
Lake City
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 42
Summary – Combined Landing and Pax Charges
( N.Am Cost per Enplaned Pax)
Asia-Pacific Results:
Highest charges: Kansai, Nagoya, Narita
Lowest charges: Kuala Lumpur Low Cost Carrier Terminal, Chennai (India), Mumbai (India)
European Results:
Highest charges: London Heathrow, Prague (Czech Rep.), Paris Orly
Lowest charges: Brussels South Charleroi, Riga(Latvia), Manchester (Off-Peak)
North American Results:
Highest charges: Toronto, New York JFK, Newark
Lowest charges: Charlotte, Atlanta, Salt Lake City© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 43
ATRS Airport Benchmarking Report
The ATRS Global Airport
Performance Benchmarking Report :
3 volumes, over 500 pages of
valuable data and analysis
Can be purchased by visiting
www.atrsworld.org
Report sale finances our annual
benchmarking research project
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)44
Thank You
2012 ATRS World Conference
(Taiwan in late June, 2012)