Kevin Biology Project XII - E

7/17/2019 Kevin Biology Project XII - E

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Biology Project

Efect O Cannabis

On The Human Body

By,

Kevin ose!h,

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%P& modern #ndian &chool

Bonaide Certi1cate

Certifed to be the Bonafde Project work

in Biology done by Kevin Joseph o class

XII Section !" o #PS $odern Indian

School d%ring the year -./(-.02

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&ignature o Princi!al

&ignature o &ubject Teacher

&chool &eal4

S%b&itted or the practical e'a&ination held on

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Internal !'a&iner

!'ternal !'a&iner

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%ate4

I would like to

express my sincere

gratitude to my Biology teacher, Mrs.

Soma Bhattacharjee and our Principal,Mrs. Asna Naees who ga!e me the

golden opportunity and !alued support

to do a wonderul project on the topic

"#$ects o %anna&is on the human

&ody'. I would also like to thank myparents, who sacri(ced their precious

time to help me complete the project in

the gi!en time.

6 5 P a g e

'c*no7ledg

ment



.2 Introd%ction2 Cannabinoids

and Cannabinoid receptors62 Bioche&ical &echanis&s in the

brain82 *o'icity

/2 Psychoactive e+ects02 So&atic e+ects92 ,e%rological e+ects:2 Cardiovasc%lar e+ects;2 -ong ter& e+ects o Cannabis.-2 $edicinal %se o Cannabis..2 Bibliography

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CO<T

E<T&



Cannabis, alsoknown as marijuana, and by

n%&ero%s other

na&es. is a preparation o the Cannabis plant

intended or %se as a psychoactive or dr%g and

as &edicine) Phar&acologically. the principal

psychoactive constit%ent o Cannabis istetrahydrocannabinol /*0C12 It is one o 345

known co&po%nds in the plant. incl%ding at least

43 other cannabinoids. s%ch as cannabidiol

/CB#1. cannabinol /CB,1. tetrahydrocannabivarin

/*0C61. and cannabigerol /CB71)

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#<T=O

%>CT#O<



*he efects o cannabis are ca%sed by che&ical

co&po%nds in cannabis. incl%ding cannabinoids

s%ch as tetrahydrocannabinol /*0C1) Cannabis

has both psychological and physiological e+ectson the h%&an body) 8ive !%ropean Co%ntries.

Canada. and twenty 9S states have legali:ed

&edical cannabis i prescribed or na%sea. pain or

the alleviation o sy&pto&s s%rro%nding chronic

illness) Cannabis %se is associated with social and

behavioral proble&s. and carries a risk tophysical and &ental health)

*hese e+ects ca%sed by cannabis on di+erent

parts o the h%&an body are looked into in this

project)

*he &ost notably prevalentpsychoactive s%bstances in

cannabis are cannabinoids. &ost

notably *0C)

*he cannabinoid receptor is a

typical &e&ber o the largest

known a&ily o receptors called

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Cannabiniod

s and

Cannabinoid

rece!

tors



a 7 protein;co%pled receptor) < signat%re o this

type or receptor is the distinct pattern o how the

receptor &olec%les spans the cell &e&brane

seven ti&es) *he location o the cannabinoidreceptor e'ists on the cell &e&brane and both

o%tside /e'tracell%larly1 and inside

/intracell%larly1 the cell &e&brane) CB=

receptors. the bigger o the two. are

e'traordinarily ab%ndant in the brain) CB>

receptors are str%ct%rally di+erent. o%nd only oncells o the i&&%ne syste&. and see& to

%nction si&ilarly to its CB= co%nterpart) CB>

receptors are &ost co&&only prevalent on B;

cells. nat%ral killer cells. and &onocytes. b%t can

also be o%nd on poly&orphon%clear ne%trophil

cells. *4 cells and *3 cells) In the tonsils. the CB>receptors appear to appear to be restricted to B;

ly&phocyte;enriched areas) *0C and endogeno%s

ananda&ide additionally interact with glycine

receptors)

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Cannabinoids %s%ally contain a

=.=?;di;&ethyl;pyran ring.

constit%ting a a&ily o abo%t @A

bi;cyclic and tri;cyclic

co&po%nds) -ike &ost other

ne%rological processes. the

e+ects o cannabis on the brain

ollow the standard protocol

o signal transd%ction. the

electroche&ical syste& o

sending signals thro%gh ne%rons

or a biological response) *he

binding o cannabinoids to

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Biochemica

l

mechanism

s in

thebrain



cannabinoid receptors decrease adenylyl

cyclase activity. inhibit calci%& , channels. and

disinhibit K < channels) *here are at least two

types o cannabinoid receptors /CB= and CB>1)

*he CB= receptor is o%nd pri&arily in the brain

and &ediates the psychological e+ects o *0C)

*he CB> receptor is &ost ab%ndantly o%nd on

cells o the i&&%ne syste&) Cannabinoids act

as i&&%no&od%lators at CB> receptors. &eaning

they increase so&e i&&%ne responses and

decrease others) 8or e'a&ple. nonpsychotropic

cannabinoids can be %sed as a very

e+ective anti;ina&&atory) *he aDnity o

cannabinoids to bind to either receptor is abo%t

the sa&e. with only a slight increase observed

with the plant;derived co&po%nd CB# binding to

CB> receptors &ore reE%ently) Cannabinoids

likely have a role in the brain"s control

o &ove&ent and &e&ory. as well as nat%ral

pain &od%lation) It is clear that cannabinoids can

a+ect pain trans&ission and. specifcally. that

cannabinoids interact with the brain?sendogeno%s opioid syste& and &ay a+ect

dopa&ine trans&ission) *his is an i&portant

physiological pathway or the &edical treat&ent

o pain)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunomodulators







,o atal overdoses with

cannabis %se have been

reported as o >A=A) *0C. the

principal psychoactive constit%ent o the

cannabis plant. has an e'tre&ely low to'icity and

the a&o%nt that can enter the body thro%gh the

cons%&ption o cannabis plants poses no threat

o death) *he ratio o cannabis &aterial reE%ired

to prod%ce a atal overdose to the a&o%nt

reE%ired to sat%rate cannabinoid receptors and

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To?ici

ty



ca%se into'ication is appro'i&ately 3A.AAAF=) It

was o%nd in >AAG that while tobacco and

cannabis s&oke are E%ite si&ilar. cannabis

s&oke contained higher a&o%ntso a&&onia. hydrogen cyanide. and nitrogen

o'ides. b%t lower levels o carcinogenic polycyclic

aro&atic hydrocarbons /P<0s1)

Cannabis s&oke contains tho%sands o organicand inorganic che&ical co&po%nds) Hver fty

known carcinogens have been identifed in

cannabis s&oke) *hese incl%de nitrosa&ines.

reactive aldehydes. and polycyclic hydrocarbons.

incl%ding ben:apyrene) $arij%ana s&oke was

listed as a cancer agent in Caliornia in >AA)

<st%dy identifes cannabis s&oke as a carcinogen

and also fnds awareness o the danger is low

co&pared with the high awareness o the

dangers o s&oking tobacco partic%larly a&ong

yo%nger %sers) Hther observations incl%de

possible increased risk ro& each cigarette2 lack

o research on the e+ect o cannabis s&oke

alone2 low rate o addiction co&pared to tobacco2

and episodic nat%re o cannabis %se co&pared to

steady reE%ent s&oking o tobacco)

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@ig2 The ratio o atal dose to efective dose or various drugs2

Com!aratively Cannabis Aarijuana reDuires a small dose to be

efective and hence is really atal2

Lhen * 0C enters the blood strea& andreaches the brain. it binds to cannabinoid

receptors) *he endogeno%s

ligand o these receptors is ananda&ide.

the e+ects o which *0C e&%lates)

*his agonis& o the cannabinoid receptors res%lts in changes in

the levels o vario%s ne%rotrans&itters.

especially dopa&ine and norepinephrine2 ne%rotrans&itters

which are closely associated with the ac%te e+ects o cannabisingestion. s%ch as e%phoria and an'iety) So&e e+ects &ay

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P&CHO'

CT#FEE@@ECT&



incl%de a general perception. e%phoria. eelings o well;being.

rela'ation or stress red%ction. increased appreciation o h%&or.

&%sic /especially discerning its vario%s

co&ponentsMinstr%&ents1 or the arts.

joviality. &etacognition and introspection. enhanced

recollection /episodic &e&ory1. increased sens%ality. increased

awareness o sensation. increased libido and creativity)

<bstract or philosophical thinking. disr%ption o linear &e&ory

and paranoia or an'iety are also typical) <n'iety is the &ost

co&&only reported side e+ect o s&oking &arij%ana) Between

>A and 5A percent o recreational %sers e'perience intense

an'iety andMor panic attacks ater s&oking cannabis. however.

so&e report an'iety only ater not s&oking cannabis or a

prolonged period o ti&e)

Cannabis also prod%ces &any s%bjective and highly tangible

e+ects. s%ch as greater enjoy&ent o ood taste and aro&a. an

enhanced enjoy&ent o &%sic and co&edy. and

&arked distortions in the perception o ti&e and space /where

e'periencing a Nr%shN o ideas ro& the bank o long;ter&

&e&ory can create the s%bjective i&pression o long elapsedti&e. while a clock reveals that only a short ti&e has passed1)

<t higher doses. e+ects can incl%de altered body i&age.

a%ditory andMor vis%al ill%sions. pse%do;hall%cinatory.

and ata'ia ro& selective i&pair&ent o polysynaptic ree'es)

In so&e cases. cannabis can lead to dissociative states s%ch

as depersonali:ation and derealisation2 s%ch e+ects are &ost

oten considered desirable. b%t have the potential to ind%ce

panic attacks and paranoia in so&e %nacc%sto&ed %sers)

So&e o the short;ter& physical

e+ects o cannabis %se incl%de

increased heart rate. dry &o%th.

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&oma

tic

efects



reddening o the eyes /congestion o the conj%nctival blood

vessels1. a red%ction in intra;oc%lar press%re. &%scle rela'ation

and a sensation o cold or hot hands and eet)

@ig2 ' blood shot eye2

*he areas o the brain where

cannabinoid receptors are &ost

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<euro

logica

l

Efect

s



prevalently located are consistent with the behavio%ral e+ects

prod%ced by cannabinoids) Brain regions in which cannabinoid

receptors are very ab%ndant are the basal ganglia. associated

with &ove&ent control2 the cerebell%&. associated with body

&ove&ent coordination2 the hippoca&p%s. associated

with learning. &e&ory. and stress control2 the cerebral corte'.

associated with higher cognitive %nctions2 and the n%cle%s

acc%&bens. regarded as the reward center o the brain) Hther

regions where cannabinoid receptors are &oderately

concentrated are the hypothala&%s. which reg%lates

ho&eostatic %nctions2 the a&ygdala. associated with

e&otional responses and ears2 the spinal cord. associated with

peripheral sensations like pain2 the brain ste&. associated

with sleep. aro%sal. and &otor control2 and the n%cle%s o the

solitary tract. associated with visceral sensations

like na%sea and vo&iting)

@ig2 Cannabinoid rece!tor sites

!'peri&ents on ani&al and h%&an tiss%e have de&onstrated a

disr%ption o short;ter& &e&ory or&ation. which is consistent

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with the ab%ndance o CB= receptors on the hippoca&p%s. the

region o the brain &ost closely associated with &e&ory)

Cannabinoids inhibit the release o several ne%rotrans&itters in

the hippoca&p%s s%ch as acetylcholine. norepinephrine.

and gl%ta&ate. res%lting in a &ajor decrease in ne%ronal

activity in that region) *his decrease in activity rese&bles a

Nte&porary hippoca&pal lesion)N

In in-vitro e'peri&ents *0C at e'tre&ely high concentrations.

which co%ld not be reached with co&&only cons%&ed doses.

ca%sed co&petitive inhibition o the <Ch! en:y&e and

inhibition o O;a&yloid peptide aggregation. i&plicated in the

develop&ent o <l:hei&er?s disease) Co&pared to c%rrentlyapproved dr%gs prescribed or the treat&ent o <l:hei&er?s

disease. *0C is a considerably s%perior inhibitor o <

aggregation. and this st%dy provides a previo%sly %nrecogni:ed

&olec%lar &echanis& thro%gh which cannabinoid &olec%les

&ay i&pact the progression o this debilitating disease)

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Cardi

ovasc

ular

Efect

s



Short;ter& /one to two ho%rs1 e+ects on the cardiovasc%lar

syste& can incl%de increased heart rate. dilation o blood

vessels. and %ct%ations in blood press%re) *here are &edicalreports o occasional inarction. stroke and other cardiovasc%lar

side e+ects) $arij%ana?s cardiovasc%lar e+ects are not

associated with serio%s health proble&s or &ost yo%ng.

healthy %sers) esearchers reported in the International Jo%rnal

o Cardiology. N$arij%ana %se by older people. partic%larly

those with so&e degree o coronary artery or cerebrovasc%lar

disease. poses greater risks d%e to the res%lting increase in

catechola&ines. cardiac workload. and carbo'yhe&oglobinlevels. and conc%rrent episodes o proo%nd post%ral

hypotension) Indeed. &arij%ana &ay be a &%ch &ore co&&on

ca%se o &yocardial inarction than is generally recogni:ed) In

day;to;day practice. a history o &arij%ana %se is oten not

so%ght by &any practitioners. and even when so%ght. the

patient?s response is not always tr%th%lN)

< >AA4 st%dy o%nd that heavy. chronic s&oking o &arij%ana

/=54 joints per week1 changed blood proteins associated

with heart disease and stroke) < >AAA st%dy o%nd that a

&iddle;age person?s risk o heart attack rises nearly fveold in

the frst ho%r ater s&oking &arij%ana. Nro%ghly the sa&e risk

seen within an ho%r o se'%al activityN) Cannabis arteritis. a

very rare peripheral vasc%lar disease si&ilar to B%erger"s

disease. is o%nd in very rare cases o chronic s&oking o

cannabis)

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<c%te psychosis

<ltho%gh there has been an

association noted between cases o

ac%te psychosis and long;ter&

cannabis %se. the precise nat%re o

the relationship is controversial2

evidence s%ggests that cannabis %se

&ay worsen psychotic sy&pto&sand increase the risk o relapse)

Chronic psychosis

<ccording to one review. long ter& cannabis %se

Nincreases the risk o psychosis in people with certaingenetic or environ&ental v%lnerabilitiesN. b%t does notca%se psychosis) I&portant predisposing actors incl%degenetic liability. childhood tra%&a and %rban%pbringing)G < second review concl%ded that cannabis%se &ay ca%se per&anent psychological disorders inso&e %sers s%ch as cognitive i&pair&ent. an'iety.paranoia. and increased risks o psychosis) Key

predisposing variables incl%de age o frst e'pos%re.reE%ency o %se. the potency o the cannabis %sed.and individ%al s%sceptibility)

&chiGo!hrenia

<&ong people with schi:ophrenia there is ins%Dcientevidence to deter&ine whether cannabis %se leads to

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ong(

termefect

s o

cannabis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis#cite_note-Parakh2013-7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis#cite_note-Parakh2013-7



i&prove&ent or deterioration o the condition. b%tpatients who %se cannabis have been o%nd to displayincreased cognitive peror&ance co&pared to non;%sers)

9se o cannabis in adolescence or earlier increases therisk o developing schi:oa+ective disorders in ad%lt lie.altho%gh the proportion o these cases is s&all)S%sceptibility is &ost oten o%nd in %sers with at leastone copy o the poly&orphic CH$* gene)

Cannabis with a high *0C to CB# ratio prod%ces a

higher incidence o psychological e+ects) CB# &ayshow antipsychotic and ne%roprotective properties.acting as an antagonist to so&e o the e+ects o *0C)St%dies e'a&ining this e+ect have %sed high ratios oCB# to *0C. and it is %nclear to what e'tent theselaboratory st%dies translate to the types o cannabis%sed by real lie %sers) esearch has shown that CB#can saely prevent psychosis in general)

#epressive disorder

-ess attention has been given to the associationbetween cannabis %se and depression. tho%ghaccording to the <%stralian ,ational #r%g Q <lcohol

esearch Centre. it is possible this is beca%se cannabis%sers who have depression are less likely to accesstreat&ent than those with psychosis)

*eenage cannabis %sers show no di+erence ro& thegeneral pop%lation in incidence o &ajor depressivedisorder /$##1. b%t an association e'ists between earlye'pos%re co%pled with contin%ed %se into ad%lt lie andincreased incidence o $## in ad%lthood) <&ongcannabis %sers o all ages. there &ay be an increased

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risk o developing depression. with heavy %serssee&ingly having a higher risk)

Cancer

<ccording to a >A=5 literat%re review. &arij%ana co%ld

be carcinogenic. b%t there are &ethodologicalli&itations in st%dies &aking it diDc%lt to establish alink between &arij%ana %se and cancer risk) *hea%thors say that bladder cancer does see& to be linkedto habit%al &arij%ana %se. and that there &ay be a riskor cancers o the head and neck a&ong long;ter&/&ore than >A years1 %sers) 7ordon and colleag%essaid. Nthere does appear to be an increased risk o

cancer /partic%larly head and neck. l%ng. and bladdercancer1 or those who %se &arij%ana over a period oti&e. altho%gh what length o ti&e that this riskincreases is %ncertain)N

=es!iratory efects

< >A=5 literat%re review by 7ordon and colleag%esconcl%ded that inhaled &arij%ana is associated withl%ng disease)

H the vario%s &ethods o cannabis cons%&ption.s&oking is considered the &ost har&%l2 the inhalationo s&oke ro& organic &aterials can ca%se vario%shealth proble&s /e)g). co%ghing

and sp%t%&1) Isoprenes help to &od%late and slowdown reaction rates. contrib%ting to the signifcantly

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di+ering E%alities o partial co&b%stion prod%cts ro&vario%s so%rces)

eprod%ctive and endocrine e+ects

Cannabis cons%&ption in pregnancy is associated withrestrictions in growth o the et%s. &iscarriage. andcognitive defcits in o+spring) <ltho%gh the &ajority oresearch has concentrated on the adverse e+ects oalcohol. there is now evidence that prenatal e'pos%re

to cannabis has serio%s e+ects on the developing brainand is associated with Ndefcits in lang%age. attention.areas o cognitive peror&ance. and delinE%entbehavior in adolescenceN) < report prepared orthe <%stralian ,ational Co%ncil on #r%gs concl%dedcannabis and other cannabinoids are contraindicated inpregnancy as it &ay interact with the endocannabinoidsyste&)

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'novervie7

edic

al use

o

Canna

bis



$edical cannabis has several potential benefcial

e+ects) !vidence is &oderate that it helps in chronic

pain and &%scles spas&s) -esser evidence s%pports its

%se to help with na%sea d%ring che&otherapy. i&proveappetite in those with 0I6M<I#S and also help with

sleep)

*he ,ational Instit%te on #r%g <b%se /,I#<1 states that

cannabis is %nlikely to be %se%l as &edicine as N/=1 it is

an %np%rifed plant containing n%&ero%s che&icals

with %nknown health e+ects2 />1 it is typically

cons%&ed by s&oking %rther contrib%ting to potential

adverse e+ects2 and /51 its cognitive i&pairing e+ects

&ay li&it its %tility)N

,a%sea and vo&iting

$edical cannabis is so&ewhat e+ective

in che&otherapy;ind%ced na%sea and vo&iting /CI,61

and &ay be a reasonable option in those who do noti&prove ollowing preerential treat&ent) Co&parativest%dies have o%nd cannabinoids to be &ore e+ectivethan so&e conventional antie&etics s%chas prochlorpera:ine. pro&etha:ine.and &etoclopra&ide in controlling CI,6. b%t these are%sed less reE%ently beca%se o side e+ects incl%ding

di::iness. dysphoria. and hall%cinations) -ong;ter&cannabis %se &ay ca%se na%sea and vo&iting. acondition known as cannabinoid hypere&esissyndro&e)

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H#FI'#%&

!vidence is lacking or both eDcacy and saety o

cannabis and cannabinoids in treating patients with

0I6M<I#S or or anore'ia associated with <I#S) <s o

>A=5. c%rrent st%dies

s%+er ro& e+ects o bias. s&all sa&ple si:e. and lack

o long;ter& data)

Pain

Cannabis appears to be so&ewhat e+ective or thetreat&ent o chronic pain. incl%ding pain ca%sed

by ne%ropathy and possibly that d%e

to fbro&yalgia and rhe%&atoid arthritis) < >AA review

states it was %nclear i the benefts were greater than

the risks. while a >A== review considered it generally

sae or this %se) In palliative care the %se appears saer

than that o opioids)

ulti!le sclerosis

St%dies o the eDcacy o cannabis or treating &%ltiple

sclerosis have prod%ced varying res%lts) *he

co&bination o R;tetrahydrocannabinol /*0C1 and

cannabidiol /CB#1 e'tracts give s%bjective relie o

spasticity. tho%gh objective post;treat&ent

assess&ents do not reveal signifcant changes)

!vidence also s%ggests that oral cannabis e'tract is

e+ective or red%cing patient;centered &eas%res o

spasticity) < trial o cannabis is dee&ed to be a

reasonable option i other treat&ents have not been

e+ective)

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@ig2 Cannabis Juid e?tract

@ig2 edical arijuana %is!ensary

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=)

www)wikipedia)co&

>)Pradeep"s ,ew Co%rse Biology Class=>

5) www)dr%greeworld)org

Bibliogra!h

y

Kevin Biology Project XII - E

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