KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN: Environmental Hazards & Human Health
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Transcript of KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN: Environmental Hazards & Human Health
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KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN:
Environmental Hazards & Human Health
Disarikan oleh: soemarno, psl ppsub 2013
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Apakah bahaya lingkungan ?
'Environmental hazard' is a generic term for any situation or state of events which poses a
threat to the surrounding environment.
This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural hazards
such as storms and earthquakes.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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Sumber: http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/properties/module_4/index.htm….
Diunduh 16/12/2012
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BAHAYA DAN RISIKO
BAHAYA = Hazard:Is “a factor or exposure that may adversely
affect health” it is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an
environmental agent to harm the health of certain individuals if the exposure level is
high enough and/or if other conditions apply.
RisikoIs “the probability that an event will occur, the
probability of unfavorable outcome e.g that an individual will become ill or die within a
stated period of time or age. It is the quantitative probability that a health effect
will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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KONTAMINASI
Contamination -- Introduction into water, air, and soil of
microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended
use.
Also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household
and agricultural use products.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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PENCEMARANPollution is the introduction of
contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or
discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise,
heat, or light energy.
Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or
naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered
contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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POLUTAN = PENCEMAR
• A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil.
• Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: – Sifat kimianya, – Konsentrasinya– Persistensinya.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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"Pollution" is generally used when you're talking about something big, like a
whole environment, or an entire river, or something else really large.
"Contamination" can refer to very small quantities of something - contaminated food, medicine, drinking water supply; it
can also mean a very small amount of foreign or harmful material, such as bacterial contamination, or a toxin,
especially when it's not readily visible or noticeable.
For instance, a surgical suite could be contaminated simply because someone
walks into it when they're not sterile, and it would be completely invisible.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
POLUTAN & KONTAMINASI
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ANY external factor that negatively affects your health can be
considered an environmental health “hazard." Common environmental health hazards include indoor and
outdoor air pollution, and contaminated food and water. Less commonly discussed environmental health hazards
include lack of sidewalks, crime, insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition, social isolation, noise,
stress, and the lack of aesthetically pleasing living environments.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN BAGI KESEHATAN ?
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JENIS BAHAYA KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Bahaya Tradisional
• Disease Vectors• Infectious agents• Housing and Shelter• Drinking Water &
Sanitation• Indoor air Pollution• Dietary Deficiencies• Reproduction• Injury hazards
Bahaya Modern
• Tobacco smoking• Alcohol and drugs• Transport hazards• Environmental
pollution• Outdoor air
pollution• Chemical hazards• Occupational
Hazards• Unbalanced Diet• Stress
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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Jalur masuknya bahaya EH
• Inhalation– airborne contaminants
• Absorption– penetration through the skin
• Ingestion– eating– drinking
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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• Acute– Short term period between
exposure and onset of symptoms
• Chronic– Long time period between
exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
PAPARAN BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
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There are five types of environmental hazards:• Chemical ; Physical ; Mechanical ; Biological ; Psychosocial
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
JENIS-JENIS BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
The system of environmental health. The human living environment consists of home, work and recreational environments. The interaction
between these environments and human activities results in various types of hazards that may adversely affect human health. (Source: adapted from
Bassett, 2004)
Sumber: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452284&extra=thumbnail_id392363134945...... 15/12/2012
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Pesticides; Acids and Bases; Metal fumes ; Solvents; Gases
BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA
Sumber:. http://aquaticpath.umd.edu/appliedtox/module1-termin.html..... 15/12/2012
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Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA
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• Insects; Rodents; Animals• Microorganisms:
– Bacteria– Viruses– Parasites– Yeasts– Molds
Sumber: Environmental Health
Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh
dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-
...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA BIOLOGIS
Biological risk assessment and risk management
Sumber: …. Diunduh dari: http://www.biosafety.be/CU/RA_Fiches/Intro_and_menu.html...... 17/12/2012
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Tipe Bahaya Fisika:• Noise and Vibration• Ionizing Radiation• Non-ionizing Radiation• Light, Lasers• Pressure• Extremes of Temperature
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari:
www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-
...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA FISIKA
Characteristics of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Sumber: gtcceis.anl.gov …. Diunduh dari: ...... 18/12/2012
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• Uncertainty• Anxiety• Lack of feeling of control over one own
life• Homesickness• Isolation
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA PSIKOSOSIALCommon Signs of Anxiety
Anxiety itself could also be a result of a deeper physiological or psychological cause. That is why the
possible manifestations that are associated with anxiety are numerous and can be classified into the specific areas
of the body affected. Anxiety is often difficult to identify in a person. Extreme cases present with severe symptoms.
This makes stress or anxiety exercises and treatments an essential for anyone going through
anxiety attacks.
Read More Here: http://relieveanxietynow.com/common-signs-of-anxiety/
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– Stress is a human response to stressors
– Stress is a specific event or situation that causes a mental or psychological reaction.
– Stress is a process resulting from the interaction between humans and the environment.
– Stress process consists of 2 stages:• Deciding whether or not an event
(stressor) poses a hazard• Appraising the possibilities of dealing
with the situation.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
APAKAH STRESS ITU?
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• Penyakit Kardiovaskular– Hypertension– Ischemic heart diseases– Increase heart rate
• Peptic ulcer• Asma Bronchial
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
EFEK STRESS THD KESEHATAN
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BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN YANG SERIUS
• Polutan Udara– Indoor air pollutants– Outdoor air pollutants
• Kelangkaan air & Polutan air• Bahaya makanan• Bahaya rumah hunian• Bahaya permukiman• Bahaya serangga & Rodents• Pestisida• Bahaya lingkungan global
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT PENCEMARAN UDARA
Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.gits4u.com/envo/envo7.htm...... 15/12/2012
Climate change and health Climate change has a range of complex interlinkages with health. These include direct impacts, such as temperature- related illness and death; the health impacts of extreme weather events; the effect of air pollution in the
form of spores and moulds.
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BAHAYA KESEHATAN YANG PENTING? Do We Face?
The effects of environmental exposures on health depend on the social settings in which the exposures occur and on individual behaviours.
Behavioural risk factors are sometimes closely related to physical risk factors (e.g. hygiene is related to sanitation) and modify the health
impacts of the physical risk factors. Indeed, the specific contributions of related behavioural and physical risk factors sometimes cannot easily be
separated, as for example in the risk factor "water, sanitation and hygiene".
Sumber: https://apps.who.int/peh/burden/9241546204/9241546204chap2.htm .diunduh 15/12/2012
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APAKAH PENCEMARAN UDARA?
• Addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality of life
• Can occur indoor or outdoor, in cities and across continents and even globally
• Air pollutants consist of: gaseous pollutants, odors, suspended particle matter (dust, fumes, mist and smoke)
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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POLUSI UDARA DI DALAM RUANGAN
• Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day.
• This can include the air space in the office, classroom, motor vehicle, shopping centre, hospital and home.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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PENCEMAR UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
• second-hand tobacco smoke; • airborne mold and mildew; • lead-impregnated dust from old paint
cockroach shedding; • dust mite particles; • combustion gases released by stoves,
heaters, candles and fireplaces; chemicals released by – dry cleaned clothes; – cleaning products; – room deodorizers; – office supplies; – paints and sealers; – new furniture and pressed wood; – personal care products; and – pesticides.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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SUMBER PENCEMAR INDOOR
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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PENCEMAR UDARA OUTDOOR
• Ozone (O3)• Particulate Matter (PM)• Carbon Monoxide (CO(• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)• Lead (Pb)• Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)• Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs(
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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SUMBER PENCEMAR UDARA
• Transportation (Mobile sources )– Motor vehicles, rail, shipping,
aviation.• Industry sources
– Power stations, petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing.
• Power Plants• Central heating • Incineration of domestic wastes
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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EFEK KESEHATAN – PENCEMAR UDARA
• Irritation of nose, eye, and throat• Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma,
cough, nausea …etc.)• Cardiovascular diseases• Toxicity (CO)• Decrease of pulmonary function and
restricted activities)• Cancers (Benzene)• Neurological impairments, such as seizures,
mental retardation, and behavioral disorders (Pb).
• kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium)
• Increased hospital admissions and ER visits.• Premature death
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
Efek Polusi thd KesehatanPolusi Udara Polusi Air
Kontaminasi Tanah
Pestisida
Ozon
BakteriParasit
Bahan Kimia
Pb
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Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
Piramida efek
kesehatan
EFEK KESEHATAN POLUSI UDARA
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PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
• Reduce emissions (conservation and improved efficiency); e.g., refineries
• Collect, capture, and retain pollutants before entering the atmosphere; e.g., gas stations
• Regulating automobile exhaust using catalytic converter, control of sulfur dioxide through scrubbing
• Varied pollutant-control strategies and new and improved technologies
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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Risiko biasanya dinyatakan dalam “Peluang”
• Risiko • Probability and possibility • Pendugaan Risiko• Pengelolaan Risiko
Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. …………. www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012
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• Regulatory control– Standards (process and
emission)• Engineering control
– Ventilation (general and local)– Process change
• Work practice control• Administrative control• Personnel protective
equipment
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA
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PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR
• There are 4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide each year and 2.2 million avoidable deaths-that's a death every 14 seconds.
• Most diarrheal deaths occur in the Majority World and just being able to wash one's hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhea by 35%.
• Insect-related diseases Malaria, is the biggest killer, causing 1-2 million deaths a year. At any given time 100 million people suffer from the disease.
• Parasites Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the majority world population. About 200 million people are affected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia), with 200,000 dying each year.
• After a peak in the late 1980s, guinea-worm infections have been declining as water sources are better monitored.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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• Every day, diarrheal diseases cause some 6,000 deaths, mostly among children under five: in 2001, 1.96 million people died from infectious diarrheas; 1.3 million were children under five.
• Diarrheal diseases have killed more children in the past ten years than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II.
• Between 1,085,000 and 2,187,000 deaths due to diarrheal diseases can be attributed to the 'water, sanitation and hygiene' risk factor, 90% of them among children under five.
• With simple hygiene measures such as washing hands after using the toilet or before preparing food, most of these deaths are preventable.
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR
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• Biological• Chemical• physical
Sumber:. Diunduh dari: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/WhatWeDo/Profiles.aspx?category=Environmental%20Hazards...... 15/12/2012
BAHAYA AIR & EFEK KESEHATAN
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Volatile organic compoundsHydrophobic organic compoundsEndocrine disruptorsPetroleum AdditivesPesticides
Heavy metalsOther inorganic elementsAcids/basesOxidants/reductantsChlorination by-productsCombustion by-products
39
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
BAHAN BERBAHAYA DALAM AIR
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Typhoid fever ; Giardia ; Dysentery ; Cholera ; Diarrhea (caused by a variety of pathogens) ;
Hepatitis ; Polio ; Worms Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari:
www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
PENYAKIT DARI AIR
Classification of water-related diseases
Sumber; http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jwhow01e/2.1.html
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JASAD PATHOGENIK
41
Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard . Atallah Z. Rabi …. Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012
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JASAD PATHOGENIK
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PENYAKIT YANG BERHUBUNGAN DNEGAN AIR
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TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA
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PENDUGAAN RISIKO & PENGELOLAAN RISIKO
Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. …………. www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012
PENDUGAAN RISIKO
PENGELOLAAN RISIKO
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Fig. 17-3, p. 440
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Hazard identification What is the hazard?
Risk reduction How much should it be reduced?Probability of
risk How likely is the event?
Risk reduction strategy How will the risk be reduced?
Consequences of risk What is the likely damage?
Financial commitment How much money should be spent?
Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. …………. www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012
TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA
Identifikasi bahaya
Apa bahaya itu?
Analisis komparatif risiko
Bagaimana dibandingkan dg risiko mlainnya?
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KONTROL PENCEMARAN AIR
Pencegahan pencemaranMeminimumkan pencemaran
– recycling and re-use; treatment; encourage cleaner production technologies; encourage good housekeeping
Disinfection (Chlorination)Disposal or discharge of waste water
– only under specified conditions; precautionary approach; differentiated approach; polluter pays
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