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KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN: Bahaya Lingkungan & Kesehatan Disarikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub nop 2013 Slide 2 Apakah bahaya lingkungan ? 'Environmental hazard' is a generic term for any situation or state of events which poses a threat to the surrounding environment. This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural hazards such as storms and earthquakes. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 3 Sumber: http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/properties/module_4/index.htm. Diunduh 16/12/2012 Slide 4 BAHAYA DAN RISIKO BAHAYA = Hazard: Is a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health it is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an environmental agent to harm the health of certain individuals if the exposure level is high enough and/or if other conditions apply. Risiko Is the probability that an event will occur, the probability of unfavorable outcome e.g that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or age. It is the quantitative probability that a health effect will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 5 KONTAMINASI Contamination -- Introduction into water, air, and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household and agricultural use products. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 6 PENCEMARAN Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light energy. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 7 POLUTAN = PENCEMAR A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: Sifat kimianya, Konsentrasinya Persistensinya. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 8 "Pollution" is generally used when you're talking about something big, like a whole environment, or an entire river, or something else really large. "Contamination" can refer to very small quantities of something - contaminated food, medicine, drinking water supply; it can also mean a very small amount of foreign or harmful material, such as bacterial contamination, or a toxin, especially when it's not readily visible or noticeable. For instance, a surgical suite could be contaminated simply because someone walks into it when they're not sterile, and it would be completely invisible. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- POLUTAN & KONTAMINASI Slide 9 ANY external factor that negatively affects your health can be considered an environmental health hazard." Common environmental health hazards include indoor and outdoor air pollution, and contaminated food and water. Less commonly discussed environmental health hazards include lack of sidewalks, crime, insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition, social isolation, noise, stress, and the lack of aesthetically pleasing living environments. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN BAGI KESEHATAN ? Slide 10 JENIS BAHAYA KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN Bahaya Tradisional Disease Vectors Infectious agents Housing and Shelter Drinking Water & Sanitation Indoor air Pollution Dietary Deficiencies Reproduction Injury hazards Bahaya Modern Tobacco smoking Alcohol and drugs Transport hazards Environmental pollution Outdoor air pollution Chemical hazards Occupational Hazards Unbalanced Diet Stress Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 11 Jalur masuknya bahaya EH Inhalation airborne contaminants Absorption penetration through the skin Ingestion eating drinking Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 12 Acute Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms Chronic Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- PAPARAN BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN Slide 13 There are five types of environmental hazards: Chemical ; Physical ; Mechanical ; Biological ; Psychosocial Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- JENIS-JENIS BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN The system of environmental health. The human living environment consists of home, work and recreational environments. The interaction between these environments and human activities results in various types of hazards that may adversely affect human health. (Source: adapted from Bassett, 2004) Sumber: http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=452284&extra=thumbnail_id392363134945...... 15/12/2012 Slide 14 Pesticides; Acids and Bases; Metal fumes ; Solvents; Gases BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA Sumber:. http://aquaticpath.umd.edu/appliedtox/module1-termin.html..... 15/12/2012 Slide 15 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA BAHAN KIMIA Slide 16 Insects; Rodents; Animals Microorganisms: Bacteria Viruses Parasites Yeasts Molds Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%2 0-...... 15/12/2012 www.sawa2006.com/.../22%2 0- BAHAYA BIOLOGIS Biological risk assessment and risk management Sumber: . Diunduh dari: http://www.biosafety.be/CU/RA_Fiches/Intro_and_menu.html...... 17/12/2012 Slide 17 Tipe Bahaya Fisika: Noise and Vibration Ionizing Radiation Non-ionizing Radiation Light, Lasers Pressure Extremes of Temperature Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012 www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA FISIKA Characteristics of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Sumber: gtcceis.anl.gov . Diunduh dari:...... 18/12/2012 Slide 18 Uncertainty Anxiety Lack of feeling of control over one own life Homesickness Isolation Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA PSIKOSOSIAL Common Signs of Anxiety Anxiety itself could also be a result of a deeper physiological or psychological cause. That is why the possible manifestations that are associated with anxiety are numerous and can be classified into the specific areas of the body affected. Anxiety is often difficult to identify in a person. Extreme cases present with severe symptoms. This makes stress or anxiety exercises and treatments an essential for anyone going through anxiety attacks. Read More Here: http://relieveanxietynow.com/common-signs-of-anxiety/http://relieveanxietynow.com/common-signs-of-anxiety/ Slide 19 Stress is a human response to stressors Stress is a specific event or situation that causes a mental or psychological reaction. Stress is a process resulting from the interaction between humans and the environment. Stress process consists of 2 stages: Deciding whether or not an event (stressor) poses a hazard Appraising the possibilities of dealing with the situation. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- APAKAH STRESS ITU? Slide 20 Penyakit Kardiovaskular Hypertension Ischemic heart diseases Increase heart rate Peptic ulcer Asma Bronchial Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- EFEK STRESS THD KESEHATAN Slide 21 BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN YANG SERIUS Polutan Udara Indoor air pollutants Outdoor air pollutants Kelangkaan air & Polutan air Bahaya makanan Bahaya rumah hunian Bahaya permukiman Bahaya serangga & Rodents Pestisida Bahaya lingkungan global Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 22 EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT PENCEMARAN UDARA Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.gits4u.com/envo/envo7.htm...... 15/12/2012 Climate change and health Climate change has a range of complex interlinkages with health. These include direct impacts, such as temperature- related illness and death; the health impacts of extreme weather events; the effect of air pollution in the form of spores and moulds. Slide 23 BAHAYA KESEHATAN YANG PENTING? Do We Face? The effects of environmental exposures on health depend on the social settings in which the exposures occur and on individual behaviours. Behavioural risk factors are sometimes closely related to physical risk factors (e.g. hygiene is related to sanitation) and modify the health impacts of the physical risk factors. Indeed, the specific contributions of related behavioural and physical risk factors sometimes cannot easily be separated, as for example in the risk factor "water, sanitation and hygiene". Sumber: https://apps.who.int/peh/burden/9241546204/9241546204chap2.htm.diunduh 15/12/2012.diunduh Slide 24 APAKAH PENCEMARAN UDARA? Addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality of life Can occur indoor or outdoor, in cities and across continents and even globally Air pollutants consist of: gaseous pollutants, odors, suspended particle matter (dust, fumes, mist and smoke) Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 25 POLUSI UDARA DI DALAM RUANGAN Indoor air can be defined as any non- industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day. This can include the air space in the office, classroom, motor vehicle, shopping centre, hospital and home. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 26 PENCEMAR UDARA DALAM RUANGAN second-hand tobacco smoke; airborne mold and mildew; lead-impregnated dust from old paint cockroach shedding; dust mite particles; combustion gases released by stoves, heaters, candles and fireplaces; chemicals released by dry cleaned clothes; cleaning products; room deodorizers; office supplies; paints and sealers; new furniture and pressed wood; personal care products; and pesticides. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 27 SUMBER PENCEMAR INDOOR Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 28 PENCEMAR UDARA OUTDOOR Ozone (O3) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Monoxide (CO( Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Lead (Pb) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs( Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 29 SUMBER PENCEMAR UDARA Transportation (Mobile sources ) Motor vehicles, rail, shipping, aviation. Industry sources Power stations, petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing. Power Plants Central heating Incineration of domestic wastes Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 30 EFEK KESEHATAN PENCEMAR UDARA Irritation of nose, eye, and throat Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma, cough, nausea etc.) Cardiovascular diseases Toxicity (CO) Decrease of pulmonary function and restricted activities) Cancers (Benzene) Neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders (Pb). kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium) Increased hospital admissions and ER visits. Premature death Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 31 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Efek Polusi thd Kesehatan Polusi Udara Polusi Air Kontaminasi Tanah Pestisida Ozon Bakteri Parasit Bahan Kimia Pb Slide 32 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Piramida efek kesehatan EFEK KESEHATAN POLUSI UDARA Slide 33 PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA Reduce emissions (conservation and improved efficiency); e.g., refineries Collect, capture, and retain pollutants before entering the atmosphere; e.g., gas stations Regulating automobile exhaust using catalytic converter, control of sulfur dioxide through scrubbing Varied pollutant-control strategies and new and improved technologies Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 34 Risiko biasanya dinyatakan dalam Peluang Risiko Probability and possibility Pendugaan Risiko Pengelolaan Risiko Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 35 Regulatory control Standards (process and emission) Engineering control Ventilation (general and local) Process change Work practice control Administrative control Personnel protective equipment Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA Slide 36 PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR There are 4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide each year and 2.2 million avoidable deaths-that's a death every 14 seconds. Most diarrheal deaths occur in the Majority World and just being able to wash one's hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhea by 35%. Insect-related diseases Malaria, is the biggest killer, causing 1-2 million deaths a year. At any given time 100 million people suffer from the disease. Parasites Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the majority world population. About 200 million people are affected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia), with 200,000 dying each year. After a peak in the late 1980s, guinea-worm infections have been declining as water sources are better monitored. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 37 Every day, diarrheal diseases cause some 6,000 deaths, mostly among children under five: in 2001, 1.96 million people died from infectious diarrheas; 1.3 million were children under five. Diarrheal diseases have killed more children in the past ten years than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II. Between 1,085,000 and 2,187,000 deaths due to diarrheal diseases can be attributed to the 'water, sanitation and hygiene' risk factor, 90% of them among children under five. With simple hygiene measures such as washing hands after using the toilet or before preparing food, most of these deaths are preventable. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- PENTINGNYA KESEHATAN AIR Slide 38 Biological Chemical physical Sumber:. Diunduh dari: http://www.idph.state.ia.us/WhatWeDo/Profiles.aspx?category=Environmental%20Hazards...... 15/12/2012 BAHAYA AIR & EFEK KESEHATAN Slide 39 Volatile organic compounds Hydrophobic organic compounds Endocrine disruptors Petroleum Additives Pesticides Heavy metals Other inorganic elements Acids/bases Oxidants/reductants Chlorination by-products Combustion by-products 39 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAN BERBAHAYA DALAM AIR Slide 40 Typhoid fever ; Giardia ; Dysentery ; Cholera ; Diarrhea (caused by a variety of pathogens) ; Hepatitis ; Polio ; Worms Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- PENYAKIT DARI AIR Classification of water-related diseases Sumber; http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jwhow01e/2.1.html Slide 41 JASAD PATHOGENIK 41 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 42 42 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- JASAD PATHOGENIK Slide 43 PENYAKIT YANG BERHUBUNGAN DNEGAN AIR 43 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 44 TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA 44 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 45 PENDUGAAN RISIKO & PENGELOLAAN RISIKO Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh PENDUGAAN RISIKOPENGELOLAAN RISIKO Slide 46 Fig. 17-3, p. 440 Risk Assessment Risk Management Hazard identification What is the hazard? Risk reduction How much should it be reduced? Probability of risk How likely is the event? Risk reduction strategy How will the risk be reduced? Consequences of risk What is the likely damage? Financial commitment How much money should be spent? Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh TINGKAT PENYAKIT & RISIKONYA Identifikasi bahaya Apa bahaya itu? Analisis komparatif risiko Bagaimana dibandingkan dg risiko mlainnya? Slide 47 KONTROL PENCEMARAN AIR Pencegahan pencemaran Meminimumkan pencemaran recycling and re-use; treatment; encourage cleaner production technologies; encourage good housekeeping Disinfection (Chlorination) Disposal or discharge of waste water only under specified conditions; precautionary approach; differentiated approach; polluter pays 47 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 48 BAHAYA MAKANAN About risk analysis in food The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) are in the forefront of the development of risk-based approaches for the management of public health hazards in food. The approach used is called risk analysis, and is made up of three components: Risk assessmentRisk assessment; Risk management; Risk communication Sumber: . Diunduh dari: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/riskanalysis/en/...... 15/12/2012 Slide 49 TIPE-TIPE BAHAYA MAKANAN Biologis: bacteria, viruses, parasites Bahan Kimia: heavy metals, natural toxins, sanitizers, pesticides, antibiotics Fisika: bone, rocks, metal Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 50 BAHAYA BIOLOGIS DALAM MAKANAN Biologis = Organisme hidup Dalam daging dan unggas: Salmonella bacteria (poultry and eggs) Trichinella spiralis parasite (pork) On Fruits and Vegetables: E. coli bacteria (apple juice) Cyclospora parasite (raspberries) Hepatitis A virus (strawberries) Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 51 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA BIOLOGIS DALAM MAKANAN Slide 52 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA BIOLOGIS DALAM MAKANAN Slide 53 Pencegahan pertumbuhan mikroba Holding at low temperatures (165 o F(73 o C) for poultry and eggs >155 o F (68 o C) for ground beef >160 o F (71 o C) for pork Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- MENCEGAH BAHAYA BIOLOGIS DALAM MAKANAN Slide 54 Bahaya Kimiawi: a toxic substance that is produced naturally added intentionally or un- intentionally Naturally-occurring: Natural toxins (aflatoxins, marine toxins) Added intentionally: Antibiotics, preservatives Added non-intentionally: Cleaning agents, Pesticide Residues Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA KIMIA DALAM MAKANAN Slide 55 Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA KIMIA DALAM MAKANAN Bahaya kimia yang tidak nampak pada makanan Residu Pestisida Residu Veteriner Bahan kimia pembersih Slide 56 Bahaya Fisika: a hard foreign object that can cause illness or injury Inherent to the food or ingredient Bone fragment, feathers Contaminant during processing Stones, rocks, dirt, fingernails Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- BAHAYA FISIKA DALAM MAKANAN Slide 57 Lima faktor siriko gangguan penyakit akibat dari makanan: Makanan dari sumber yang tidak aman Waktu dan suhu penyimpanan makanan yang tidak tepat Higienis personal yang buruk Memasak yang tidak tepat Kontaminasi silang. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- FAKTOR RISIKO MAKANAN Slide 58 SISTEM KENDALI MAKANAN To guarantee quality and safety of the foods traded at the national and international level; Protecting the health of the consumers and ensuring fair practices in the food trade; Facilitating food trade. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 59 REGULASI MAKANAN Consumer protection, facilitate the production of safe food and fair trade practices. Simple, coherent, transparent, result of process of consensus among the food chain actors. Based on risk assessment through the food chain. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 60 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) To monitor and control production processes Identify food safety hazards and critical control points Production, processing and marketing Establish limits Monitor Applied to meat, poultry, and eggs Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 61 PENGENALAN DAN KONTROL BAHAYA DI HUNIAN Determine if personnel have potential occupational exposure to environmental hazards. Obtain training. Voluntarily notify supervisor or OMC of any pre- disposition to environmental hazards that can create medical emergencies. Use personal protective equipment, administrative controls, and engineering controls when exposed to environmental hazards. Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 62 MENGURANGI / KONTROL BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN Prevent the creation of a hazard in the first place Reduce the amount of hazard brought into being Prevent the release of existing hazard Modify the rate or spatial distribution of release of hazard from its source Separate, in time or in place, the hazard and that which is to be protected. Separate the hazard and that which is to be protected by interaction of a material barrier. Modify the basic qualities of the hazard. Make that which is to be protected more resistant to damage from the hazard Counter damage already done by the environmental hazard Stabilize, repair, and provide rehabilitative corrective measures Sumber: Environmental Health Hazard. Atallah Z. Rabi . Diunduh dari: www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20-...... 15/12/2012www.sawa2006.com/.../22%20- Slide 63 Kita menghadapi banyak macam bahaya Lima tipe-utama bahaya Lingkungan: 1.Biologis: pathogens 2.Kimiawi 3.Fisika 4.Kultural 5.Pilihan Gaya hidup Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 64 JENIS-JENIS BAHAYA BIOLOGIS Do We Face? In terms of death rates, the most serious infectious diseases are flu, AIDS, diarrheal diseases, malaria, and tuberculosis; most of these deaths occur in developing countries. Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 65 Bbrp penyakit dapat menular dari satu orang ke orang lainnya 1.Nontransmissible disease 2. Infectious disease 3.Transmissible disease (contagious or communicable disease) Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environ mental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environ mental.../chapter_...diunduh http://www.rims.edu.in/HealthCareCDACKolgksaha/Zoom-%20Infectious%20Diseases%20-%20Ringworm-Jock%20Itch-Worms- Amebas-Malaria.html Slide 66 Sejak 1950, kematian akibat penyakit infeksi telah menurun, karena : Perawatan kesehatan lebih baik Antibiotika Vaksin Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Bbrp penyakit dapat menular dari satu orang ke orang lainnya Slide 67 Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi ancaman utama Penyakit infeksi menyebar melalui: Udara Air Makanan Cairan tubuh Epidemik dan Pandemik Resistensi bacteri dan serangga Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh Global warming has various effects on human health. The main indirect effects are on infectious diseases. Although the effects on infectious diseases will be detected worldwide, the degree and types of the effect are different, depending on the location of the respective countries and socioeconomical situations. Diunduh dari: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2210909910000056?via=sd Slide 68 JALUR PENYAKIT INFEKSI PADA MANUSIA Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 69 RESISTENSI GENETIK THD ANTIBIOTIK Bacteria: rapid reproduction, easily spread Penggunaan antibiotika yg berlebihan Penggunaan pesticida yang berlebih Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Antibiotic Resistance is the adaptation of bacterial strains to certain of the ANTIBIOTIC MEDICATIONS doctors prescribe to treat infections the BACTERIA cause, rendering the antibiotic ineffective. Sumber: http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/antibiotic-resistance.html _...diunduh 15/12/2012_...diunduh Slide 70 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Resistant to most antibiotics Symptoms of MRSA How will it be controlled? Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental... /chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental... /chapter_...diunduh RESISTENSI GENETIK THD ANTIBIOTIK Sumber: http://www.scq.ubc.ca/attack-of-the-superbugs-antibiotic-resistance/ _...diunduh 15/12/2012_...diunduh Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Slide 71 ANCAMAN GLOBAL AKIBAT TUBERCULOSIS Why is tuberculosis on the rise? Not enough screening and control programs Genetic resistance to a majority of effective antibiotics Person-to-person contact has increased AIDS individuals are very susceptible to TB Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 72 BEBERAPA PENYAKIT VIRUS SANGAT MEMATIKAN Influenza or flu virus #1 Killer Transmission HIV #2 Killer Antiviral drugs Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 73 Global strategy to slow down the spread of HIV Reduce the number of new infections Concentrate on those most likely to spread HIV Free testing Education for prevention Provide free or low-cost drugs Research Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh BEBERAPA PENYAKIT VIRUS SANGAT MEMATIKAN Slide 74 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) #3 Killer Mode of transmission Viruses that move form animals to humans West Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Reduce chances of infection: Wash your hands Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh BEBERAPA PENYAKIT VIRUS SANGAT MEMATIKAN Slide 75 PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI DARI BINATANG KE MANUSIA Ecological medicine Human practices that encourage the spread of diseases from animals to humans Emerging infections HIV SARS West Nile virus Lyme virus Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 76 Malaria oleh NYAMUK PEMBAWA PARASIT Malaria 1.Caused by Plasmodium sp. carried by Anopheles mosquitoes 2.Penyebaran 3.Gejala-gejala 4.Siklus Malarial Slide 77 Malaria on the rise since 1970 Drug resistant Plasmodium Insecticide resistant mosquitoes Effect of global warming AIDS patients particularly vulnerable Prevention of spread and current research Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Malaria oleh NYAMUK PEMBAWA PARASIT Slide 78 Mengurangi penyakit infeksi Good news Vaccinations on the rise Oral rehydration therapy Bad news More money needed for medical research in developing countries Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 79 SOLUTIONS Infectious Diseases Increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines Reduce poverty Decrease malnutrition Improve drinking water quality Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics Educate people to take all of an antibiotic prescription Mengurangi penggunaan antibiotik dalam budidaya unggas Require careful hand washing by all medical personnel Immunisasi anak-anak thd penyakit virus Provide oral rehydration for diarrhea victims Conduct global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Solusi: Penyakit Infeksi, Cara-cara untuk mencegah atau mereduksi kejadiannya Memperbaiki kualitas air minum Slide 80 MENGHADAPI BAHAN KIMIA BERBAHAYA Managing the risks of toxic substances is an ongoing, integrated process Sumber: http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200911_02_e_33197.html_...diunduh 15/12/2012_...diunduh Slide 81 BEBERAPA BAHAN KIMIA DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KANKER, MUTASI, DAN GANGGUAN JANIN Bahan kimia toksik: Carcinogens Mutagens Teratogens Sumber:_http://risk.arizona.edu/healthandsafety/chemicalsafetyinfo/index.shtml...diunduh .. 15/12/2012_http://risk.arizona.edu/healthandsafety/chemicalsafetyinfo/index.shtml...diunduh Slide 82 PCB ADA DI BERBAGAI TEMPAT Kelompok senyawa kimia yang mengandung khlor: Sangat stabil Nonflammable Break down slowly in the environment Travel long distances in the air Larut dalam lemak Biomagnifikasi Food chains and webs Banned, but found everywhere Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 83 Potential Pathways on Which Toxic Chemicals Move Through the Environment Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 84 Hormonally active agents (HAAs) Gender benders Pengganggua kelenjar Thyroid Bahan kimia Toksik Phthlates Efek pada sistem hormonal system Kanker Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Bbrpa bahan kimia mempengaruhi sistem immune, Nervous, dan Endocrine Slide 85 EFEK TOKSIK AKIBAT MERKURI Hg: teratogen and potent neurotoxin Once airborne, persistent and not degradable 1/3 from natural sources 2/3 from human activities Enters the food chain: biomagnification Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Envir onmental.../chapter_...di unduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Envir onmental.../chapter_...di unduh Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of: 1.Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes) 2.Food chain energetics 3.Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to water-insolubility) http://flyfishingconsultant.blogspot.com/2010/07/i-do-not-eat-fish-why-is-that.html Slide 86 2007: Hg hotspots identified How are humans exposed? Inhalation: vaporized Hg or particulates of inorganic salts Eating fish with high levels of methylmercury Effects of Hg on humans Who is most at risk? Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh EFEK TOKSIK AKIBAT MERKURI Slide 87 Siklus merkuri dalam lingkungan akuatik Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 88 Fig. 17-B, p. 451 SOLUTIONS Pencemaran Merkuri PreventionControl Phase out waste incinerationSharply reduce mercury emissions from coal-burning plants and incinerators Remove mercury from coal before it is burned Tax each unit of mercury emitted by coal-burning plants and incinerators Switch from coal to natural gas and renewable energy resources such as wind, solar cells, and hydrogen Require labels on all products containing mercury Convert coal to liquid or gaseous fuel Phase out use of mercury in batteries, TVs, compact fluorescent lightbulbs, and all other products unless they are recycled Collect and recycle mercury- containing electric switches, relays, and dry-cell batteries Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh PENYELESAIAN PENCEMARAN MERKURI Pencegahan Kontrol Slide 89 Bisphenol A Menyerupai Estrogen Found in many common products Laboratory findings Effects on human health Should it be banned? Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh Diunduh dari: http://www.bisphenol-a.org/pdf/BPAsafe.pdf Slide 90 Bagaimana Evaluasi dan Menangani Bahaya Kimia ? Scientists use live laboratory animals, non-animal tests, case reports of poisonings, and epidemiological studies to estimate the toxicity of chemicals, but these methods have limitations. Many health scientists call for much greater emphasis on pollution prevention to reduce our exposure to potentially harmful candidates. Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environmental.../chapter_...diunduh Slide 91 EFEK BERBAHAYA DARI BAHAN KIMIA Toxicology Toksisitas tergantung pada: Dose Age Genetic makeup Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) Kelarutan dan persistensi bahan kimia Biomagnifikasi Sumber: Environmental Hazard and Human Health. . www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh 15/12/2012 www.bergen.edu/.../Environment al.../chapter_...diunduh Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579308001166 Slide 92