Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation Development Project
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Transcript of Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation Development Project
1
Kenya 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
Development Project
Feasibility Study Report
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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Contents
1. Overview of the Project .................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Programme Background .................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1 Project name .......................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2 Project development nature .................................................................................. 8
1.1.3 Authority in charge of the project ......................................................................... 8
1.1.4 Project applicant .................................................................................................... 8
1.1.5 Feasibility study report preparer ........................................................................... 8
1.1.6 Preparation basis for feasibility study report ........................................................ 8
1.1.7 Purpose and process of project proposal .............................................................. 9
1.2 Project Profile .................................................................................................................. 11
1.2.1 Construction site .................................................................................................. 11
1.2.2 Development size and project target .................................................................. 11
1.2.3 Project construction conditions ........................................................................... 13
1.2.4 Total investment and benefits ............................................................................. 15
1.2.5 General technological and economic indicators ................................................. 16
1.3 Problems and suggestions ............................................................................................... 24
1.3.1 Major merits of the project ................................................................................. 24
1.3.2 Major weakness of the project ............................................................................ 24
1.3.3 Possibility to accomplish the project ................................................................... 25
2. Market Analysis and Prediction ...................................................................................... 27
2.1 Project product introduction ........................................................................................... 27
2.2 Product Supply and demand............................................................................................ 27
2.2.1 Demand and supply status in global market ....................................................... 27
2.2.2 Supply and demand status in Chinese market ........................................................ 28
2.3 Supply and demand prediction ........................................................................................ 29
2.2.3 Supply and demand prediction in product market .............................................. 29
2.2.4 Supply and demand prediction in Chinese market .............................................. 29
2.4 Analysis on target market of product .............................................................................. 30
2.5 Analysis on competitiveness in product market.............................................................. 31
2.5.1 Major competitors ............................................................................................... 31
2.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of competitiveness in product market .............. 32
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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2.5.3 Analysis on share of target market of the product .............................................. 33
2.6 Analysis on industrial relevancy....................................................................................... 33
3. Development size and Production Programme .............................................................. 36
3.1 Project components ......................................................................................................... 36
3.2 Development size of project ............................................................................................ 37
3.2.1 Cassava plantation ............................................................................................... 37
3.2.2 Cassava improved seed cultivation ...................................................................... 38
3.2.3 processing of cassava ........................................................................................... 38
3.2.4 Sewage and biogas project .................................................................................. 38
3.2.5. Biological organic fertilizer .................................................................................. 39
3.3 Product programme ........................................................................................................ 39
3.3.1 Project product .................................................................................................... 39
3.3.2 Principles of product quality ................................................................................ 40
4. Site Conditions ................................................................................................................ 41
4.1 Project location and site selection ................................................................................... 41
4.2 Development site and geographical location .................................................................. 41
4.3 Status of land utilization .................................................................................................. 41
4.3.1 Status of land utilization where the project is located ........................................ 41
4.3.2 Status of land utilization where the project is located ........................................ 42
4.4 Climate conditions and resources ................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 Solar energy ......................................................................................................... 43
4.4.2 Temperature, accumulated temperature and humidity ..................................... 43
4.4.3 Precipitation ......................................................................................................... 43
4.4.4 Wind ..................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.5 Climate disasters .................................................................................................. 44
4.5 Topography and geomorphology conditions................................................................... 44
4.6 Hydrologic conditions ...................................................................................................... 44
4.7 Soil conditions .................................................................................................................. 44
4.8 Traffic conditions ............................................................................................................. 45
4.9 Labor resource condition ................................................................................................. 45
5. Technology, Equipment, and Engineering Solutions....................................................... 46
5.1 Technical solutions .......................................................................................................... 46
5.1.1 Technology route of cassava cultivation ............................................................. 46
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5.1.2 Production technology and production processes of seedlings and seed farms 46
5.1.3 Cultivation techniques and production processes of planting base .................... 52
5.1.4 Production technology and process of cassava starch and cassava flour ........... 59
5.1.5 Wastewater treatment, biogas technology and process..................................... 66
5.1.6 Production technology and process of bio-organic fertilizer .............................. 74
5.2 Major options for equipment .......................................................................................... 75
5.2.1 Seed breeding ...................................................................................................... 75
5.2.2 Cultivation management ..................................................................................... 76
5.2.3 Harvesting ............................................................................................................ 76
5.2.4 Production of cassava starch and cassava flour .................................................. 77
5.2.5 Wastewater treatment and biogas project ......................................................... 80
5.2.6 Bio-organic fertilizer production .......................................................................... 81
5.3 Engineering solutions....................................................................................................... 84
5.3.1 Office facilities ..................................................................................................... 84
5.3.2 Main characteristics and building area of cassava cultivation structures ........... 85
5.3.3 Main buildings and engineering structures of cassava growing areas ................ 87
5.3.4 Engineering solutions for major buildings and structures of cassava starch and cassava flour factory ............................................................................................................ 88
5.3.5 Wastewater factory project (2 lines of 5,000M3 / dAY wastewater treatment) . 90
5.3.6 Biogas digesters project (2 sets of 25,000 M3/ d gas station) ............................. 93
5.3.7 Bio-organic fertilizer factory project .................................................................... 94
6. Raw Material Supply ....................................................................................................... 96
6.1 Seedlings .......................................................................................................................... 96
6.1.1 Seedling varieties ................................................................................................. 96
6.1.2 Quantity ............................................................................................................... 96
6.1.3 Sources and transportation ................................................................................. 96
6.2 Fertilizers ......................................................................................................................... 98
6.2.1 Fertilizer varieties ................................................................................................ 98
6.2.2 Quantity ............................................................................................................... 98
6.2.3 Application method ............................................................................................. 98
6.3 Pesticides ......................................................................................................................... 98
6.4 Diesel oil ........................................................................................................................... 99
6.5 Electricity and fuel oil (heavy oil) ................................................................................... 100
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6.6 Chemical Pharmacy........................................................................................................ 100
7. Project’s Overall Planning and Utilities ......................................................................... 103
7.1 Overall planning ............................................................................................................. 103
7.1.1 Project composition and planning ..................................................................... 103
7.1.2 Overall planning ................................................................................................. 103
7.2 Transportation ............................................................................................................... 104
7.2.1 Transportation inside and outside of the area .................................................. 104
7.2.2 Transportation means and equipment .............................................................. 104
7.3 Utilities ........................................................................................................................... 105
7.3.1 Water supply and drainage engineering............................................................ 105
7.3.2 Power supply engineering ................................................................................. 110
7.3.3 Maintenance facilities ........................................................................................ 113
7.3.4 Warehousing facilities ....................................................................................... 114
8. Energy-saving and Water-saving Measures .................................................................. 115
8.1 Energy saving ................................................................................................................. 115
8.1.1 Energy-saving measures .................................................................................... 115
8.1.2 Energy consumption index analysis ................................................................... 115
8.2 Water saving .................................................................................................................. 116
8.2.1 Water-saving measures ..................................................................................... 116
8.2.2 Water consumption index analysis .................................................................... 116
9. Environmental Impact Assessments ............................................................................. 117
9.1 Project construction and impact of production on environment ................................. 117
9.1.1 Impact of project construction on environment ............................................... 117
9.1.2 Environmental impact factors during production ............................................. 117
9.2 Environmental protection measures ............................................................................. 117
9.2.1 Environmental protection measures during construction ................................ 117
9.2.2 Environmental impact prevention and treatment measures during project operation119
9.3 Environmental protection investment .......................................................................... 121
9.4 Environmental impact assessment ................................................................................ 121
10. Operation Management................................................................................................ 122
10.1 Project legal person formation planning ................................................................... 122
10.2 Management organization establishment planning .................................................. 122
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10.3 Human resources allocation ...................................................................................... 123
10.4 Staff training plan ...................................................................................................... 123
10.5 Operation mode......................................................................................................... 125
11. Implementation of the Project ...................................................................................... 126
11.1 Construction period ................................................................................................... 126
11.2 Project implementation progress arrangement ........................................................ 126
11.3 Project implementation progress sheet .................................................................... 127
12. Investment and Fund RaisinG ....................................................................................... 130
12.1 estimated Investment ................................................................................................ 130
12.1.1 Descriptions and basis of investment estimation .............................................. 130
12.1.2 Construction investment estimation ................................................................. 130
12.1.3 Interest incurred during construction ............................................................... 136
12.1.4 Cashflow............................................................................................................. 137
12.2 Fund raising ................................................................................................................ 137
13. Financial Evaluations ..................................................................................................... 138
13.1 Financial evaluation of project .................................................................................. 138
13.1.1 Basic data and parameter selection of financial evaluation .............................. 138
13.1.2 Estimation of sales revenue ............................................................................... 140
13.1.3 Estimation of cost .............................................................................................. 140
13.1.4 Financial Evaluation Report ............................................................................... 141
13.2 Financial profitability analysis .................................................................................... 141
13.3 Uncertainty analysis ................................................................................................... 142
13.4 Financial evaluation conclusions ............................................................................... 142
14. Risk Analysis .................................................................................................................. 143
14.1 Identification of project major risk factors ................................................................ 143
14.2 Risk degree analysis ................................................................................................... 144
14.3 Measures to manage and reduce risk ....................................................................... 144
15. Research Conclusions and SuggestIONs ....................................................................... 147
15.1 Overall description of the recommended plan.......................................................... 147
15.1.1 Market forecast results ...................................................................................... 147
15.1.2 Building scale and product program .................................................................. 147
15.1.3 Site selection plan .............................................................................................. 148
15.1.4 Technical equipment and engineering plan ...................................................... 148
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15.1.5 Raw materials and fuels supply plan ................................................................. 150
15.1.6 Environmental impact assessment .................................................................... 151
15.1.7 Total investment of the project ......................................................................... 151
15.1.8 Financial benefit................................................................................................. 152
15.1.9 Basic conditions for implementation of the project .......................................... 152
15.1.10 Main risks analysis and conclusion ................................................................... 153
15.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the recommended plan ...................................... 153
15.2.1 Advantages ........................................................................................................ 153
15.2.2 Existing issues .................................................................................................... 154
15.3 Conclusion and suggestion ........................................................................................ 155
15.3.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 155
15.3.2 Suggestion .......................................................................................................... 155
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
1.1 PROGRAMME BACKGROUND
1.1.1 PROJECT NAME
Project development of 30000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
1.1.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT NATURE
Cassava plantation and production of cassava starch
1.1.3 AUTHORITY IN CHARGE OF THE PROJECT
Kenya KISUMU provincial government
1.1.4 PROJECT APPLICANT
Vezion Pte Limited (Hong Kong)
1.1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT PREPARER
Wuxi Yongfeng Starch Engineering Co., Ltd.
1.1.6 PREPARATION BASIS FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT
THE GREAT LAKES GROUP LIMITED provided data as follow (see appendices);
1. Cassava Cultivation Technologies and Industry Development in China; China
Agriculture Press 1st Edition, May 2008;
2. Management Methods for Basic Construction Projects of Agriculture Decree No.
39 of Ministry of Agriculture (implemented as of September 1, 2004);
3. Economic Evaluation Methods and Parameters of Construction Project (3rd
Edition); National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of
Housing and Urban-Rural Development [Development & Reform Investment
Decree No. (2006) 1325];
4. Guidance on Feasibility Study on Investment Projects. National Development
and Reform Commission [Planning Office Investment No. (2002) 15];
5. The material prices in the market shall be subject to Price Information on
Construction Materials and Equipment of Project in China.
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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6. Price Rules for Construction Cost in China (2008);
7. Material prices issued by the local authorities of price information, price and
materials;
8. Instruction manuals and quotes from equipment suppliers;
9. Current information on similar enterprise investment in Cambodia;
10. The exchange rate of Dollar against RMB is 6.0.
1.1.7 PURPOSE AND PROCESS OF PROJECT PROPOSAL
Project Analysis
As one of the three major tubers in the world, cassava is regarded as “King of Starch”
and “Food under the Ground”. Cassava is mainly cultivated in the tropical areas. Being
capable of growing on marginal soils, it is highly adaptive; therefore enabling cultivation
technologies to be developed and promotes better utilization of land and labor
resources for plantation development.
For this project, the application of cassava includes three aspects. First, the cassava will
be used for the processing of cassava starch and flour, but huge amounts of residues
and effluents will be produced. Second, after biological fermentation, the residues and
effluents may be diverted to biological organic fertilizers and bio-fuels – biogas
production so that the biological organic fertilizers may replace the inorganic fertilizers
and the biogas may be used as the green fuel to replace coal and fuel oil. Third, the
overall utilization of the cassava residues and effluent treatment realizes the practical
and economic value of waste utilization as well as the benefits of a sustainable
economy.
The promotion of the economic cycle of “cassava plantation → processing → waste
utilization → cassava plantation” is able to highly improve the economic benefits of the
cassava industry.
General analysis of the economic situation in Africa
As a tropical crop, cassava originally grew in Amazon of South America. Together with
potato and sweet potato, they are known as three major tubers in the world. The
cultivation and use of cassava could be dated back to 5000 years ago. Cassava
originated in Brazil, and in the 16-17th century was extensively spread by the
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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Portuguese in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, especially in the tropical and subtropical
regions. Cassava is well adapted within latitudes 30° north and south of the equator, at
elevations between sea level and 2000 meters above sea level. Cassava is highly
adaptive and capable of growing on marginal soils. It is less vulnerable to pest and
disease damages, drought-tolerant, with high yield and high quality. Cassava offers
wide applications with good overall benefits and can become an important resource
closely related to a country’s economy and its citizen’s livelihood.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), over 90% of the cultivation
regions are located at the tropical areas. Due to its high adaptability, cassava has been
spread to regions out of latitudes 30° north and south of the equator. It grows in the
regions with average annual temperature over 18°C and frost-free period over 8
months. According to FAO, there are a total of 105 countries cultivating cassava, and
the annual global yields of fresh cassava in 2008 was 240 million tons, among which
half came from the African continent, with average yields of 14 tons/hectare. The
average yields of Africa, Latin America and Asia were 11 tons/hectare, 15 tons/hectare
and 18 tons/hectare respectively.
Cassava finds its application in edible, feeds and industrial purposes. Cassava starch is
one of the most important raw materials for starch. 65% of the cassava yields are used
for human food, constituting the main food crop for 600 million low-income peasants in
the wet tropical regions. For fermentation industry, cassava starch or dry cassava could
be used to produce alcohol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, cassava protein, glucose
and fructose, which are widely applied in the fields of food, beverage, medicine, textile
(cloth dyeing) and paper making. The peel can be used again as fertilizer and animal
feed. The dried waste fibers may be used in the mining industry as the flocculants, and
the low-concentration starch lost during the precipitation process may be used as the
feeds for pigs. Meanwhile, cassava is also an energy plant with huge potentials,
representing one of the important supports for the development of biomass energy
industry. With continuous development of high-tech processing technologies, cassava
has been regarded as the economic crop with extremely high overall utilization value
and industrial material of great importance, with the annual global trade volume of 20
billion U.S. dollars.
Recently, there has been increasing demands for cassava due to the development of
downstream industries like ethanol, modified starch, food, chemical engineering and
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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textile. According to China Customs’ statistics, cassava imports increased over 3 million
tons from year 2000 to 2005. Since 2005, China has become the largest importing
country, with an annual import of 5 million tons. China mainly imports from Vietnam,
Thailand and Indonesia.
Cassava is drought-tolerant and adaptive to the infertile land. It is widely cultivated in
more than 40 countries and specific regions in Africa accounts for half of the total yields
in the world with annual yields of over 100 million tons. However, lots of African
peasants still use a non-improved cassava, and they also lack fertilizers and pesticides.
As the staple food grain for countries at tropical regions in Africa, cassava is the
important grain reserve against poor harvest or the reliable food source in the dry
season.
FAO's data (2002) suggested that, Nigeria, the largest producer and also the country
with the largest yield in Africa, has an annual yield of 34 million tons cultivated from an
area of 3.1 million hectares. Congo-Kinshasa and Ghana follow next with an annual
yield of 16 million tons and 10 million tons respectively. Other African countries with an
annual yield of over 2 million tons include Mozambique, Angola, Benin, Madagascar,
Tanzania and Uganda.
Kenya offers huge amount of land to be developed, which are suitable to the
development of cassava cultivation base, introduction and promotion of good cassava
varieties of disease-and-insect resistance and high yields as well as promotion of
high-yield cultivation technologies such as tractor-ploughing, rational close planting and
scientific fertilization. These strategies will double the cassava yields, maximize the
economic benefits, increase peasants’ incomes and improve people's livelihood, which
will provide both positive social and economic impacts to Kenya.
1.2 PROJECT PROFILE
1.2.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE
Kano Plain, Kenya KISUMU.
1.2.2 DEVELOPMENT SIZE AND PROJECT TARGET
Development size
The project shall occupy 30,000 hectares, comprising of 6 parts:
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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500-hectare improved cassava seed cultivation base;
29,500-hectare field production area;
Production plant with capacity of 10,0000-ton cassava starch and 100,000-ton
cassava flour;
2 units of 5,000M³/d effluent treatment plant;
2 units of biogas digesters with daily yield of 25,000m³;
100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer plant
Development target
I. Overall target
With high-efficiency agriculture as the starting point, the technology as the basis and
the market as the orientation, we will create positive social and economic benefits and
protect the ecological environment so as to realize a sustainable agriculture industry.
II. Project development target
For the development of the agricultural industry as well as supporting facilities, we will
create the industrial clusters with value chains of “plantation → processing → waste
utilization → sales” via integrated technologies comprising of modern and improved
biological varieties as well as the operation pattern of “company + base (cooperation) +
staffs (peasants)”. We will upgrade the industrial structure of local agriculture, set up
the modern agriculture science parks with orientation of ecological agriculture and
profitable agriculture, realize the shift from traditional agriculture to modern
agriculture, and accomplish the overall target of the project as well as form a complete
industrial chain. When the project design is fully implemented, the annual output shall
be 100,000 tons of cassava starches, 100,000 tons of cassava flour and 50,000 tons of
biological organic fertilizer.
Project development period
The project shall be accomplished in 5 years according to the development plan of
industry, production size and production capacity:
1. 1st – 2nd year
To setup the cassava plantation limited company in the first year and establish
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500-hectare improved seed base for the cassava, and promote the plantation of
cassava on 5,000 hectares. In addition, a production plant for 50,000-ton cassava starch
and 50,000-ton cassava flour, a 5,000M³/d effluent treatment plant, a biogas digester
with daily yield of 25000m³ and a 50,000-ton biological organic fertilizer will be
constructed.
We will expand the plantation to 15,000 hectares in the second year.
2. 3rd – 4th year
After the establishment of the improved seed base, this will provide the local with good
seeds, lower the production costs, offer seed supply guarantee and enable expansion
of the cassava plantation. We will expand the plantation areas by an additional 15,000
hectares to fully demonstrate the scale benefits when the plantation areas reach
30,000 hectares. Based on the project development results, we will expand the
production scale by adding one production line to each plant so as to double the
output, with a target of 100,000-ton cassava starch, 100,000-ton cassava flour, and
daily yield of 50,000 M3 biogas as well as 50,000-ton biological organic fertilizer.
3. 5th year
Based on the results made at the first two stages, we will endeavor to further improve
the cassava seed and increase the yield of 25 tons/hectare and final yield of 75 tons,
which will be able to meet the demands of various industries and achieve higher
production benefits.
1.2.3 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS
Policy condition
In the future, oil resources will be limited and therefore biological fuels are the
solution. Therefore, many developed countries have attached importance to the
development of the biological fuel resources in Africa. At the Meeting of Agriculture
Specialists for Eastern and Southern Africa held in Nairobi in 2011, the specialists
promoted cultivation of cassava which is able to grow on dry and poor land, to deal
with the food security problems in Africa. FAO report also states that cassava
cultivation may provide poor countries and certain regions with a long-term safeguard
against increasing food and fuel oil prices around the world. However, most countries
in Africa still do not realize the value of cassava concerning the food security and
Feasibility Study Report on Construction Project of 30,000-Hectare Cassava Plantation
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industrial value. Unlike rice, corn and wheat, African countries are making less effort in
the research and development of cassava, leading to the low level of marketization and
low-tech processing methods currently in place. Most countries are having huge
demands for cassava in industrial production and China has become the largest
importer of cassava with Africa exporting most of its yield to China each year. In future,
large scale cassava cultivation will bring huge business opportunities to Africa.
In Kenya, thanks to the project of “Acrid and Semi-acrid Land in Kenya” sponsored by
EU, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute began to establish “commercial cassava
villages” around the country in recent years. The project objectives are to apply the
newly developed varieties immediately, stabilize the marketable cassava yields while
increasing the food reserves of the peasants. In addition, the target is to teach the
peasants the technologies of processing and packaging of cassava starch and achieve
self-sufficiency. However, the development of cassava processing still falls behind the
increase of the yield. At present, cassava is still processed in the manner of household
manual workshop, and there is shortage of large-and-medium processing equipment
and production plants. Cassava products in Africa still failed to meet the demand of the
global market.
Market condition
Recently, there has been increasing demands for cassava due to the development of
downstream industries such as ethanol, modified starch, food, chemical engineering
and textile. According to China Customs’ statistics, imports increased by over 3 million
tons from 2000 to 2005. Since 2005, China has become the largest importing country,
with an annual import of 5 million tons. China mainly imports from Vietnam, Thailand
and Indonesia. Therefore, demands still exceed supplies in the markets at home and
abroad, which will continue for a relatively long period. This is the potential of the
market for cassava.
Environment and resource condition
The project is located at the agricultural production region, which is far away from the
urban areas and free of industrial pollution. The quality of air and surface water is good
and the tropical climate is excellent for the growth of cassava. The soils are mainly
muck soils with sound fertility and land resources are abundant. The project covers a
land area of 72,980 hectares, 70% of which can be used for cassava plantation. The
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project area is not only close to Victoria Nyanza – the largest lake in Africa, but there
are also rivers going through the project area. The river features runoff and good water
quality, which is able to ensure adequate water supply and utilization for production.
Technology condition
The traditional cultivation technologies have been gradually improved and developed,
and a cultivation technology system for cassava breeding that is fit for the actual
condition in Africa has been established. And Kenya already has some experience of
successful development project for cassava cultivation, and Chinese experts are ready
to offer technical support.
Social condition
The project area has the experience of cassava plantation. In addition, the
establishment of the production plant for cassava starch and cassava flour will
safeguard the sales, providing the peasants economic benefits and stimulating their
enthusiasm for cassava cultivation.
Complementary condition of external collaboration
The asphalt roads of KISUMU go through the project area, and the area where the
project is located has roads in each village. This provides good traffic condition for the
produce transportation in the future. There are power stations in KISUMU, and the
power resources are abundant. The initial analysis on the development conditions
indicates the possibility of the construction and operation of the project.
1.2.4 TOTAL INVESTMENT AND BENEFITS
The total investment is US 82.2798 million with the breakdown as follow
I. USD 2.472m for office and accommodation facilities;
II. USD 41.73m for plantation of 30000-hectare cassava;
III. USD 17.0391m for starch production plant;
IV. USD 4.788m for effluent treatment plant;
V. USD 8.55m for biogas digester;
VI. USD 3.648m for biological organic fertilizer plant
VII. USD 3.2704m for other project construction;
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VIII. USD 0.7823m for reserve cost.
According to the calculation, the annual sales revenue after the completion of the
project will reach USD 72.6563m per annum with an annual average sales profit of USD
26.3254m per annum.
1.2.5 GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Table 1 – 1 Table of Major Technological and Economic Indicators
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No. Unit
1 Hectare
1.1 Hectare
1.2 Hectare
1.4 M³/d
1.5 M³/d
2 Year
3 Year
4 Hectare
Cultivation land Hectare
Effluent treatment plant M³/d
Biogas digester M³/d
Biological organic fertilizer
plantTons
Cultivation land Hectare
Cassava starch and cassava
flour plantTons
Effluent treatment plant M³/d
Biogas digester M³/d
Biological organic fertilizer
plantTons
4.2 2017 Cultivation land Hectare
200000
100000
Tons
Completion of commissioning, and standard production
30000 Area of cultivation land with improved seed base
2016
15000 Area of cultivation land with improved seed base
100000 Completion of commissioning, and standard production
5000 Completion of commissioning, and standard production
25000 Completion of commissioning, and standard production
50000
Establishment of a production line of 50000-ton cassava
starch and a plant of 50000-ton cassava flour production
line
5000 Construction period
25000 Construction period
50000 Construction period
100000
Plantation plan and plant construction 30000
4.1
2015
5000 Area of cultivation land with improved seed base
Cassava starch and cassava
flour plant
Project construction period 5
Project counting period 20
Biogas digester 50000 2 25000 M³/d biogas digester
1.6 Biological organic fertilizer plant Tons2 50000-ton biological organic fertilizer production line
line
1.3 Cassava starch and cassava flour plant Tons Cassava starch: 100000 tons; Cassava flour: 100000 tons
Sewage treatment plant 10000 2 5000M³/d sewage treatment lines
Cassava plantation area 29500
Improved cassava seed cultivation
base500
Indicator name Quantity Note
Project construction size 30000
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Effluent treatment plant Construction period
Biogas digester Construction period
Biological organic fertilizer
plantConstruction period
Cultivation landArea of cultivation land with improved seed
base
Cassava starch and cassava
flour plant
Completion of commissioning, and standard
production
Effluent treatment plantCompletion of commissioning, and standard
production
Biogas digesterCompletion of commissioning, and standard
production
Biological organic fertilizer
plant
Completion of commissioning, and standard
production
Cultivation landArea of cultivation land with improved seed
base
Improve cassava seed Increase cassava yield
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2 3.5 m in width, gravel road
5.2.3 1.0 m in width, earth road
5.2.4 0.5×0.3×0.5m,rubber irrigation
5.2.5 0.4×0.5m, earth ditch
5.2.6 50m3, brick concrete
5.2.7 100m3, brick concrete
5.3
Tons 100000
Starch plant
Well Set 50
Pool Set 30
Irrigation km 100
Drainage ditch km 50
Roads in the field km 50
Production road km 80
Plantation project
Accommodations for production
management and agricultural M² 2500
Office building M² 1800
Canteen and living area M² 3930
Project description and size
Office facilities
Tons 100000
4.3 2019Hectare 30000
T/ha 25
4.2 2018
Hectare 30000
Tons 200000
M3/d 10000
M3/d 50000
Establishment of a production line of 50000-
ton cassava starch and a production line of
50000-ton cassava flour
M³/d 5000
M³/d 25000
Tons 50000
Cassava starch and cassava
flour plant
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5.4
5.5
5.6
6
6.1
Calculate as per use level of
1500kg
6.12 3 tons per hectare
6.13 750kg per hectare
6.14 25kg per hectare
6.15 Fuel consumption of tractor
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.11
6.111
6.112
6.113
6.114
Excavator Set 3
Road roller Set 1
Trailer Set 25
Bulldozer Set 10
Irrigation equipment Set 20
Cassava harvester Set 50
6-7 disc plough Set 50
Ridging plough Set 50
80 horsepower four-wheel tractor Set 20
3-4 disc plough Set 50
Diesel Liter 1,000,000
90 horsepower four-wheel tractor Set 80
Fertilizer Tons 22,500
Pesticides Tons 750
6.11 Seeds Tons 45,000
Organic fertilizer Tons 100,000
Major raw materials and equipments
30000-hectare cassava plantation
project
Biological organic fertilizer plant
Biological organic fertilizer production
line with annual yield of 50000 tonsSet 2
Biogas digester
25000M3
biogas fermentation system
poolSet 2
5000M3/d anaerobic system pool Set 2
5000M3/d aerobic system pool Set 2
Storage yard and sunning ground M² 10000
Effluent treatment plant
Warehouse M² 10000
Pool M² 5000
Plant, boiler room and power
distribution roomM² 5000
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6.21
6.22Annual oil consumption of 14000 tons, among
which 50% are replaced by biogas.
6.23
6.24
6.3
6.31
6.32 PAM & PAC
6.4
6.41
6.42
6.5
6.51
6.52Annual oil consumption of 1000 tons, among
which 50% are replaced by biogas.
7
8
8.1
8.11
The seed expenses shall be paid for the first
cultivation, and the company shall cultivate
the seed in the future.
8..12
30% - 40% of the biological fertilizer shall be
offered by the biological fertilizer plant of the
project.
8..13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.2
8.21 $0.08/KW.h
8.22 $0.85/L
8.23 Labor USD 30
Power bill USD 18
Fuel expenses USD 70
Expenses of equipment maintenance
and repairUSD 25
Cassava starch and cassava flour plant
(dollar/Tons)138
Diesel expenses USD 50
Labor USD 250
Pesticide expenses USD 45
Mechanical expenses USD 90
Seed expenses USD 152
Fertilizer USD 350
Average cost per unit
Cassava plantation (dollar/hectare) 962
Heavy oil (fuel oil) Tons 500
Labor Quantity 1800
Biological organic fertilizer plant
project
Power consumption KW1 million kilowatt
hours
Power consumption KW3 million kilowatt
hours
Biological agent Tons 30
Chemical agent Tons 50
Biogas digester
Effluent treatment plant project
Power consumption KW4 million kilowatt
hours
Water consumption Tons 3 million M3
Fresh cassava Tons 800000 tons
Power consumption KW45 million kilowatt
hours
Heavy oil (fuel oil) Tons 7000
6.2
200000 cassava starch and cassava
flour
project
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8.24
8.25
8.3
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.4
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.5
8.51
8.52
8.53
8.54
8.55
9
9.1
9.1.1 Cost of 500 dollars/M²
9.1.2 Cost of 400 dollars/M²
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3 Cost of 400 dollars/M²
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.6
9.3 Starch plant USD 10000 1703.91
Road project USD 10000 150
Other projects USD 10000 80
Supporting project USD 10000 100
Irrigation and drainage project USD 10000 254
Agricultural machinery expenses USD 10000 703
Plantation project expenses USD 10000 2886
Facilities of living USD 10000 157.2
30000-hectare cassava plantation USD 10000 4173
Facilities of office and living USD 10000 247.2
Office building USD 10000 90
Expenses of equipment maintenance
and repairUSD 8
Total investment for project USD 10000 8227.98
Labor USD 30
Expenses of package material and
supporting materialUSD 12
Power bill USD 5
Fuel expenses USD 30
Expenses of equipment maintenance
and repairUSD 0.01
Biological organic fertilizer plant
(dollar/ton)85
Biological agent expenses USD 0.1
Labor USD 0.1
Biogas digester (dollar/M3) 0.37
Power bill USD 0.16
Labor USD 0.1
Expenses of equipment maintenance
and repairUSD 0.01
Power bill USD 0.2
Agent expenses USD 0.1
Expenses of equipment maintenance
and repairUSD 8
Effluent treatment plant (dollar/M³) 0.41
Expenses of package material and
supporting materialUSD 12
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9.3.1 Cost of 400 dollars/M²
9.3.2 Cost of 350 dollars/M²
9.3.3 Cost of 150 dollars/M²
9.3.5
9.3.6
9.3.7 33KV line
9.3.8
9.3.9
The design expenses shall be 2% of the total
investment, and the expenses of foreign
installation and commissioning shall be 12%
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
The design expenses shall be 2% of the total
investment, and the expenses of foreign
installation and commissioning shall be 12%
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
The design expenses shall be 2% of the total
investment, and
the expenses of foreign installation and
commissioning shall be 12%
9.6
9.6.2 Cost of 400 dollars/M2× 2500M2
2×50000-ton biological organic
fertilizer production line
Plants and infrastructures USD 10000 100
9.6.3
2-ton fuel steam boiler and air
heating
furnace
USD 10000 10
9.6.1 USD 10000 200
9.5.4Expenses of design, installation and
commissioningUSD 10000 105
Biological organic fertilizer plant USD 10000 364.8
Infrastructures and equipment USD 10000 160
Bacterial agents for cassava residue
biogas treatmentUSD 10000 30
Biogas digester USD 10000 855
2×25000M3 cassava residue anaerobic
tankUSD 10000 560
Bacterial agents for wastewater
treatmentUSD 10000 20
Expenses of design, installation and
commissioningUSD 10000 58.8
2×5000M3 anaerobic sewage tank USD 10000 300
Infrastructures and equipment USD 10000 100
Expenses of design, installation and
commissioningUSD 10000 209.25
Effluent treatment plant USD 10000 478.8
6000KV distribution facilities USD 10000 60
4×6 ton fuel steam boiler USD 10000 48
2×150t/d cassava starch production
lineUSD 10000 300
2×150t/d cassava flour production line USD 10000 300
Warehouse USD 10000 350
Pool, storage yard and sunning
ground, etc.USD 10000 236.66
Plant and construction facilities USD 10000 200
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9.6.4
The design expenses shall be 2% of the total
investment, and the expenses of foreign
installation and commissioning shall be 12%
9.7
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.7.4
9.8
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.3.1300 days of production period, considering
capital return in 3 months
10.3.2300 days of production period, considering
capital return in 3 months
10.3.3300 days of production period, considering
capital return in 3 months
10.3.4300 days of production period, considering
capital return in 3 months
11
11.1Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
11.1.1Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
11.1.2
.1
11.1.2
.2
11.2Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
Cassava starch plant Tons 100000
Cassava flour plant Tons 100000
29500 hectares of plantation area Tons 737500
500 hectares of improved cassava seed
cultivationTons 12500
Yield of fresh cassava per hectare Tons 25
Total annual yield of fresh cassava Tons 750000
Circulating capital for biological
organic fertilizer plantUSD 10000 212.5
Product programme
Circulating capitals for wastewater
treatment plantUSD 10000 36.9
Circulating capital for biogas plant USD 10000 33.3
Circulating capitals USD 10000 1048.6
Circulating capitals for starch plant USD 10000 765.9
Total investment for project USD 10000 8227.98
Interests during construction period USD 10000 760.35
Reserve cost USD 10000 78.23
Fund raising USD 10000 10036.93
Expenses of management of
construction unit (1.5%)USD 10000 117.34
Expenses of technological trainings USD 10000 35
Expenses of preparatory work (2%) USD 10000 83.46
Expenses of survey and design (2.5%) USD 10000 91.24
Expenses of design, installation and
commissioningUSD 10000 44.8
Other expenses of project construction USD 10000 327.04
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1.3 PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS
1.3.1 MAJOR MERITS OF THE PROJECT
Environmental and social benefits
The project adopts the development approach of sustainable economy of “cassava
plantation → cassava starch processing → cassava residue biogas → biological organic
fertilizer → plantation irrigation”. The approach fully shows the environmental
protection, ecological circulation and sustainability, with good ecological benefits. In
addition, the cassava in the project can be utilized during the economic cycle,
improving the reliability of the project.
Remarkable economic benefit
The project will offer good economic benefits for the cassava plantation, with average
net profit per hectare reaching USD 877.51, providing the follow-up industries with
sufficient raw materials. The proposed project is able to add more than 1800 local jobs,
improving their livelihood, promoting the development of other industries and
increasing the national tax revenues.
1.3.2 MAJOR WEAKNESS OF THE PROJECT
The yields of the fresh cassava influence greatly the development of the whole project.
According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, the yield of fresh
cassava per hectare is about 11 tons in Africa making the project not viable if the yield
is not improved. Therefore, the seeds and plantation are related to the cassava yield. It
11.3Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
11.4Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
11.5Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacity
12
12.1
According to the global market price and
KISUMU ex-factory price of cassava starch in
March 2014
12.2
12.3Normal years of after meeting the designed
production capacityAnnual sales revenue USD 10000 7265.63
Product lists of cassava starch and
cassava flourDollar/ton 387.5
Yield of cassava starch and cassava
flour10000 tons 18.75
Biological organic fertilizer plant Tons 100000
Sales revenue
Wastewater treatment plant M3/d 10000
Biogas digester M3/d 50000
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is necessary to set up stable cooperation with local peasant organizations in Kenya and
also introduce the improved seeds and technologies from China, Thailand, Vietnam and
Africa so as to ensure the cassava yield and realize the overall target of the project.
Fluctuation of market price greatly influences the cassava plantation industry. Over the
past few years, the global recession depresses the demands for cassava starch, which
also has some negative influences on the production of the starch, and the slow decline
price of cassava starch led to some business difficulties in starch production. But it will
not last long. Due to the sustainable economy of integrating cassava plantation —
cassava starch processing, the anti-risk capacity is promising. The cassava plantation
and starch processing may complement each other for a win-win result - gaining of
remarkable profits as well as improvement of the local livelihood of the peasants.
1.3.3 POSSIBILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THE PROJECT
I. The project promoter has technological foundation for the cultivation as well
as appropriate site selection.
II. The technological foundation will improve agricultural efficiency, promote the
development of rural economy and increase peasants’ revenues, which is an
important component to promote the agriculture and the structural
adjustment of the agricultural industry.
III. There are sufficient production data, and the base can be used as the primary
workshop of the “company”. In addition, the product market is potentially
great.
IV. The project shall be operated in the organization structure of “company +
base + staffs (peasants)”, and it is a modern agricultural base integrating
“technology, industry, agriculture and trade”. The operation structure
comprising of “trade-industry-agriculture & production-supply-marketing” is
adopted for business management.
In conclusion, the development of the project is aim at adjusting the agricultural
industry and product structure, growth of biological resources and development of
innovative industries, which will transform natural resources into an economic
advantage. This complies with the requirements of national industrial policies, with the
strategic principles of development of cassava in Kenya as well as the overall planning
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of the local agriculture and development of rural economy. It is also an important
action by the government at all levels to implement this poverty-relief strategy. The
implementation of the project not only has good economic benefits but also
remarkable social benefits. We are proposing this project in order to protect the
ecological environment and lay a solid foundation for the development of the cassava
industry in Kenya.
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2. MARKET ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION
2.1 PROJECT PRODUCT INTRODUCTION
The main products of the project comprises of 100,000-ton cassava starch, 100,000-ton
cassava flour as well as 100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer per annum.
2.2 PRODUCT SUPPLY AND DEMAND
2.2.1 DEMAND AND SUPPLY STATUS IN GLOBAL MARKET
As a tropical crop, cassava originally grows in Amazon of South America; together with
potato and sweet potato, they are known as three major tubers in the world. The
cassava is highly adaptive and capable of growing on marginal soils, less vulnerable to
pest and disease damages, drought-tolerant, with high yield and high quality. Cassava
offers a wide range of applications with good overall benefits and development
prospect, and provides important resources closely related to the national economy
and people's livelihood. Cassava is an important food crop in Africa, and there are
about 600 million people living on cassava. As an important industrial material, cassava
is able to be made into cassava starch, modified starch, cassava alcohol, sorbitol and
over 2000 products, which are widely used in the food, feed, medicine, paper making,
textile, brewing, and many other industries. In recent years, ethanol made of cassava
has been acclaimed by governments of many countries due to its environment
conservation. Among all the starches, cassava starch becomes popular due to its sound
physicochemical and processing properties such as low content of non-starch
impurities (the protein in cassava starch is 0.1%, while the protein in corn starch is
0.35%), low gelatinization point (52 - 64°C for cassava starch and 62 - 72°C for corn
starch), strong viscosity, stable and transparent paste, good film-forming property and
powerful permeability. Meanwhile, as a starch made of non-food-based material,
cassava starch can be significant to the safeguard of national food security and
alleviation of imbalance of energy supply and demand if it is widely applied.
In 2006, the global yields of cassava were 226 million tons. As the largest economic
crop in the world, cassava is mainly grown in Africa whereby the yield was 122 million
tons, accounting for 53% of the global yields. The major producers include Nigeria,
Congo, Mozambique and Ghana. The Asian yield was 67.01 million tons, accounting for
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29.7% of the global yields with the major producers including Thailand, Indonesia,
Vietnam, India, China, Cambodia and Philippine. The yields in Latin America and
Caribbean region were 37.93 million tons, accounting for 17.3% of the global yields,
and the major producers include Brazil, Paraguay, Columbia and Peru.
In 2005, the global trade volume of cassava was 7.92 million tons, reaching a market
value of USD 840 million. Most of the trades were dried cassava. The major exporters
include Thailand, Indonesia and major producers in Africa whilst the major importers
include China, South Korea, Japan, US and some European countries.
Since 1990s, there has been increasing demands for cassava on the global market due
to the rapid development of feed and starch industry. The insiders predict that the
global yield will reach 271 million tons by 2020, thus the market is has a huge potential
for growth.
2.2.2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND STATUS IN CHINESE MARKET
Cassava is mainly grown in Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong. By 2005, the
plantation areas across the nation reached 438,000 hectares. Guangxi is the largest
producer in China with annual yield of 8 million tons and plantation area of 260,000 –
270,000 hectares, accounting for 60% of the areas and yields in China.
The cassavas produced in China are mainly used for the production of starch and
alcohol which are applied in the areas of modified starch, monosodium glutamate,
sugar, pharmacy, noodles and paper making. The demand for starch is about 4 million
tons, while the demand for modified starch increased to 690,000 tons in 2000 from
208,000 tons in 1997. At present, the annual yield of modified starch in China is only
390,000 tons, far from meeting the demands of various industries. Cassava imports
have been on the rise year by year, reaching 1.5 million tons and the supply of cassava
starch in the Chinese market is still insufficient.
Since 2006, there has been an obvious increasing demand of cassava starch. In 2011,
the yield of cassava starch in China was 839,000 tons, an increase of 154.55% compare
to the previous year. But compared with Thailand, Vietnam and other countries in
southeast Asia, the China's yield per unit is still low and the harvest time is short (only
three months). China's yield still cannot meet the demands of the local starch industry,
and therefore it has to import over 2 million tons from Vietnam, Thailand and Burma
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every year.
2.3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION
2.2.3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION IN PRODUCT MARKET
From 1995 - 1997, the global trade volume of cassava products increased from 5.2
million tons to 6 million tons, but China only exports 400,000 tons per year, thus the
market share is less. EU has always been the largest importer of cassava products, but
since 1990, as the rapid development of feed industries in Japan, Taiwan and South
Korea as well as the emergence of global starch industries, the import volumes of
cassava in these countries have been on the rise. The industry predicts that from 1993
to 2020, the global consumption of cassava will increase by 1.68% each year. By 2020,
the number will hit 2.716 million tons. Therefore the global markets of cassava
products are huge potentials.
2.2.4 SUPPLY AND DEMAND PREDICTION IN CHINESE MARKET
In recent years, China's starch industry has been developing quickly, and the raw
materials are mainly corn and cassava. Due to the limitation of resources and other
overall factors, the yield of corn starch is far higher than that of cassava starch.
Although the price of cassava starch is slightly higher, the stronger viscosity, lower
protein, better film-forming property and powerful permeability makes modified starch
more competitive among other starches made of corn.
The growing demand means China will still face the imbalance of supply and demand in
the longer period. According to projections, the annual consumption of starches in
some industries in China is about 5 million tons. The market capacity of the related
industries for the modified starch is about 1 million tons and the market capacity to be
developed is close to 2 million tons.
China is a large producer of starch based on the obvious increase of their yields in
recent years. The yield reached 22 million tons in 2011 (See Table 1:), among which the
yield of corn starch accounting for 85%, cassava starch for 10% and starches made of
other tubers, grains and wild plants for 5%.
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Table 1: Development of China's Starch Industry
Rapid development of China's Starch Industry
Unit: 10,000 tons
Data source: China Starch Industry Association, Everbright Securities Study Institute
Table 2: Structure Figure of China's Starch Consumption
Data source: China Starch Industry Association, Everbright Securities Study Institute
The data show that China's market of cassava and cassava derivatives is far from saturation.
2.4 ANALYSIS ON TARGET MARKET OF PRODUCT
The target markets of the products are divided into three levels in the project: the main
39%
5%
5% 5% 11%
7%
10%
18%
Starch
Paper
Beer
Food
Medicine
Modified starch
Organic acid &chemical alcohol
Monosodiumglutamate
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target market will be China, i.e. supply of high-quality raw material of cassava starch to
China at the first level. Upon meeting the demand for starch, the surplus starches and
flours will be sold to the local enterprises at Kenya, i.e. Kenya market at the second
level and African, European and American markets at the third level.
The world food crisis in 2008 led to the sharp rise of food price in Africa, and many
countries were facing problems of food supply. In order to improve the agriculture
condition in Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) started the
research plan in 2009, aiming to develop the non-GMO agricultural products which are
more suitable to Africa. Peter Hartmann of IITA said that most countries are having
huge demands for cassava for industrial production, and China has become the largest
importer of cassava. Africa exports most of its yield to China each year although
cassava has been widely planted in Africa, it's still possible to export to other
continents.
2.5 ANALYSIS ON COMPETITIVENESS IN PRODUCT MARKET
2.5.1 MAJOR COMPETITORS
Major global competitors
At present, the major global competitors are the major producers and exporters in
Southeast Asia, Africa and America. However cassava products in the global market will
remain with imbalanced with demand exceeding supply and relatively competitive.
Therefore, there will be more cooperation for Chinese enterprises for the purpose of
creating a Kenya cassava brand to secure supplies to meet demands.
Major competitors in China
Cassava has been planted in Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and Yunnan, and the
yields account for 3.5% of the total yields in the world. China's cassava industries are
mainly distributed in Yunan and Guangxi. Because Chinese market will face the
imbalance of supply and demand for a long time, there will be no competition from
China. When the market reaches a stage where supply meets demands, this project
would have attained certain management experience and advantages to maintain its
competitiveness at the global stage. .
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2.5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPETITIVENESS IN PRODUCT MARKET
Advantages
1. Advantages of resources
The place where the project is located has good climate conditions. The tropical climate
is suitable for the cassava cultivation, the rich resources of land, road, water and labor
provide good conditions for cassava plantation;
2. Advantage of Undeveloped
The high-quality cassava varieties from Thailand, China and Africa, which will be
suitable for the local climate conditions combined with the advanced and developed
technologies of China and Thailand will be adopted. The success from these existing
countries will be used.
3. Advantages of scale benefit
A 500-hectare improved seed cultivation base will be set up at Kenya KISUMU initially
for the project, which will form the base to develop and cultivate 72,980 hectares
around KISUMU as well as promote the cultivation of improved cassava on
30,000-hectare of land.
4. Advantages of industry
To follow the development pattern of a sustainable economy, we will adopt the
improved cassava varieties and advanced management operation structure to build a
production plant for cassava starch and flour with yields of 200,000 tons, a biogas
digester with daily yield of 100,000 M3 as well as a biological organic fertilizer plant with
annual yield of 50,000 tons. This will enable to development of the enterprises, market
and extend the value chain of the industry.
5. Advantages of market
The cassava plantation in Kenya is not widely spread yet. The market access is easy and
it is far from saturation. Markets in Kenya, China, Europe and America demands huge
amounts of cassava products, and therefore the prospect for the market is huge.
Weaknesses
As the newly-emerged tropical crop industry, cassava lacks investment and support of
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scientific research as well as scientific staffs. There are fewer results due to poor
foundation of scientific promotion, and there are fewer cultivation areas of improved
cassava. For instance, during the years from 2000 to 2004, China's harvest areas only
increased by 4.6%, the yield per unit increased by 5.1% and the total yields increased by
9.9%. However, lots of African peasants still use the unimproved cassava, and they also
lack access to fertilizers and pesticides, therefore the yield per hectare is only 11 tons.
Therefore, the introduction of improved varieties and scientific cultivation is the tool to
overcome the weakness of cassava development in Africa.
2.5.3 ANALYSIS ON SHARE OF TARGET MARKET OF THE PRODUCT
By 2006, the global yield was 226 million tons, with 122 million tons coming from Africa
accounting for 53% of the global yield. The major producers include Nigeria, Congo,
Mozambique and Ghana.
According to the status of supply and demand in the market, the market share will be
analyzed on the basis of cultivation. The project accounts for 0.33% of the global share
and 0.61% of the African share.
2.6 ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCY
The development of the project will help realize the large-scale cultivation of special
biological resources as well as the industrial development. Meanwhile, on the basis of
“with the market as orientation, technology as the basis and benefit as the center”, we
will create additional value via processing and industrial relevance and promote the
development of sales and storage.
Related to the strategic goal of global ecological development
In the 21st century, the global ecological development aims are “worldwide spread of
greening, ecology development, separation of economic growth with environmental
degradation as well as realization of win-win results of environment and economy”. As
an agricultural project, the plantation may change the negative natural disaster to a
large extent, increase green coverage and fully realize the recycling of materials. It is
able to protect the ecological environment and gain the economic benefits.
The strategic development of biological resources in Africa and Kenya
The construction of the project complies with “Arid and Semi-arid Land in Kenya”
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sponsored by EU. The project has the agricultural technical route with the biological
technology and organic technology as the basis. The project fully demonstrates the
development concept of “greening and environmental protection”.
Products of special biological resources and direct industry
Cassava is the tropical crop, and the place where the project is located has the history
of cultivation. Cassava is the direct material of cassava starch, and the market prospect
is good, which will definitely promote the development of the starch processing
industry as well as the cultivation and scientific research of cassava.
Related industries driven by development
Cassava can be directly used for production of food, starch and alcohol, and the
modified starch can be used for the production of monosodium glutamate, sugar,
modified starch, medicine, noodle and paper. In addition, the cassava residues from
starch production can be used as the feeds for breeding industry, and the waste
residues may be used to produce biogas and organic fertilizer, which will promote the
development of the breeding industry.
For this project, the 30,000-hectare cassava will promote a 200,000-ton processing
plant for cassava starch and flour, and the residues from the plant will be used for
wastewater treatment and biogas digester with daily yield of 50,000 M3 as well as the
production of green and recycling biological resources. The residues from effluent
treatment and biogas digester can be used to produce the biological organic fertilizer
which will be used for cassava plantation.
Figure 2 – 1 Schematic Diagram of Related Industries Driven by the Project
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3. DEVELOPMENT SIZE AND PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
3.1 PROJECT COMPONENTS
The project consists of five functional regions: one cultivation region of high-quality and
high-yield cassava plantation, one improved seed cultivation base with a total area of
30,000 hectares, one deep-processing industrial region for cassava (200,000-ton plant
for cassava starch and flour), one green industrial region (2×5000M3/d effluent plant
and 2×25000M3/d biogas digester), and one 100,000-ton biological organic fertilizer
plant.
Cassava plantation region
This occupies approximately 29,500 hectares. It is located at Kenya KISUMU, which will
be used for the production of fresh cassava and managed by our experts and
technicians initially before locals are trained to manage eventually.
Cassava improved seed cultivation base
This will occupy 500 hectares, which is going to introduce and preserve the improved
seeds, enabling the development team to adjust the cultivation structure and varieties
according to the conditions of market and research results. This will also help prevent
the sudden outbreak of natural disaster and plant diseases and insect pests which may
influence severely the cassava cultivation, alleviate the seed crisis and safeguard the
normal production of cassava. The improved seed cultivation base is at Kano Plain,
which will be managed by our experts.
Industrial region for deep-processing of cassava
This will occupy 15 hectares, which is primarily the processing part of the project
supporting the 30,000-hectare cultivation. We will establish the production line for
cassava starch and flour with annual yield of 200,000 tons so as to meet the demands
of the starch market in the world.
Green industrial region
This will occupy 15 hectares, mainly dealing with the high-concentration of organic
effluents from the processing of cassava. The biochemical treatment process combining
anaerobic and aerobic will ensure the water quality and be able to protect the
ecological environment. To establish 2 units of 5000M3/d wastewater treatment
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systems, we will not only treat the effluents and protect the environment, but also
utilize the waste materials and generate huge amounts of biogas to offer clean and
green renewable biological energy for cost saving. Meanwhile, in order to meet and
replace the mineral energies required for the production process and utilize the waste
straws from cassava plantation, 2 units of 25,000M3/d biogas digesters will be set up to
produce cheap, clean and green biogas energies. All these processes will create the
economy of green and ecological sustainability and improve the reliability of the
project.
Biological organic fertilizer plant
This will occupy 10 hectares, which is mainly used for cassava residue and sludge
(derived from cassava processing), effluent treatment and biogas digester to produce
efficient biological organic fertilizer and supply of fertilizers required for cultivation of
cassava on 30,000 hectares land. We will setup 2 production lines of biological organic
fertilizer with annual yield of 50,000 tons to meet the demand of application of
fertilizer for cassava cultivation.
3.2 DEVELOPMENT SIZE OF PROJECT
3.2.1 CASSAVA PLANTATION
Three Chinese high-yield cassava varieties and three local varieties will be used in the
cultivation area, and the six high-quality varieties will be cultivated.
I. In the first and second year that the project is implemented, 2,500 hectares will
be cultivated for each variety; the cultivation area of each variety will be
expanded by 15 - 18% of the overall planning areas each year;
II. The project will reach the target of 30,000 hectares 5 years later, with 5,000
hectares for each variety.
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Table 3-1 Plantation and Size of Cassava
3.2.2 CASSAVA IMPROVED SEED CULTIVATION
The improved seed cultivation base will be located at Kano Plain, mainly including
cultivation land and production management rooms, with the total area of 500
hectares. The base is able to provide 22.5 tons of high-quality seeds per hectare each
year, with an estimated total of 11,250 tons per year.
According to the requirement of 1.5 tons seeds per hectare, we will be able to increase
the new cultivation area by 75%, i.e. meeting the requirements of seeds for 7,500
hectares land. In addition, the cassava seeds on original cultivation land can be
reserved for reproduction of seed stems, which may be used for cultivation in the
following year.
3.2.3 PROCESSING OF CASSAVA
The 750,000-ton of fresh cassava from processing industrial region will be used as the
raw materials to produce 100,000-ton high-quality cassava starch and 100,000-ton
cassava flour.
3.2.4 SEWAGE AND BIOGAS PROJECT
To support the processing of cassava, the sewage and biogas systems deals with the
effluents to discharge after meeting the quality standard and protect ecological
environment, while generating clean and green biological energy - biogas. The project
is able to deal with 10,000 M3 effluents, fully meeting the requirements of the effluents
treatment of cassava processing. Meanwhile, 50,000 – 60,000 M3 biogas will be
generated to replace some mineral energy. In addition, the biogas produced by the
Variety QuantityConstruction
sizeNote
Huanan 10# Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, China
Huanan 8# Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, China
Huanan 5# Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, China
Karembo (KME-08-05) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya
Karibuni (KME-08-01) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya
Nzalauka (KME-08-06) Hectare 5000 Final cultivation target, Kenya
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50,000 M3/d biogas digester will replace about 50% of the fuel oils, which is economic
and environmental friendly.
3.2.5. BIOLOGICAL ORGANIC FERTILIZER
The biological organic fertilizer plant is a supporting component for the processing of
cassava. It is design to promote “utilization of waste and recycle waste material” - the
waste straws from cassava cultivation, cassava residues from processing as well as the
sludge from effluent treatment and biogas project will be utilized to produce the
biological organic fertilizer required for cassava plantation. The system is able to offer
100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizers each year to vastly improve the local soil
conditions and benefit the farmers.
3.3 PRODUCT PROGRAMME
The high-quality variety is the safeguard for the cassava high yield and stable
production supply. The six varieties to be used in the project are widely used in China
and Kenya, featuring strong adaptiveness, high yield and high starch content.
The project is located at the south of southern tropic regions, which are the tropical
climate regions. The climate is good for the growth of cassava and almost all varieties
can be cultivated here. Quality principles for the variety selection includes yield, starch
content, adaptiveness, resistance, mature period, intercropping requirement and
difficulty of wide spread.
In addition, for the purpose of intercropping requirement, yield rate and avoidance of
launch in the market at the same time so as to manage the impact of fresh cassava
price in the market, the project adopts the combination of early-maturing,
mid-maturing and late-maturing at 2:2:2. The early-maturing uses Huanan 8# and
Nzalauka (KME-08-06), the early-mid-maturing uses Hunan 10#, mid-maturing uses
Karembo (KME-08-05), mid-late-maturing uses Huanan 5# and late-maturing uses
Karibuni (KME-08-01). The cultivation areas for the six varieties are same, accounting
for 15 - 18% of the planned area each year.
3.3.1 PROJECT PRODUCT
The product is fresh cassava, and the theoretical yield of the six varieties will be 20 - 40
tons per hectare. In consideration of the cultivation technologies, soil fertility and
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climate change in Africa, the yield per hectare will be calculated as 25 tons, and the
annual yield will reach 75 - 80 tons after reaching 30,000-hectare cultivation size.
After the treatment by the advanced and reliable processing technologies, we expect to
produce 200,000 tons of cassava starch and flour. The straws, residues and effluents
during the cassava cultivation and production will be able to provide green biogas.
Therefore, it is able to produce 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer required for
cassava cultivation.
3.3.2 PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCT QUALITY
Principles of product quality of fresh cassava includes free of mud, sand, root hair,
xylem and other foreign materials. The starch content of the fresh cassava shall be over
25%, cellulose 4%, protein 1%, others 3% and water 65%.
The above six varieties have the features of high content of starch. The quality principle
of the final product shall be starch content 25% - 32%, and the yield will be 4 - 6%
higher than other traditional varieties. In addition, the root is about 33% - 42%, and
hydrocyanic acid is low at 4 - 17 mg per hectogram; the low toxicity makes it applicable
to the production of cassava starch and flour.
Quality principle for cassava starch and flour includes over 85% starch, over 90%
whiteness, over 650BU viscosity and below 14% water. The product quality fully
complies with the international standard, applicable to various industries and
competitive to other first-class cassava starch products.
The biological organic fertilizer products are able to adjust the lacking microelements
and chemical elements as per the actual soil conditions at the plantation area so as to
maximize the efficiency and protect land resources.
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4. SITE CONDITIONS
4.1 PROJECT LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION
Project location
The project will comply with the requirements of local planning of national economic
development, industrial layout and control target of ecological environment as well as
meeting the requirements of construction and production of the project.
Site selection
The site is selected by considering the factors of climate, topography, hydrology, soil,
traffic, infrastructure and supporting facilities as well as local labor resources and other
overall factors.
4.2 DEVELOPMENT SITE AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The development site is located at Kano Plain in the south part of Kenya KISUMU:
eastern 34°53′55.7″ and southern 0°7′7.1. The headquarter is located at KISUMU, 25
km from KISUMU province, 10 km from the rail station and 820 km from the
international seaport.
4.3 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION
4.3.1 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION WHERE THE PROJECT IS LOCATED
The project is located at Kenya KISUMU, with available land area of 72,980 hectares
(including wetland) and 50,000 – 73,000 hectares are cultivation land. The status of
land utilization is under Table 4-1.
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Table 4 – 1 Status of Land Utilization in KISUMU
4.3.2 STATUS OF LAND UTILIZATION WHERE THE PROJECT IS LOCATED
Kano Plain owns the land area of hectares and the cultivated land area of
hectares. Among which: land for tropical crop hectares, wood land of
hectares and other cultivated lands of hectares. Centered around Kano Plain,
there are lands that can be used for cassava cultivation. The land resources
are abundant. The cultivated land for cassava at Kano Plain is under Table 4 - 2.
Table 4 - 2 Status of Cultivated Land for Cassava at Kano Plain
Area
(hectare)Percentage of total area (%)
Cultivation land
Garden plot
Woodland
Grassland
Other farming land
Land for residency and
independent mining
Traffic
Water conservancy facilities
Empty land
Other lands
Land type
3. Empty land
Total land areas by end of 2014
1. Farming land
2. Construction land
Empty land
Hillside land (hectare)Fallow land
(hectare)Waste grassland (hectare)
Total
Land type
Farming land (including flat acrid land and
terrace land)
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4.4 CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
4.4.1 SOLAR ENERGY
The project is located at central Africa, east of Victoria Nyanza and north of southern
tropic. The sunshine and sunlight are abundant with average sunlight time of 2482 -
3212 hours per year, which are required for the photosynthesis and formation of
nutrients. The conditions are conductive to the growth of cassava as well as formation
of root.
4.4.2 TEMPERATURE, ACCUMULATED TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
I. The average temperature is 22.1 - 22.6°C; the average temperatures in cold
months are 14 - 18°C and 31.3°C in hot months.
II. The annual average relative humidity is 65%.
Cassava cultivation in China is often influenced at the seeding stage and mature &
harvest period. The low temperature often influences the seeding at the seeding stage,
while frost or chilling damage often influence at the mature & harvest period. The
region where the project is located has sufficient sunlight, free of frost in the year all
round. The cultivation and harvest is available during the whole year, which is suitable
for the regions where the cassava is cultivated.
4.4.3 PRECIPITATION
The areas of cassava cultivation have adequate rainfall and good moisture environment.
But Africa suffers little rain and more droughts; the average precipitation at project
region is 1179 - 1409 mm per annum. It rains mainly in March, April, May, November
and December with the rainfall accounting for 70% of the total amount in a year. The
dry season lasts from June to October.
4.4.4 WIND
The southeast monsoon is the predominant wind direction, with average speed of
1.2m/s. The calm winds are more frequent. It is good to the cassava growth, and the
region is free of adverse weather such as typhoon.
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4.4.5 CLIMATE DISASTERS
Drought
Due to less rainfall, drought will appear from June to October every year, particularly
after two consecutive years of drought, the second year of drought is more severe, with
many mountain streams and small rivers drying up and large areas of severe water
shortage.
Flood
The flood often appears in April and May. The drought could be effectively alleviated
and the flood could be prevented via collection and analysis of climate information as
well as improvement of construction of water conservation facilities. In conclusion, the
climate here is optimal for the normal growth of the cassava.
4.5 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY CONDITIONS
The project is located at Kano Plain of Victoria Nyanza, Kenya KISUMU. The plain is
1,156m above the sea level.
4.6 HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS
Nyando River goes through the project region, crossing KISUMU of Nyanza and Nyanda
regions. Nyando has good volume of runoff and good water quality. The light and heat
in good condition makes it able to develop tropical economic crops and ensure
sufficient water for production.
4.7 SOIL CONDITIONS
The soils are mainly black cotton soil (tuff), red sand and laterite with good fertility. The
parent material is formed at upper Permian of Triassic Period. The representative
section of natural soil has % organic material, % total nitrogen and PH.
During the management of cultivation, the reasonable formula fertilization shall be
implemented as per the soil nutrient conditions and nutrient diagnosis so as to
promote the rapid growth of cassava.
In addition, the project area and surrounding area are free of soil pollution, which is
conductive to the cultivation of cassava.
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4.8 TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
The project is located at southeast of KISUMU, about 10 km from the rail station. The
asphalt road connects the project area. Villages in the area are connected by roads.
These conditions provide suitable logistics and transportation solutions.
4.9 LABOR RESOURCE CONDITION
Quantity and level of agricultural technicians
There are already successful experience of cassava plantation and industrial
development in the project area, and the Chinese experts provided technical supports.
Quantity and quality of agricultural labor resource, per capita cultivated land and
income
The population of KISUMU is 400,000. The areas could be used to develop cassava are
73,000 hectares. The areas are having sufficient labor and land resources. Africa has the
history of cassava cultivation, and it is growing cassavas now, which constitute a good
foundation to promote further cultivation on a large scale.
Table 4~3 Basic information of KISUMU
Economic income in
total (10000 dollars)Population
Per capita
net income
(dollar)
Per capita grain (kg)
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5. TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT, AND ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
5.1 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
5.1.1 TECHNOLOGY ROUTE OF CASSAVA CULTIVATION
After nearly 200 years of evolution, especially the last ten years of scientific and
technological progress, the traditional cassava cultivation techniques have been
gradually improved and enhanced, initially comprising of a realistic cassava breeding
and planting technology system. This technical system primarily includes cassava
breeding techniques, cassava purebred cultivation techniques, and inter-cultivation
techniques. The project is designed in accordance with this technical regulations and
standards during the implementation process.
5.1.2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF SEEDLINGS AND SEED FARMS
Variety selection principles
Variety selection is in strict accordance with the relevant regulations and standards of
the Chinese state principles. The state recommended varieties that are suitable for
cultivation in Africa are preferred, with comprehensive consideration of yield, starch
content, adaptability, resistance, maturity, intercropping requirements, as well as the
difficulty degree of large-scale promotion.
Proposed varieties
Varieties are chosen from the promoted productive varieties from Ministry of
Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. For unapproved new varieties, production
is prohibited. The project area is located at the southern Tropic of Capricorn region,
with a tropical climate, which can be planted with early, medium, and late varieties. The
following six Chinese and Kenya superior cassava varieties are proposed to be planted,
Huanan 10#, South China 8#, Huanan 5#, Karembo (KME-08-05), Karibuni (KME-08-01),
and Nzalauka (KME-08-06).
I. Huanan 10#
Variety source:
Huanan 10# is a high-yielding variety of starch bred by Chinese Academy of Tropical
Agricultural Sciences in 2006.
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Characteristics
The variety has a tall plant, compact plant type, thick stem diameter, high top branch
site, and small bifurcation angle, which is usually forked into 3 pieces. The variety has
light green edge on the top stems, off-white outer bark, and light green endothelia. The
variety has small leaves, light green line lobes and petioles. It has shallow centralized
palmate-stretching tuber, with thick and uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high,
with white and smooth skin. It has white endothelia and meat. The dry matter holds 39
to 42 percent, while starch holds 30 to 32 percent, with low hydrogen cyanide. The
variety has good tolerance for fertilizer, high yield, strong adaptability, good root and
leaf yield, which is one of the high-yield, high-quality new varieties with combined use
of root stock and leaves.
Production performance
The variety has good tuber performance, higher yield per plant, and is more suitable for
intermediate fertility soil cultivation. It has high yield, high powder, and low toxicity. It
can generally produce 30 to 45 tons per hectare.
Cultivation techniques
1. It is a late-maturing variety, which can be harvested 10 months after planting.
When the temperature is stable and more than 16°C, it can be grown. It can be
intercropped in long-term seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.
2. Asexual reproduction can be done with the stem, choosing complete upper and
middle seeds with enriched medulla as sprouts. We will cut the stems to 15 to 20
cm long pieces, and then flat plant them in holes with straight or tilted insert.
Thereafter, they are covered with shallow soil and the depth of the insert should be
2/3 of the length.
3. The spacing is 0.8 × 1.0 m. Due to the compact plant type, it can be close planted
with good soil fertility in order to increase the yield per unit area. As a result, the
planting space should be 1.0×1.2 m.
II. Huanan 8#
Variety source
Huanan 8# is a high-yielding variety of starch bred by Chinese Academy of Tropical
Agricultural Sciences in 2006, and an excellent variety for breeding.
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Characteristics
The variety has high top branch site and short branches. It is a compact plant type. Its
leaf lobes are dark green lanceolate, with green petiole and dense leaf sections. Its
mature stems have gray-green skin and dark green endothelium. It has centralized
tuber, with uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high, normally with fastigiated
shape. It has yellow-white smooth skin and white endothelia. It is precocious, with good
adaptability, wind tolerance, drought tolerance, and cold tolerance. With good yields of
roots and stems, it is one of the high-yield, high-quality new varieties with combined
use of root stock and leaves.
Production performance
The variety is an early-maturing variety, which can be harvested 7-8 months after
regular cultivation. It can generally produce 30 to 45 tons per hectare, with roots dry
matter content of about 38-42% and starch content of 31-33%. It is a popularized
variety with good production and quality.
Cultivation techniques
1. It can be planted in areas with a mean annual temperature above 16°C or frost-free
period longer than six months. It can be contiguously planted in short gentle hill,
mountain valleys, and marginal land. And it can be intercropped in long-term
seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.
2. Asexual reproduction can be done with the stem, choosing complete upper and
middle seeds with enriched medulla as sprouts. We will cut the stems to 15 to 20
cm long pieces, and then flat plant them in holes with straight or tilted insert.
Thereafter, they are covered with shallow soil and the depth of the insert should be
2/3 of the length.
3. The spacing is 0.8 × 0.8 m. Due to the upright and compact plant type, top branch
site, and short branches; it can be close planted with good soil fertility in order to
increase the yield per unit area. As a result, the planting space should be 1.0×1.2 m.
III. Huanan 5#
Variety source
Hunan 5# is clonal descendants of cassava ZM8625 × SC8013F1 from Chinese Academy
of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in 1990, which has been widely demonstrated and
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recommended in Province Hainan, Yunnan and Guangxi, China.
Characteristics
Its plant height is 1.5 - 2.0m. It has earlier top bifurcation, lower bifurcation site, and
large bifurcation angle. It is in an umbrella plant type, with high yield of foliage and
tuber. The feed rate is also high. It has palmatipartite single leaf alternate, with 5-7
linear to lanceolate lobes. Its petiole is red with green. It is panicle with scattered stalks.
It has androgynous flowers with no wreath. It has 5 pink sepals and oblong capsule fruit.
It has prolate brown or dark brown seeds, which are kidney-shaped with a hard seed
coat and brown markings. As a result of hybrid, it cannot be used in production, with
the original species from stalk production. It has shallow centralized palmate-stretching
tuber, with thick and uniform size. The rate of large cassavas is high, with pale yellow
skin and pink endothelia.
Production performance
The variety is an early-maturing variety, with a high yield, strong adaptability, drought
tolerance, barren resistance, and no epidemic diseases. It can generate a production
volume of 45 to 75 tons fresh cassavas, 30 to 35 tons stem and leaves per hectare. Its
root dry matter content is about 37-42% and fresh cassava starch content is about
28-32%, with 9-17% crude protein in leaves. With good yields of roots and stems, it is
one of the high-yield, high-quality forage-type new varieties with combined use of root
stock and leaves.
Cultivation techniques
1. It can be planted in areas with a mean annual temperature above 16°C or frost-free
period longer than six months. It can be contiguously planted in short gentle hill,
mountain valleys, and marginal land. And it can be intercropped in long-term
seedling garden, or intercropped with short-term crops.
2. Asexual reproduction can be done with the stem, choosing complete upper and
middle seeds with enriched medulla as sprouts. We will cut the stems to 15 to 20
cm long pieces, and then flat plant them in holes with straight or tilted insert.
Thereafter, they are covered with shallow soil and the depth of the insert should be
2/3 of the length.
3. The spacing is 1.0 × 1.0 m. Due to the plant type and large umbrella-shape head; it
cannot be close planted with good soil fertility to avoid the effect of shadowing. In
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order to increase the yield per unit area, the planting space should be 1.2×1.2 m.
IV. Karembo (KME-08-05)
Variety source
Karembo (KME-08-05) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.
Characteristics
It has low plants and split branches. It is barren-resistant and drought-resistant. It has
antiviral ability towards brown streak.
Production performance and cultivation techniques
It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested eight
months after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons of fresh cassava per hectare.
V. Karibuni (KME-08-01)
Variety source
Karibuni (KME-08-01) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.
Characteristics
It has tall plants, which is suitable for crop intercropping. It is barren-resistant and
drought-resistant. It has antiviral ability for brown streak.
Production performance and cultivation techniques
It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested 8-12
months after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons fresh cassava per hectare.
VI. Nzalauka (KME-08-06)
Variety source
Nzalauka (KME-08-06) is a new cassava variety in Kenya.
Characteristics
It is very suitable for crop interplanting with straight stems crops. It is barren-resistant
and drought-resistant. It has antiviral ability for brown streak.
Production performance and cultivation techniques
It is a late-maturing high-yield variety of sweet cassava. It can be harvested 6-8 months
after plantation, with generally 50-70 tons fresh cassava per hectare.
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Specimen, storage, selection, and processing of seedlings
I. Specimens and storage of cassava seed stems (seedlings)
In plantation, cassava mainly use stems as seeds. The quality of seed stems, to a large
extent, determines its growing condition after seeding and cassava production. The
whole plant should be pulled out with root stock and then cut. Or cassava could be
harvested with specialized tools to get a whole body, and then be cut with a sharp knife
at the junction of the head and roots. Attention to the shipping process is necessary
because the cassava stem is more vulnerable with tender skin, and the epidermis is
likely to be damaged, resulting in bacteria invasion and the occurrence of mildew. The
cassavas should be carefully strapped, and the strapping should be not too bulky.
During the process, carefully handling is necessary to avoid bruising. In case of frost or
chilling weather, the cassavas should be covered to avoid freezing of seedling stems.
The annual average temperature in the project area is 22.1°C, frost-free, with warm
climate. Cassava stems can be stored with the open-air method, with vertical or lateral
stacking arrangement. For the vertical stacking method, humid ground is selected and
loosened the soil with a hoe. Afterwards, cassava stems are directly stacked vertically
(even better if can be stacked together with cassava heads) so that the cassava stems
can be close to the surface of the base and properly earthed up. The lateral stacking
method is basically the same except for that cassava stems are laterally stacked. But it
should be wary of proper ventilation to avoid stuffing seedling stems at high
temperatures.
II. Selection and processing of cassava seedlings
Fully mature stout cassava stems, with short internodes, intact bark, robust full buds,
vivid color, enriched stem pith with rich water, and no pests, are required for excellent
cassava seedlings. Among them, those cassavas with the lower stem sections with a
diameter of 3 - 4cm are the best. They have strong ability in germination after planting
and high yield.
When planting, the stem should be cut with fast knifes. The stems should be cut with a
smooth slope mouth, without cracking, to prevent bacteria contamination, which will
affect emergence. The length of stems will affect the germination rate, which is closely
related to production. Too long a stem will result in large stem mass, while too short a
stem will affect the germination and yield. The length of the stem is dependent on the
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seed varieties as well as the stem thickness. Generally, each stem should keep 3-5 buds
and as long as 15-20 cm. The seed quantity per hectare is about 1,500 kg.
Chopped stems generally need disinfection. Disinfection is conducted with 500 times
Bordeaux mixtures or 1% carbendazim solution for 3-5 minutes before sowing, which
prevents virus infection and improve drought resistance and early germination. 75 g
‘Quick kill’ or ‘wide kill’ with 50 kg water can also be used before sowing. They are
mixed with the right amount of soil into mud and painted on both stem ends. It can be
used to control termites, cutworm, and other soil pests.
5.1.3 CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF PLANTING BASE
Choosing and preparing land
Cassavas can grow well and gain high yield with loose soil, good permeability, plenty of
sun, deep soil, abundant organic matter, especially soil with relatively high potassium
and phosphorus. Soil with high manganese nodules should be avoided. Cassavas cannot
grow well on excessively barren lands, or land with too many gravels or water. Cassava
is a root crop with deep roots. For its growth and development, especially during the
process of root elongation and enlargement, a deep and loose plow layer is required.
Soil preparation should be built on different terrains. For mountain forest, soil and
water conservation should be given attention to during cultivation. For mountains with
angles greater than 15 degrees, it is better to open a bench terrace for cultivation as to
avoid steep slopes. Grassy slopes should be fully reclaimed 2 to 3 months before
planting, while gentle slopes less than 10 degrees can be plowed with machines. Hills
and mountains are rugged, with small plots, which can be plowed by livestock or
cultivated on lands around mountains. For the slopes above 20 degrees, lands around
mountains should be developed for cassava cultivation. In addition, it should be
equipped with grass isolation belt against soil erosion, which is much effective.
Basal fertilizer
Cassava growth and development are based on a variety of nutrients, including
micronutrients. Cassava has a demand for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with
an approximate ratio of 2:1:3. Cassava has a larger demand for potassium, especially
during root elongation and enlargement. As a result, for the potassium-deficient region,
it will gain better yield with reasonable potassium fertilization. In addition, most
cassavas grow in areas of dry land, slopes, hills and mountains, etc. The irrigation
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conditions are relatively poor, and largely dependent on rainfall. Under such conditions,
using fertilizer as basal fertilizer in the soil can keep continuing nutriment for the
growth and development of cassava.
Basal fertilizer is comprised of inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The amount of
fertilizer per hectare is: manure 2.75 ton; phosphate 125 kg; compound fertilizer 50 kg.
Planting
Cassava is a tropical crop. It can be planted when the temperature stabilizes at above
12°C. It will germinate after sowing when the soil temperature reaches 14-16°C, and
rapidly sprout when the temperature is above 18°C.
Cultivation patterns
Cassava cultivation patterns include flat, slanting, and straight insert.
Flat: This method can produce cassavas all around. It is shallow and easy to harvest. But
its cassavas are all embedded in soil, with poor permeability and difficult germination,
which can lead to vacant patch and poor wind-resistance.
Slanting: This method has fast emergence and high germination rate, which can ensure
the emergence of all seedlings. Its cassavas stretch toward the same direction, which is
easy to harvest. Nonetheless, it has poor wind-resistance.
Straight insert: This method has early emergence and neat seedlings. Its cassavas are
deeply buried in soil with good wind-resistance. However its cassavas have non-uniform
size and need more planting labor; as a result, it is difficult to harvest and less used in
large-scale production.
Cultivation methods
When planting, the stems should be cut with a sharp knife. The appropriate length is
15-20 cm. The seed pieces should be straight or inserted in the hole at an angle, with a
shallow layer of soil. The planting density depends on the soil fertility and intercropping
requirements. When the soil is fertile, the intercropping density can be high, and vice
versa. Generally, 10,000 to 15,000 plants per hectare, on average, are appropriate, with
no more than 24,000 plants. The row spacing is mostly 1 × 0.8m or 0.8 × 0.8m.
Growth stages of different cassava varieties are significantly different. The
early-maturing varieties have a growing period of 6-7 months, middle-maturing
varieties of 7-8 months, and late-maturing varieties of 9-10 months. Therefore, the
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cassava plantation time should be reasonably arranged according to the selected
species, in order to get enough time for high yield. The project area is located in the
southern tropical Capricorn regions, which belong to tropical regions. The proposed six
varieties cover the early, middle and late-maturing varieties.
Planting density
Different species have different growth habits. For example, some varieties have low
and straight plants, with unbranched or short-branched head and concentrated tuber.
These varieties can be planted densely. Some varieties have tall plants, with
low-branching parts, and long branches. Some branches have secondary or three-stage
branches. They also have a long growing season. As a result, they should be planted
sparsely. Some varieties have a short growing season and should be planted densely.
Comparing with normal cultivation, intercropping may be appropriately planted
sparsely. If the soil is fertile, the cultivation can be appropriately spread and vice versa.
Planting density can be divided into three categories in production:
I. Sparse-cultivation categories:
This category should be planted in fertile soil with plenty of fertilizer. The plants have
tall plants, good yield potential per plant and for use of late-maturing varieties. The
planting density is 7,500-9,000 plants /ha, with spacing of about 1.1 × 1.1m. If the
average yield is 8 kg, the total yields will be up to 60 tons per hectare. Peanuts, soy or
watermelons can be interplanted. If the average yield is 6 kg, the total yields can be up
to 45 tons per hectare. That is 20 to 30 tons per hectare watermelons can be harvested.
II. Medium-density cultivation categories:
The planting density is 10,000 to 12,000 per hectare, with spacing of about 1 × 0.9m.
Such density is suitable for soil with medium fertility and medium fertilizer. These
plants generally have normal growth and are divided as medium- or late-maturing
varieties. If the average yield per plant is 4 kg or more, the total yields can be up to 45
tons per hectare. 2-3 lines of peanuts and soy can be interplanted.
III. High-density cultivation categories:
The planting density is 15,000 - 18,000 per hectare, with spacing of about 0.8 × 0.8m,
which can also be interplanted with soybeans and peanuts.
Cassava production is constituted by the total number of trees per unit area and the
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average yield per plant. During the evaluation of plant production, the average yield per
plant cannot be evaluated alone, which may result from low density and the total yield
may be not high. Rational close planting can achieve high yield by coordinating relations
between individuals and groups.
Filling the gaps with seedlings or thinning
Cassava seedlings often suffer vacant patch after planting due to long storage, water
loss, slender stem, too short cuttings, or climate reasons, such as low temperature,
drought, excessive rain, and excessive humidity. Under normal circumstances, cassava
generally has a vacant patch rate of about 10%. Therefore, it is better to keep some
seedlings when planting seedlings. The way for keeping seedlings is as follows. After
planting according to the row space, 10% of well-cut stem seedlings are planted with
high-density at the edge, which can be used to fill the gaps in case of deficiency. In
order to ensure the full seedlings, filling the gaps should be timely, usually beginning at
20 days after planting and completing within 30 days.
After planting, cassava usually has two to four or more unearthed buds. There will be a
number of main stems per hole, which will cause shading and consumption of nutrients.
As a result, it should be thinned timely. Thinning is generally done when the plant is as
high as 15-20 cm. It is best to keep 1-2 seedlings per hole.
Intertillage and weeding
Cassava had wide spacing, with slow early-growth and long seedling period. If weeding
is not done timely, cassava growth will be severely inhibited as weeds are easy to grow
with cassava. Cassava can develop well as the root needs loose soil and aeration as well
as good topsoil. The first weeding should be conducted generally 30 to 40 days after
planting, when the height is 15 to 20 cm. The second weeding should be conducted
generally 60 to 70 days after planting. The weeding frequency should be increased if
there is too much rain and weeds grow too fast. The management of the early-growth
is of great importance after three months of cassava plantation. Weeding is the key to
cassava production guarantee.
Weeding of large-scale cassava cultivation can be done with chemical methods.
Optional herbicides include Gramoxone and Beaphar. 2500-3000ml Gramoxone and
300-450ml Beaphar per hectare can eliminate the risk of weeds. Chemical herbicides
are commonly used in the dry weather, which can maintain rare weeds for two to three
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months. After death, dead weeds cover the natural ground, which can limit sun and
temperature conditions for weed seeds on the lower layer of dead weeds and topsoil.
They can inhibit germination and effectively control the growth of weeds. Meanwhile,
the weeds-covered soil surface can be better protected against erosion, playing the role
of water retention, and can be enhanced with drought resistance and soil fertility. The
weeds-covered soil surface is also helpful for ventilation, which is in favor of cassava
root enlargement and improving yields.
Fertilization
In the past, it was considered that cassava was easy to be cultivated with good
barren-resistance and no need of fertilization. That is in the case of extensive
cultivation. Scientific fertilization is recommended to increase yield.
In addition to large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, cassava needs
larger amounts of calcium and magnesium, and a small amount of trace elements, such
as boron, copper, manganese, zinc and others. For one ton of root stock, about 2.3 kg
nitrogen, 4.1 kg potassium, 0.5 kg phosphorus, 0.6 kg calcium, 0.3 kg of magnesium and
other trace elements are absorbed from the soil.
The principle of fertilization for cassava involves plenty of basal fertilizer with
reasonable top application. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are used in
conjunction. Organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be favored in basal
fertilizer. The requirements are 2.75 tons of organic fertilizer, 125 kg of phosphate
fertilizer, and 50 kg of compound fertilizer per hectare. Chemical fertilizer should be
favored in the top application. There are generally three times of top application,
including seedling fertilizer, fruiting fertilizer, and enlargement fertilizer. The seedling
fertilizer should give priority to nitrogen-fertilizer, at 30-40 days after planting, when
the height is 20-30 cm. The requirements are 100 kg urea, 50 kg compound fertilizer,
and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare. The fruiting fertilizer should give priority to
potassium fertilizer with timely nitrogen at 60-80 days after planting. The requirements
are 25 kg urea, 50 kg compound fertilizer, and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare.
They are usually given at 90-120 days after planting. The enlargement fertilizer is much
better, which can promote root enlargement and starch accumulation. The
requirements are 12.5 kg urea and 37.5 kg potassium chloride per hectare. In practice,
all the fertilizers can be implemented once a month after planting. The requirements
are 2.75 tons organic fertilizer, 50 kg urea, 100 kg compound fertilizer, 50 kg phosphate
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fertilizer and 50 kg potassium chloride per hectare.
Among all kinds of nutrients, cassava has the highest requirements for nitrogen and
potassium, followed by phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. According to soil
conditions survey of major Chinese cassava producing area, the general
recommendation is the balanced fertilizer ratio of N: P2O5: K2O = 2:1:2-3.
Pest and disease control
In China, cassava pests cause less damage, with no serious impact on production.
Currently the following pests are popular in China, for reference:
I. Cassava bacterial blight
This is one of the most serious diseases of cassava; starting with fully expanded mature
leaves and gradually spreading from the bottom up.
When hazarding, it first infests leaf margins or tips, resulting in water-soaked lesions,
and then rapidly expands with yellow latex overflowing from the lesions. Afterwards,
leaves fall off. Young shoots will wither or the whole plant will die when the condition is
serious. The disease can cause yield losses of 50% or more. In China, in the provinces of
Guangxi, Hainan and Guangdong were affected, but it was not epidemic then. When
necessary, chemical control methods can be used, sprinkling with 50% Tuzet (diluted
500 times) to treat these infections.
II. Bacterial angular leaf spot
These diseases occurred in the provinces of Guangxi and Hainan, China. It generally
becomes common in May and gets severe in August and September. The main feature
is the emergence of water-soaked angular leaf spots, which are scattered in various
parts of the blade, with visible yellow latex. At the beginning of infection, there are
yellow haloes. Then they expand and joint to become dark brown, causing leaves to
turn yellow and fall off. It can be controlled with 0.5% mushroom proteoglycans agent
(diluted 300 times).
III. Brown angular leaf spot
It is common in China. It can cause irregular brown spots on both sides of the blade
when infected. Disease lesion boundaries are clear with dark green edge. When the
condition is severe, leaves turn yellow and dry off. Generally it occurs in hot and rainy
seasons, with no significant impact on production. It can be controlled with 0.5%
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mushroom proteoglycans agent (diluted 300 times).
IV. Cassava red mite
It is common in China. Red mites assemble at the back of the blade and first attack the
lower mature leaves. They suck along leaf veins and cause yellow spots on leaves. Then
they harm the leaves from bottom up. When the condition is serious, they attack both
sides of the leaves and cause red to rust spots due to large number of mites. The leaves
fall or the whole plant will die under long-term drought conditions. However, during
the rainy season, most of the parasites can be washed away by rain, resulting in
reduced harm.
The control method is to breed mite-resistant varieties, to use natural enemies, or to
use available pesticide for prevention, with per hectare of 1500-2500ml 20% Dicofol.
V. Soil pests
After years of cassava plantation, soil pests can occur especially after continuous
cropping. Common soil pests are wireworms, weevils, cutworms, and mole crickets.
Artificial hunting can be adopted when the condition is less harmful. 150 kg 30%
phoxim flour per hectare can be used to prevent and treat soil pests when the
condition is serious.
Harvesting cassava
Cassava roots are vegetative. They show no apparent physiological characteristics of
maturity. The mature period in production refers to the period of the highest value of
tuber yield and starch content. In theory, Kenya cassava can reach the harvest period
after it completes the growth cycle. The rate of dry matter and starch content of this
period can maintain economic indicators for commodity production.
Too early or too late cassava harvest can have a direct impact on the yield and tuber
starch content. Early harvest can result in tender roots with less starch content, while
late harvest can result in increased root fibers and converted starch. Generally
early-maturing varieties can be harvested 7-8 months after planting, medium- maturing
varieties can be harvested 9 months after planting, and late-maturing varieties can be
harvested 10 months after planting.
Harvest occupies a maximum of labor in cassava cultivation process, which is a
labor-intensive work. Generally, small-scale production can be done with artificial
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harvest. Furrow cultivation can be plowed and harvested with animals. A large area of
cultivation can be harvested by machines. The detailed method is to cut off the stems,
and then equip the tractor with cassava harvester with no moldboard, which can plow
and loosen topsoil. The roots are easy to harvest in this way. With manual picking, one
person can harvest 0.3 to 0.35 hectares each day.
Seed stem storage
Different cassava growing areas have different stem storage methods due to different
weather conditions. The project area can use open-air storage method.
5.1.4 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR
After research and in-depth analysis, taking into account the proposed company setup
and investment, in order to save funds, the project will produce with Chinese domestic
advanced, mature technology and equipment, as well as project management
experience, to carry out design, manufacture, and production of cassava starch
processing. Some foreign equipment will be procured for some instruments.
Cassava starch is processed by peeling and washing of fresh or dry cassava. Then it is
smashed with two grinders. The starch slurry is separated through the disc separator
for protein separation, concentration, and washing. And then clean starch pulp is
dewatered through a slicker. Cassava starch is produced as an end product after drying
by air drying systems, sieved, and packaged.
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The following is a diagram of cassava starch production process:
Description of cassava starch production process:
i. Raw material preparation;
ii. By conveyor, materials are delivered into the dry peeling desilter process;
iii. The dry peeling desilter inner wall is equipped with spiral guide plate for material
transfer. A revolving barrel is used with centrifugal force, leading to the
interacting and rubbing between raw cassava materials and the wall. The goal of
desilting and peeling is achieved in this way. The materials are sent to the next
step for washing.
iv. A U-shaped stirring washing machine is adopted in the washing step. Water is
injected using a U-shaped groove. Within the groove, the material is delivered on
a spindle with helical blades. The raw material is stirred in the blades and rolled
forward, reaching the goal of desilting, peeling and cleaning. The materials are
then sent to the roller cleaning process.
v. A drum type washing machine is used in the roller cleaning process. Three work
areas of the machine i.e. rough washing area, bathing area and washing area, are
used. The raw material revolves and rolls forward with the wall, spraying, washing,
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bathing, rubbing with water as the medium (1:4 with water), to further remove
the peel. By cleaning sediment, the peeling rate can reach more than 95%. The
cleaned materials are sent to the crushing process.
vi. Flyweight-type crushing machines are used in the crushing process. By destroying
the organizational structure of cassava, tiny starch flour can be disintegrated and
separated from the cassava root. The machine relies on high-speed operation of
the hammer, flange, dish and washboard. They hammer, rasp, cut, squeeze and
crush the continuously feeding cassavas and cassavas are digested and
continuously separated into starch flour. The digested cassavas are made into
starch solution with water medium (1:1 with water). Using the secondary crushing
process, cassava tissues are digested into smaller starch flour with a more
thorough separation of starch flour and high extraction rate. After the primary
crushing process, the primary starch pulp is passed through Φ8.0-16.0 mm sieves.
After the secondary crushing process, the primary starch pulp is passed through
Φ1.2-1.4 mm sieves. Digested primary starch pulp is sent to the next screening
process.
vii. A continuous vertical pulp residue separator is used in the screening process. A
three-stage screening of starch pulp is conducted with repeated washing and
separating of starch dregs and starch pulp. Starch pulp is separated from cellulose
(mostly cell wall). The screened starch pulp is sent to the next sieving process.
viii. A continuous vertical pulp residue separator is used in the sieving process. By
further screening, fiber fines are removed, reaching the goal of purifying starch
pulp. After purifying, fiber impurity is less than 0.02% in the starch pulp; and pulp
concentration can reach 5-6 Bé. The screened pulp is sent to the next
sand-removal process.
ix. A sand-removal cyclone is used in this step. According to the principle of gravity
separation, starch pulp is absorbed into the cyclone with a force pump. The slurry
access from upper levels and the underflow can get rid of grits, achieving the
purpose of grit removal. The screened pulp is sent to the next filtration step.
x. A rotary filter is used in the filtration step to further remove impurities in the
slurry and to avoid clogging subsequent devices. When the pulp is poured into
filtering cartridges, impurities are trapped by filtering cartridges and sent to the
filter bottom by a rotating brush. The filtered pulp is squeezed out from the
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drainpipe. The screened pulp is sent to the next separation process.
xi. A disc separator is used in the separation process. According to the different
proportion of water, starch, and yellow pulp protein, insoluble proteins, residual
soluble proteins and other impurities are isolated to achieve the goal of washing,
refining and concentration of starch. In order to perform two stage separations of
pulp, the incoming concentration is required to be 5-6 Bé while the outflowing
concentration is required to be 20-22 Bé. Separated concentrated pulp is sent to
the next dehydration process.
xii. Peeler centrifuges are used in the dehydration step. All water in the concentrated
pulp is dried with bridle method to facilitate drying. After dehydration, the
moisture content of wet starch is requested to be lower than 38%. Wet starch
powder is sent to the next air-cooled drying step.
xiii. An air dryer is used in the next air-cooled drying step to dry wet starch after
dehydration. After the wet starch is sent to the drying tube of a winnowing
machine from the conveyor, it can be mixed with heated fresh air. Negative
extreme pressure is produced in the drying tube due to fan power. Suspending
wet starch is dried during the process of heat exchange with the thermal current,
with the air temperature of 130-180°C. Dried starch, cooled by cold air cooling
system, becomes the end product with water content ≤ 13.5%. Cooled starch is
sent to the next screening step.
xiv. A horizontal screen is used in the screening step for the end product. After
screening and separating, dried starch can pass through screen meshes, fall down
into the collecting bucket, and enter the packaging entrance for packing. There
are middling that cannot pass the screen meshes. They are packed separately for
reproduction by dissolving, screening, drying and cycling.
xv. Packaging for storage.
Requirements for cassava starch production process
i. The freshness of raw cassava must be ensured, in order to ensure product quality
and increase the recovery rate.
ii. The peeling should be complete, because the cyanide toxins are mainly
concentrated in cassava cortex.
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iii. Large amounts of water are needed in the process; the water used is required to
meet the standards for drinking water.
iv. Do not use iron equipment and pipes, because cyanide will react with iron and
then produce blue colored ferrocyanides, dyeing starch and affecting starch
quality. It is better to use stainless steel or PVC materials for all the equipment
and fittings used.
v. During the production process, material throughput capacity is large, and
therefore more pumps are required in order to achieve the purpose of separation
during high-speed rotating.
vi. Because the starch is easy to precipitate and the fiber material is uneven, there
should be a flange or a movable joint at positions such as the channel bend. Once
a clogging happens, it is easy to disassemble and clean.
vii. To ensure product quality, it is necessary to pay attention to regular cleaning of
equipment and yard, in order to keep clean environment.
viii. Because starch is acidic, all slurry pools (or tanks) should undergo antiseptic
treatment.
ix. During the drying process, all flammable sources should be controlled and
eliminated, such as smoking, welding, electrostatic sparks, etc., in order to
prevent dust explosions and ensure production safety.
Characteristics of cassava starch production process:
i. Arrangement of production processes should combine planar workflow with
vertical workflow to cover less area and to reduce investment and energy
consumption.
ii. The production process is quick, i.e. 30 min from feeding to end product.
iii. The production process is continuous with high efficiency.
iv. Water is reused during the production process to reduce emissions and save
water resources.
v. Except for the drying process, the entire production process is carried out under
normal temperature and pressure.
vi. By using new technologies, the level of production technology can be further
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improved to fully exert equipment capacity. In this way, the number of devices
can be reduced to lower energy consumption and production costs. In addition,
yield and product quality can be improved.
The main parameters of cassava starch production process:
i. Washing with water 1:4.
ii. Crushing with water 1:1.
iii. Primary starch pulp is passed through Φ8.0-16.0 mm sieve pores.
iv. Secondary starch pulp is passed through Φ1.2-1.4 mm sieve pores.
v. By screening and washing, the fiber impurities in pulp should be below 0.02%; and
pulp concentration should reach 5-6 Bé.
vi. After primary separation, the entering pulp concentration should be 5-6 Bé, while
the exporting pulp concentration should be 12-15 Bé
vii. After secondary separation, the entering pulp concentration should be 8-10 Bé,
while the exporting pulp concentration should be 20-22 Bé
viii. The entering pulp concentration of the scraper centrifuge should be 20-22 Bé
ix. After dehydration, moisture content of wet starch should be below 38%.
x. Ready-made starch should have a moisture content ≤ 13.5%.
Key indicators for cassava starch production:
i. The cassava starch production line has the following specifications: daily
processing of 1,200 tons fresh cassava (daily starch production ≥ 300 tons).
ii. Requirements for fresh cassava raw material: starch content> 25%, fresh, no
mildew, no dirt or stones.
iii. Water supply requirements: turbidity <0.1, hardness <100 PH, SO2 <0.55 ppm,
iron <0.9 ppm, no floats, pressure > 2 kg/cm2.
iv. Commodity starch recovery rate > 96%
v. Water consumption: <20 ton per ton of fresh cassava (end product)
vi. Power consumption: <200 kwh per ton of fresh cassava (end product)
vii. Coal consumption (converting to standard coal) <0.2 ton per ton of fresh cassava
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(end product)
viii. Product qualities: first-class rate of 99% or more.
Cassava flour production process
Cassava is one of the world's three major tuber crops. Cassava is an important food
crop in Africa and it is regarded as a staple food for about 600 million people. Currently,
cassava is mainly developed and utilized as bio-energy and industrial raw materials in a
large scale worldwide. Research and development of cassava food will bring greater
development space for cassava industry and ensure food security in Africa, which has
far-reaching social and economic benefits.
Cassava roots are nutritious. Fresh cassava contains 20-35% of starch, 1-2% of protein,
0.3-4.3% of fat, 1-2% of cellulose, 1% of ash, and 60-80% of water. Cassava flour retains
a variety of nutrients of fresh cassava. And its taste is close to the original taste of fresh
cassava. The cassava flour is an indispensable raw material for food industry.
Cassava flour production process:
Fresh cassava → dry peeling → washing → steam peeling → dry brush peeling →
washing → sorting → coarse crushing → fine crushing → dehydration → drying with hot
air (sterilization) → packing → end product
Dry peeling: The peeling and desiltering machine is used for the first stage peeling. The
principle is that mutual friction between fresh cassavas through movement can result in
excoriation. The attached mud and other debris will fall. The removal rate of fresh
cassava skin can reach 70-80%.
Washing: The process is composed of rotating screen and high-pressure water spray.
The principle is that large mud and sands can be thrown away through shaking of
trundle screens. Then sands on the cassava tubers can be cleaned by high pressure
water spray.
Dry brush steam peeling: Dry brush steam peeling is the second stage peeling to ensure
thorough removal of fresh cassava skins. The principle is that within a special
multi-spindle apparatus, cassava frictions can rub with brushes on the spindle in
different rotational directions and then remove the peel. During the peeling process,
raw material is treated with 1.0% Vc, 1.5% lemon acid, and 0.1% CaCl2 for 20 min to
avoid brown staining due to oxidation.
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Washing and sorting: After washed by spraying, peeled cassavas fall on the
slow-moving sorting table to accept manual inspection and amending. In this way, their
root blocks, black and rotten parts, and residual skins are excluded.
Coarse crushing: Coarse crushing is the first stage crushing, with a hammer cassava
crushing machine. Fresh cassavas are made into cassava pulp.
Fine crushing: Fine crushing is the second stage crushing, with a needle lapper. The
purpose is to gain a smaller granularity of cassava fibers to meet the requirement for
fine food processing. During the cassava flour production process, the rate of free
starch should be kept less than 1.5% to 2%, in order to maintain the original flavor and
taste of the product.
Dehydration: After crushing, the cassava pulp is dehydrated with a high-speed
centrifuge. The water content of wet cassava flour should be controlled to around 38%
Drying: The drying process is conducted with the air drying system. The water content
of cassava flour should be controlled to less than 12%. Meanwhile, cassava flour
contacts with high-temperature air and is sterilized during the drying process, which
meets the hygiene standards of edible products.
Packing: In the finishing room, cassava flour is packaged with automatic packaging
machine. All the products are stored in the shipping department for sales and to be
made into other products.
The main production indicators of cassava whole flour are basically the same as those
of cassava starch production:
i. Requirements for fresh cassava raw material: fresh, no mildew, no dirt or stones.
ii. Water content of cassava flour ≤ 12%;
iii. Water consumption <10 tons per ton of fresh cassava (end product);
iv. Power consumption <150 KWh per ton of fresh cassava (end product);
v. Coal consumption (converting to standard coal): 150 kg per ton of fresh cassava
(end product).
5.1.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT, BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS
According to an annual production of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava whole
flour, 9,000-10,000m3 / day of starch wastewater can be produced in the production
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process. The supporting sewage treatment plant should have a handling capacity of
10,000 m3 / day, with 24-hour operation and an average flow of 417m3 / hour.
Water quality is determined on cassava starch production data, referring to the Guide
for Starch Wastewater Treatment Technology as well as related water quality data, as
follows:
Entering water quality (mg/l, except for pH)
According to the requirements of China's environmental management department, the
first level emission standard of Comprehensive Pollutant Discharge Standards
(GB8978-1996) should be implemented, as follows:
Exporting water quality (mg/l, except for pH)
The design scale of wastewater treatment is 10,000 m3/day. The treatment level should
be at or slightly above the first level emission standard of Comprehensive Pollutant
Discharge Standards (GB8978-1996).
Cassava starch and cassava flour production effluent itself is rich in organic matter, TN
and suspended matter. However, it has good biodegradability and there are higher
requirements for water quality in this project. Taking into account the above factors,
S/N ProjectWater quality of
wastewater (mg/l)
1 CODcr 10000
2 BOD5 5000
3 SS 2500
4 TN 300
5 pH 4.0-5.0
S/N ProjectWater quality of
wastewater (mg/l)
1 CODcr ≤100
2 BOD5 ≤30
3 SS ≤70
4 NH3-N ≤15
5 pH 6.0-9.0
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physical and biological treatment methods are combined in the process. Physical
method includes pharmaceutical dosage and flotation, mainly removing suspended
matters, colloidal substances and some organic matters. For the high concentration of
organic matter in the wastewater, anoxic-aerobic treatment method is adopted in
biochemical treatment.
Framework diagram for starch wastewater treatment process
Description of wastewater treatment process
Pretreatment
Starch effluent from the starch plant first goes through screen meshes to get rid of big
chunks of impurities (which should be regularly cleaned), and then comes into the
collecting tank. In the collecting tank, effluent is lifted up with a pump and poured into
a fine grid (grid slag will be cleaned and packaged with other solid waste of the factory),
and then enters the primary sedimentation tank. In the primary sedimentation tank,
effluent undergoes slurry separation, with the top layer effluent into adjusting pool and
the lower mud into the sludge hopper. By ascending into the sludge thickener, floating
dregs are sent to the sludge thickener (periodically filtered and pressed) by a mud
scraper.
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Adjusting pool
Here the adjusting pool is built on a homogeneous pool with rectangular diagonal
effluent. The pool is characterized by adjusting the water channel along the diagonal
direction. The effluent enters the pool from the left and right sides, and reaches the
water channel at different times. In this way, mixed effluent at the water channel has
different entering time and concentration, the goal of automatically adjusting is
therefore achieved. Due to the large amount of suspended matters in the starch
wastewater, a mechanical shaker is set in the adjusting pool to recover a large number
of plant proteins by preventing precipitation of suspended matters with mechanical
agitation. The adjusting pool is made of reinforced concrete structure, with the main
functions as following: regulation of effluent yield and water peaks, balancing water
quality, reducing peak load (good for the follow-up treatment), and lifting effluent with
pumps to meet the requirement of the elevation layout of sewage treatment units.
Coagulation tank, flotation tank, neutralization pool and temperature-control pool
Suspended matters enter the flotation tank with water flow. Meanwhile, in the
coagulation tank flocculants PAC (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) are dosed, as
proteins are ampholytes with an isoelectric point of about pH 4.0-5.5, which is exactly
the pH value of starch wastewater. As a result, proteins in starch effluent have an
automatic aggregation tendency with small agglomerate particles. They are quite
unstable because their surfaces are covered with the same charge and influenced by
hydration. Inorganic polymer flocculants agents can neutralize the surface charges and
make it easy for small particles to agglomerate. It can achieve better flocculation effect
and reduce flocculants dosage by first adding inorganic polymer flocculants to
neutralize charges and then adding the organic polymer flocculants. Meanwhile, CODcr
and SS in wastewater can be reduced significantly, lightening the load on subsequent
treatment process. The optimum pH for UASB reactor operation is 6.8 to 7.2. Therefore,
the neutralization pool is used to adjust pH in this project. The floating dregs are sent to
the concentrated tank by pumps while treated effluent after the above reactions can
regulate the temperature by the temperature-control pool. The temperature of water
into the UASB pool is about 35 degrees. Pretreatment of wastewater can reduce
subsequent biological treatment load.
UASB pool
UASB pool is composed of sludge reaction zone, solid-gas-liquid separator (including
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precipitation zone) and gas chamber. At the bottom of the sludge reaction zone, there
is a large number of anaerobic sludge with a sludge layer of good performance and
cohesion properties. Wastewater to be process passes from the bottom of the
anaerobic sludge layer and fully contacts with sludge. Microorganisms within the sludge
can decompose organic matters from the effluent and convert them into biogas. Biogas
is constantly emitted in the form of tiny bubbles. During the rising process, tiny bubbles
gradually merge into larger bubbles, which can stir the sludge layer and form a thin
sludge bed. It can be lifted into the solid-gas-liquid separator with water. When biogas
encounters the reflector, it will be reflected around the baffle-board and then comes
into the gas chamber through the water layer. Biogas is concentrated in the gas
chamber and can be exported by a catheter. After reflection, the solid-liquid mixture
will come into the precipitation zone of solid-gas-liquid separator. Mud in the mixture
flocculates with gradually increased granularity and sinks with gravity. Precipitation on
the inclined wall can return to the anaerobic reaction zone along the wall, resulting in
large amounts of accumulated sludge in the reaction zone. Separated from mud, the
left water overflows from the upper tumbling bay of the settling zone, and then is
discharged from mud beds.
A/O & secondary sedimentation tank
A/O biochemical reaction tank is a common reaction tank. After a period of aeration,
organic wastewater can produce a dark brown flocculation mainly composed of aerobic
bacteria. There are a large number of active microbes and this mud is the activated
sludge. The activated sludge is mainly composed of microorganisms, such as bacteria,
protozoa and microbes. There are also some inorganic residues, such as remainder
decomposition of organic matter and residues of own metabolism. Activated sludge has
a loose structure with large surface area for strong cohesion and oxidative
decomposition ability of organic pollutants. In appropriate conditions, activated sludge
also has good self-aggregation and sedimentation properties, with most floc unit
between 0.02-0.2mm. From the perspective of effluent treatment, these features are
very valuable. Activated sludge uses organic pollutants in effluent as culture medium. It
can continuously culture new activated sludge in the presence of dissolved oxygen. Its
cohesion adsorption and oxidation decomposition capacity can purify organic
pollutants in effluent. Conventional activated sludge treatment system consists of the
following parts:
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Aeration tank: Organic pollutants in waste water can fully contact with activated
sludge, and be adsorbed as well as oxidative decomposed in the tank.
The aeration system: The aeration system supplies oxygen to the aeration tank for
biological processes, and has a mixing effect.
The secondary sedimentation tank: The secondary sedimentation tank is used to
separate the activated sludge from aeration tank water. It is relatively named in
terms of the primary sedimentation tank. The primary sedimentation tank is
located before the aeration tank. It is used to remove original large suspensions in
wastewater. If there are few suspensions, it can be omitted.
The sludge return system: This system is to guide part of the secondary
sedimentation tank sludge back to the aeration tank, to supply the biochemical
reactions of microorganisms.
Residual sludge discharge system: Sludge in aeration tanks continue to increase.
The increased sludge is regarded as residual sludge and discharged from the
system.
Sand filtering tank: Sand filtering tank is usually filled with sands or activated
carbon, which is mainly used to eliminate impurities and organic matters by
filtering water.
Sludge concentrated tank (using the original sludge concentrated tank of effluent
treatment system): Sludge from the adjusting pool, sedimentation tank, UASB and
A/O are exported into the sludge concentrated tank for condensing, in order to
improve solid rate of sludge. The sludge water content is below 95%. After
condensing, sludge is delivered into the dewatering chamber for mechanical
dewatering. The produced sludge cakes are transported outward, while the
supernatant and machine filtrates are returned to the adjusting pool for further
processing.
After the completion of wastewater treatment, CODcr removal rate of wastewater is
stabilized at around 90%, fully reaching the standard. Meanwhile, the process can
produce 50,000-60,000 M3/day biogases, which can save mineral resources and reduce
CO2 emissions. This project is good for reducing the greenhouse effect and protecting
the ecological environment.
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Biogas technology and process
To further promote agro-ecological recycling economy and to protect the atmospheric
environment, mineral resources can be replaced with biogases produced with cassava,
as a large number of cassava straws can produce biogases with fermentation
technology. Two straw digesters of 25,000 M3 are constructed, with per day biogas
production of 50,000 M3 and an annual consumption of 500,000 tons of cassava stalks.
This project uses the mesotherm fermentation method. Two 5,000m3 up flow CSTR
reactors are constructed, with daily consumption of 150 tons of straws. Six 0.6Mpa
high-pressure gas tanks of 300 cubic meters and two 300 m3 dry buffer tanks are
adopted with the storage method. Volume of the adjusting pond and feeding pool adds
up to 200m3.
Description of process
According to the actual situation of the construction site, biogas energy production is
the key. A set of practical solutions are made to fully utilize biogas and biogas residues.
The detailed flow diagram is shown in the following:
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TS content of the material in the adjusting pool is regulated to 8%. The adjusted liquid is
poured into the reactor through the feeding system. Within the reaction tank, biogas,
residues and biogas slurries are obtained by fermentation. After dehydration and
desulfurization, biogas comes into the buffer tank. Then it is compressed to and stored
in a gas tank with 0.6Mpa fixed-volume by the compressor. Biogas residues are
collected directly after being discharged from the reactor, which can be used directly as
organic fertilizer, or be further processed into compound fertilizer. There are fewer
amounts of biogas slurries, which can be used to pretreat raw materials (as sprays for
heap leaching materials).
The features of the process plan
o Mesotherm fermentation technology has a slightly slower digestion rate
and a low rate of gas production. However, this process consumes less
energy. Biogas fermentation can generally be maintained at a high level
and a fast production rate. Liquid almost does not crust and there is less
loss of fertilizer efficiency with the residues. This process has stable liquid
temperature and relatively balanced gas production.
o Within the CSTR reactor, fermentation temperature is at a stable
temperature of 35°C. Raw materials are added from the bottom of the
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fermentation tank, so that the new materials and anaerobic
microorganisms can fully contact with each other. In a quite short period of
digestion, raw materials can be completely degraded. There is a heating
system and a temperature control system in the fermentation tank, to
ensure the fermentation temperature stabling at 35°C ± 2°C. The
fermentation process is ensured to be stable and efficient.
o The multi-point discharging design ensures that the raw materials are fully
fermented, overcoming the disadvantage of insufficient fermentation for
raw materials by single-point design.
5.1.6 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESS OF BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Bio-organic fertilizer is one of the most promising new generations of fertilizers in the
21st century, which is pollution-free and environment-friendly. Bio-organic fertilizer is
suitable for a variety of crop productions and forestry industries as well as soil
improvement projects in the agriculture production base. This process takes advantage
of the latest equipment and specialized technologies developed by experts, which can
turn a variety of organic wastes - farm animal manure, organic wastes from refuse
processing plants, agricultural waste, sewage sludge, waste slag and cassava starch
plant wastes, into environment - friendly green fertilizers (bio-organic fertilizer).
Bio-organic fertilizer is a new type of multi-microbial organic fertilizer. In addition to the
efficient micro-organisms for nitrogen fixation, phosphate-degradation and
potassium-degradation, it is rich in organic matters and trace elements. It is not only a
pollution-free, long-lasting fertilizer, but also has good seedling disease resistance. It
can improve soil quality, increase yield, and improve crop quality. Moreover, it can
overcome the defects, such as environmental pollution and ecological damage, which
are caused by heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides.
This product is vaccinated with unique bioactive agents, which can turn solid organic
wastes into high-quality organic fertilizers in a short time, with no foul smell. This
product can also effectively increase the biological activity of the product and the
applied soil.
The flow chart of bio-organic fertilizer is as below:
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The cassava peels, sewage and biogas sludge are transferred into the tempering tank,
where they are heated for sterilization. Then a binder is added into the mixture and
stirred evenly. Afterwards, a screw feeder is used to carry the mixture into a sludge
drying machine for downstream hot air drying. The dried sludge is transported into the
blender with a belt, and is added with NPR and other nutrients. After evenly stirring,
the mixture is sent into the granulator. By drying, cooling and screening, end products
are derived with fine return feed directly sent back into the granulator. Coarse return
feed are returned to a pelletizer after smashing. The end gas is exhausted after
purifying.
Depending on the characteristics of cassava residues, sewage sludge and biogas,
combined with the actual cassava starch production condition, a bio-organic fertilizer
production line of 100,000 tons per year capacity is designed.
5.2 MAJOR OPTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT
5.2.1 SEED BREEDING
This project uses the cassava stem breeding method, which is a low-cost simple method
with low technical content and easy operation. Any common farm machines can meet
the requirements.
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5.2.2 CULTIVATION MANAGEMENT
Tillage management of cassava cultivation mainly includes plowing, fertilizing, weeding
and spraying pesticides. Because cassava cultivation in the project area is mostly on
large land, mechanized farming management is essential. Agricultural machinery for
farming, fertilizing and irrigation is required. Meanwhile, a large number of tractors and
farm machineries are needed to meet the farming requirements. In accordance with
the features and processing power of agricultural machineries and large tractors,
combined with African soil and climate features, a land size of 30,000 hectares is
considered for cassava plantation to meet a monthly requirement of 3,000 hectares of
cassava plantations. The main agricultural machinery and farm machinery for tractors,
ploughing, land preparation, fertilizing and irrigation are as follows:
5.2.3 HARVESTING
Cassava harvest mainly includes digging and transportation of its underground roots.
Small area cassava harvest can be done with simple human digging, while the
large-scale cultivation of cassava harvest usually adopts large machines. The use of
cassava harvester, towed by a four-wheel tractor, improves cassava harvest efficiency.
Each cassava harvester is able to harvest 5-8 hectares of cassava every day, with the
main equipment as follows:
S/NSpecifications and
NameUnit Quantity Remark
190-horsepower four-
wheel tractorSet 80
Made in
China
280-horsepower four-
wheel tractorSet 20
Made in
China
3 3-4 disc plow Set 50Made in
China
4 6-7 disc plow Set 50Made in
China
5 Ridging plow Set 50Made in
China
6 Irrigation equipment Set 20Made in
China
7 SD16 bulldozer Vehicles 10Made in
China
8 1M3 excavator Vehicles 3Made in
China
9 Roller Vehicles 1Made in
China
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5.2.4 PRODUCTION OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR
The following is the equipment configuration list of the cassava starch production line
with an annual output of 100,000 tons
S/NSpecifications and
NameUnit Quantity Remark
1 160 cassava harvester Set 50Made in
China
2 Farm Trailer Vehicles 25Made in
China
Power
per set
/KW
1 Boiler6 tons of steam
boilers2 Set 63 126
2 WeighbridgeScales can weigh 100
tons1 Set 0 0
3 ForkliftLG50 (increased
bucket capacity)1 Set 0 0
4 Slurry storage tank
Slurry storage tank,
high slurry storage
tank
8 Set 0 0
5 Power distributionTransformers and
ancillary facilities1 Set 0 0
6 Electric wiringElectrical control
cabinet and wiring1 Set 0 0
7Piping, transportation,
etc.
Piping, valves,
instrumentation,
equipment, domestic
transportation
1 Set 0 0
8 Raw material conveyor PDS-B650 2 Set 8.6 17.2
9Dry cleaning machine
drumGTGXJ-1400 2 Set 7.5 15
10 Stir washing machine JBSXJ-1400 4 Set 7.5 30
11Drum washing
machineGTSXJ-1400 2 Set 5.5 11
12 Crushing machine SJJ-P81A、SJJ-P81B 8 Set 78.75 630
Remark
Ancillary
equipment
facility
Washing,
crushing
section
S/N Name Parameter Quantity Unit
Total
power/
KW
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Power
per set
/KW
13 Stirrer JBQ-1800-30R 8 Set 3 24
14 Starch pump DFB-150-22A 8 Set 22 176
15The crude residue
screening machineCZSFJ800 22 Set 11 242
16Fine slag screening
machineXZSFJ700 8 Set 5.5 44
17 Cyclone filters XLGL80 6 Set 0 0
18 Screen filter GL80 6 Set 0 0
19 Disc separator DPF550 6 Set 55 330
20 Scraper centrifuge GL1250 6 Set 56.5 339
21 Food grade conveyor PDS-SP-B500 2 Set 4 8
22Raising powder
machineYFJ6830 2 Set 26 52
23 Heat sink SZL270 24 Piece 0 0
24Collection hood, duct,
separators and bracketZFR-D1200、FL-D350 2 Set 0 0
25 Hot unit G4-73-D12 2 Set 90 180
26 Cold unit 9-26-5.6A 2 Set 22 44
27 Sheltered machine BFQ-D350-50L 4 Set 2.2 8.8
28Finished double rotary
screenGTSGFS-8LS 4 Set 5.5 22
29Suction-type powder
packing scaleDCS-50-FL-Q 4 Set 4.07 16.28 Package
30
Cassava dregs
dewatering filter
presses
FKYLJ-B2000 2 Set 11 22
31Semi cassava residue
conveyorPDS-B500 1 Set 11.5 11.5
Statistics 2348.78
Total
power/
KW
Remark
Master
Equipment
Cassava
residue filter
press
S/N Name Parameter Quantity Unit
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The following is the equipment configuration list of the cassava whole flour production
line with an annual output of 100,000 tons
Power
per set
Total
power
k w (KW)
PDS-B6500 2 8.6 17.2
GTGXJ-1400 2 7.5 15
JBSXJ-1400 4 7.5 30
GTSXJ-1400 2 5.5 11
ZQP-500 10 5.5 55
DSTC-45A 8 75 600
DZM-660 8 55 440
CX1.5 4
10M3 4 3 12
2 2.2 4.4
GL1250 6 56.5 339
PDS-SP-B500 2 4 8
YFJ6830 2 26 52
SZL270 24
2
G4-73-D12 2 90 180
9-26-5.6A 2 22 44
BFQ-D350-50 L 4 2.2 8.8
4 4
7
6 T Steam boilers 2 63 126
LG50 (Increased bucket
capacity)1
Transformers and ancillary
facilities1
Electrical control cabinet and
wiring
Statistics
Electric wiring
16.28Suction-type powder packing
scale
Boiler
Forklift
Power distribution
Collection hood, duct, separators
and bracket
Hot unit
Cold unit
DCS-50-FL- Q
Shelter
Tanks
High tank
Scraper centrifuge
Food grade conveyor
Raising powder machine
Heat sink
Stir washing machine
Drum washing machine
Dry brush steam peelers
Hammer crushing cassava
machine
Cassava needle Lapper
Sand remover
Specification NameQuantity
/ setRemark
Belt Conveyor
Drum dry cleaning machine
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5.2.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND BIOGAS PROJECT
The following is the equipment configuration list for the 2×5000 M3/day wastewater
treatment process (two independent sewage treatment systems)
S/N Name Specification Quantity Unit Remark
CP511-150,H=15m,
Q=145m3/h,P=7.5KW
2 Sieve WX2500-1000 2 Set
3 Grillage machine ZG-600,P=1.5KW 2 Set
4 Slag removal machine 1 PT-5000,P=1.5KW 2 Set
5 Sludge pump QBY-80 14 Set
100HYF-32T,H=16m,
Q=215m3/h,P=15KW 8 Set
Air-dissolved 50HYF-32T,H=34m,
circulating pump Q=50m3/h,P=7.5KW
8 Mud scraper 2 PT-3000,P=1.5KW 2 Set
9 Air-dissolved can ¢1000X1430 2 Set
10 Compressor Z-1/7-4,4KW 2 Set
11 Submersible mixer LFP3/4-1100-85,P=3.0KW 8 Set
25HYF-8,H=11m,
Q=1m3/h,P=0.25KW
13 Dosing tank PT-5000 8 Set
14 pH meter PH-6109 4 Set
15 Inclined tube DN80 200 Square
16 Centre diversion canal ¢1000X2500 2 Set
17 Mixers 5KW 6 Set
18 Three-phase separator 4 Set
19Temperature control
deviceBL-W541 2 Set
3L62WD, P=55kw
H=4880mAq,Q=41m3/min,
21 Aerator Z215 3200 unit
22 Dissolved oxygen meter DO-6309 2 Set
CDL85-10,H=22m, 6 Set
Q=70m3/h,P=5.5KW
K167R97-1613-M1307-Y0.75 2 Set
P=0.75KW
CDL120-20-1,H=34.5m, 2 Set
Q=160m3/h,P=22KW
27 Filter filler 2 Batch
28Pressure filtration
system1.0m Bandwidth,13.0KW,Cast iron 2 Set
29 Electrical cabinet 2 Set
26 Recoil pump
24 Filter pump
25Secondary settling tank
mud scraper
20 Fan 6 Set
23 Filtering tank ¢2800X4500 2 Set
7 4 Set
12 Dosing pump 8 Set
1 Lift pump 1 6 Set
6 Lift pump 2
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The following is the equipment configuration list for the 2×25,000 M3/day biogas
system (two independent biogas systems)
5.2.6 BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
The following is the equipment configuration list for the production of 100,000 tons
bio-organic fertilizers.
1 Fermenter 5000m³ Set 2
2 Grinder Set 2
3 Regulating mixer Non-standard Set 2
4 Feeding system Set 2
6 300m3 gas tank unit 6
7 Buffer tank 300m³ Set 2
8 Gas compressor Set 2
9 Dehydrator Set 2
10 Desulfurization tower Set 2
11 Dry flame arrester Set 2
12 Heating system Set 2
13 Electrical control system Set 1
14 Lightning protection system Set 1
15 Fire protection system Set 1
16 Regulator Set 2
5 Gas mixing system Set 2
S/N Purchase equipment Product modelManufacturer
and OriginUnit Quantity
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Power per
set
Total
power
Automatic batching system
(or stir plate with artificial
ingredients)
PCS-5T5C 1 Set 20 20Belt weighing
ingredients
Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L12.5 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
Double-roller scatter
grading deviceDGFS600 1 Set 22 22
Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L10 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
Drum granulator GTZL-1870 1 Set 7.5 7.5 Belt speed 3°, 6r/min
Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L10 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
Disc granulator YPZL2845 2 Set 11 22 Adjustable slope
Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L15 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
Burner (or with 0.5 to 2
tons of steam boilers)3800×2200×3600 1 Set 30
Automatic
temperature control
with digital display
Burner blower (or with 9-19
Model)G4-72-3.2A 1 Set 2.2 2.2 Air quantity 3200m3/h
RemarkDevice NameSpecification and
modelQuantity Unit
Power /KW
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Power per
set
Total
power
11 Drum dryer GTHG2222 1 Set 37 37 Slope 3°, 6r/min
12Corrugated sidewall
conveyorDJ.JB-B650L750
01 Set 4 4
Belt speed
0.6m/s,Normal belt
conveyor can be used
13 Roller Cooler GTLQ1816 1 Set 18.5 18.5 Slope 3°, 6r/min
14Corrugated sidewall
conveyorDJ.JB-B650L800
01 Set 4 4
Belt speed 0.6m/s,
Normal belt conveyor
can be used when
12.5r/min, 2.5×2.5-4.
8×4.8mm Mesh
16Vertical chain hammer mill
(re-circulating scrap mill)LSLCFSJ900 1 Set 22 22
17 Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L15 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
18 Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L10 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
19Roller coating polishing
machineGTPGJ1260 1 Set 7.5 7.5 Slope 3°, 6r/min
20 Belt Conveyor PDS-B650L10 1 Set 4 4 Belt speed 0.6m/s
21Automatic packing
quantifying scalesDCS-50K/ST 1 Set 1.1 1.1
22
Dryer settling chamber (or
with high temperature
pulse dust collector)
3800×8000×4000 1 Set 0
23 Dryer and induced draft fan G4-72-10C 1 Set 22 22 25000m3/h
24Cooler settling chamber (or
with pulse dust collector)3800×8000×4000 1 Set 0
25Cooler and induced draft
fan G4-72-6C 1 Set 7.5 7.5 16000m3/h
Total 232.8
RemarkS/N Device NameSpecification and
modelQuantity Unit
Power /KW
15Compound fertilizer
finished screenFHFCPS1460 1 Set 7.5 7.5
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5.3 ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
5.3.1 OFFICE FACILITIES
An office building of 1,800 M2 will be constructed to meet the requirements of
management personnel and technical personnel for office use. Meanwhile, taking into
account the large number of managers and workers as well as the three-shift working
system, a 3,840 M2 facility for housing, living and dining rooms will also be constructed.
I. Office and guest house: The office building has an area of 1800 M2, covering an
area of 450 M2, which is a 4-storey brick-concrete structure and also used as a
guest house.
II. Guard room: 2 guard rooms, with a building area of 30 M2. They are a single-floor
brick-concrete structure and integrally designed with factory gates.
III. Canteen: this is a building with an area of 500 M2 and a single-floor brick-concrete
structure
IV. Bathroom: The bathroom is divided into two rooms, with a building area of 100
M2 and a single-floor brick-concrete structure.
V. Dormitories: There are 180 dormitories in total. Each one is 5 m × 3.6 m. The
dormitories are divided into two double-storey buildings,. The building area is
3240 M2, with a brick-concrete structure.
VI. Toilet: There are two toilets with a single-layer brick-concrete structure. Each has
a building area of 30 M2 and the total area is 60 M2.
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5.3.2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND BUILDING AREA OF CASSAVA CULTIVATION STRUCTURES
The economic and practical principles are followed for architectural design, while the
operational requirements for the overall arrangement are met. Structural deformation
and structural seismic principles are taken into account. All the adopted standards can
meet the requirements of production and daily life, which are also in line with existing
national building design specifications and industry standards, and the local building
standards.
Structures
Houses for production and management
The houses are used as space for daily management of cassava cultivation, agricultural
equipment and temporary storage for fertilizers and pesticides. There are 30,000
hectares of cassava plantation. 100 houses will be constructed to provide a 25 M2 room
for production and management per 300 hectares.
Roads
Roads are used for transportation of seeds, fertilizers and cassavas, as well as to
facilitate production management. In order to fully cover the project area, new field
roads between fields and production roads are planned and constructed, which are
connected to the highway near the project area.
Covers
areaGFA
(m2) (m2)
11Office and
guest houses4 3.2 450 1800
Brick and
Concrete
12 Guard room 1 3.2 30 30Brick and
Concrete2 rooms
13 Canteen 1 3.4 500 500Brick and
Concrete
14 Bathroom 1 3.2 100 100Brick and
Concrete2 rooms
15 Dormitory 2 3.2 1620 3240Brick and
Concrete
180
rooms
16 Toilet 1 3 60 60Brick and
Concrete2 Set
S/N Name FloorFloor
height (m)
Structure
TypeRemark
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o Field road
The field road has a width of 3.5m and a roadbed width of 4.5m. There is 0.5m earth
on both sides of the shoulder, with bilateral drains. Passing tracks are placed in
favorable locations every 300m, with a roadbed width of 6.0m. And the effective
length is more than 20m. The sand-gravel surface is equipped with 100mm-thick
graded gravels and compacted dense. Then the surface is covered with 80mm-thick
mud-gravel layer and 30cm-thick sands.
o Production road
The production road has a roadbed width of 1.0 m, with a soil compaction surface.
The compaction density is 93%. The road surface is 30mm higher than the original
ground surface. Unilateral drains are adopted. In the project area, about 50km field
roads and 80km 1m-wide production roads will be built.
Irrigation ditch, pond and pumping stations
o Water demand analysis
Cassava is a dry land crop, with strong drought tolerance. Cassava can grow in regions
with annual rainfall of 278mm. However, due to dry soils, cassava roots have
significantly reduced ability of absorption and transportation of nutrients, resulting in
an adverse impact on yield. Especially during the tuber enlargement stage, cassavas
can grow well when the soil water holding capacity is 50% to 70%. The most suitable
annual rainfall of cassavas is 1000 - 2000mm. They can grow well in areas with
uniform rainfall distribution and humid soils. However, hydrous should be avoided as
cassava roots tend to decompose when soil water holding capacity is more than 80%.
Cassava will suffer hypoxia because of poor soil permeability. The normal growth of
the aerial cassava parts will be affected, resulting in reduced production output.
Under water requirement law of cassavas, as a dry land crop, both drought and
waterlogging can affect the cassava yield. The total water demanding trend is “less in
the early stage, and more in the later stage”. That is, cassavas need less water during
seedling and the medium growing periods, while cassavas need more water during
late growing stage. The annual rainfall in the project area is 1179-1409mm. The
normal annual rainfall can meet the needs of growth and development of cassavas. As
a result, for years with little and excessive rainfall, water management should be
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strengthened for cassava cultivation.
Furrow irrigation method is dominant in cassava field production, which is widely used
at home and abroad. It is simple and can save water. In addition to the irrigation
effect, it can also be used as a drainage way, during the rain.
o Drainage analysis
The project area is located on mountainous and sloping fields with big natural slopes
and good drainage properties. However, it is necessary to pay attention to soil and
water conservation to control soil erosion caused by heavy rainfall on the land. For
steep mountains and big slopes (no more than 25 degrees), farmland should be
cultivated along contour lines. A small ditch should be built between the plots. A small
dam about 10cm high is built with soils in the middle of small ditches at every 10m.
These small dams are connected to a water ditch for collecting rainfall on rainy days.
And then the water flows into the main drains of farmland and is excluded through
irrigation ditches. In this way, soil erosion is effectively prevented and adequate
moisture is ensured for cassava growth and development..
o Engineering solutions
The irrigation ditch in this project is a rectangular cross-section rubble irrigation ditch,
which is completely built with M7.5 cement mortar and Mu30 rubble masonry.
Three-sides sleeking is used for the M10 cement mortar pipe surfaces, with
specifications of 500mm deep, 300mm thick, and 500mm wide. Ditches are built with
soil in a unified specification. Their fracture surfaces are trapezoidal, with a bottom
width of 400mm, a depth of 500mm and a slope of 1:0.75. In the cassava growing
areas, about 100km irrigation ditches are built and about 50km soil drainage ditches
are built. 80 pools will be constructed, among which there are 50 pools of 50m3 and
30 pools of 100m3. Pumping stations will be set up in the management house.
5.3.3 MAIN BUILDINGS AND ENGINEERING STRUCTURES OF CASSAVA GROWING AREAS
Table 5-1 Main Engineering Structures and Buildings
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5.3.4 ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR MAJOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF CASSAVA STARCH AND CASSAVA FLOUR FACTORY
The economic and practical principles are followed for architectural design, while the
operational requirements for the overall arrangement are met. Structural deformation
and structural seismic principles are taken into account. Landscape design is paid
attention to where possible. All the adopted standards can meet the requirements of
production and daily life, which are also in line with existing national building design
specifications and industry standards, and the local building standards. Main building
structures in this project include: the production structures, auxiliary manufacturing
buildings, office and residential buildings.
Production structures
I. Raw materials and drying yard field: The total area is 10,000 M2, compacted with
200mm thick gravels, then covered with 30mm thick sands and a 100 mm thick
C20 concrete layer. The surface is smoothed with cement.
II. Factory building for delivering crushing section: covering a building area of 1,400
M2, with a light steel structure and the height of 11m.
III. Finished goods warehouse: a building area of 10,000 M2, in a flat rectangular
shape. It is built in a light steel structure, with a height of 6.5m. The wall is built of
4.2m-high wall bricks and 2.1m high color profiled steel sheets.
IV. Main plant: a building area of 3600 M2, in a light steel structure with a height of
S/N Name Unit Quantity SpecificationStructure
Type
1
Production
management
space
room 100 5×5m wideBrick and
concrete
2 Field road km 50 3.5m wide Gravel
3 Production road km 80 1m wide Soil road
4 Irrigation ditch km 100 0.5×0.3×0.5m
Rubble
irrigation
ditch
5 Drainage ditch km 50 0.4×0.5mEarthen
trenches
6 Pool Seat 50 50m3 Brick and
concrete
7 Pool Seat 30 100m3 Brick and
concrete
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11m. Thin-walled high-frequency welding H-beam is used for steel columns and
beams, with high-strength bolts. C-shaped cold-formed steel is used for purlins,
which are connected to steel beams and steel columns with bolts.
V. Boiler Room: a building area of 600 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure with a
height of 3.4m.
VI. Cassava residue pools: built with ashlars, covering an area of 2000 M2 and a
volume of 1400 m3.
Auxiliary manufacturing buildings
I. Switch board room: an area of 40 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.
II. Water pumping station: it is located in the water source points, with a building
area of 40 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.
III. Reservoir: a building area of 5,000 M2.
IV. Weighbridge room: a building area of 24 M2, single-floor brick-concrete structure.
There is a 50-ton weighbridge in the room, with 200 M2 cement space around.
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Table 5-2 Main Structures, Buildings and Engineering Projects
5.3.5 WASTEWATER FACTORY PROJECT (2 LINES OF 5,000M3 / DAY WASTEWATER TREATMENT)
In industrialized countries, unlike other civil buildings and commercial buildings,
industrial buildings are required to be concise. Therefore, on the architectural style, we
try to follow the concise style in addition to functional requirements.
I. All the buildings, structures and greeneries in the factory are arranged in
accordance with the relevant requirements. The proportion, spacing, and scale
are strictly measured. The relationship between buildings before the factory area
and buildings in the production area should be coordinated.
II. The main building is equipped with a duty room and a toilet, in order to facilitate
civilized production.
III. Connecting walkways or stairs between the various structures should follow a
high standard. If conditions permit, reinforced concrete stairs should be
considered.
floor
height
(m)
1 Field materials 10000 Cement
2
Factory building of
transportation crushing
section
1 11 1400 1400Light steel
structure
3 Finished goods warehouse 1 6.5 10000 10000Light steel
structure
11, local
15
5 Boiler room 1 3.4 600 600Brick and
concrete
2000
7 Tank 1 5000 5000Brick and
concrete
8 Distribution room 1 3.2 40 40Brick and
concrete
9 Water pumping station 1 3.2 40 40Brick and
concrete
10 Weighbridge room 1 24 24Brick and
concrete
Volume
1400m36 Cassava slag pool 1Rubble
stone
Remark
4 Main plant 1 3600 3600Light steel
structure
S/N Name Layer
Covers
area
(m2)
GFA (m2)
Structure
type
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IV. The inside and outside decoration material durability of buildings and structures
should be considered to reduce regular maintenance. The roofing waterproof
rating should be no less than level three, generally level two. An organized
drainage should be adopted.
Building structures design content
I. Seismic resistance: wooden works are designed as six-degree seismic fortification
II. Load: wind load 0.5 KN/m2, live load: the office and control room by 2.0 KN/m2,
toilet by 2.0 KN/m2, flat roof deck with people: 1.5 KN/m2, and flat roof deck
without people: 0.7 KN/m2.
III. Materials ① concrete strength grade of C20, housing pad of C10; ② wall: KP1
standard brick (built with bricks, walls above the damp-proof coating top with
M10 cement mortar, and the wall above damp-proof coating with M5 cement
mortar); ③ concrete iron: using grade II steel; when d ≥10, using grade I steel,
when d <10.
General Information of building structures
I. Design conditions
o The live load of the pool roof is 2.0 KN/m2, while the live load of pool edge is 5.0
KN/m2.
o Soil conditions: By anti-floating check, soil load of the pool roof is 16KN/m2; while
by strength calculation, soil load of the pool roof is 20 KN/m2 (saturation value). By
lateral soil pressure calculation, the filling soil load is 18K N/m2, and its angle of
internal friction after conversion is φ= 25°.
o Site category is class III.
o Groundwater situations: the proposed sites for this project are clay with small
permeability within the range of exploration. Generally it is regarded as the
impermeable layer or impermeable layer, with only pore water in the shallow
layers. Its dynamic changes are mainly affected by atmospheric precipitation and
farmland irrigation.
II. Materials
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Concretes ① cushion with C10; ② the pool body with C25; ③ pool body
impermeability grade of S6.
Concrete iron: using grade I steel when diameter ≤10; using grade II steel when
diameter ≥10.
Steel ladders: embedded parts using Q235A steel (original A3 steel).
Whitewashing: ① For the inner pool wall, the bottom surface of the roof and the
top surface of the base plate, 20mm thick 1:2 waterproof cement mortars are used
for plastering. ②For the outer pool wall, piles and other surfaces, 15mm thick 1:2
cement mortars are used for plastering.
E Brick setting: The brick strength is of class MU10 for use in 240mm thick vitrified bond
brick walls. They are built with M5 cement mortars and 15mm thick 1:2 cement mortars
are used for plastering.
List of buildings and structures
Table 5-3 List of Buildings and Structures
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5.3.6 BIOGAS DIGESTERS PROJECT (2 SETS OF 25,000 M3/ D GAS STATION)
The workshop is equipped with the single portal frame structure, with exterior walls of
370 thick brick walls and interior walls of 240 thick brick walls. Under the columns,
there is an independent foundation of reinforced concretes. Under the wall, there is a
base made of ashlars. A dual-cross trapezoidal lightweight steel roof structure is
adopted for the roof. The roof material is Ō = 0.6mm thick color profiled steel sheet.
100 thick ultra-fine glass cottons are used for insulation of roofing. The main steel
structure is covered with fire-retardant painting, with fire-resistant time of 1.5h.
S/N NameSpecification
(L×B×H)(mm)Volume Unit
Structure
typeRemark
1 Water pond 5000×4000×5000 100 m3 Concrete 2 sets
2 Grill Pool 8000×2000×2500 40 m3 Concrete 2 sets
3
Primary
sedimentation
tank
40650×5000×3500 722.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets
4 Adjusting pool 40000×11000×4000 1760 m3 Concrete 2 sets
5 Coagulation tank 4000×3000×4000 48 m3 Concrete 2 sets
6 Flotation tank 20500×3000×2300 145 m3 Concrete 2 sets
7 Neutralizing pool 5000×1500×3500 26.3 m3 Concrete 2 sets
8 Thermostat pool 15200×1500×3500 79.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets
9 UASB pool 15000×15000×8500 1912.5 m3 Concrete 4 sets
10 A/O pool 20500×26300×6000 3235 m3 Concrete 2 sets
11
Secondary
sedimentation
tank
15000×15000×7000 1575 m3 Concrete 2 sets
12 Middle pool 5000×3000×3000 45 m3 Concrete 4 sets
13 Clean water pool 8750×3000×3000 78.8 m3 Concrete 2 sets
14Equipment
foundation8200×4240×250 1 Seat Concrete 2 sets
15
Flotation
Equipment
foundation
9500×3000×250 1 Seat Concrete 2 sets
16 Dosing room 13140×5000×4000 65.7 m2 Brick and
Concrete2 sets
17Electric control
room6840×6000×4000 41 m
2 Brick and
Concrete2 sets
18 Fan Room 9500×6500×4000; 61.7 m2 Brick and
Concrete2 sets
19 Ladder 4 Seat Concrete
20Earthwork
excavation15000 m3
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Single-frame is adopted for windows with double glass and plastic steel. Extrapolation is
adopted for doors. Puttying is applied to the inner workshop walls. The ceiling and the
outer walls are painted with coating materials. The floor is covered with cement
mortars.
Table 5-4 List of Main Buildings and Structures
5.3.7 BIO-ORGANIC FERTILIZER FACTORY PROJECT
Table 5-5 Building Projects of the Bio-organic Fertilizer Factory
S/NBuilding
(structure) nameQuantity Unit Structure type Remark
1 Feeding room 200 m2 Light steel
structure2 sets
2
Materials
warehouse (with
crushing room)
500 m2 Light steel
structure2 sets
3
Raw material
pretreatment
field (15 rooms)
3000 m2 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
4Biogas collection
site660 m2 Concrete 2 sets
5Fermenter and
equipment base1000 m3
Underground
reinforced
concrete
2 sets
6
Biogas
purification plant
and the regulator
100 m2 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
7Gas compression
plant50 m2 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
8Electrical control
room30 m2 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
9 Fire pump 25 m2 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
10 Fire water pond 300 m3 Brick-concrete
structure2 sets
11 Outdoor road 800 m2 Concrete
12 Wall 500 mBrick-concrete
structure
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S/N Name Area (㎡) QuantityThe total
area (㎡)Remark
1 Workshop 1000 1 1000
2Packaging
workshop200 1 200
3Finished goods
warehouse1000 1 1000
4Supporting
housing300 2 600
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6. RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY
6.1 SEEDLINGS
6.1.1 SEEDLING VARIETIES
The following six Chinese and Kenya superior cassava varieties are proposed to be
planted : Huanan 10#, Huanan 8#, Huanan 5#, Karembo (KME-08-05), Karibuni
(KME-08-01), and Nzalauka (KME-08-06).
6.1.2 QUANTITY
Large-scale cassava cultivation can be done in the cassava mature seasons. Semi-woody
stems of fine cassavas are saved for propagation in the coming year. As a result, in this
project, cassava seedlings are purchased in the first year and cassava seedlings will be
reserved and propagated for the new developed land by the farm.
4,500 hectares of cassavas are planned for cultivation in the first year, with 750
hectares of all six varieties. Based on 1,500kg seedlings for each hectare, 6,750 tons of
seedlings will be needed in total.
6.1.3 SOURCES AND TRANSPORTATION
Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences and other research institutions
devote themselves to the research of high quality cassava seedlings. They have
successfully introduced and nurtured a number of excellent cassava varieties, with good
resistance and adaptability. They are rich in cassava resources. In May, 2010, China
aided Congo with construction and introduced cassava varieties, including Hunan 10#,
Huanan 8# and Huanan 5#, which is a huge success. Cassava production reached about
30 tons per hectare. The three Chinese cassava varieties can be purchased from the
above areas while the three Kenyan cassava varieties can be purchased from the
Kenyan Agricultural Science and Technology Organization.
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China’s cassavas in Congo (Brazzaville)
Significant effect of cassava cultivation in the agricultural technology demonstration
center of Congo (Brazzaville), aided by China
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6.2 FERTILIZERS
After the project is put into operation, urea, compound fertilizers and manure fertilizers
are administered, which can be used in basic fertilizers, seedling fertilizers, fruiting
fertilizers and enlargement fertilizers.
6.2.1 FERTILIZER VARIETIES
Bio-organic fertilizers are widely used as basal fertilizers in cassava cultivation.
Bio-organic fertilizers, urea, phosphate and potassium chloride can also be used as
seedling fertilizers, fruiting fertilizers and enlargement fertilizers.
6.2.2 QUANTITY
The amount of fertilizer per hectare is: bio-organic fertilizer 3,000 kg, phosphate 187.5
kg, urea 206.25 kg, and potassium chloride 206.25 kg. After the project achieves the
scale of 30,000 hectares, 90,000 tons of bio-organic fertilizers are needed in total as
well as 18,000 tons of various chemical fertilizers.
6.2.3 APPLICATION METHOD
In order to achieve the goal of scientific fertilization and to avoid over-nutrition, soils
and fertilizers should be evenly stirred. The application of basal fertilizers can be
scheduled in land remediation process before planting. Fertilizers can be buried into
the soils below the surface, which can result in relatively uniform application. The
spreading method can be used in top application, and then covered with soils.
Bio-organic fertilizers can be supplied by the bio-organic fertilizer plant in this project,
while other fertilizers can be purchased by local Chinese or Kenya’s sales departments.
Transportation is relegated to their own organization or a professional transportation
company.
6.3 PESTICIDES
Comparing with other crops, cassavas have strong barren resistance and drought
resistance. Moreover, they have a relatively strong ability to resist pests and diseases.
In China, cassava pests do relatively small harm to yield. Common cassava diseases are
viral diseases, bacterial blight, bacterial angular leaf spot, brown leaf spot and dull leaf
blight. Main pests are mites, wireworms, weevils, cutworms, and termites. For pest
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control, the guiding principle of “giving priority to prevention, with comprehensive
control” should be adhered to. A strict plant protection system should be established. A
strict disease prevention and prediction network should be set up as one of the
important technical measures to obtain high and stable yield.
Pesticide varieties
The main pesticide varieties include Gramoxone, Viper, Dicofol, Tuzet, 0.5% mushroom
proteoglycans agent and 30% phoxim flour.
Quantity
I. The amount of pesticides applied per hectare is 1,500-2,250ml of 20% Gramoxone
agent, 500-600ml of 8.05% Beaphar agent, 1,500-2,250ml of 80% Dicofol EC, 750g
of 50% Tuzet wettable powder, 450g of 0.5% mushroom proteoglycans agent and
20kg of 30% phoxim flour.
II. The amount of pesticides applied for 30,000 hectares is 45,000 liters of 20%
Gramoxone agent, 18,000 liters of 8.05% Beaphar agent, 45,000L of 80% Dicofol
EC, 22.5 tons of 50% Tuzet wettable powder, 13.5 tons of 0.5% mushroom
proteoglycans agent and 600 tons of 30% phoxim flour.
Application method
The above pesticides mainly include liquid, powder and flour, with different methods of
application. Liquid and powder agents can be used with agricultural sprayers or hand
sprayers after diluted in proportion with water. Flour are mixed with fine soil and
spread into the planting holes during plantation.
Sources and mode of transportation
Pesticides can be purchased by local Chinese or Kenya’s sales departments.
Transportation is delegated to their own organization or a professional transportation
company.
6.4 DIESEL OIL
Engineering jobs, such as tractors ploughing, irrigation, fertilization and pesticide
spraying, all need diesel oil. In addition, mechanized harvesting of cassavas is also in
demand of diesel oil. 40-45 liters of diesel oil is needed for an 80-90 horsepower tractor
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to work 8 hours per day. In order to harvest 30,000 hectares of cassavas, it will take
about 80 tractors to work 300 days. It can cost 33.3 liters per hectare of diesel oil for
mechanized farming and harvesting of cassavas, which adds up to 1,000,000 liters for
the whole year.
6.5 ELECTRICITY AND FUEL OIL (HEAVY OIL)
Processing of cassava requires the use of large amounts of electricity and fuel. As
225KWh electricity is needed for each ton of starch, 200,000 tons of cassava starch and
cassava whole flour production can consume 45,000,000-KWh electricity for the whole
year. The drying process consumes 70kg fuel oil (heavy oil) for per ton of starch. Four
6T boilers need 14,000 tons of fuel oil (heavy oil) for the whole year, with the actual use
of 7,000 tons and the remaining 50% replaced by biogas produced from the facility’s
biogas generator. 10,000 M3/d wastewater treatments can consume 1.33KWh per M3
of effluents, with the annual electricity consumption of 4 million KWh. 50,000 M3/day
biogas digesters can consume 0.2KWh/M3 of biogas, with the annual electricity demand
of 3,000,000 KWh. The 100,000 bio-organic fertilizer plants has an electricity demand of
2,000,000 KWh. 2 sets of 2T boilers can consume 2,000 tons of fuels, with the actual
use of 1,000 tons and the remaining 50% replaced by biogas.
6.6 CHEMICAL PHARMACY
Chemicals are needed to adjust the pH value of water and change the water charges
during wastewater treatment. In order to treat 10,000 M3 effluent every day, 50 tons of
PAM and PAC are needed. 30 tons of biological agents are needed for the digesters
according to the process defined.
List 6-1 List of Main Raw Material Supply
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5000 ha
Seedling ha
5000
ha
5000
1500 kg
/haha
Karembo 5000
(KME-08-
05)ha
Karibun 5000
i(KME-0 ha
8-01)
Nzalauk 5000
a (KME-0 ha
8-06)
Bio-
fertilizer
3000 kg
/ha
Fertilizer
187.5 kg
/ha
KCl206.25 kg
/ha
1500~225
0 ml /
ha
Viper600~750
ml /ha
1500~225
0 ml /
Pesticide ha
Tuzet 750 g /ha
Antitoxic
Feng450 g /ha
Phoxim 20 kg /ha
Diesel
fuelS/N 0
33.33L/h
a
Provided by this cassava base
Provided by this cassava base
Provided by this cassava base
Provided by this cassava base
Car
Car
Car
Car
Provided by this cassava base
100 0000 L Local supply
Diesel fuel used by
farming land and
cassaca harvest
13.5 t Chinese or local procurement Car
600 t Chinese or local procurement Car
Mitigan 45000 L Chinese or local procurement Car
22.5 t Chinese or local procurement Car
Gramoxo
ne45000 L Chinese or local procurement Car
18000 L Chinese or local procurement Car
Phosphat
e
fertilizer
5625 t Chinese or local procurement Car
6187.5 t Chinese or local procurement Car
90000 t Homemade Car
Urea206.25 kg
/ha 6187.5 tChinese or local procurement Car
1500 kg
/ha7500t Car
1500 kg
/ha7500t Provided by this cassava base
1500 kg
/ha7500t
Huanan
5#7500t
Huanan
8#
1500 kg
/ha7500t
Transportation
method
Huanan
10#
1500 kg
/ha7500t
Raw
materialsSpecies
Amount
per unit
Construction
Scale
The average annual
amountSource
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Table 6-2 List of Energy and Chemical Reagents in the Processing of Cassavas
Name DepartmentAnnual
consumptionRemark
Electricity Starch factory45,000,000
KWh
Effluent treatment
plant
1.33KWh/
M3
Biogas digester0.2
KWh/M3
Bio-fertilizer plant 20KWh/ t
Starch factory 70kg/t
The actual use of
7000 t, 50%
replaced by biogas.
Fuel oil Bio-fertilizer plant 20kg / t
The actual use of
1,000 t, 50%
replaced by biogas.
Effluent treatment
plant
Biogas digester
Chemical
agents
50tChinese or local
procurement
30tChinese or local
procurement
200,000 t 14,000 t Local supply
100,000 t 2000 t Local supply
10,000 M3/d 4,000,000 KWh Local supply
50000M3/d 3,000,000KWh Local supply
100,000 t 2,000,000 KWh Local supply
Amount per unit Production scale
225KWh/t 200,000 t Local supply
Source
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7. PROJECT’S OVERALL PLANNING AND UTILITIES
7.1 OVERALL PLANNING
7.1.1 PROJECT COMPOSITION AND PLANNING
This project focuses on the “high-yield, high quality, stable yield, low-consumption and
high efficiency” standard cassava plantation and development. It consists of
29,500-hectare cassava plantation area and 500-hectare seedling breeding base.
This project is subject to the rule of adjusting measures to local conditions, making full
use of land, and following the principle of realizing the highest profit with the lowest
investment to reach the project goals.
7.1.2 OVERALL PLANNING
Plane planning
This project is located in Kano Plain, Kisumu, Kenya. Based on the project needs and
their interrelation and in combination of the site condition and external environment
conditions, the project should be classified into five functional areas.
I. Cassava plantation Area
The project’s 29,500-hectare cassava plantation area is located in Kano Plain, Kisumu,
Kenya, consisting of ___, ___ and ___ subareas. ___ is located in the east of Kano Plain
and has a land area of ___ hectares, ___ of which can be developed to plant the
cassava; ___ is located in the middle of Kano Plain and has a land area of ___ hectares,
___ of which can be developed to plant the cassava; ___ is located in the north of Kano
Plain and has a land area of ___ hectares, ___ of which can be developed to plant the
cassava;
II. Cassava Improved Variety Base
Located in Kano Plain, it mainly includes the 500-hectare improved variety breeding
base.
Vertical planning
According to the cassava’s biological habit and climate conditions and planting
environment as required for high quality and high-yielding cassavas, the vertical
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planning for the cassava plantation land in this project is as follows:
I. The cassavas should be not planted in the area with the lowest temperature lower
than 15-16°C during the seeding time.
II. If cassavas are planted in the mountain land, the Chinese management
regulations on planting in the mountain land must be strictly followed; generally,
cassavas are planted in the mountain land with the gradient lower than 25
degrees.
III. The land with sufficient sunshine, deep soil layer, loose soil texture, rich organic
matter, good drainage and enough fertility should be selected.
IV. As conditions permit, the dry land with the field roads network and sound flood
prevention, drainage and irrigation systems should be selected.
V. In order to conserve water and soil and prevent erosion, cassavas should be
planted on the mountain ridge or steep slope land along the high line furrow with
equal altitude. The plant and grass belt with equal altitude should be provided to
prevent and control water and soil loss.
7.2 TRANSPORTATION
7.2.1 TRANSPORTATION INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE AREA
Transportation inside of the area
The materials in the project area to be transported mainly include the organic fertilizer,
chemical fertilizer, pesticide, cassava seedling, fresh cassava, etc. The annual inbound
transportation quantity is estimated to reach about 950,000 tons.
Transportation outside of the area
The transported materials outside of the area mainly include the diesel for plantation,
cassava starch, fuel oil, drug, etc. The annual transportation quantity is estimated to
reach about 210,000 tons.
7.2.2 TRANSPORTATION MEANS AND EQUIPMENT
Transportation means and routes comprises mainly the cassava seedlings as provided
by the cassava seedling breeding base to the surrounding area and fresh cassavas as
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provided by the cassava plantation area to the surrounding cassava processing plant. All
areas are inland, so the transportation means adopt the land transportation.
The project products and farm-oriented materials belong to the short-distance
transportation in the project area, so they are mainly transported by the agricultural
vehicle and assisted by the tractor to reduce circulation link waste and reduce direct
production costs. The cassava starch and cassava flour finished products are
transported by the train or car to the port and then placed in the container to ship to
be sold all over the world.
7.3 UTILITIES
7.3.1 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
Design basis
I. Outdoor Water Supply Design Specification GB50013-2006;
II. Outdoor Water Drainage Design Specification GB50014-2006;
III. Construction Water Supply and Drainage Design Specification GB50013-2003;
IV. Integrated Discharge Standards for Sewage GB8978-1996;
V. Construction Design and Fire Control Specification GB50016-2006;
VI. Building Fire Extinguisher Configuration and Design Specification GB50140-2005;
VII. Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB5749-2006.
Water supply engineering
I. Water source
Water for this project is from Nyando River which runs through this project area with
large runoff volume and excellent water quality; it can meet the water demand for
production, living and fire control in the project area.
Specific measures for water intake: We will build a dam at the water source location for
intake water. Based on assumptions on the volume required, the intake dam’s
temporary dimension are; 10m long, 3m high, 3m wide for the dam crest and 5m wide
for the dam base; pumping station with its area of 40m² and a grit basin with its volume
of 180m3; a reinforced concrete pool with its construction area of 5000m² and volume
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of 10,000m3 in the processing of cassavas plant within the project area.
II. Water supply quality
The quality of the domestic water must comply with Standards for Drinking Water
Quality (GB5749-2006). The quality of production water must be in line with water
quality requirements for the cassava starch processing as defined in the production
process: turbidity <0.1, hardness<10°, SO2<0.55ppm, iron <0.9ppm, pressure >0.2MPa,
without floating objects.
III. Water supply volume calculation
Production water consumption
According to the construction scale, fresh cassavas are used as raw materials for
producing 100,000 tons of cassava starch and 100,000 tons of cassava flour in the
whole year with the highest daily output of 600 tons. As for water consumption norm
for cassava starch and cassava flour, 20 tons and 15 tons of water should be
respectively used for producing 1 ton of cassava starch and 1 ton of cassava flour
respectively. The sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant
make use of the discharged waste water which is processed and qualified so their water
consumption is excluded in the water consumption calculation.
Q1=∑ (Qs×Ns) = 100 thousand tons × 20 tons/tons + 100 thousand tons × 15 tons/tons
=3.5 million tons, of which: Q1: the annual water consumption (ten thousand tons)
Qs: water consumption norm for producing starch (ton/ton);
Ns: annual output (ten thousand tons)
q1= Qs×ns= 600 tons×20 tons/tons=12,000 tons, of which: q1: highest daily production
water consumption (ton);
Qs: water consumption norm for producing starch (ton/ton);
ns: Highest daily output (ton)
Consumption of water for living
In the project area, there are 400 staffs in 3 shifts and 120 persons in each shift. It is
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assumed that consumption of water is 30L/person·d·shift and the annual production is
300days. It is assumed that staffs’ highest daily water consumption is 50
L/person·d·shift.
Q2= ∑ (Qi × Ni × Di) =120 persons × 3 shifts × 30L/ person·d·shift × 300days
=3240000L=3240 tons=3240 tons
Of which: Q2: annual water consumption (ten thousand tons);
Qi: consumption norm of water for life (L/person·d·shift);
Ni: planned person in each shift to use water (person·shift);
Di: annual production time (d)
q2= qi × ni = 50 L/person·d·shift × 120 persons × 3 shifts = 18000L = 18 tons
Of which: q2: the highest daily water consumption for life (ton);
Qi: highest daily consumption norm of water for production (L/person·d·shift);
ni: planned person in each shift to use water (person·shift).
Unforeseen water volume and pipe network water loss
Q3= (Q1+Q2) ×10% = 350,300 tons
q3 = (q1+q2) ×10% = 1201.8 tons
5) Annual water consumption Q=Q1+Q2+Q3 = ten thousand tons
6) Highest daily water consumption: q =q1+q2+q3= 13,241.25 tons
Table 7-1 Water Consumption Summary Statement
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Due to large amount water supply of the project, the water supply system can still meet
the demand of water for fire-fighting purpose completely. Water for fire-fighting
purpose is only used in case of the accidental event, so its consumption is excluded in
the water supply volume calculation.
IV. Water supply system
In consideration of water demand for production and fire-fighting purpose, this project
adopts the “Water source - High-water-level reservoir - Starch factory” water supply
system. At the water source location, 4 sets of IS200-150-400 water pumps (3 for use
and 1 for standby) and 1 set of water purifying device are installed. The water pipes and
main water supply pipes within the production area are DN400PE pipes so the annular
water supply system is formed in the plant area. The domestic water supply pipes are
DN100PE pipes.
Water drainage engineering
I. Water drainage volume
Production wastewater
Calculating based on 90% of water consumption, the annual water drainage volume is
3.15 million M3 and the highest daily water drainage volume is 10,800M3.
Domestic wastewater
Serial No. Items
Annual water
consumption (ten
thousand tons)
Highest daily water
consumption (tons)
1Production water
consumption350 12000
2Domestic water
consumption0.324 18
4
Unforeseen water
volume and pipe
network water loss
35.03 1201.8
5 Total 385.354 13219.8
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Calculating based on 80% of water consumption, the annual water drainage volume is
2,590 M3 and the highest daily water drainage volume is 14.4 M3.
II. Water drainage design plan
Production wastewater
Wastewater from the production wastewater workshop is drained through the blind
ditch to the yellow slurry pool and after being processed. The wastewater is drained to
the 10,000 M3/d wastewater processing system for processing. Once it is treated, the
water will be drained to the fish pond and recycled for irrigating cassavas. The
500mm-wide drainage ditch should be available in the plant.
Domestic wastewater
The sanitary wastewater is drained after being processed in the septic tank and other
domestic wastewater with light pollution and less quantity can be drained to the rain
gutter directly for drainage.
Rain water
Rain water can be drained in two ways: around the building, the 260mm-wide drainage
ditch should be available water drainage and on roads and sites, D500 concrete pipes
should be installed.
Main structures and equipment
Table 7-2 List for Main Structures and Equipment of Water Supply and Drainage
Engineering
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7.3.2 POWER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
Design specification
The following specifications were referred to in the design of power supply for the
project.
1. Electric Power Engineering and Cable Design Specification GB50217-94;
2. Design Specification for Power Supply and Distribution GB50052-95;
3. Design Specification for Low-voltage Distribution GB50054-95;
4. Architectural Lighting Design Standards GB50034-2004;
5. Building Lightning Protection Specification GB50057-94;
Design scope
This design focuses on the newly-built processing of cassavas plant construction
Serial No. Project nameModel &
specificationStructure Unit Quantity Remarks
1 Intake dam 10m×3m
Cement
laid stone
masonry
Nos. 1
2 Pumping house 40m2Brick and
concreteNos. 1
3 Grit basin 180 m3 Reinforce
d concreteNos. 1
4 Water purifier 200 m3/h Set 5
6 Reservoir 1000 m3 Reinforce
d concreteNos. 2
DN400 PE pipe m 1000
DN100 PE pipe m 1000
8 Septic tank Z4-9 Brick Nos. 2
B=260mm Brick m 2000Rain water
ditch
9 Drainage ditch B=500mm Brick m 2000Wastewater
ditch
10 Rain water pipe D500Concrete
pipem 1500
Three for use
and one for
standby
7Water supply
pipe
5 Water pump IS200-150-400 Set 4
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engineering, including a 33/0.4kV electric power substation, power distribution,
building lightning protection, internal lighting of the main building and power utilization
of supporting living facilities.
Power supply, voltage and power distribution system
I. Power supply and voltage
The existing overhead transmission lines go through the project area and considering
that these lines can meet the power utilization demand of this project. Therefore, the
power supply of this project adopts 33kV electrical transmission lines with power to be
connected to the vacuum circuit breaker on the column and then to the power
transformer. After the power is stepped down to 380/220V by the power transformer,
electricity can be used in the starch plant.
II. Load level
According to the process condition, all electrical loads should be in three levels. The
power load depends on the process condition and lighting load is calculated by the load
density method. The load density indicator of buildings in the office area and dormitory
area is 50W/m2 and lighting load density indicator in the production area is 5W/m2 so
the electric load of processing of cassavas can be gained.
Table 7-3 Electric Load Estimation Table
Equipment
Capacity
Serial No.
Name of the
unit to use
electricity
380/220V Pc Qc Sc Remarks
(kW) (kW) (kvar) (kVA)
1Production
power4342 3474 2606 4342
2 Water source 495 396 297 495
3Production
lighting84 67 50 84
4Living and
office facilities112 90 68 112
Sub-total 5033 4027 3021 5033
Reactive power
compensation5×160
3×2000kV
A
Low-voltage
electric power
substation
5033 4027 2221 46003×2000kV
A
Required capacity
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Based on load calculation, 3 power transformers of S11-2000kVA are selected for load
power consumption in the plant area.
III. Distribution room and electric power substation
A low-voltage electric power substation should be set up in the load center and the
production power, water source and wastewater processing locations should be
respectively equipped with a power distributing cabinet (power supply from the
low-voltage electric power substation). Since the power factor of the low-voltage
power load is low, the power factor automatic compensation device should be available
in the low-voltage distribution room. From our calculation, the compensation capacity
is 800kvar to increase the power factor to over 0.9. After compensation, the calculated
capacity becomes 4,600kVA from 5,033kVA and the load rate of the transformer is 77%.
Main equipment selection and lines laying methods
I. As for the 33kV overhead transmission incoming lines, each column is equipped
with one set of ZW32M-12/630-20 vacuum circuit breaker.
II. The low-voltage electric power substation is equipped with 3 sets of power
transformers respectively in S11-2000, 10/0.4D and yn111 and 30 sets of GCS
low-voltage drawer and the water source location is equipped with 4 sets of XL-4
power distributing cabinet.
III. From the low-voltage distribution room to all current-dependent equipment, the
cross-linked power cables are paved along the cable duct and anti-corrosion cable
bridge. After passing through the bridge and then through anti-flaming PVC pipes,
the lines are connected to all current-dependent equipment. The plant lighting
lines through the steel pipe should have open wiring and the living facilities’ lines
adopt anti-flaming PVC pipes to concealed wiring.
Table 7-4 Data Sheet of Main Electrical Equipment
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Lightning protection and grounding
The buildings of this project should be set up subject to the standard recommendations
for lightning protection of buildings.
7.3.3 MAINTENANCE FACILITIES
The tractor and agricultural machinery repair station is set up in the management room
in 30,000 cassava plantation area of the project. In addition, the main building of the
starch plant in the cassava processing area is equipped with the special repair room
with a construction area of 120M². It can be used for minor repairs and daily
maintenance and check of the process device, auxiliary device and pipe, emergency
troubleshooting, repair of old parts, technical transformation, spare products and parts
Serial No. NameModel &
specificationUnit Quantity
1 Vacuum circuit breakerZW32M-12/630-
20Set 1
2 Power transformer S11-2000kVA Set 3
3 Low-voltage drawer GCS Set 30
4 Low-voltage bus structure 2500A Set 8
5 Power distributing cabinet XL-4 Set 4
6 Site control box JX3001(change) Nos. 70
7 Overhaul power box Nos. 10
8 Lighting distribution box XRM Nos. 10
9 Anti-corrosion cable bridge XQJ Ton 20
10Low-voltage overhead
transmission lineLGJ-4×50 m 5000
11 Road lamps10-LND-01,
1×150W×NASet 25
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repair and manufacturing of simple quick-wear parts.
7.3.4 WAREHOUSING FACILITIES
The warehousing facilities of the project mainly include the raw material site and
finished products warehouse.
I. Raw material site: Comprises of an area of 10,000M2 to store fresh cassavas and
meet the storage demand of raw materials of the day.
II. Finished products warehouse: Comprises of an area of 10,000M2 and store
products for 30 days.
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8. ENERGY-SAVING AND WATER-SAVING MEASURES
8.1 ENERGY SAVING
8.1.1 ENERGY-SAVING MEASURES
I. The equipment should be selected to match with the production capacity to avoid
idle equipment and unnecessary waste.
II. In this project, all production processes are arranged subject to proper and
compact material flow in order to reduce time and distance of material shuttle
transportation.
III. The electric power substation should be set up near the main plant and close to
the load center.
IV. The distribution room is equipped with the low-voltage automatic reactive
compensation features.
V. The water pump motor is equipped with the frequency converter.
VI. The office should be equipped with LED energy saving lamps and the corridor
equipped with sound/movement-sensors light-controlled switch.
VII. The plant adopts the new type energy-saving LED lamps according to production
requirements.
VIII. The road lighting adopts LED energy-saving lamps.
8.1.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDEX ANALYSIS
Normally, a cassava processing plant consumes 200 kwh of electricity to process 1 ton
of cassava starch. Based on our analysis, our proposed plant design takes fresh cassavas
as raw materials with 150kwh of electricity consumed to process 1 ton of finished
products. As a result, 50kwh of electricity is saved and 6 million kwh of electricity can
be saved in the whole year. In this project, the cassava straws are fermented to
generate biogas to provide clean and environmentally friendly energy for the steam
boiler so as to replace 50% coal fuel. Therefore, 7,000 tons of fuel oils will be saved and
CO2 emission is also reduced.
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8.2 WATER SAVING
8.2.1 WATER-SAVING MEASURES
I. In the cassava processing process, water for washing is replaced by the process
water to promote recycling.
II. Processed production wastewater reaching the relevant standards can be used for
irrigating the cassava plantation base or drained to the fish pond for recycling.
III. The domestic water and washing water should be controlled by water-saving
valves. Measures should be taken to avoid spill, drop, drip and leak.
8.2.2 WATER CONSUMPTION INDEX ANALYSIS
Generally, the cassava processing plant consumes 25 tons of water to process 1 ton of
cassava starch. Through our analysis, our proposed design takes fresh cassavas as raw
materials with 17.5 tons of water consumed to process 1 ton of finished products so 7.5
tons of water is saved, amounting to 1.5 million tons of water saved in a year.
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9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
9.1 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND IMPACT OF PRODUCTION ON ENVIRONMENT
9.1.1 IMPACT OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ON ENVIRONMENT
During the development of this project, the following potential impacts may be
generated on the environment:
Environmental impact of wastes
Noise, dust, wastewater, sewage and garbage generated by the operation of
engineering construction machinery, operation of construction vehicles and normal
activities of constructors, in case of improper treatment, may pollute the environment.
Ecological impact of the construction project
At the construction site, land leveling, earth excavation and filling, especially in areas
with certain slope, filling and excavation are needed. Without efficient measures, they
may cause water loss and soil erosion as well as other environmental impacts.
Engineering constructions can change surface structures and surface materials, damage
the original balance of light, heat, water, vegetation and other systems in the
construction site, creating new balances which leads to adverse impact on the
environment.
9.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS DURING PRODUCTION
During the production and operation process, processing of cassavas mainly generates
wastes such as cassava residue, cassava bark, smoke dust and production wastewater.
Without proper treatment, they may cause immediate impact and secondary pollution
on the environment.
9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES
9.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION
For wastes generated during construction and their pollution prevention and
treatment, the policies of comprehensive management, active prevention, itemized
prevention and treatment are applicable with the following measures to be taken:
Comprehensive measures
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1. The construction unit must strengthen the management of personnel and
equipment to minimize and control pollutants effectively. They must clearly mark
the construction party, construction unit and set up an environmental protection
complaints hotline to provide convenience for the public to make complaints and
accept social supervision.
2. Before conducting processing of cassavas, the environmental protection
assessment should be established and relevant environment examination
department should be invited to monitor environmental factors such as water, soil,
air, etc. to be used as the original comparison data.
Pollutants and factors control, prevention and treatment measures
I. Wastewater and sewage pollution prevention and treatment measures
The construction party should define a certain area for wastewater discharge and
conduct a centralized and uniform treatment after the completion of construction.
Domestic sewage must be collected in a centralized way and then uniformly delivered
to the local sewage system for discharge instead of arbitrary discharge.
II. Noise pollution prevention and treatment measures
It is essential to conduct closed construction instead of open operation to reduce noise
diffusion. Without the approval from the environmental protection administration,
construction is prohibited from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. on the next day.
III. Solid waste pollution prevention and treatment measures
It is prohibited to spill wastes on the building sites. Building wastes and muck generated
should be cleared timely and in a centralized way, and then delivered to the place
designated by the local environmental protection administration. The transport vehicle
must be airtight, tidy and leak proof; solid wastes generated by constructors should be
standardized, handled, cleared and transported in a centralized way.
IV. Waste gas and dust prevention and treatment measures
When the wind power reaches above level 4, corresponding measures must be taken or
all dust generating operations must be stopped. It is essential to take water spray and
wetting construction operations to reduce waste gas and dust generation.
Ecological environment impact prevention and treatment measures
I. Ecological environment impact prevention and treatment
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According to the overall layout of the project construction and taking full advantage of
the terrain to reduce damages to the original terrain and ecology, based on
combination of functional areas of the project, greening and landscape arrangement
can be conducted by imitating the original terrain to make the ecological balance
features before and after construction.
II. Water loss and soil erosion prevention and treatment
During construction, surface excavation, especially areas with steep slope, should not
be done in rainy days. Excavated surface and filling locations as required by
construction should be done rapidly. Construction and greening should be accelerated.
9.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREVENTION AND TREATMENT MEASURES DURING PROJECT OPERATION
For wastes generated during project operations and their pollution prevention and
treatment, the policies of full utilization, comprehensive management, unified
prevention and treatment are applied and the following measures are taken:
Rational layout
Based on the production process and interrelations of the project, rational layout
should be made to avoid mutual interference and cross contamination of processes,
especially pollution to food and raw materials. The living quarters of staff and
production area should be separated by greenbelts.
Increase greening
According to the layout of project equipment, multi-level greening in all areas without
affecting normal production and operation, especially the design and implementation
of greenbelt will be necessary.
Defining production and operation area
The cassavas processing area should be enclosed to reduce interference to
surroundings, waste gas and noise pollution. Isolating the living quarters of staff and
production and operation area internally and making proper enclosure according to the
internal process and sanitary requirements of production and operation area to avoid
cross contamination is important.
Resourceful treatment of cassava residue
Based on industry practice, cassava residue should go through resourceful treatment.
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Squeeze and dewater cassava residue after processing from the starch plant will be
delivered directly to the biogas digester to be used as one of the main raw materials of
generating biogas, thus achieving the zero emission target of cassava residue without
environmental pollution.
Resourceful treatment of cassava bark
Cassava bark is an excellent raw material for organic fertilizer. It can be turned into
organic fertilizer after mixing with yellow slurry and landfilling for one month.
Therefore, cassava bark undergoes resourceful treatment to be delivered to the
bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant supporting the project construction to generate
organic fertilizer directly. This will provide fertilizer supply guarantee for the 30,000
hectares of cassava plantation and also an indirect material guarantee for the starch
plant.
Smoke dust prevention and treatment
Smoke dust mainly comes from the boiler. This project takes heavy oil and biogas as the
boiler fuel. The waste gas discharged after burning has no smoke dust and only
generate a small impact on the environment.
Production wastewater treatment
Production wastewater comes from the processing of cassava starch containing a small
quantity of yellow slurry cassava bark and sodium hydrogen cyanide, appearing to be
slightly acid and its PH value is about 5.0. The project is also supported by the
construction of a 10,000m3/day sewage treatment system to make sure waste water is
discharged only after it is treated according to standards. The treated water can be
used as pond farming and water conservancy irrigation of cassava plantation.
Solid waste
Household waste and solid waste generated by other activities should be collected by
unified dustbins and dump sites, and then uniformly cleaned and dumped to the local
central waste disposal site once a day.
Noise
Equipment which meets noise standards should be purchased. Technological and
engineering measures should be taken on those equipment with too much noise.
During operation, the proper operation time should be selected based on the features
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of noise and the production and operation area should be enclosed to reduce noise
diffusion.
Enhancing supervision and control
The local environment examination department of Kenya should be invited to
periodically test environmental parameters such as air, water, soil, etc., and
environmental should be assessed based on the test result and improvement measures
should be presented. The management will conduct strict enforcement of relevant
occupational health and safety regulations of Kenya and take effective measures to
eliminate or reduce unsafe factors to guarantee safe production.
Strengthening staff management and public supervision
Improve production skills of staff and regular trainings for them to strengthen their
environmental protection awareness will be conducted. The management must
facilitate environmental publicity, educate and standardize various operations in
addition to encouraging public supervision, accept public suggestions modestly and
make improvements timely.
9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION INVESTMENT
The project will be developed with suitable layout and construction based on industry
relevance and take full advantage of wastes to turn waste into raw materials by strictly
following emission reduction guidelines. In the domain of environmental protection,
this project takes key engineering measures to deal with various wastes. The
environmental protection investment is USD 13.338 million.
9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
By focusing on the analysis of features, form and type of emissions of this project,
proceeding from industry relevance and “3R” requirements of a sustainable economy
and taking environmental protection as the critical target, relevant measures and
treatment engineering are put forward. Whether it is the atmospheric environment,
water environment, soil environment or noise environment, no harmful effect will be
brought to the construction site and the surrounding environment after the project is
put into operation. From the aspect of environmental protection, this construction
project is feasible.
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10. OPERATION MANAGEMENT
10.1 PROJECT LEGAL PERSON FORMATION PLANNING
Competent authority of the project
Competent organization of project will be _____________.
It is mainly responsible for project coordination, management and supervision.
Construction unit of the project
Construction unit of the project will be _____________.
These parties will be responsible for the whole process of project planning,
construction, implementation, fund management, operation after completion, etc.
10.2 MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHMENT PLANNING
The proposed set up of the project companies will include three subsidiaries: Cassava
plantation Co., Ltd., Cassavas Processing Co., Ltd. and Biological Organic Fertilizer Co.,
Ltd. Cassavas Processing Co., Ltd will include effluent treatment and biogas production.
The company organization structure includes Management, Production Technology
Dept., Financial Dept., Improved Variety Base and Logistics Management Dept.
After formation, the company will employ the legal person responsibility system. Each
department should perform its own functions to organize and manage cassava
cultivation, production and the production and sales of cassava starch, cassava flour
and biological organic fertilizer. The major responsibilities of each department are as
follows:
I. Management will be responsible for integrated planning, organization,
coordination and control of the company's businesses to achieve established
production objectives.
II. Production Technology Dept will be responsible for purchasing seedlings and fresh
cassava, providing technical support for cassava plantation, technically guiding
and managing cassava starch, cassava flour and biological organic fertilizer.
III. Financial Dept will be responsible for the financial management and fund raising
of the company.
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IV. Logistics Management Dept will be responsible for the logistics management of
company products and personnel.
V. Improved Variety Base will be responsible for cultivating and optimizing cassava
seedlings to be planted in large area.
VI. Sales Dept will be responsible for selling cassava starch, promoting and selling
cassava flour.
10.3 HUMAN RESOURCES ALLOCATION
The company takes “Company + Cooperation” as its business policy. Cassava
production is completed by about 1,400 personnel and processing of cassavas is
completed by about 300 workers. Human resources allocation is mainly managed
amongst the above six departments, with approximately 89 personnel.
Table 10-1 Human Resources Allocation Table of Cassava plantation Company
10.4 STAFF TRAINING PLAN
In order to ensure normal production after project construction and promote
participation, project management personnel, technicians and workers should receive
trainings. All workers should master operational procedures and given official
appointment with certificates.
Department Personnel allocation
(people) Remark
Manager 1
Deputy Manager 4
Financial Dept. 6
Production Technology Dept. 8
Improved Variety Base 60Including: 50 workers
and 10 technicians
Sales Dept. 6
Logistics Management Dept. 4
Total 89
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Training participants
Training participants are all workers, including management personnel, technicians and
regular workers.
Training form
1. Send competent personnel to advanced companies at home and abroad to study.
2. Organize a training and technical summary study for technicians semi-annually
inside the company.
3. Organize a production workers study and training semi-annually
4. Encourage and inspire communications and study among workers.
Training content
I. Production and operation knowledge
Based on the production and operation status of project, management personnel and
competent technicians should be sent to advanced planting bases in the same industry
to learn their practical production and operation technologies and concepts, popularize
them on the entire farm and use them in actual production.
II. Production safety knowledge
The company will organize technical and production workers to participate in a safety
production study semi-annually, strengthening their safe production awareness,
improve production efficiency and make sure safety using of pesticide and chemical
fertilizer.
III. Production technology knowledge
The company will organize technicians of Production Technology Dept. and Improved
Variety Base to receive a science and technology training semi-annually to make them
adapt to the development of the cassava industry, master the latest production
technology methods and facilitate production.
Other knowledge
Ideological and political training, farm ethos development training, individual
occupational ethics training and staff incentive mechanism training will be conducted
to improve the overall quality of staff in aspects of ideology and politics, style of work,
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working enthusiasm, etc. to facilitate production and operation.
10.5 OPERATION MODE
The production, supply and sales operation structure is planned whereby the cassava
plantation employs the model of “Company + Cooperation”. The cultivation,
optimization and supply of cassava seedlings are completed by the Improved Variety
Base of the company. Fresh cassava are mainly supplied to the cassava starch
processing plant with an annual productivity of 200,000 tons supporting the
development of the project and cassava starch is sold to satisfy global customers’
demands.
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11. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT
11.1 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
The construction period of the project is 5 years, with the assumption the project will
commence in Dec 2015
11.2 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS ARRANGEMENT
I. Before the end of Dec 2015, we will complete the establishment, report, approval,
survey, design and other preliminary work of project construction feasibility study
report, start to prepare for introducing seedlings, infrastructure construction of
500 hectares of Improved Variety Base and land reclamation of 4,500 hectares of
plantation area, and then complete site selection and design of cassava starch and
cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical
fertilizer plant.
II. From the 1st to 3rd month, we will complete the introduction of Improved Variety
Base and land reclamation of 5,000 hectares of plantation area and carry out civil
engineering such as road engineering, irrigation, drainage engineering, etc. on the
Base and technical trainings. We will start the infrastructure construction of
cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and
bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.
III. From the 4th to 12th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 4,500 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area. In addition, we will complete road
engineering, irrigation and drainage engineering on the Base as well as civil
engineering of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas
digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant. We will purchase farm tools and
plant equipment and carry out further technical trainings.
IV. From 13th to 18th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 5,000 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area. We will start equipment installation of
cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and
bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.
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V. From 19th to 24th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 10,000 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area, and finish equipment installation and
commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas
digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.
VI. From 25th to 30th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 15,000 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area to reach the planned cassava plantation
scale. We will start capacity expansion infrastructure and equipment purchase of
cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and
bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.
VII. From 31st to 36th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 15,000 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area, and start capacity expansion
equipment purchase of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant,
biogas digester and bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant.
VIII. From 37th to 42th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality seedling
cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 15,000 hectares of fresh cassava
production in the cassava plantation area, and finish capacity expansion
equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour
plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant.
IX. From 43rd to 48th month, we will complete 11,250 tons of high-quality improved
variety cultivation for the Improved Variety Base and 15,000 hectares of fresh
cassava production in the cassava plantation area, finish equipment
commissioning of cassava starch and cassava flour plant, sewage plant, biogas
digester and bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant and get ready for production.
X. From month 49th onwards, we will carry out high-yield cassava seedling selection
and cultivation, optimize cassava seedling, increase cassava productivity and
achieve the planting target of 25 tons per hectare.
11.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS SHEET
With the development project fully funded, the implementation progress of project
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construction should be planned according to required time of various works. The
implementation cycle will be measured in years and progress arrangement measured
quarterly (3months).
Table 11-1 Project Schedule
Time Implementation stage
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
Remarks
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. Report, approval, project design of feasibility study report
2.Seedling introduction of improved variety Base and land reclamation of plantation area
By end of 2016, finish the reclamation of 30,000 hectares of planting land
3. Seedling base planting engineering
4. Seedling base irrigation and road engineering
5. Seedling introduction and planting engineering of planting area
From 2017, plant 2,500 - 3,000 hectares of cassava each month to achieve the target of 30,000 hectares each year
6. Cassava harvest and improved variety selection
From July 2016, harvest
1,200-2,500 tons of fresh cassava every day
7. Farm tools and plant equipment purchase of cassava starch plant, biogas digester and other infrastructure projects
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8. Plant equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch plant, biogas digester and other infrastructure projects
To the end of 2015, finish production of 10,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour, and 5,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer
9. Capacity expansion infrastructure projects and capacity expansion equipment purchase of cassava starch plant, biogas digester, etc.
10. Capacity expansion equipment installation and commissioning of cassava starch plant, biogas digester, etc.
To the end of 2018, achieve the target to produce 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour, and 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer
11. Optimizing cassava seedling project
Improve cassava productivity and achieve the target of planting 25 tons of cassava per hectare
12. Trainings
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12. INVESTMENT AND FUND RAISING
12.1 ESTIMATED INVESTMENT
12.1.1 DESCRIPTIONS AND BASIS OF INVESTMENT ESTIMATION
The investment estimation for this project is established according to the Guideline of
Investment Project Feasibility Study (Trail Version) approved by State Development
Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China and relevant regulations of
existing agricultural project economic evaluation. It is the optimum solution based on
the comparison of market prediction, construction scale, technical proposal, equipment
proposal, engineering proposal, project implementation progress and other aspects.
The main bases:
I. Investment policies and regulations issued by national and relevant authorities;
II. Economic Evaluation Methods and Parameters of Construction Projects (Third
Edition) issued by National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of
Construction;
III. The Guideline of Investment Project Feasibility Study issued by State Development
Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China [Ji Ban Investment (2002)
No. 15];
IV. A Practical Manual for Economic Evaluation of Agricultural Projects (Second
Edition) issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Construction;
V. Basic data provided by the implementation unit of the project;
VI. Construction Cost Valuation Rules in China building standard (2008);
VII. Local price information, price of commodities, supplies and other price of
materials published by relevant department;
VIII. Existing similar enterprise investments;
IX. The data of Kenya was provided by THE GREAT LAKES GROUP LIMITED (see
schedule);
X. The Dollar-Yuan exchange rate is 6.0.
12.1.2 CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENT ESTIMATION
Estimation scope
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According to The Guideline of Investment Project Feasibility Study, this project classifies
the estimation of construction investment into office and living facilities cost,
30,000-hectare cassava plantation cost, starch plant cost, sewage plant cost, biogas
digester cost, bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant cost, other project construction cost
and reserve cost. Estimations are made respectively as follows.
1. The estimated value of construction investment is USD 82.2798 million.
2. For details, see Schedule 1 Construction Investment Estimation Form.
Office and living facilities
The estimated investment of office and living facilities is USD 2.472 million which
includes the office building with an area of 1800 m2 based on a 4-storey brick-concrete
structure. The unit construction cost is 500 U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of
900,000 U.S. dollars.
The accommodation for the management personnel are:
1. Dormitories with the building area are 3,240 m2. The unit construction cost is 400
U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of 1.296 million U.S. dollars.
2. The guard room, canteen, bathroom and toilet with the affiliated building area is
690 m2. The unit construction price is 400 U.S. dollars/m2, adding up to a total of
276,000 U.S. dollars.
30,000-hectare cassava plantation
I. Agricultural machinery cost
Reclaiming 30,000 hectares of land to realize mechanized farming for cassava
plantation project requires a large number of agricultural machinery and equipment
such as tractors, soil preparation and land cultivation machines, irrigation and
fertilization machines, cassava harvesters. These equipment require a total investment
of USD 7.03 million and the investment estimation list is as follows:
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II. Planting engineering cost
Planting engineering includes land clearing, cultivation, planting, seedling cost,
fertilizer, pesticide, labor, cost of machinery depreciation, equipment repairing cost,
etc. Each hectare needs a comprehensive investment of USD 962, so the 30,000
hectares will cost USD 28.86 million in total. For details, see Per Hectare Estimation
Form of Cassava plantation:
Table 12–1 Per Hectare Estimation Form of Cassava plantation (USD/hectare)
Unit price Total
10,000 U.S.
dollars
price 10,000
U.S. dollars
1 90 hp 4-wheel tractor set 80 2.45 196 Made in China
2 80 hp 4-wheel tractor set 20 2.15 172 Made in China
3 3-4 Disc plough Set 50 0.55 27.5 Made in China
4 6-7 Disc plough Set 50 0.45 22.5 Made in China
5 Ridging plough Set 50 0.3 15 Made in China
6 Irrigation equipment Set 20 0.5 10 Made in China
7 SD16 bulldozer Set 10 12 120 Made in China
8 1M3 Excavator Set 3 20 60 Made in China
9 Road roller Set 1 15 15 Made in China
10 160 Cassava harvester Set 50 0.8 40 Made in China
11 Farm trailer Set 25 1 25 Made in China
Total 703
S/N Specification and name Unit Qty. Remark
S/N Project nameEstimated
costRemark
1 Seedling cost 152
The first batch needs to pay for
seedling cost; thereafter, the company
will breed on its own.
2 Fertilizer 350Biological fertilizer is provided by the
biological fertilizer plant of the project
3 Pesticide cost 45
4 Machinery depreciation 90
5 Diesel cost 50
6 Labor cost 250
7Equipment maintenance
and repairing cost25
Total 962
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III. Auxiliary engineering cost
As estimated, the auxiliary management offices of this project are; single storey
brick-concrete structure; each building is 25m2, so for 100 buildings this adds up to
2500m2. The unit construction cost is USD 400 /m2, and the total cost is USD 1 million.
IV. Irrigation and drainage engineering
The design includes irrigation furrow, drainage channel and pond, adding up to USD
2.54 million which includes:
Irrigation furrow, free stone masonry, the unit construction price is USD
20,000 /km, and so for 100km the cost is USD 2 million;
Drainage channel, earth ditch, the unit construction price is USD 1,000 /km,
so for 50km it cost USD 50,000;
For a 50m3 pond, brick-concrete structure, the unit construction price is
USD 5,000 /pond, so for 50 ponds it will cost USD 250,000;
For a 100m3 pond, brick-concrete structure, the unit construction price is
USD 8,000 /pond, so for 30 ponds it will cost USD240,000;
Road engineering includes field road and product road, taking a total cost of
USD 1.5 million which includes
a. Field road: mud-gravel, the unit construction price is USD 20,000 /km,
so 50km shall cost USD 1 million;
b. Production road: earth road, the unit construction price is USD 6,250
/km, so 80km shall cost USD 500,00;
Other engineering shall cost USD 800,000.
The estimated investment for field water suction pumps, pump room and small farm
tools is USD 200,000. Auxiliary accessories such as tractor, agricultural machinery
equipment shall cost USD 600,000.
The total investment for 30,000-hectare cassava plantation is USD 41.73 million.
Starch plant
The building area of the main workshops for cassava starch and cassava flour
production lines is 5000 m2; the unit construction price is USD 400 /m2, so the total cost
is USD 2 million;
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The area for finished products warehouse is 10,000 m2; the unit construction price is
USD 350 /m2, so the total cost is USD 3.5 million;
A total of USD 2.085 million should be invested for stock yard, cassava residue pond
and water pond, including: 10,000 m2 of stock yard and drying yard. With the unit
construction price of USD 150 /m2, so the total cost is USD 1.5 million. The effective
volume of cassava residue pond is 1,400 m3, with the unit construction price at USD
150 /m3, so the total cost is USD 210,000. The building area of the water pond is
5000m2, with the unit construction price at USD 75 /m2, so the total cost is USD
375,000 .
The building area of the boiler room is 600m2, power distribution room 40m2, pump
room 40m2 and weighbridge room 24m2, covering a total area of 704 m2. The unit
construction price is USD400 /m2, so the total cost is USD 281,600;
The whole set of equipment for cassava starch production lines with a daily output of
150 tons need an investment of USD 1.5 million. The two lines cost USD 3 million in
total. The whole set of equipment for cassava flour production lines with a daily output
of 150 tons needs an investment of USD 1.5 million and therefore the two lines cost
USD 3 million in total.
The 6000KV power facilities of the plant need an investment of USD 600,000. The
supporting production line has four sets of 6-ton steam boilers, with each set costing
USD 120,000, so the total cost is USD480,000.
The estimated investment amount for the above engineering construction, machinery
equipment and supporting facilities of starch plant is USD 14.9466 million. According to
relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual situation of local
and this construction project, the engineering design cost of starch plant accounts for
2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and commissioning cost in
Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to USD 2.0925 million.
Therefore, the total investment of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour
production plant is USD 17.0391 million.
Sewage plant
The estimated investment amount of sewage treatment engineering project equipment
with a daily treatment capacity of 5000m3 is 1.5 million U.S. dollars. The investment for
infrastructure and supporting projects facilities is 500,000 U.S. dollars and the
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investment of sewage treatment strains is 100,000 U.S. dollars. Therefore the total
investment amount is 2.1 million U.S. dollars. The total investment amount of 2 lines of
5,000m3/d sewage treatment system is 4.2 million U.S. dollars.
According to relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual
situation of local and this construction project, the engineering design cost of sewage
plant accounts for 2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and
commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 588,000 U.S. dollars.
Therefore, the estimated total investment for the sewage plant is 4.788 million U.S.
dollars.
Biogas digester
The estimated investment amount for biogas and straw fermentation engineering
project equipment with a daily output of 25,000m m3 is 2.8 million U.S. dollars (biogas
technology from Germany). The investment for infrastructure and supporting projects
facilities is 800,000 U.S. dollars and the investment for biogas strains is 150,000 U.S.
dollars. Therefore the total investment amount is 3.75 million U.S. dollars. The total
investment amount of 2 sets of 25,000m3/d biogas digester is 7.5 million U.S. dollars.
According to relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual
situation of local and this construction project, the engineering design cost of sewage
plant accounts for 2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and
commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 1.05 million U.S. dollars.
Therefore, the estimated total investment of biogas digester is 8.55 million U.S. dollars.
Bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant
The building area of the biological organic fertilizer production line workshop and
infrastructure with an annual output of 100,000 tons is 2,500m2. The unit construction
price is 400 U.S. dollars/m2, so the total cost is 1 million U.S. dollars. The estimated
investment amount of 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer production line
project equipment is 2 million U.S. dollars. The 2-ton steam boiler and Cowper stove
cost 100,000 U.S. dollars each, so the 2 sets shall cost 200,000 U.S. dollars in total.
According to relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual
situation of local and this construction project, the engineering design cost of sewage
plant accounts for 2% of the total investment amount, and the installation and
commissioning cost in Kenya accounts for 12%, adding up to 448,000 U.S. dollars.
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Therefore, the estimated total investment of sewage plant is 3.648 million U.S. dollars.
Other engineering construction costs
According to relevant national and industrial regulations and combining the actual
situation of local and this construction project, the estimated cost of other engineering
constructions is 3.2704 million U.S. dollars. This includes preliminary operating expense
(Estimated to be 834,600 U.S. dollars as the investment of 30,000-hectare cassava
plantation project accounts for 2% of the total investment amount); survey and design
cost (estimated to be 912,400 U.S. dollars as the total investment of office and living
facilities, starch plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and bioorganic chemical fertilizer
plant accounts for 2.5% of the total investment amount); management fee of
construction unit (estimated to be 1.1734 million U.S. dollars as the investment of
project engineering accounts for 1.5% of the total investment amount) and 350,000
U.S. dollars of technical training cost. For details, see Schedule 1 Construction
Investment Estimation Form.
Fundamental reserve cost
The estimated investment amount of the office and living facilities, 30,000-hectare
cassava plantation, starch plant, sewage plant, biogas digester and biological organic
fertilizer account for 1% of the total investment amount, i.e. 782,300 U.S. dollars.
12.1.3 INTEREST INCURRED DURING CONSTRUCTION
I. The construction period of this project is 4 years and the assumed bank interest
rate is 3.5%.
II. The construction investment is 82.2798 million U.S. dollars, which is invested on a
yearly basis. The interests calculation are as follows:
The invest capital of 1st year is 42.6878 million U.S. dollars, the interest is
747,000 U.S. dollars;
The invest capital of 2nd year is 11.7093 million U.S. dollars, the interest is
1.699 million U.S. dollars;
The invest capital of 3rd year is 24.62 million U.S. dollars, the interest is
2.3348 million U.S. dollars;
The invest capital of 4th year is 32.627 million U.S. dollars, the interest is
2.8227 million U.S. dollars;
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The total interest during construction period is 7.6035 million U.S. dollars.
12.1.4 CASHFLOW
Considering plant production and sales of the project, that cassava starch clients are
mainly distributed in China and all over the world, and there is a long distance between
Kenya and China so that it generally takes 30-40 days to ship products to China.
Therefore, the capital return time is set as 90 days. Based on the product cost of each
plant, the cashflow needed by each plant is as follows:
The cashflow needed by starch plant is 7.659 million U.S. dollars;
The cashflow needed by sewage plant is 0.369 million U.S. dollars;
The cashflow needed by biogas digester is 0.333 million U.S. dollars;
The cashflow needed by bioorganic chemical fertilizer plant is 2.125 million
U.S. dollars;
The total cashflow needed is 10.486 million U.S. dollars.
12.2 FUND RAISING
The total investment of the project is 100,369,300 U.S. dollars, among which project
construction needs 82,279,800 U.S. dollars, production cashflow needs 10,486,000 U.S.
dollars and interest incurred during construction period is 7,603,500 U.S. dollars.
Based on the construction progress of the project, the investment plan of each year is
established. See the following table for details.
Table 12-2 Yearly Capital Investment Schedule (Unit: 10,000 U.S. dollars)
Operation period of construction and production
1 2 3 4 5
1Construction
investment8227.98 4268.78 1170.93 2462 326.27
2Interest during
construction period760.35 74.7 169.9 282.27
3 Liquid capital 1048.6 266.7 382.25 399.65
Total investment of
project
4 (1+2+3) 10036.93 4343.48 1607.53 3077.73 608.54 399.65
S/N Name Total
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13. FINANCIAL EVALUATIONS
13.1 FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF PROJECT
13.1.1 BASIC DATA AND PARAMETER SELECTION OF FINANCIAL EVALUATION
Financial price
The sales prices of products of this project are determined by their target market.
Project input mainly takes existing market price as the basis, output mainly takes recent
wholesale price of similar products in the market as the basis and proper adjustments
have been made according to market analysis and prediction.
The main materials for processing of cassavas in the project, i.e. fresh cassava, are
developed and planted on its own. Main materials for the biogas digester takes
advantage of discarded straws and cassava residue generated by deep-processing of
cassavas to make good use of waste materials and turn waste into wealth. Raw
materials of bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant takes sludge generated by wastewater
treatment and biogas digester, starch yellow slurry generated by processing of
cassavas, cassava bark, etc., which are processed by high technologies. All raw
materials in the project are reused to achieve environmental protection and
sustainable economics for the project.
Table 13-1 Sales Price List of Main Raw Materials and Products
Calculation period of project
The calculation period of project is 20 years, including 4 years of construction period
and 16 years of production period.
S/N Name Price Remark
1 Diesel1.25 U.S.
dollars/L
2 Heavy oil0.85 U.S.
dollars/L
4 Cassava starch387.50 U.S.
dollars/T
5 Cassava flour387.50 U.S.
dollars/T
3 Electric power 33KV0.08 U.S.
dollars/KWh
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Production load
Based on industrial experience and combining concrete conditions of the project, the
production load is determined as 10% for 2nd year, 40% for 3rd year, 80% for 4th year
and 100% for 5th~20th year.
Financial benchmark yield
Based on industrial experience and combining the average capital cost of this project,
the discount rate is 8%. It is also taken as the basis for internal yield rate target of the
project (benchmark yield).
Interest
Based on the annual interest rate of bank loan issued by the World Bank, the interest of
long-term loan (over five years) is 3.5%.
Other calculation parameters
Parameters are selected according to relevant national and industrial regulations of
China and combining the actual situation of the project.
Table 13-2 Summary of Other Calculation Parameters
Name Calculation parameters Remark
2.Amortization of intangible
assets15 years Average amortization
3.Amortizationofotherassets 5 years Average amortization
4.Salary and welfare cost 1800 peopleWelfare cost accounts for 14$ of
salary
5.Repairing cost 3%Depreciation of fixed assets is
taken as the base number
6.Other management fees2.5 % (sales revenue is taken as
the base)
7.Other selling expenses2.5 % (sales revenue is taken as
the base)
8.Other taxes - VAT is taken as the base number
9.Surplus accumulation fund -
10. Public welfare fund -
1.DepreciationoffixedassetsMachinery equipment 15 years,
buildings 15 years
Straight-line-method, rate of
residual value takes 5%
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13.1.2 ESTIMATION OF SALES REVENUE
Based on the price of cassava starch on international market in March 2014, the market
conditions of Kenya as well as market analysis and prediction, the sales price of cassava
starch and cassava flour is 387.50 U.S. dollars/ton. Upon reaching the production
capacity, a total of 72.6563 million U.S. dollars of sales revenue can be achieved per
year.
13.1.3 ESTIMATION OF COST
Based on various costs of production and operation of the project, this project mainly
takes the “Factors method” to calculate production cost. The consumption quantity of
materials, power, etc. and empirical data obtained from similar products in recent
years are used as basis for calculation.
Average cost per unit
I. The cost of 30,000-hectare cassava plantation is 962 U.S. dollars/hectare;
II. The production cost of 200,000 tons of cassava starch and cassava flour is 138 U.S.
dollars/ton (starch product);
III. The estimated cost of sewage treatment is 0.41 U.S. dollars/m3;
IV. The production cost of biogas is 0.37 U.S. dollars/m3;
V. The production cost of biological organic fertilizer is 85 U.S. dollars/ton.
See Schedule 2 - 30,000-Hectare Cassava Development Unit Cost Estimation Form for
more details.
Amortization expense
The investment amortization expense is calculated by straight-line method. Residue
value is calculated by 5% and the average depreciation and amortization expense per
year is 4.1138 million U.S. dollars.
Other expense
This includes selling expense and management fee. Selling expense refers to the
advertising expense, travel expense of sales personnel, salary of sales personnel, etc.
paid by the enterprise to sell products. It is calculated as 2.5% of the sales price.
Management fee refers to fees paid by the management department to operate this
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project, including salary of management personnel, a part of taxation expense included
in the management fee and other fees disbursed by the management department. It is
calculated as 2.5% of the sales price. After normal production, other expense is 2.4
million U.S. dollars.
Variable cost and fixed cost
I. Variable cost: the annual average estimate is 24.1056 million U.S. dollars;
II. Fixed cost: the annual average estimate is 22.2253 million U.S. dollars.
Operating cost
Operating cost: the annual average estimate is 42.2867 million U.S. dollars.
Estimation of total cost
Total cost: the annual average estimate is 46.3309 million U.S. dollars.
See Schedule 5 - Total Costs Form for more details.
13.1.4 FINANCIAL EVALUATION REPORT
Please refer to the following financial forecast statement for financial evaluation
report:
Schedule 3 Fixed Assets Investment Form
Schedule 4 Depreciation and Amortization Form
Schedule 5 Total Costs Form
Schedule 6 Investment Cash Flow Statement
13.2 FINANCIAL PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
The profit that can be obtained within the project calculation period is analyzed and the
result shows that the financial internal rate of return of the project is 18.02%, the
financial net present value of 76.1569 million U.S. dollars and the investment payback
period of 7.47 years. Static analysis result shows that the average annual total profit of
calculation period can reach 26.3254 million U.S. dollars and the profit ratio of
investment is 26.23%.
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13.3 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
Based on sales, cost, taxation expense and other data of years with full production, the
Break-Even Point (BEP) is figured out by formula or drawing. The fixed cost of each year
is different, so years with relatively high fixed cost and relatively low fixed cost are
selected respectively for calculation.
BEP is calculated by the utilization rate of production capacity. This project takes the
data of 20-year project period as the basis, and BEP (capacity utilization rate) = 61.34%.
The result shows when the project is completed and put into operation, the company
can keep balance of revenue and expenditure without any loss only if the designed
capacity utilization rate reaches 61.34%.
13.4 FINANCIAL EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS
The above calculation and analysis results show:
I. Financial internal rate of return is 18.02%; financial net present value is 76.1569
million U.S. dollars, which is larger than zero;
II. Investment payback period is 7.47 years;
III. BEP is 61.34% of designed capacity utilization rate;
IV. Profit ratio of investment is 26.23%;
Based on the above analysis, after large-scale production, the project can generate
profits for the nation and the company, with good economic returns and ideal financial
indexes. Financially, this project is feasible.
Note: The tax policies of Kenya related to agricultural planting are not available;
therefore, the financial assessment of this project leaves taxation expense out of
consideration.
Annual fixed cost x 100% = 61.34%
(Annual sales revenue -
annual variable cost -
annual sales tax and
additional tax)
BEP =
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14. RISK ANALYSIS
Employing the model of “Company + Base + Staff”, this project of 30000-hectare
cassava plantation, comprehensively develops processing of 200,000 tons of cassava
starch and cassava flour, and provides 100,000 tons of biological organic fertilizer.
The project complies with national and industrial policies with feasible proposals and
guaranteed supply of raw materials. However, the construction project still has certain
risks as analyzed below.
14.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT MAJOR RISK FACTORS
Risks of the project are mainly market risks, natural factors, social factors, variety
resources, etc. Through the above analysis and study, the main risk factors of this
construction project are in market, technique and other aspects.
I. At present, the planting techniques employed by cassava plantation areas in
Africa and Kenya are mixed with good and bad ones. It is also the same case with
project zones. They have little understanding of cassava plantation techniques,
varieties and other knowledge, and still follow the traditional extensive cultivation
method. Thus, the overall planting level and the yield of cassava are relatively low.
Low yield will definitely lead to low output, thus leading to low rate of return of
cassava plantation. In addition, the enthusiasm of planting cassava and the
implementation progress of 30,000-hectare cassava plantation scale are affected.
II. Currently, the price of fresh cassava has been on the increase. However, it is
influenced by several factors with complicated relations. The price might fall
sharply in the next few years, so certain market risks still exist.
III. When plant diseases, insect pests and sudden adverse climatic factors appear, the
large area of cassava cultivation will be extensively affected and the yield of
cassava will be greatly impacted. For example, the continuous low temperature in
January to February of 2008 inflicts heavy losses on cassava plantation in China,
especially that in Guangxi Province. The crop yields of Cassava in most areas
dramatically decrease, or even die of frost.
IV. Cassava plantation is an emerging industry of tropical crops. Insufficient input and
support of scientific research funds, shortage of research and extension workers,
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poor scientific research extension basis and few achievements lead to a higher
risk of technical and fund guarantee.
14.2 RISK DEGREE ANALYSIS
Based on the above analysis, main risks of this project are estimated. The analysis sheet
of risk factors and risk degree are as follows:
Table 14-1 Risk Factors and Risk Degree Analysis Sheet
14.3 MEASURES TO MANAGE AND REDUCE RISK
Based on the analysis of risk degree of various risk factors, the following measures to
manage and reduce risk are put forward in terms of main risk factors facing the project.
They are for the reference of various parties of the project.
Selecting correct variety of cassava
1 Market risk √
1.1 Market demand √
1.2 Competitive capacity √
1.3 Price √
2 Raw materials risk √
2.1 Price √
2.2 Supply √
3 Technical risk √
3.1 Advancement √
3.2 Applicability √
3.3 Reliability √
3.4 Availability √
4 Engineering risk √
4.1 Engineering geology √
4.2 Hydrogeology √
4.3 Engineering quantity √
5 Capital risk √
5.1 Interest rate √
5.2Capital source
interruption√
5.3 Shortage of funds √
6Risk of external
collaboration conditions √
6.1 Transportation √
6.2 Water supply √
6.3 Power supply √
7 Social risk √
8 Natural risk √
S/N Risk factors
Risk degree
DescriptionCatastro
phicSerious Major General
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The core of agricultural production is “variety”. As the saying goes, “Variety determines
the overall situation”. Therefore, selecting the fine variety suitable for the plantation
area is a guarantee for successful cultivation. China has selected a batch of cassava
varieties with high yield, high flour and high adaptability, which are being applied in
production. It is recommended to select some varieties with good properties suitable
for the plantation area, promote the cultivation and increase cassava output. Improved
varieties with good stress resistance as well as disease and insect-resistant varieties can
also be selected to avoid and reduce the impact of adverse environment and factors on
cultivation.
Reasonable application of cultivation techniques
Scientific planting technology is critical to achieve successful cassava plantation and
obtain ideal yield. It is necessary to actively explore scientific planting technology, sum
up experiences, and then promote and apply in accordance with to local conditions. For
now, mature planting technologies include intercropping cultivation technique of
cassava. This technique means while planting cassava, other crops such as peanut,
soybean, watermelon, pumpkin, maize, etc. are interplanted in order to increase the
multiple cropping index in unit area and improve economic returns.
Strengthening the relationship with scientific research units
It is necessary to conduct extensive exchange with international matured cassava
regions, pay close attention to cassava variety selective breeding and introduce
improved new varieties adaptive to large-scale production and application as early as
possible.
The company's marketing strategies should emphasize the following aspects:
I. Strengthening technical service network to develop new and high value-added
products.
II. Under the condition that the product quality of this project is almost the same as
the general quality level on the market, price becomes a highly sensitive factor. In
order to improve product competitiveness, the low-cost strategy should be
employed. During the entire production process, the production cost should be
lowered via effective management while ensuring stable product quality.
III. Exploit the market, strengthen market consciousness, accurately locate target
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market, grasp market trend, seek opportunities, seize the opportunity and
participate in competition, expand and occupy market, build brand image through
market to establish a brand. Broadening distribution channels and expanding its
extent of influence by publicity means to improve visibility.
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15. RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
15.1 OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF THE RECOMMENDED PLAN
15.1.1 MARKET FORECAST RESULTS
As one of the three major tubers in the world, the cassava is regarded as “King of Starch”
and “Food under the Ground”. The cassava is mainly used as food and fodder and for
industrial utilization. 65% of total cassava outputs throughout the world are used as
food for human consumption and cassavas are the main food of about 0.6 billion
low-income household in the tropical wetland areas. Currently, many countries have
great demand on cassavas for industrial production and China has become the number
one cassava importer with the annual import volume reaching 5 million tons. Every
year, Africa exported most of its cassavas to China and cassavas have been widely
planted in Africa. Although it is still early for Africa to export its cassavas to other
continents, cassava plantation will be bound to bring about huge business opportunity
to Africa in the future.
With new technologies and materials constantly emerging, starch is used as raw
material and the market demand for starch is huge. However, currently, production
and total output of starch, especially the output of the cassava starch cannot meet the
market demand. Demand will exceed supply for a long time, so this market is
promising.
In conclusion, cassava plantation and cassava starch development have huge market
space and growth potential.
15.1.2 BUILDING SCALE AND PRODUCT PROGRAM
I. The cassava plantation area has an area of 29,500 hectares and annual output of
fresh cassavas is 750,000 tons.
II. The cassava seedling base has an area of 500 hectares with annual output of
quality cassava seedlings is 11,250 tons.
III. The cassava starch and flour deep processing plant has an output of 200,000
tons, 2 cassava starch production lines with a daily output of 150 tons and 2
cassava flour production lines with a daily output of 150 tons.
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IV. 10,000 M3/d sewage treatment plant comprising of 2 units of 5000M3/d sewage
treatment systems with daily biogas output of 50,000-60,000M3.
V. 50,000 M3/d biogas digester: 25,000M3/day straw biogas production lines in
total.
VI. The bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant with an output of 100,000 tons
comprises of 2 bio-organic chemical fertilizer production lines with output of
50,000 tons each.
15.1.3 SITE SELECTION PLAN
The construction site is located at Kano Plain, Kisumu, Kenya. The project area belongs
to the tropical climate of Africa with enough heat and annual average temperature of
22.3°C, which is suitable for growing of cassavas. Within the project area, the land
resource is rich and the soil is mainly black cotton soil with upper-middle soil fertility. It
has enough water, electricity and convenient transportation. All conditions can meet
the construction and production demand of the project.
15.1.4 TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND ENGINEERING PLAN
Technical plan
I. Quality cassava breeding
Variety selection → nursery land planning and arrangement → planting and
management → quality seedlings retaining → planting seedlings
II. Fresh cassavas planting
Variety selection → planting land planning and arrangement → planting → production
management → harvest
III. Cassava starch and cassava flour production
Cassava starch production:
Fresh cassavas → cleaning → breaking → screening → separating → dehydration →
drying → packaging
Cassava flour production:
Fresh cassavas → dry peel removal → cleaning → wet peel removal → cleaning
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→go-no-go → coarse breaking → fine breaking → dehydration → drying and sterilizing
→ packaging
IV. Wastewater treatment
Starch wastewater →catchment →sediment →UASB →anaerobic → aerobiotic →
sediment →sand leach→emission biogas
V. Biogas digester
Straw → stacking and immersing →CSTR → biogas
VI. Bio-organic chemical fertilizer production
Sludge → sterilization → blending → drying → mixing granulation → screening →
packaging
Engineering plan
I. Office facilities
Office building and guest house: 4-storey brick-concrete structure office
building with a construction area of 1,800M2.
Guard room, canteen, bathroom and dormitory: construction area of 3,930M2.
II. Supporting engineering of the cassava plantation area
Land engineering: existing forest land and wild grass ground renovation.
Production management room (and pump room): build 100 production
management rooms in the dimension of 5×5m.
Irrigation engineering: irrigating by canals and ditches.
o Irrigation ditch: build 0.5×0.3×0.5m rubble irrigation ditches at 100km
long.
o Pond: build 50 units 50m3 ponds and 30 units 100m3 ponds.
Water drainage engineering: build the 0.4×0.5m drainage ditch with 50km long.
Road engineering: build 130km roads, of which:
o Field road: 50km gravel roads (width: 3.5m);
o Production road: 80km earth roads (width: 1m).
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III. Cassava starch and cassava flour plant
Production building, including raw material site, conveying and breaking
section plant, finished product warehouse, main plant, boiler room and
cassava residue pond.
Additional building for production, including switch board room, pumping
house and weighbridge room.
IV. Sewage plant
Production building, including collecting basin, grid pool, primary
sedimentation pool, adjusting pool, coagulating basin, neutralization pond,
temperature adjusting pool, UASB pool, A/O pool, secondary sedimentation
tank, intermediate tank and clean water pool.
Additional building for production, including chemical feed room, electric
control room and ventilator room.
V. Biogas digester
Production building, including feeding room, raw material warehouse, raw
material pretreatment site, biogas residue collection site and biogas
purifying and compressing workshop.
Additional building for production, including the electric control room,
fire-pump room, fire-water pond and fence.
VI. Bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant
Main building including production workshop, packaging workshop, finished
products warehouse and supporting room.
15.1.5 RAW MATERIALS AND FUELS SUPPLY PLAN
In the first year, the seedlings as required by the project are the high-quality cassava
varieties of China and Kenya introduced from the professional scientific research
institution and after that the seedling base will breed seedlings.
Every year, 750,000-800,000 tons of fresh cassavas are needed for processing, which
are provided by the cassava plantation area of the project. The cassava straw, cassava
bark, cassava residue and yellow waste slurry, etc. are the continuous raw materials for
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the biogas digester. Wastewater treatment and biogas sludge will generate the
fertilizer for the bio-organic chemical fertilizer plant to make good use of waste
materials to support the ecology of the project.
Every year, the project needs 7,000 tons of heavy oil as the boiler fuel, which will be
purchased internationally. Other raw materials will be supplied from local suppliers or
wherever it can be source at competitive prices. Raw materials and fuels will be
transported to the plant by tractor or other specific purpose vehicles.
15.1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This green and environmental-friendly project is an agricultural development project,
generating and releasing no toxic pollutant. During the operation course, the relevant
pesticide, chemical fertilizer and chemical agent application specification should be
strictly followed to manage the potential environmental impact to the lowest level and
value conservation of water and soil and environmental protection.
Based on the feature, form and type of emissions caused by processing of cassavas and
starting from the industrial relationships and requirements of Recycle Economics “3R”
(reducing, reusing and recycling), waste materials should be made full use of to form
the industrial recycling chain and realize balance among the society, environment and
economy. The technical and engineering measures should be actively adapted from
construction to the whole industrial chain, achieve clean production and reduce
emission. The final emissions should be comprehensively controlled to meet
up-to-standard emission.
Through clean production, utilization of ecological and environmental protection
energy, waste resource utilization and comprehensive technical and engineering
measures, pollutant emissions can be minimized to have small adverse influence on the
construction site and surrounding environment.
15.1.7 TOTAL INVESTMENT OF THE PROJECT
The total investment of the project is USD 100.3693 million. Therein:
I. Investment on construction is USD 82.2798 million, accounting for 81.98% of the
total investment;
II. The interest incurred during construction is USD 7.6035 million, accounting for
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7.58% of the total investment;
III. The working capital is USD 10.486 million, accounting for 10.44% of the total
investment.
15.1.8 FINANCIAL BENEFIT
The financial internal rate of return of the project is 18.02%, higher than the industrial
base earnings ratio (8%). The financial net present value (ic=8%) is USD 76.1569 million
and the investment payoff period is 7.47 years. After the project reaches the target, the
annual sales revenue is USD 72.6563 million, annual average profit of USD 26.3254
million and return on investment of 26.23%.
15.1.9 BASIC CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT
Market conditions
In recent years, the global cassava and cassava starch consumption increases yearly and
fresh cassavas’ demand exceeds supply. The huge difference between the quantity in
demand and yielding capacity causes rising price of the cassava starch. To meet the
international market demand, the cassava plantation area needs further expansion and
planting technology, per unit area yield of the cassava and quality of cassava starch
needs to be improved. As Africa lags behind in technology and its development just
begins, there is promising market space for cassava plantation and development and
processing of cassavas.
Technical conditions
Currently, China has a mature technological base in terms of cassava plantation. In
particular, these technologies have been widely applied in Guangxi Province in terms of
cassava production. Africa has a long history in cassava plantation going back 400 years
ago, where civilization began to plant cassavas and mastered some planting
technology, which lays a technological foundation for building the planting base. In this
project, one cassava processing plant with an output of 200,000 tons, 100,000 M3/d
sewage treatment plant, 50,000 M3/d biogas digester and bio-organic chemical
fertilizer plant with an output of 100,000 tons will be built. The technological base has
been established for (“cassava plantation → cassava’s processing → biogas →
bio-organic fertilizer → cassava plantation”) agricultural and ecological environmental
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protection recycling production chain.
Complementary conditions
The project area belongs to the tropical climate of Africa with enough heat, moderate
rainfall and adequate sunshine, suitable for the growth of cassavas. The land resource
is rich whereby more than 70,000 hectares of land in the vicinity centered with Kano
Plain (within 50km) can be developed to plant cassavas. Nyando River which has large
runoff and excellent water quality runs through the project to ensure production and
domestic water supply for the project. There is abundant supply of electricity and
convenient transportation. All villages within the county have highways to extend in all
directions to create the beneficial transportation condition for products transportation
for the project. Therefore, after the project is completed, the land resources can be
made full use of to develop local economy.
Environmental protection conditions
The project area is located in the agricultural production area far from cities and towns.
During the production period of the project, the state’s safe, efficient and low-pollution
production requirements will be strictly followed. Use of the chemical agents and
fertilizers will be strictly controlled in the whole production chain to ensure no adverse
impact on environment in the production course.
Based on the aforementioned analysis, the market, technology, equipment, fund and
environment conditions of the project is suitable.
15.1.10 MAIN RISKS ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION
The project’s main risks are from the market demand, competitive capacity, pest and
disease damage and sale price, of which the market demand risk is higher. More
attention should be paid to technical services, enhancement of understanding of
products and promotion of products sales.
15.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE RECOMMENDED PLAN
15.2.1 ADVANTAGES
Low investment risk
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Through comprehensive investigation by the project study group, the project site is
appropriately selected, with rich land resources and excellent natural, traffic and social
conditions. The project’s development unit has powerful technological base for project
development. The market of cassava starch, cassava flour and bio-organic fertilizer is
promising. After completion, this project will provide the largest cassava plantation
base and cassava processing plant in Kenya at a scale which is beneficial to improve
product consistency and ensure product quality. Therefore, the investment risk of the
project is low.
Sound social benefit and ecological benefit
After this project is completed, 30,000-hectare plantation area will be formed to
reclaim lands, barren mountains and wastelands, comprehensively govern mountains,
forests and roads, promote sound development of the cassava industry of Kenya. It will
also improve ecological environment and economic productivity of land, solve the
problem of employment of Kenya and increase rural income and local financial
revenue. The benefits in terms of ecology, society and economy will comply with the
national development programs of Kenya.
15.2.2 EXISTING ISSUES
Farmer’s participation
Local farmers’ enthusiasm on cassava plantation is crucial to the development of
cassavas, so it is necessary to build the stable production and planting cooperation
mode with local farmers to ensure abundant supply of land, cassavas and cassava
plantation and achieve overall goals of the agricultural and ecological environmental
protection recycling economy model.
Natural conditions
The main issue of the project lies in the continuous production of the plant. Processing
of cassavas is 24-hour and rate of equipment utilization is higher, so equipment quality
and maintenance level is highly demanding, otherwise normal production will be
affected. Long-term drought and rainy season in Africa will greatly influence cassava
yield and harvest and meanwhile insufficient water and electricity supply in Africa will
impact processing of the cassava.
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15.3 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
15.3.1 CONCLUSION
I. This project is in line with the national industrial policy and orientation. The end
products have promising market potential, which is in favor of adjustment of the
cassava’s breed structure, improvement of the cassava’s yield and quality as well
as expansion and stabilization of the cassava industry in the project area.
II. The project’s implementation unit has the powerful technical support,
well-established organization and management capacity, with the ability to
undertake implementation and operation of this project and provide technical
guarantee to ensure successful implementation of the project.
III. The natural condition in the project area is excellent, suitable for planting of
cassavas and gaining high yield.
IV. The project adopts the quality seedlings and advanced and scientific seedling
breeding technology to provide technical guarantee for high yield of cassavas and
production of excellent seedlings.
V. The project product has stable market, excellent production conditions, mature
technical facility supporting and technical plan to support the rollout.
Based on the abovementioned analysis, the project enjoys reasonable investment,
technical feasibility, economic feasibility, good benefit as well as construction and
production conditions.
15.3.2 SUGGESTION
I. The project’s development team should secure the financing channel in a timely
manner, ensure funds for the project are in place. The project management team
will be key to the planning and implementation of the project and therefore, the
correct team with experience will be essential
II. The project’s development unit should enhance project organization and
construction, build and improve the project’s institutional framework and set out
the detailed execution plan for smooth implementation of the project. It should
also build and improve the project’s organization and management agency, set
out the detailed execution plan carefully, deal with the incidence relation among
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the key components of the project i.e. “cassava plantation”, “processing of
cassavas”, “wastewater disposal and biogas digester” and “bio-organic chemical
fertilizer plant” to ensure smooth implementation of the project.
III. After the project is completed and implemented, the technological development
fund should be extracted from the project profits to be used for introducing new
variety, conducting variety comparison test and increasing varieties reserve.
IV. The operations team must try to reduce production costs, enhance risk
resistance capacity, enhance after-sales services and technical guidance and
expand the market demand.
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Schedule 1 - Construction Investment Estimation Form (Unit 10,000 USD)
Items Item name Unit QuantityCosts (USD
10,000)
Investment
amountsRemarks
Total construction
investment estimation8227.98
I. Office and living
facilities247.2
Office building M2 1800 0.05 90
Dormitory M2 3240 0.04 129.6
Guard room M2 30 0.04 1.2
Canteen M2 500 0.04 20
Bathroom M2 100 0.04 4
Toilet M2 60 0.04 2.4
II. 30,000-hectare
cassava plantation4173
1. Agricultural
machinery costs703
90-horsepower four-
wheel tractorSet 80 2.45 196
80-horsepower four-
wheel tractorSet 20 2.15 172
3-4 disc plough Set 50 0.55 27.5
6-7 disc plough Set 50 0.45 22.5
Ridging plough Set 50 0.3 15
Irrigation equipment Set 20 0.5 10
SD16 earthmover Vehicle 10 12 120
1M3 excavator Vehicle 3 20 60
Road roller Vehicle 1 15 15
160 cassava harvester Set 50 0.8 40
Farm trailer Vehicle 25 1 25
2. Planting engineering
costs2886
Seedlings costs Hectare 30000 0.0152 456
Fertilizer Hectare 30000 0.035 1050
Pesticide Hectare 30000 0.0045 135
Machinery
depreciationHectare 30000 0.009 270
Diesel fees Hectare 30000 0.005 150
Labor fees Hectare 30000 0.025 750
Equipment
maintenance and
repair fees
Hectare 30000 0.0025 75
3. Supporting
engineering costs100
Management room M2 2500 0.04 100
4. Irrigation and
drainage engineering254
Irrigation ditch KM 100 2 200
Drainage ditch KM 50 0.1 5
50M3 water pool Nos. 50 0.5 25
100M3 water pool Nos. 30 0.8 24
5. Road engineering 150
Field roads KM 50 2 100
Roads for production KM 80 0.625 50
6. Other engineering 80
Field pump and farm
tools and accessories20
Tractor and farm
machinery parts60
III. Starch factory 1703.91
1. Basic constructional
engineering786.66
Main plant M2 5000 0.04 200
Warehouse M2 10000 0.035 350
Raw material site and
bleacheryM
2 10000 0.015 150
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Schedule 1 - Construction Investment Estimation Form (Unit: USD 10,000)
Items Item name Unit QuantityCosts (USD
10,000)
Investment
amountsRemarks
Reservoir M2 5000 0.0075 37.5
Boiler room M2 600 0.04 24
Switch board room M2 40 0.04 1.6
Pumping house M2 40 0.04 1.6
Weighbridge room M2 24 0.04 0.96
600
The production line with daily
output of 150 tons of cassava
starch
Set 2 150 300
The production line with daily
output of 150 tons of cassava
flour
Set 2 150 300
108
6000KV power distribution
facilitySet 1 60 60
6-ton steam boiler Set 4 12 48
29.89
179.36
478.8
5000M3/d wastewater
treatment equipmentSet 2 150 300
Basic building and auxiliary
engineeringSet 2 50 100
Wastewater treatment bacteria Set 2 10 20
Engineering design costs 8.4
Engineering installation and
debugging costs50.4
855
25000M3/d biogas straw
fermentation project
equipment
Set 2 280 560
Basic building and auxiliary
engineeringSet 2 80 160
Biogas bacteria Set 2 15 30
Engineering design costs 15
Engineering installation and
debugging costs90
364.8
Plants and infrastructures M2 2500 0.04 100
100,000 tons of bioorganic
chemical fertilizer project
equipment
Set 1 200 200
2-ton steam boiler Set 2 10 20
Engineering design costs 6.4
Engineering installation and
debugging costs38.4
327.04
Prophase operating expenses 83.46
Investigation and design costs 91.24
Management costs of the
construction unit117.34
Technical training costs 35
78.23VIII. Basic budget reserve
VII. Other costs for engineering
construction
3. Supporting engineering costs
2. Production line
4. Engineering design costs
5. Engineering installation and debugging
costs
IV. Wastewater Plant
V. Biogas digester
VI. Bioorganic Chemical Fertilizer Plant
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Schedule 2 - 30,000-Hectare Cassava Development Unit Cost Estimation Form
Serial No. Item name Unit Cost Remarks
1 Cassava plantation costs 962 USD/hectare
1.1 Seedlings costs USD 152
The first planting needs the seedling
costs but later the company will
grow seedlings.
1.2 Fertilizer USD 350
The biological fertilizer will be
provided by the bioorganic chemical
fertilizer according to the actual
engineering and construction
output.
1.3 Pesticide costs USD 45
1.4 Machinery costs USD 90
1.5 Diesel fees USD 50
1.6 Labor costs USD 250
1.7 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 25
2 Cassava starch and cassava flour plant 138 USD/ton (starch products)
2.1 Electricity costs USD 18 $0.08/KWh
2.2 Fuel charge USD 70 $0.85/L
2.3 Labor costs USD 30
2.4Costs of packaging materials and auxiliary
materialsUSD 12
2.5 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 8
3 Wastewater plant (USD/M3) 0.41 USD/M3 (wastewater flow)
3.1 Electricity costs USD 0.2
3.2 Chemicals costs USD 0.1
3.3 Labor costs USD 0.1
3.4 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 0.01
4 Biogas digester (USD/M3) 0.37 USD/M3 (biogas flow)
4.1 Electricity costs USD 0.16
4.2 Biological agent costs USD 0.1
4.3 Labor costs USD 0.1
4.4 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 0.01
5 Bioorganic chemical fertilizer (USD/ton) 85 USD/ton (fertilizer products)
5.1 Electricity costs USD 5
5.2 Fuel charge USD 30
5.3 Labor costs USD 30
5.4Costs of packaging materials and auxiliary
materialsUSD 12
5.5 Equipment maintenance and repair fees USD 8
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Schedule 3 - Fixed Assets Investment Form
Serial No.
Engineering or cost
name
Construction
engineering
Equipment
procurement
Installation
engineeringOther costs
Total
amountsProportion
1 Fixed assets investment 4,682.09 2,801.00 417.85 327.04 8,227.98 100.00%
1.1 Part 1: engineering costs 4,603.86 2,801.00 417.85 7,404.86 90.00%
1.1.1Cassava plantation and
construction2,886.00 703
1.1.2Main production
equipment886.66 1,660.00 417.85 2,964.51
1.1.3Auxiliary production
equipment438 - 438
1.1.4 Utilities 247.2 - -
1.1.5Supporting, roads and
auxiliary engineering584 - 584
1.2 Part 2: other costs 327.04 0
1.2.1Prophase operating
expenses83.46 83.46
1.2.2Investigation and design
costs91.24 91.24
1.2.3Management costs of
the construction unit117.34 117.34
1.2.4 Technical training costs 35 -
Total costs of the part 1
and part 24,603.86 2,801.00 417.85 327.04
1.3 Other costs 78.23 78.23 0.95%
1.3.1
Basic budget reserve
(1% of engineering
costs)
78.23 78.23
1.3.2
Reserve fund for rising
in price (6% of
engineering costs)
-
2 Working fund 1048.6 1048.6
Total 4,682.09 2,801.00 417.9 1375.64 9,276.58
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Schedule 4 - Depreciation and Amortization Form
Serial No. Year Depreciation
Items Year(s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Total fixed assets
Original value 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98
Depreciation
charge0 0 0 0 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54
Net value 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 8,227.98 7,739.44 7,250.91 6,762.37 6,273.83 5,785.30 5,296.76 4,808.23 4,319.69
2
Intangible and
deferred assets
amortization
Original value
Amortization 0 0 0 0
Net value 0 0 0 0
Construction period Production period
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Schedule 4 - Depreciation and Amortization Form (cont’d)
Serial No. Year
Items 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 Total fixed assets
Original value
Depreciation charge 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54
Net value 3,831.15 3,342.61 2,854.07 2,365.53 1,876.99 1,388.45 899.91 411.38
2
Intangible and
deferred assets
amortization
Original value
Amortization
Net value
Production period
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Schedule 5 - Total Costs Form
Serial No. Year
Items 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Production load (%) 0.1 0.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1Purchased raw and auxiliary
materials20,607.40 295.9 718.5 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00
2 Fuel and power costs 25,477.25 250 851 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75
3 Wages and benefits 29,091.50 233 807 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50
4 Repair costs and others 5,293.50 38 143.5 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
5 Depreciation charge 7,328.07 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54
7 Amortization
8 Financial expenses 760.35 169.9 233.48
9 Sales expenses 2,051.88 19.38 77.5 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 Management expenses 2,051.88 19.38 77.5 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 Other costs
12 Total costs 92,661.83 1,025.56 2,908.48 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79
Including: 1. fixed costs 44,450.60 460.28 1,261.48 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04
2. Changeable costs 48,211.13 565.28 1,647.00 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75
13 Operating costs 84,573.41 855.66 2,675.00 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
74.7 2,818.00
4,854.00
74.7 5,136.27
2,318.27
74.7 282.27
155
155
267
1,143.00
1,520.00
1,614.00
Total Construction period Production period
1 4
0.8
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Schedule 5 Total Costs Form (cont’d)
Serial No. Year
Items 13 15 16 17 18 19 20
Production load (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1Purchased raw and auxiliary
materials1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00 1,230.00
2 Fuel and power costs 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75 1,523.75
3 Wages and benefits 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50 1,762.50
4 Repair costs and others 323 323 323 323 323 323 323
5 Depreciation charge 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54 488.54
7 Amortization
8 Financial expenses
9 Sales expenses 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 Management expenses 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 Other costs
12 Total costs 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79 5,567.79
Including: 1. fixed costs 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04 2,694.04
2. Changeable costs 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75 2,873.75
13 Operating costs 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
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Schedule 6 - Investment Cash Flow Statement
Serial No. Year
Items 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Production load (%) 0.5 0.6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Cash inflow 775 3,100.00 6,200.00 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63
1.1 Product sales revenue 775 3,100.00 6,200.00 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63
1.2Reclaim the residue value of fixed
assets
1.3 Reclaim working fund
2 Cash outflow 4,268.78 2,293.29 5,519.25 5,180.27 5,478.90 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
2.1 Fixed assets investment 4,268.78 1,170.93 2,462.00 326.27
2.2 Working fund 266.7 382.25 399.65
2.3 Operating costs 855.66 2,675.00 4,854.00 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
2.4 Sales tax and surcharge
2.5 Income tax
3 Net cash flow -4,268.78 -1,518.29 -2,419.25 1,019.73 1,786.73 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38
4 Accumulated net cash flow -4,268.78 -5,787.07 -8,206.32 -7,186.59 -5,399.86 -3,213.48 -1,027.10 1,159.28 3,345.66 5,532.04 7,718.42 9,904.80 12,091.18
5 Net cash flow before the income tax -4,268.78 -1,518.29 -2,419.25 1,019.73 1,786.73 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38
6Accumulated net cash flow before
the income tax-4,268.78 -5,787.07 -8,206.32 -7,186.59 -5,399.86 -3,213.48 -1,027.10 1,159.28 3,345.66 5,532.04 7,718.42 9,904.80 12,091.18
Calculation indicators:After income
tax
Before income
tax
Financial internal rate of return (%) 18.02 18.02
Financial net present value (Ic=8%) 7,615.69 7,615.69
Investment payoff period (starting
from the construction period)7.47 7.47
Construction period Production period
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Schedule 6 - Investment Cash Flow Statement (cont’d)
Serial No. Year
Items 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Production load (%) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Cash inflow 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,677.01
1.1 Product sales revenue 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63 7,265.63
1.2Reclaim the residue value of fixed
assets411.38
1.3 Reclaim working fund
2 Cash outflow 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
2.1 Fixed assets investment
2.2 Working fund
2.3 Operating costs 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25 5,079.25
2.4 Sales tax and surcharge
2.5 Income tax
3 Net cash flow 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,597.76
4 Accumulated net cash flow 14,277.56 16,463.94 18,650.32 20,836.70 23,023.08 25,209.46 27,807.22
5 Net cash flow before the income tax 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,186.38 2,597.76
6Accumulated net cash flow before
the income tax14,277.56 16,463.94 18,650.32 20,836.70 23,023.08 25,209.46 27,807.22
Calculation indicators:
Financial internal rate of return (%)
Financial net present value (Ic=8%)
Investment payoff period (starting
from the construction period)