Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration CHIEF EXECUTIVE …file.lacounty.gov › SDSInter › bos › bc...
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County of Los Angeles CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICE Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration 500 West Temple Street, Room 713, Los Angeles, California 90012 (213)974-1101 http:I/ceo.lacounty.gov SACHI A. HAMAI Board of supervisors Chief Executive Officer HILDA L. SOLIS First District January 28, 2020 MARK RIDLEY-THOMAS Second District SHEILA KUEHL Third District JANICE HAHN To: Supervisor Kathryn Barger, Chair Fourth District Supervisor Hilda L. Soils KATHRYN BARGER Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas Fifth District Supervisor Sheila Kuehi Supervisor Janice Hhn From: Sachi A. Chief ExecutiW Officer REPORT BACK ON LIMITING SINGLE-USE PLASTICS (ITEM NO. 8, AGENDA OF OCTOBER 15, 2019) On October 15, 2019, the Board of Supervisors (Board) adopted a motion by Supervisors Kuehl and Hahn to direct the Chief Sustainability Office (CSO), in coordination with the Departments of Public Works (DPW), Public Health (DPH), Consumer and Business Affairs (DCBA), and County Counsel, to contract with the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation (UCLA) to complete a report addressing management of single-use plastic food service ware in unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County (County). The motion further directed the CSO to engage stakeholders to develop an ordinance based on the results of the study that would reduce the use of single-use plastics in the County. This report transmits to the Board the report produced by UCLA researchers (see Attachment I). UCLA Report Scope, Structure, and Contents In order to develop the attached UCLA report, researchers compiled information based primarily on literature reviews, and on interviews with several stakeholders, including waste management facility operators, municipalities, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO5), and County staff. In alignment with the Board motion, the scope of the report covers the following topics: 1) various impacts of single-use plastics, including environmental, economic, public health, and community impacts; 2) an overview of waste management in the County, especially as it pertains to plastic waste and recyclability of single-use plastic food service ware; 3) a review of plastic alternatives, including reusables and compostables, and their respective impacts; 4) economic impacts and other considerations of adopting alternatives to current single-use materials; and 5) a summary of lessons learned from other municipalities that have adopted restrictions on single-use plastic food service ware. “To Enrich Lives Through Effective And Caring Se,vice”
Transcript of Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration CHIEF EXECUTIVE …file.lacounty.gov › SDSInter › bos › bc...
County of Los AngelesCHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICE
Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration500 West Temple Street, Room 713, Los Angeles, California 90012
(213)974-1101http:I/ceo.lacounty.gov
SACHI A. HAMAI Board of supervisorsChief Executive Officer HILDA L. SOLIS
First District
January 28, 2020 MARK RIDLEY-THOMASSecond District
SHEILA KUEHLThird District
JANICE HAHN
To: Supervisor Kathryn Barger, Chair Fourth District
Supervisor Hilda L. Soils KATHRYN BARGER
Supervisor Mark Ridley-ThomasFifth District
Supervisor Sheila KuehiSupervisor Janice Hhn
From: Sachi A.Chief ExecutiW Officer
REPORT BACK ON LIMITING SINGLE-USE PLASTICS (ITEM NO. 8, AGENDA OFOCTOBER 15, 2019)
On October 15, 2019, the Board of Supervisors (Board) adopted a motion by SupervisorsKuehl and Hahn to direct the Chief Sustainability Office (CSO), in coordination with theDepartments of Public Works (DPW), Public Health (DPH), Consumer and Business Affairs(DCBA), and County Counsel, to contract with the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation (UCLA)to complete a report addressing management of single-use plastic food service ware inunincorporated areas of Los Angeles County (County). The motion further directed the CSOto engage stakeholders to develop an ordinance based on the results of the study that wouldreduce the use of single-use plastics in the County. This report transmits to the Board thereport produced by UCLA researchers (see Attachment I).
UCLA Report Scope, Structure, and Contents
In order to develop the attached UCLA report, researchers compiled information basedprimarily on literature reviews, and on interviews with several stakeholders, including wastemanagement facility operators, municipalities, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO5),and County staff. In alignment with the Board motion, the scope of the report covers thefollowing topics: 1) various impacts of single-use plastics, including environmental, economic,public health, and community impacts; 2) an overview of waste management in the County,especially as it pertains to plastic waste and recyclability of single-use plastic food serviceware; 3) a review of plastic alternatives, including reusables and compostables, and theirrespective impacts; 4) economic impacts and other considerations of adopting alternatives tocurrent single-use materials; and 5) a summary of lessons learned from other municipalitiesthat have adopted restrictions on single-use plastic food service ware.
“To Enrich Lives Through Effective And Caring Se,vice”
Each SupervisorJanuary 28, 2020Page2
Key Findings
The report contains detailed information about the various scope items listed above. Notablefindings that are likely to influence the approach for the ordinance include the following:
• There is substantial evidence to find that there are adverse environmental, economic,energy-related, and human health-related impacts to plastic production and plasticwaste in the County.
• Due partly to changes in the international market, only very limited types of plastics arecurrently recycled within the County:
o Out of the seven resin types, only Codes 1 and 2 plastics are recovered to awide extent, with Code 5 recovered only by facilities with specialized equipment.
• These changes in recycling markets have resulted in significant cost impacts torecycling programs for municipalities and waste haulers.
• Plastic food service ware, in general, is almost never recycled and, instead, goes tolandfills or becomes litter.
• Replacing single-use plastic food service ware with reusables, where feasible, is likelyto result in the most benefits across all measures, including economic over the long-term.
• Certain compostable materials, specifically paper or fiberboard products, also result innet benefits as compared to conventional plastics.
• Economic impacts to businesses from switching to alternative products range fromminimal to net positive as a result of:
o Growing demand continuing to drive down the price of alternative materials,some of which are now comparable or even cheaper than conventionalmaterials;
o Cost savings realized from “upon request” policies;o The presence of numerous suppliers of alternative materials in the LA region,
creating a consumers’ market regarding price; ando Evidence that customers are unlikely to stop frequenting a business as a result
of price increases necessary to cover the additional cost of alternative materials(typically on the order of a few cents).
• Other municipalities interviewed reported no evidence of serious economic hardship tobusinesses post adoption of plastic restrictions, and very few hardship waivers havebeen requested.
• Municipalities also highlighted the importance of outreach and enforcement strategies.
Each SupervisorJanuary 28, 2020Page 3
Next Steps
As directed by the Board motion, the CSO has begun stakeholder engagement regarding thepotential ordinance. To that end, the CSO held a workshop on December11, 2019, to solicitinput from interested stakeholders, including representatives from NGOs, wastemanagement, the restaurant industry, and product manufacturers. The results in the UCLAreport will be used along with input from the workshop to inform development of the draftordinance. Once a proposed ordinance is drafted, the 050 will further engage stakeholdersprior to it being brought to the Board for consideration.
SAH:FAD:TJMGG:RK:jg
Attachment
C: Executive Office, Board of SupervisorsCounty CounselConsumer and Business AffairsPublic HealthPublic Works
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•1
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ATTACHMENT I
PLASTIC V ASTEIN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
IMPACTS, RECYCLABILITY, AND THE POTENTIAL FORALTERNATIVES IN THE FOOD SERVICE SECTOR
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ems
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ring
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was
test
ream
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degr
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eria
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ctor
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ased
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mad
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plan
sfi
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such
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ugar
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sorg
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dba
mbo
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repo
rtan
alyz
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eim
pact
sof
plas
ticpr
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tion
and
was
teac
ross
seve
ral
cate
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ility
,de
pend
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onth
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resi
nty
pean
dse
vera
lot
her
fact
ors.
Fina
lly,
we
anal
yze
the
pote
ntia
lbe
nefi
t5an
ddr
awba
cks
ofad
opti
ngal
tern
ativ
esto
sin
gle-
use
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and
disc
uss
the
less
ons
lear
ned
byjs
risd
icti
ons
that
have
adop
ted
such
poli
ties
.T
heco
nclu
sion
sof
this
repo
rtar
eba
ted
onan
exte
nsiv
ere
view
ofac
adem
icre
sear
chan
dnu
mer
ous
in-d
epth
inte
rvie
ws
with
faci
lity
oper
ator
s,w
aste
indu
stry
espe
rts,
gove
rnm
ent
offi
cial
s,an
dpr
oduc
tm
anuf
actu
rers
,al
ong
with
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
byst
akeh
olde
rgr
oups
.
Our
key
find
ings
are:
Ava
ilabl
eev
iden
cesu
gges
tsth
atth
ere
are
adve
rse
envi
ronm
enta
l,ec
onom
ic,
ener
gy-r
elat
ed,
and
hum
anhe
alth
-rel
ated
impa
cts
asso
ciat
edw
ithpl
astic
prod
ucti
onan
dpl
astic
was
tein
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty.
Sing
le-u
sepl
astic
food
serv
ice
war
eis
aco
ntri
buti
ng
fact
orto
allth
ese
impa
cts,
and
itsou
tsiz
edre
pre
sen
tati
onin
litte
rsu
gges
tsa
part
icul
arly
sign
ific
ant
impa
ct
inth
een
viro
nmen
tal
sphe
re,
the
area
for
whi
chim
pact
sin
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
appe
arrr
iout
acut
e.
Whi
leal
ltyp
esof
plas
ticre
sins
are
tech
nica
llyre
cycl
able
,a
maj
ority
are
not
actu
ally
recy
cled
.Th
is
diff
eren
cein
tech
nica
lve
rsus
defa
cto
recy
clab
ility
is
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
LO
SA
NG
EL
ES
CO
UN
TY
defi
nitio
nof
term
s
exec
utiv
esu
mm
ary
InA
ugus
t20
19, t
he
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
Boa
rdof
Sup
ervi
sors
unan
imou
sly
ado
pte
dth
e
Our
Cou
nty
Sus
tain
abil
ity
Plan
,a
broa
d,re
gion
alst
rate
gyfo
rtr
ansi
tion
ing
the
Cou
nty
toa
mor
esu
stai
nabl
efu
ture
.Act
ion
107
ofth
ePl
anca
llsfo
rth
eC
ount
y,in
coop
erat
ion
wit
hth
e
City
ofLo
sA
ngel
es,
toph
ase
out
sing
le-u
sepl
asti
cs.
InO
cto
ber
2019
, the
Boa
rdpa
ssed
a
mot
ion
dire
ctin
gth
eLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
yC
hief
Sus
tain
abil
ity
Off
ice
toco
ntr
act
wit
hth
eU
ni
vers
ity
ofC
alif
orni
aLo
sA
ngel
es(U
CLA
)L
uski
nC
ente
rfo
rIn
nova
tion
tost
udy
the
issu
esof
plas
tic
was
te,
proc
essi
ng,
recy
clab
ilit
y,an
dal
tern
ativ
esin
the
Cou
nty,
and
tous
eth
ere
sult
ing
stud
yto
info
rmth
edr
afti
ngof
anor
dina
nce
addr
essi
ngpl
asti
cw
aste
.
4E
XE
CU
TIV
ES
UM
MA
RY
driv
enby
ava
riety
offa
ctor
sin
clud
ing
mat
eria
lp
rop
ertie
s,pr
oduc
tsiz
e,co
ntam
inat
ion
from
food
resi
due
and
othe
rsu
bsta
nces
,an
dm
arke
tcon
ditio
ns.
•Onl
yH
igh-
Den
sity
Poly
ethy
lene
(HD
PL,C
ode
2)pr
oduc
tsan
dPo
lyet
hyle
neT
erep
htha
late
(PET
, Cod
e1)
bottl
esar
ecu
rren
tlyco
mm
only
recy
cled
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y.
•Cur
rent
recy
clin
gpo
licie
san
dpr
actic
esdo
not
effe
ctiv
ely
addr
ess
the
adve
rse
impa
cts
asso
ciat
edm
ithsi
ngle
-use
plas
ticfo
odse
rvic
em
are.
No
reco
very
faci
lity
serv
ing
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
curr
ently
recy
cles
plas
ticfo
odse
rvic
em
are,
prim
arily
due
tois
sues
offo
odre
sidu
eco
ntam
inat
ion,
prod
uct
size
,and
prod
uct
mat
eria
l.
•All
avai
labl
eev
iden
cesu
gges
tsth
atre
plac
ing
sing
le-
use
plas
ticfo
odse
rvic
em
are
mith
reus
able
mar
e(e
.g.,
mul
tiuse
dish
mar
e,cu
ps,a
ndut
ensi
ls)
mill
redu
ceth
ene
gativ
eim
pact
sof
plas
ticm
usty
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y.E
vpec
ted
effe
cts
incl
ude
are
duct
ion
inth
ege
nera
tion
ofno
nrec
ycla
ble
plas
ticao
lidm
atte
,a
decr
ease
inth
epr
eval
ence
ofpl
astic
litte
çan
dfis
cal
bene
fits
tove
ndor
s,m
usty
man
agem
ento
pera
tors
,lo
calg
over
nmen
ts,a
ndra
tepa
yeru
.
•In
the
food
serv
ice
sect
or,t
head
optio
nof
com
post
able
mar
epr
esen
tspo
tent
ial
bene
fits
,in
clud
ing
lom
erne
tlif
etim
een
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ctan
dhi
gher
food
mas
tedi
vers
ion
rate
s.A
vaila
ble
evid
ence
sug
gest
sth
at,
ofth
epo
tent
iala
ltern
ativ
es,1
00%
Ii-
her-
base
dpr
oduc
tsm
ithou
tch
emic
altr
eatm
ents
mill
prod
uce
the
best
outc
ome.
Man
agin
gth
istr
ansi
tion
mill
requ
ire
ensu
ring
the
sele
ctio
nof
prod
ucts
mith
alo
wer
lifet
ime
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
than
thei
rno
n-pl
astic
coun
terp
arts
and
expa
ndin
gdi
spos
alop
tions
(e.g
.,co
mpo
stin
gin
fras
truc
ture
).
•The
expe
rien
ces
ofju
riud
ictio
nsin
terv
iem
edin
dica
teth
atpo
licie
sre
stri
ctin
gpl
astic
sha
vebe
enef
fect
ive
atre
duci
ngth
ead
vers
eim
pact
sof
plas
ticm
aate
mith
nore
port
edne
gativ
eec
onom
icim
pact
s.T
hese
juri
udic
tions
mith
inst
itute
dpo
licie
sha
vepr
ovid
edav
enue
sfo
rven
dors
tocl
aim
exem
ptio
nsfo
rfin
anci
alha
rdsh
ip,
butt
hera
teat
mhi
chve
ndor
aha
veap
plie
dfo
rsu
ches
empt
ions
isve
rylo
m,a
ndon
lya
hand
ful
have
been
gran
ted
toda
te.
inth
em
aste
stre
am,
espe
cial
lyfo
odse
rvic
em
are,
inor
dert
oai
dth
eC
ount
yin
draf
ting
anor
dina
nce
tore
duce
plas
ticm
aste
.
This
repo
rtco
ntai
nsth
efi
ndin
gsfr
omth
utst
udy.
We
first
exam
ine
the
broa
dim
pact
sof
plas
ticpr
oduc
tion
and
mat
tem
ithre
spec
tto
the
envi
ronm
ent,
the
econ
omy,
ener
gy,a
ndhu
man
heal
th.T
his
isfo
llom
edby
anov
ervi
emof
the
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
mat
tela
ndsc
ape:
the
vario
usfa
cilit
ies
and
infr
astr
uctu
reth
atpr
oces
sm
atte
inth
ere
gion
,the
prop
ortio
nsof
mat
eria
ls,a
ndho
mre
cent
deve
lopm
ents
inth
em
arke
tha
veca
used
sign
ifi
cant
disr
uptio
nin
hom
plas
tics
are
recy
cled
. We
then
prov
ide
aba
ckgr
ound
onth
ete
chni
cal
aspe
cts
ofpl
astic
s—
incl
udin
gpr
oper
tieu
and
com
mon
uses
ofth
eva
riouu
type
s—
mhi
char
ehi
ghly
rele
vant
toho
mth
eyar
ere
cycl
ed,
ifat
all.F
rom
here
me
prog
ress
toan
in-d
epth
disc
ussi
onon
the
defa
cto
recy
clab
ility
ofpl
astic
sin
Lou
Ang
eles
Cou
nty,
disc
ussi
ngth
efu
ndam
enta
lsof
the
recy
clin
gpr
oces
san
dho
mre
cycl
abili
tyva
ries
acro
ssdi
ffer
ent
plas
ticty
pes
and
prod
ucts
.We
then
disc
uss
the
stat
eof
alte
rna
tives
topl
autic
mith
inth
efo
odse
rvic
ese
ctor
,foc
utin
gon
hom
reus
able
and
com
pout
able
food
serv
ice
mar
eco
mpa
ret
topl
astic
mith
rega
rdto
itsen
viro
nmen
tal
and
econ
omic
impa
cts,
alon
g
i.in
trod
uctio
nIn
Aug
ust
2019
,the
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
Boa
rdof
Sup
ervi
sors
unan
imou
sly
adopte
dth
eO
urC
ount
y
Sus
tain
abil
ity
Plan
,a
com
preh
ensi
vest
rate
gic
docu
men
tou
tlin
ing
the
Cou
nty’
sap
proa
chto
the
futu
re
ofsu
stai
nabi
lity
inth
ere
gion
.A
ctio
n10
7of
the
Plan
calls
for
the
Cou
nty,
inco
oper
atio
nw
ith
the
City
ofLo
sA
ngel
es,
tode
velo
pan
equi
tabl
est
rate
gy
to
phas
eou
tsi
ngle
-use
plas
tics.
1
InO
ctob
er20
19,t
heB
oard
adop
ted
am
otio
ndi
rect
ing
the
Chi
efSu
utai
nabi
lity
Off
ice
toco
ntra
ctw
ithre
sear
cher
sat
the
Uni
veru
ityof
Cal
iforn
iaLo
xA
ngel
es(U
CL
A)
Lusk
inC
ente
rfo
rIn
nova
tion
tost
udy
the
issu
eof
plas
ticfo
odse
rvic
em
are
mat
tein
the
Cou
nty.
The
stud
y’s
purp
ose
isto
rese
arch
the
ttat
eof
tingl
e-us
epl
astic
s
with
othe
rre
leva
ntfa
ctor
s.La
st,w
edi
scus
sth
ede
gree
tow
hich
polic
ies
rest
rict
ing
plas
ticha
vepr
olif
erat
edin
Cal
iforn
iain
rece
ntye
ars
and
the
key
take
away
xfr
omim
plem
entin
gju
risd
ictio
nt.
PLA
tTIC
WA
STE
INLO
SA
NO
EL
Et
CO
NT
VIN
TR
OD
UC
TIO
N
This
sect
ion
relie
son
anes
tens
ive
liter
atur
ere
view
tofi
rste
xam
ine
the
harm
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ents
face
asa
resu
ltof
plas
ticlit
ter
—m
ost
com
mon
lyor
igin
atin
gin
land
—po
llutin
gco
astl
ines
and
ocea
ns.
Mic
ropl
astic
ssp
ecif
ical
ly, a
ndth
esu
bseq
uent
dang
erth
eypr
esen
tto
allec
osys
tem
s,ar
efu
rthe
rdi
scus
sed.
Our
anal
ysis
then
tran
siti
ons
toho
wco
mm
unit
ies
and
econ
omie
sar
ene
gativ
ely
affe
cted
,fo
cusi
ngon
both
dire
ctan
din
dire
ctlo
sses
citie
ssu
ffer
asa
resu
ltof
plas
ticde
bris
.T
hem
illio
nsof
Cal
ifor
nia
taxp
ayer
dolla
rsal
loca
ted
annu
ally
tow
ard
litt
ercl
eanu
pan
dpr
even
tion
effo
rts
are
reco
gniz
edas
the
prim
ary
fixca
lco
stof
the
stat
eof
plas
ticw
aste
inth
ere
gion
.W
eal
tore
fere
nce
the
ener
gy-i
nten
sive
natu
reof
plas
tics
and
thei
rre
lianc
eon
nonr
enew
able
ener
gyso
urce
sfo
rpr
oduc
tion
.A
spro
duct
ion
ofdi
spos
able
plas
tics
grow
s,th
ese
impa
cts
can
beex
pect
edto
incr
ease
sign
ific
antly
wit
hout
imm
edia
tein
terv
enti
on.
Last
, we
exam
ine
che
heal
thim
pact
sas
soci
ated
with
plas
tics
cont
umpt
ion.
This
sect
orne
cest
itac
etfu
rthe
rre
sear
chin
cert
ain
area
s,es
peci
ally
conc
erni
ngst
yren
esre
cent
iden
tific
atio
nas
apo
tent
ial
carc
inog
en.2
Plas
ticch
emic
als
that
have
been
prov
ento
thre
aten
hum
an
Key
Fin
ding
s:
•Pla
stic
isth
epr
irnu
ryso
urce
ofla
ndlit
ter
inC
alif
orni
a,m
akin
gup
seve
nof
the
top
10lit
ter
prod
ucts
foun
don
beac
hes,
with
four
bein
gfo
odse
rvic
ew
are.
•Pla
stic
litte
rin
filtr
ates
City
drai
nage
syst
ems
and
ac
crue
sin
land
fills
with
alif
espa
nlik
ely
last
ing
cent
urie
s.4
•Urb
anru
noff
chan
nels
mill
ions
ofto
nsof
debr
itin
tooc
eans
per
year
,th
reat
enin
gin
valu
able
natu
ral
hab
ita
tsan
dm
arin
elif
e.2
• Coa
stal
citie
sin
cur
sign
ific
ant
econ
omic
cost
sus
are
sult
oflit
ter
clea
nups
and
prev
enti
onef
fort
s.
•Po
llute
dth
orel
ines
lead
toin
dire
ctco
sts
toco
mm
uni
ties
incl
udin
glo
sses
into
uris
mre
venu
ean
dda
mag
eto
recr
eati
onal
/aes
thet
icva
lues
ofth
eco
asta
len
vi
ronm
ent.2
•Tra
ditio
nal
petr
oleu
m-b
ased
plas
tics
rely
onnonre
new
able
ener
gyso
urce
sfo
rpr
oduc
tion
and
reco
very
,co
ntri
buti
ngto
anin
crea
ting
glob
alca
rbon
foot
prin
tth
roug
hout
thei
rlif
ecyc
le.t
•R
ecen
tst
udie
sha
vere
veal
edth
atco
mm
onch
emic
als
foun
din
plas
tics
incl
udin
gut
yren
epr
eten
ta
pote
n
tial
thre
atto
hum
anhe
alth
,ye
tth
isfi
eld
nece
ssit
ates
cont
inue
dre
sear
chan
dan
alys
is.
Bis
phen
olA
(SPA
)an
ddi
(2-e
thyl
hesy
l)ph
thal
ute
(DEH
P)pl
astic
chem
ical
sha
veal
sobe
enre
gard
edas
haza
rdou
sto
hum
anhe
alth
,pa
rtic
ular
lyim
pact
ing
the
endo
crin
esy
stem
.
Aq
uat
ican
dM
arin
eIm
pac
ts
Aqu
atic
ecos
yste
ms,
incl
udin
gri
vers
,la
kes,
pond
s,st
ream
s,sp
ring
t,an
dba
ys.
prov
ide
our
plan
etw
ithcr
itica
lbe
nefi
ts. T
heaq
uati
cen
viro
nmen
tpr
ovid
eta
habi
tatf
oran
arra
yof
fish
and
othe
rw
ildlif
e,ac
tsas
aw
ater
sour
cefo
rir
riga
tion
and
drin
king
wat
er,
pro
duc
esna
curu
lfo
odso
urce
s,an
dhe
lps
topr
even
tan
dst
ore
floo
dw
ater
.2T
heva
stm
arin
een
viro
nmen
t,in
addi
tion
soth
ete
bene
fits
,al
sore
gula
tes
our
clim
ate
bytr
ans
port
ing
heat
,pr
oduc
esov
erha
lfof
the
wor
ld’s
oxyg
en,
stor
esca
rbon
diox
ide,
prov
ides
glob
alec
onom
icgo
ods
and
serv
ices
,an
dal
toac
tsus
apr
imar
yso
urce
ofgl
obal
tran
spor
tati
onfo
rtr
ade
and
recr
eatio
n.2
Aqu
atic
and
Ove
r Sm
illio
nto
nsof
plas
ticen
tert
heoc
eans
each
year
,de
grad
ing
thes
ean
dne
arby
natu
ral
habi
tats
, and
enda
nger
ing
fish,
bird
s,tu
rtle
s,an
dm
arin
em
amm
als
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ents
addi
tiona
llyco
ntri
bute
inva
luab
lena
tura
lbe
auty
toou
rw
orld
Ove
r8
mill
ion
tons
ofpl
astic
ente
rth
eoc
eans
each
yeas
degr
adin
gth
ese
natu
ral
habi
tats
and
thre
aten
ing
wild
life
spec
ies,
tour
ism
,an
dco
mm
erci
alfi
sher
iet)
°T
heC
alif
orni
aC
oast
alC
omrn
itsio
nre
port
sth
atpl
astic
sm
ako
upse
ven
ofth
eto
p10
litte
rpr
oduc
tsfo
und
onbe
ache
s,w
ithfo
urbe
ing
food
serv
ice
war
e.2
The
Mar
ine
Deb
ris
Dat
abas
epr
oduc
edby
the
nonp
rofi
tH
eal
the
Bay
cor
robo
rate
sth
ese
resu
lts,
show
ing
that
from
1999
to20
Wpl
astic
prod
ucts
wer
eap
prox
imat
ely
45%
ofth
elit
ter
foun
don
beac
hes.
rO
ffic
ials
ofbo
thco
asta
lci
ties
inte
rvi
ewed
for
this
repo
rtno
ted
mar
ine
impa
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os:
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val
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uch
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d.)
.R
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Tid
—34
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hom
pson
,B
.C.,
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re,
C.J
.,Sa
ai,
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vnm
,B
5mm
.5
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(200
9).
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tics.
she
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men
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phrc
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ons
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riev
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//rn
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klis
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/abs
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rssb
2009
0053
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ldsb
erry
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ress
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bts
ps:
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.t093/m
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ger
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ver
sity
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bara
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21
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21
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astic
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orel
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tes
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ace.
t5To
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ead
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seto
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ner
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dA
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pher
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elit
ter
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imat
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avel
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ving
s.25
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Plas
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enew
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the
US.
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rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion
is“u
nabl
eto
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rmin
eth
esp
ecif
icam
ount
sor
orig
inof
the
feed
-st
ocks
that
are
actu
ally
used
tom
anuf
actu
repl
astic
sin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,”
thes
epr
oces
ses
have
been
repo
rted
sous
ecl
ose
to4
%of
glob
aloi
lyie
lds,
with
apr
opor
tion
alam
ount
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ergy
used
inth
epr
oces
s.W
ithov
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e-th
ird
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astic
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ucti
onde
dica
ted
spec
ific
ally
topl
astic
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agin
g,th
eri
sein
sing
le-u
sapl
astic
appl
icat
ions
is
PLA
STIC
WA
5TR
INL
OS
AN
CR
LE
SC
OU
NT
YA
NA
LY
ZIN
OT
HE
IMP
AC
TS
OF
PLA
STIC
S
and
cont
aine
rs.
Occ
apat
iona
lst
udie
sha
vefo
und
that
wor
kers
expo
sed
tost
yren
eha
vein
crea
sed
risks
ofly
mph
oma,
leuk
emia
,lu
ngtu
mor
s,an
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ncre
atic
,ur
inar
ybl
adde
r,pr
osta
te,
and
colo
rect
alca
ncer
s.”
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vate
dris
ksof
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phoh
ewat
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erha
veal
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enfo
und
amon
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orke
rsw
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ghle
vels
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posu
re.”
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ngto
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.E
nvir
onm
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rote
ctio
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genc
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fect
the
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ral
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ous
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em,
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lting
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adac
hes,
fatig
ue,
wea
knes
san
dde
pres
sion
.”
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toex
tens
ive
rese
arch
,se
vera
lag
enci
esha
vecon
sequ
entl
ylis
ted
styr
ene
asa
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ssu
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nce.
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Inte
rnat
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rR
esea
rch
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ance
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rgo
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men
tal
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cyth
atis
part
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orld
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lthO
rgan
izat
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ntly
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ted
itscl
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fica
tion
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ene,
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rwin
ing
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inog
enic
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wan
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This
isan
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ease
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ese
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tycl
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fica
tion
for
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poun
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omits
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enic
.T
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atio
nal T
oxic
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m,
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tera
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ithin
the
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.D
epar
tmen
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Hea
lthan
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uwan
Serv
ices
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sal
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fine
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eas
“rea
sona
bly
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cipa
ted
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ahu
man
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en”
due
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ited
evid
ence
from
hum
anst
udie
san
dam
ple
evid
ence
from
anim
alst
udie
s.4’
In20
t6,
Cal
iforn
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Off
ice
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nvir
onm
enta
lH
ealth
Haz
ard
Ass
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ent
liste
dst
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eas
ahu
man
carc
inog
enon
Cal
iforn
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Pro
posi
tion
65lis
t.4’
Res
earc
hha
ssh
own
that
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ene
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part
icul
arco
ncer
nfo
rco
nsum
ers
beca
use,
whe
nex
pose
dto
high
tem
pera
-
ture
s,it
can
mig
rate
from
food
pack
agin
gin
toth
efo
odit
cont
ains
.4’
The
leve
l of s
tyre
nem
igra
tion
that
occu
rsfr
omfo
odpa
ckag
ing
high
lyde
pend
son
the
leve
lof
fat
cont
ent
ofth
efo
odas
wel
l.”4
The
high
erth
efa
tcon
tent
and
the
high
erth
ete
mpe
ratu
re,
the
high
erth
ele
vel
ofst
yren
eth
atis
rele
ased
.4’
Seve
ral
stud
ies
have
iden
tifie
dad
ditio
nal
plas
ticch
emic
als
that
thre
aten
hum
anhe
alth
,in
clud
ing
SPA
and
DEH
P.SP
Ais
the
mai
nco
mpo
nent
foun
din
mor
edu
rabl
epl
astic
ste
rmed
poly
carb
onat
es,
com
mon
lyus
edto
mak
ere
usab
lew
ater
bott
les,
baby
bott
les,
and
food
cont
aine
rs.
BPA
can
also
beus
edas
anad
ditiv
efo
rco
mm
onpl
astic
sin
orde
rto
stre
ngth
enm
ater
ial.
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Pis
anot
her
addi
tive
inm
any
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viny
lch
lori
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oduc
ts,
ofte
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edto
mak
em
ater
ials
mor
efl
exib
lean
dpla
stic
-/ik
e.”
Bot
hch
emic
als
have
been
dete
rmin
edto
been
docr
ine
disr
upto
rs,
inte
rfer
ing
with
natu
ral
horm
one
func
tion
inth
ebo
dyan
dpr
oduc
ing
seve
read
vers
eef
fect
sin
hum
ans.
1’D
espi
teth
ein
crea
sein
SPA
and
DE
HP-
free
prod
ucts
,SP
Aan
dD
EHP
still
exis
tin
som
eco
nsum
erpr
oduc
ts.
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ever
,th
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ela
rgel
yab
sent
from
sing
le-u
sefo
odse
rvic
em
are.
reli
ance
on
these
faci
liti
es,
This
sect
ion
isba
sed
prim
arily
onin
terv
iew
sw
ithw
aste
man
agem
ent e
xper
tsan
dis
supp
lem
ente
dby
info
rma
tion
from
Cou
nty
repo
rts.
Itdi
scus
ses
was
tem
anag
em
ent
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y,th
em
ater
ials
inth
ew
aste
and
recy
clin
gst
ream
,an
dth
eim
pact
ofC
hina
’sla
test
was
tepo
licy.
Key
Fin
ding
s:• M
RPs
that
sort
and
bale
resi
dent
ial
and
com
mer
cial
mas
tear
eth
epr
edom
inan
tw
aste
proc
essi
ngoper
ato
rsin
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty.
•Man
yco
mpl
exm
ovin
gop
erat
ions
with
inth
ew
aste
stre
amle
adto
asi
gnif
ican
tpo
rtio
nof
was
tebe
ing
sent
tola
ndfil
lsi
tes
asco
nven
ient
and
econ
omic
solu
tions
, yet
plas
ticw
aste
pers
ists
inla
ndfil
len
viro
nm
ents
for
upto
cent
urie
s.
•Org
anic
was
tein
clud
ing
man
ydi
spos
able
plus
tixal
tern
ativ
esre
quir
espr
oces
sing
atco
mpo
stin
gfa
cilit
ies
but
insu
ffic
ient
com
post
ing
infr
astr
uctu
recu
rren
tly
exis
tsin
the
Cou
nty.
•Pl
astic
spr
ove
the
mos
tch
alle
ngin
gm
ater
ial
with
inth
ew
aste
stre
amin
term
sof
reco
very
limita
tions
and
disp
osal
aslit
ter.
•R
ecen
t Chi
nese
polic
yim
posi
ngim
port
rest
rict
ions
have
uptu
rned
the
glob
alre
cycl
ing
indu
stry
. The
Cou
nty
has
been
seve
rely
impa
cted
with
whe
reit
tan
expo
rtre
gion
alm
asse
bus
MRP
sno
ted
that
she
polic
ym
erel
yhe
ight
ened
exis
ting
prob
lem
s.
Who
Man
ages
Was
tein
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
and
How
?T
hepr
imar
yw
aste
faci
litie
sin
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
for
man
agin
gth
ere
cycl
ing
stre
aman
dso
me
mix
ed-w
aste
proc
essi
ngar
em
ater
ials
reco
very
faci
litie
s(M
RF5
).T
hese
faci
litie
sre
ceiv
ew
aste
from
resi
dent
ial,
com
mer
cial
(inc
ludi
ngm
ultif
amily
resi
denc
es),
orin
dust
rial
sour
ces.
Was
teis
sort
edan
dba
led
bym
ater
ial
type
,an
dul
tim
ate
lyse
ntto
one
ofsh
efo
llow
ing:
49
•A
rem
anuf
actu
ring
faci
lity
acce
pts
bale
dre
cycl
able
mat
eria
lsto
turn
into
prod
ucts
orpa
ckag
ing.
•Ase
condar
yM
RF
can
serv
eas
ase
cond
line
ofde
fens
eaf
ter
was
teis
sort
edby
she
prim
ary
faci
lity.
Mat
eria
lsth
atm
ould
othe
rwis
ebe
dest
ined
for
land
fill
can
inus
ead
bere
capt
ured
.T
here
ison
lyon
ese
con
dar
yM
RF, T
itus
MRP
Serv
ices
,cu
rren
tly
oper
atin
gin
Lox
Ang
eles
Cou
nty.
•W
aste
-to-e
ner
gy
pro
cess
ing
com
bust
sw
aste
inor
der
sopr
oduc
ean
dre
cove
ren
ergy
.T
hese
proc
esse
sfu
rthe
rd(
vers
was
tefr
omla
ndfil
ls.
•L
andf
ills
are
site
sw
here
the
maj
ority
of,le
ftov
erm
ater
ials
are
sent
.ta
ndfl
hled
was
teis
laye
red
upso
hund
reds
offe
etbe
neat
hsh
egr
ound
and
ixth
eol
dest
iii. t
hepr
oble
mof
was
tein
Los A
ngel
esC
ount
yTo
asse
sspl
asti
cw
aste
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y,it
iscr
ucia
lto
exam
ine
the
was
tem
anag
emen
tst
ruct
ure
and
was
test
ream
.D
iffe
rent
type
sof
faci
liti
espr
oces
sdi
ffer
ent t
ypes
ofm
ater
ials
.
His
tori
cally
,th
eC
ount
yha
sre
lied
onbo
thpr
ivat
ean
dpu
blic
firm
sth
ato
per
ate
mat
eria
ls
reco
very
faci
liti
es,
orM
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gfa
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trad
itio
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eda
less
erro
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tem
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tre
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Tra
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R.,
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PLA
STIC
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LO
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A
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IiiIII
I‘S
iii
illP1
ii’I•1J.
iiii
•1I
I’Ii
ILildliiidli
III
‘I
We
exam
ine
the
diff
eren
tpl
astic
resi
nty
pes
inth
isse
ctio
n,w
ithan
intr
odac
tion
toth
ege
nera
lcl
assi
fica
tions
ofpl
astic
sin
clud
ing
raw
wat
eria
lsan
dsu
bseq
uent
addi
tives
.W
eth
enpr
esen
tth
em
ost
com
won
plas
tics
wor
esp
ecif
ical
lyby
resi
nid
entif
icat
ion
code
,w
ithlis
ted
pro
per
ties,
appe
aran
cetr
aits
and
uses
for
each
.Th
isse
ctio
nco
nclu
des
with
am
enti
onof
recy
clab
ility
chal
leng
esfo
rth
ese
plas
ticre
sins
,fu
rthe
ran
alyz
edin
Sect
ion
V.
Key
Fin
ding
s:
-Pl
astic
sar
eei
ther
iden
tifie
das
sher
mop
last
ics
(abl
eto
bere
heat
edan
dre
shap
edm
ultip
letim
es)
ort
her
mo
sets
(lim
ited
toon
epe
rman
ent
solid
stat
e).
The
mos
tco
mm
onty
pes
ofpl
astic
resi
nspr
oduc
edar
eth
erm
opl
astic
s.
• The
irdu
rabi
lity
and
vers
atili
tym
ake
trad
ition
alpe
trol
eum
-bas
edpl
astic
ssu
itabl
efo
ra
rang
eof
end-
mar
ket
uses
and
thus
bene
fici
alas
sing
le-u
sefo
odse
rvic
ew
are
mat
eria
ls.
•Fo
rco
nsum
eran
din
dust
rypu
rpos
es,
plas
tics
are
iden
tifie
dby
resi
nid
entif
icat
ion
code
s(R
fCs)
mos
tof
ten
impr
inte
don
the
bott
omof
the
prod
uct.
The
se
code
sdo
not
indi
cate
recy
clab
ilixy
—th
eyin
stea
d
iv.th
ete
chni
cal
serv
eas
effi
cien
tso
rtin
gto
ols.
•Non
eof
the
regu
larl
yus
edpl
astic
s(C
odes
1-6)
are
biod
egra
dabl
e.5’
Dif
fere
ntT
ypes
ofP
last
ics
and
Subse
quen
tIm
pact
sPl
astic
sar
egr
oupe
din
totw
oge
nera
lcl
assi
fica
tions
:th
erm
opla
stic
san
dth
erm
oset
s.T
hefo
rmer
enco
mpa
sses
the
maj
ority
ofpl
astic
prod
ucts
beca
use
ofits
desi
gnve
rsat
ility
and
reco
vera
bilit
y.T
herm
opla
stic
sbe
com
eliq
uid
asop
pose
dto
burn
ing
whe
nhe
ated
and
solid
ify
whe
nco
oled
.T
hey
can
bere
heat
edan
dre
shap
edm
ultip
letim
esm
it5ou
tco
mpr
omis
ing
chem
ical
prop
erti
es,
mak
ing
them
idea
lfo
rge
nera
lfo
odpac
kag
ing
appl
icat
ions
.In
cont
rast
, the
rmos
ets
are
unab
le
tom
elt
back
toor
igin
alfo
rm,
even
atex
trem
ete
mpe
ratu
res.
The
yca
nbe
heat
edon
lyon
ce.T
herm
oset
sre
mai
nis
ape
rman
ent
solid
stat
eon
cese
tan
dar
eth
usm
ore
com
mon
lysu
edfo
rat
tom
onil
ean
dco
nstr
ucti
onm
ater
ials
.’’
Mos
tpl
astic
sar
em
ade
with
feed
stoc
kde
rive
dfr
ompe
trol
eum
incl
udin
get
hyle
nean
dpr
opyl
ene,
mak
ing
them
inex
pens
ive
tom
anuf
actu
re.
Fur
ther
proc
essi
ng
toa
poly
mer
resi
nty
pica
llyre
quir
esth
eus
eof
addi
tives
incl
udin
gpl
astic
izer
s,st
abili
zers
,dy
esan
dch
emic
als
inor
der
tost
reng
then
the
mat
eria
lan
dim
prov
eper
for
man
ce.”
Res
inid
entif
icat
ion
code
sim
prin
ted
onpl
astic
prod
ucts
indi
cate
the
type
ofm
ater
ial
they
arv
mad
efr
om,
Itis
impo
rtan
tto
note
that
the
RIC
does
not
sign
ify
that
itis
recy
clab
leor
that
itis
deri
ved
from
recy
cled
mat
eria
ls.ta
Inst
ead,
the
PlC
syst
emsi
mpl
ypr
ovid
esw
aste
coll
ecto
rsan
dfa
cilit
ies
thro
ugho
utth
ere
cove
ryan
dre
cycl
ing
chai
nsw
itha
stan
dard
ized
sort
ing
tool
.The
PlC
syst
emw
asde
velo
ped
byth
eSo
ciet
yof
the
Plas
tics
Indu
stry
in19
88an
dha
ssi
nce
been
reco
gniz
edgl
obal
lyw
ithth
ehe
lpof
the
Am
eric
anSo
ciet
yfo
rT
estin
gan
dM
ater
ials
.”
The
rear
ese
ven
iden
tific
atio
nco
des
used
for
vary
ing
ther
mop
last
icre
sins
.Ea
chis
repr
esen
ted
axa
num
ber
betw
een
lan
d7
encl
osed
bya
tria
ngul
arsy
mbo
l(s
eeTa
ble
1).T
here
are
sixco
des
ofco
mm
only
used
resi
nt:
Poly
ethy
lene
Ter
epht
hala
te(P
ETor
PETE
,C
ode
1),
Hig
h-D
ensi
tyPo
lyet
hyle
ne(H
DPE
, Cod
e2)
,Po
lyvi
nyl
Chl
orid
e(P
VC,
Cod
e3)
,L
ow-D
ensi
tyPo
lyet
hyle
ne(L
DPE
,C
ode
4),
Poly
prop
ylen
e(P
RC
ode
5),a
ndPo
lyst
yren
e(P
S,C
ode
6).
Cod
e7
(OTH
ER)
isus
edfo
rpr
oduc
tsm
ade
from
eith
erm
ixed
resi
nsor
are
sin
type
othe
rth
anth
efi
rst
six.T
hese
resi
nsva
ryw
idel
yin
thei
rte
chni
cal
prop
erti
es,
prod
ucts
they
are
com
mon
lyus
edfo
r(d
iscu
ssed
belo
w)
and
inth
eir
recy
clin
gou
tcom
esin
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
(ind
icat
edbe
low
,th
ere
ason
sfo
rw
hich
are
disc
usse
din
Sect
ion
V).
Pla
stic
Res
ins
byR
esin
Iden
tifi
cati
onC
ode
1.P
olye
thyl
eneT
erep
htha
late
(PET
orPE
TE,
Cod
e1)
PET
ison
eof
the
mos
tre
gula
rly
used
plas
tics.
PET
isex
trem
ely
stro
ngan
dre
sist
ant t
oba
cter
ia,
inad
di
tion
tobe
ing
ligh
twei
ght a
ndea
syto
tran
spor
t.”
The
sepr
oper
tien
mak
eit
part
icul
arly
suita
ble
for
ava
riet
yof
food
serv
ice
war
eap
plic
atio
ns.
Eev
erag
ebo
ttle
san
dfo
odja
rsar
eco
mm
only
man
ufac
ture
dfr
omPt
T,al
ong
with
cert
ain
type
sof
sing
le-u
sefo
odse
rvic
em
are
incl
udin
gcl
amsh
ells
,co
ntai
ners
,an
dcu
ps.
AllM
RFs
inLo
sA
ngxl
esC
ount
y—
apar
tfr
omop
erat
orx
focu
sed
onni
che
sect
ors
(e.g
.,co
nst
ruc
tion
and
dem
olit
ion)
—cu
rren
tly
recy
cle
PET
bev
erag
ebo
ttle
san
dfo
odja
rs.
2.H
igh-
Den
sity
Pol
yeth
ylen
e(H
OPE
,co
de
2)H
DPE
isal
soon
eof
the
mos
tco
mm
only
used
plas
ticty
pes.
Eot
hth
ehi
gh-
and
low
-den
sity
vers
ions
ofpo
lyet
hyle
near
ein
expe
nsiv
eto
mak
ean
dea
syto
form
.”H
DPE
isst
rong
and
dura
ble,
prov
idin
ggo
odrv
sist
ance
toch
emic
als
and
moi
stur
e.It
can
bem
ade
inna
tura
lfo
rm(c
lear
)or
colo
red,
and
isof
ten
axed
tom
anuf
actu
rebo
ttle
sfo
rm
ilk,j
uice
,de
terg
ents
and
sham
poos
,al
ong
with
less
robu
stpr
oduc
tssu
chax
plas
ticgr
ocer
yan
dre
tail
bags
. The
HD
PEre
cycl
ing
mar
ket
iscu
rren
tly
the
heal
thie
stam
ong
the
vari
ous
plas
ticre
sins
,an
dis
ubiq
uito
usly
reco
ver
edby
MR
Fsin
the
Cou
nty.
3.Po
lyvi
nyl
Chl
orid
e(P
VC
,C
ode
3)PV
Cis
ast
rong
and
rigid
plas
ticth
atca
nbe
soft
ened
and
mad
em
ore
flex
ible
with
plas
ticiz
ers,
incl
udin
gph
thal
ates
.”N
onpi
astic
ized
(rig
id)
PVC
isco
mm
only
used
for
heav
yco
nstr
ucti
onap
plic
atio
nxbe
caus
eof
itsst
iffan
dno
ncor
rosi
vepr
oper
ties
.”Pl
astic
ized
(fle
xibl
e)PV
Cfil
mix
ofte
nus
edto
crea
tepl
astic
med
ical
,co
smet
ics
and
devi
cepa
ckag
ing.
Plas
ticcl
ing
wra
pw
axpr
evio
usly
apo
pula
rby
prod
uct,
but
safe
tyco
ncer
nsov
erth
eus
eof
phth
alat
etin
food
pack
agin
gha
vere
sult
edin
ari
sein
PVC
plas
ticw
rap
alte
rnat
ives
incl
udin
gLD
PE.M
Rec
yclin
gof
both
aspe
cts
ofpl
astic
sIn
orde
rto
unde
rsta
ndth
eta
rget
ofpo
tent
ial
sing
le-u
sepl
asti
csre
gula
tion
inth
eC
ount
y,it
iscr
ucia
lto
take
ade
tail
edlo
okin
toth
edi
ffer
ent
clas
sifi
cati
ons
and
spec
ific
resi
nty
pes
that
mak
eup
the
mor
ege
nera
lpl
asti
csca
tego
ry.
Tra
diti
onal
plas
tics
are
both
inex
pens
ive
tom
ake
and
dura
ble
tous
e,w
ith
adi
vers
ity
ofpo
lym
ers
that
prov
ide
for
ara
nge
ofpo
tent
ial
uses
.
The
sepl
asti
cs’
vers
atil
ity
and
resi
stan
ceto
degr
adat
ion
can
mak
eth
emad
vant
ageo
usin
food
serv
ice
war
eap
plic
atio
ns.5
8T
hese
sam
ere
sili
ent
prop
erti
es,
how
eveC
cons
eque
ntly
allo
wfo
r
plas
tic
tope
rsis
tin
the
envi
ronm
ent,
mak
ing
com
plet
ede
com
posi
tion
near
lyim
poss
ible
.
Thn
mps
on,
Sc
,Mnn
rn,
c2,
saal
,p.
s.,o
m,
&sw
an,
5.H
.12
0091
.Pl
astic
s,th
eee
,,ton
mnn
san
dha
man
heal
th:
xarr
nnt
cons
eos,
san
dI,
tarn
ireo
dsph
ilono
phir
alT
ravs
actio
vsof
ihn
eoya
l soc
iety
8:B
inlo
gira
t Sc,
enre
,Se
xtin
and
1mm
hitp
s://
tova
lsoc
ietv
publ
ishi
ngnr
g/do
i/ab
s/l0
.ts9
a/rs
tb20
0900
t2cn
vnr,
S.,J
,mbe
ck,
J.S.
,&
Law
,K.
L.12
0t71
.P
roda
,t:on
,‘S
n,an
dla
tevf
allpl
astic
snn
nrm
ade.
ucie
nce,
vdva
vces
,21
71Sn
tt,nv
ndfr
omkt
tps’
//dn
i,nrg
/is,
tizb
/s,ia
dvt7
nO7a
2M
arsh
,K
,&
Bag
asa,
B12
007)
.ro
odPa
ckag
ing
—So
les,
Mat
eria
ls,
and
Eev
iron
mnn
tal
issn
es,
Joor
val
ofro
vdSc
innc
n,72
151,
xag—
xsx,
xctr
invn
dfr
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.LL
docv
r.n/1
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t/ii7
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STIC
WA
STE
INLO
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NC
EL
ES
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TY
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mes
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re,
Ca,
Saai
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SH
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enai
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ince
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icle
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ered
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0t.n
TH
ET
EC
HN
ICA
LA
PCC
TS
OF
PLA
STIC
S15
form
sis
gene
rally
limite
din
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
beca
use
they
are
diff
icul
t to
iden
tify
and
isol
ate
inso
rtin
gpr
otes
ses,
give
nth
ew
ide
vari
ety
ofpr
oduc
tsfo
rw
hich
they
are
used
.
4.L
ow-D
ensi
tyP
olye
thyl
ene
(LO
PE, C
ode
4)LO
PEis
flex
ible
and
resi
stan
t to
moi
stur
e,ch
emic
als,
and
forc
e.”
Itslo
wer
dens
ity(c
ompa
red
toH
OPE
)an
dso
ftte
stur
em
ake
itpo
pula
rto
use
for
nonf
ood
serv
ice
war
eap
plic
atio
nsin
clud
ing
plas
tichI
man
dpa
ckag
ing
(e.g
.,ba
gsfo
rtr
ash,
dry
clea
nipg
,n
ews
pape
rs,
and
prod
uce)
.It
isal
sous
edas
anal
tern
ativ
eso
PVC
plas
ticcl
ing
wra
ps.
Rig
idLD
PEis
used
tom
ake
lids,
caps
,an
dto
ypr
oduc
ts.
The
reis
curr
entl
yno
heal
thy
mar
ket f
orre
cycl
edLD
PE,
and
assu
ch,
itis
not
recy
cled
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y.
5.P
olyp
ropy
lene
(PP,
Cod
e5)
PPis
essr
emel
yve
rsat
ilean
dhe
atre
sist
ant.
Itshi
ghm
eltin
gpo
int
allo
ws
itto
wor
kw
ellf
orus
ein
food
cont
aine
rsth
atar
em
icro
wav
ean
ddi
shw
ashe
rsa
fe,
whi
leal
sobe
ing
apo
pula
rre
sin
tom
ake
yogu
rt,
ice
crea
m,
and
phar
mac
euti
cal
cont
aine
rsin
addi
tion
tost
raw
s?’
Itsst
iffn
ess
and
moi
stur
eba
rrie
rsal
low
itto
beus
edfo
rm
any
appl
ianc
esan
dau
tom
otiv
epa
rts.
PPca
nal
sobe
mad
ein
toa
hbeç
ofte
nus
edfo
rcar
peti
ng.
Eco
nom
ical
lyvi
able
recy
clin
gof
PPre
quir
esop
tical
sort
ing
equi
pmen
tun
der
curr
ent
mar
ket
cond
itio
ns, a
ndso
me
faci
litie
sw
ithth
iseq
uipm
ent
turr
entl
yre
cove
rPP
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y.H
ow’
evet
MR
Fsus
ing
only
man
ual
sort
ing
met
hods
have
gene
rally
been
unab
leto
reC
over
PPpr
oduc
ts.
6.P
olys
tyre
ne(P
S,C
od
e6)
PSis
natu
rally
hard
and
britt
lew
itha
rela
tivel
ylo
wre
sist
ance
tohe
at.
itit
inex
pens
ive
topr
oduc
ean
dca
nbe
mad
ein
toa
solid
orfo
am. S
olid
PSis
ofte
n
used
som
ake
disp
osab
lecu
tler
yan
dsm
oke
det
ecto
rta
ses.
Exp
ande
dpo
lyst
yren
e(E
PS)w
hite
foam
isco
nver
sely
extr
emel
yli
ghtw
eigh
t and
pred
omin
antl
ym
ade
ofai
r.EP
Sis
ofte
n,bu
ter
rone
ousl
y,ca
lled
“Sty
rofo
am.”
How
eveç
Styr
ofoa
mis
apa
rtic
ular
bran
dof
exrr
uded
poly
styr
ene
(xP
5),
afu
ndam
enta
llydi
ffer
ent
prod
uct.”
EPS
isus
edfo
rfo
odpa
ckag
ing
(e.g
.,cl
amsh
ells
,cu
ps,
plat
es,
and
tray
s)as
wel
l as
for
prot
ecti
vepac
kag
ing
(e.g
.,eg
gca
rton
s,co
oler
s,cu
shio
ning
,an
dbu
ildin
gm
ater
ials
)be
caus
eof
itsth
erm
alin
sula
tion
and
impa
ctpr
otec
tion
.Its
chea
pna
ture
lend
sits
elf
tosi
ngle
-use
disp
osal
prod
ucts
,ye
tPS
/EPS
was
te
ises
peci
ally
diff
icul
tto
tran
spor
tan
dso
rtdu
eto
‘sow
eigh
t.Its
low
dens
ityal
som
akes
itdi
ffic
ult f
orfa
cilit
ies
tore
tove
ra
mas
sof
P5/E
PSth
atis
suff
icie
ntfo
rre
cycl
ing
inan
econ
omic
ally
viab
lem
anne
r.PS
recy
clin
gis
thus
gene
rally
inef
fici
ent
and
not
pra
cti
ced
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y.an
dm
ost
PS/E
PSgo
ods
—in
tlud
ing
food
serv
ice
war
e—
are
eith
erla
nd
fille
dor
litt
ered
.
7.O
THER
orM
ixed
Plas
tics
(Cod
e7)
Plas
tics
mad
eof
mor
eth
anon
ere
sin
orth
ose
that
dono
tfi
tth
epr
evio
usca
tego
ries
are
deem
edO
THER
. Thi
sca
tego
ryin
clud
esac
rylic
and
nylo
npo
lym
ers.
Cod
e7
prod
ucts
are
not
typi
cally
recy
cla
ble
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y;ho
wev
eçbi
o-ba
sed
and
biod
egra
dabl
eal
tern
ativ
esto
trad
ition
alpl
astic
s,su
chat
poly
lacs
icat
id,
fall
with
inth
isca
tego
ryan
dm
ayha
vebe
tter
reto
very
pote
ntia
lde
pend
ing
onav
aila
ble
opti
ons
for
disp
osal
(e.g
.,co
mpo
stin
g)
yes
—bo
ttle
san
dja
rson
ly
ibid
.ib
idK
:ngs
pan
issu
lati
asM
iddl
eEa
st12
017)
wh
at:,
the
d,ff
eren
rebe
teee
n0P
5as
dE
m?
K:a
gspa
eC
reup
tetr
ieve
dJa
suar
p6,
2520
. Ite
mh
np
c//
Tab
le1:
Pla
stic
Res
ins
byR
esin
Iden
tifi
cati
on
Cod
e(R
IC)
REC
YC
LED
RIC
RE
SIN
TY
PEPR
OPE
RT
IES
USE
SIN
LA
CO
UN
TY
HO
PE
Lig
htw
eigh
t;st
ron
g;
Wat
erb
ott
les;
soda
bott
les;
jars
Po
lyet
hy
len
ere
sist
ant
tobac
teri
a;ca
nbe
for
spre
ads/
jaw
s;cl
amsh
ells
Ter
eph
tala
tecl
earo
rco
lor-
mat
ched
Inex
pens
ive;
easy
tofo
rm;
Milk
bo
ttle
s;ju
ice
bo
ttle
s;H
igh-
Den
sity
stro
ng;
dura
ble
;re
sist
ant
dete
rgen
t/sh
ampo
obo
ttle
s;Po
lyet
hyle
neto
chem
ical
san
dm
oist
ure;
plas
ticgr
ocer
yan
dre
tail
bags
perm
eabl
eto
gas
es
(Rig
id)
PVC
:st
ron
g;
stif
f;I
(Rig
id)
PVC
:co
nst
ruct
ion
Al
Pol
yvin
yln
on
corr
osi
ve
(Fle
xibl
e)PV
C:
app
lica
tio
ns
(Fle
xibl
e)PV
C:
No
Chl
orid
eso
ften
edw
ithpl
astic
izer
scl
ing
wra
p;m
edic
alpa
ckag
ing;
PVC
cosm
etic
spa
ckag
ing
Plas
ticfil
m;t
rash
bags
;dr
y
AL
ow-D
ensi
tyFl
exib
le; s
oft;
moi
stur
e-cl
eani
ngba
gs;
prod
uce
bags
No
Po
lyet
hy
len
ere
sist
ant;
chem
ical
-res
ista
nt
(Rig
id)
LOPE
:lid
s;ca
ps;
toy
LOPE
pro
duct
s
Yog
urt
con
tain
ers;
ice
crea
mN
o—
opti
cal
AP
oly
pro
py
len
eH
eat-
and
mo
istu
re-
con
tain
ers;
mic
row
avab
lefo
od
sort
ing
-re
sist
ant;
stif
fco
nta
iner
s;au
tom
oti
ve
part
s;eq
uipp
edca
rpet
ing
faci
liti
eson
ly
(PS)
;ha
rd;
bri
ttle
;lo
wh
eat
(PS)
:d
isp
osa
ble
cutl
ery
;sm
oke
Are
sist
ance
;in
expen
sive
det
ecto
rca
ses
(EPS
):cl
amsh
ells
;N
oP
oly
sty
ren
e(E
PS);
lig
htw
eig
ht;
cups
;pl
ates
;tr
ays;
egg
cart
on
s;I
ther
mal
insu
lati
on;
impac
tPS
coole
rs;
cush
ionin
gpro
tect
ion
AO
ther
Mix
edre
sins
:ac
ryli
c,ny
lon;
Eott
jes
mal
tila
yer
pac
kag
ing
No
bio
pla
stic
s(P
LA
)O
TH
ER
Maj
or
Co
nsi
der
atio
ns
Reg
ardin
gP
last
ics
Rec
over
yC
ompa
red
togl
ass
orm
etal
s,pl
astic
sre
quir
em
ore
thor
-an
dlig
htw
eigh
t.O
espi
tem
ost
plas
tics
bein
gte
chni
cally
ough
sort
ing
tobe
recy
cled
,ax
each
resi
nty
peva
ries
byre
cycl
able
,th
efa
teof
any
give
npr
oduc
tde
pend
she
avily
prop
erty
and
heat
resi
stan
ce.
Plas
tics
sort
ing
ises
peci
ally
onm
arke
tco
ndit
ions
and
infr
astr
uctu
re.
thal
leng
ing
beca
use
man
ypl
astic
prod
ucts
are
smal
l
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
10
5A
NC
EL
ES
CO
UN
TY
TH
ET
EC
HN
ICA
LA
PE
CT
SO
FP
lAS
TIC
S
4III
II
U)U
Co
3Co-o
>
3
‘I*1‘Iiii’ii II ii
I II!14
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z
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>-
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0-•-
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IIi
F’
•1III•1IIIIaI
1UI II
lii litIi 11‘IilIb illu1I1II ‘I
ii
p
whe
reas
prev
ious
lyth
ese
item
sw
ould
have
been
aso
urce
ofpr
ofit.
mTh
ishu
sle
dm
any
oper
ator
sin
the
was
tein
dust
ry—
incl
udin
gha
uler
s,M
RFs,
and
recy
clin
gce
nter
s—
toex
peri
ence
asi
zabl
edr
opin
reve
nue,
putt
ing
them
indi
refi
nanc
ial
stra
its.
Con
sequ
ent
outc
omes
have
been
vari
ed.M
any
faci
liti
es,
incl
udin
gse
vera
lre
cycl
ing
cent
ers
and
MRF
ain
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty,
have
clos
edsi
nce
2018
beca
use
ofop
erat
iona
llo
sses
YO
ther
loca
tion
sin
Cal
ifor
nia
rem
ain
open
but
face
oper
atio
nal
loss
es—
whi
chca
nex
ceed
mill
ions
ofdo
llars
annu
ally
—th
atth
reat
enth
eir
long
evity
.vIn
man
yot
her
inst
ance
u,op
erat
ors
have
cut
back
onse
rvic
esor
rais
edpr
ices
thro
ugh
new
lyne
goti
ated
mun
icip
alco
ntra
cts
orw
eekl
yra
tes,
impo
sing
add
itio
nal
cost
son
tolo
cal
gove
rnm
ents
and
cust
omer
s.88
The
econ
omic
impa
cton
thes
epa
rtie
sis
com
poun
ded
byfa
lling
reve
nue
from
recy
clin
gpr
ogra
ms.
An
illu
stra
tive
exam
ple
isth
eC
ityof
San
Die
go,
whi
chex
pect
edto
rece
ive
appr
oxim
atel
y$6
00,0
00in
reve
nue
from
iture
cycl
ing
cont
ract
ors
for
the
2019
fisca
lye
arco
mpa
red
to$4
mill
ion
in20
17.8
0T
hus,
whi
lefir
mfi
gure
sha
vebe
endi
ffic
ult t
oid
entif
yfo
rLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
yor
the
City
ofLo
sA
ngel
es,
itis
likel
yth
atth
eyan
dra
tepa
yeru
are
bea
rin
gm
illio
nsof
dolla
rsin
addi
tiona
lco
sts
due
toch
ange
sin
the
recy
clin
gm
arke
tsi
nce
2018
.
For
MRF
sin
the
Los
Ang
eles
regi
on,
inte
rnat
iona
lm
arke
tscu
rren
tly
play
asi
gnif
ican
tlysm
alle
rro
lew
ithre
gard
tose
lling
reco
vere
dpl
autic
com
pare
dto
pre-
Nat
iona
lSw
ord
regu
lati
on.A
llsix
appl
icab
leM
RFs
inte
rvie
wed
indi
cate
dth
atth
eir
prim
ary
mar
ket f
orm
ajor
resi
nca
tego
ries
—es
peci
ally
PET
(Cod
e])
and
HO
PE(C
ode
2)—
wer
eno
ww
ithin
Cal
ifor
nia.
The
mar
ket
for
thes
ere
sins
,es
peci
ally
PET,
isst
rong
inth
eLo
sA
ngel
esre
gion
spec
ifi
cally
.Se
vera
l MR
Fsal
soin
dica
ted
that
Ala
bam
a-ba
sed
KWPl
astic
sis
ahi
gh-p
rofi
lede
stin
atio
n,pa
rtic
ular
lyfo
rre
sins
othe
rth
anPE
Tan
dH
OPE
(i.e.
,Po
lypr
opyl
ene,
Cod
e5)
.
Four
MR
Fuin
dica
ted
that
smal
lm
arke
tsfo
rpa
rtic
ular
res
ins
cont
inue
toex
ist o
vers
eas
inS
outh
east
Asi
a,in
clud
ing
Indo
nesi
aan
dV
ietn
am.
How
eveç
this
ispr
edom
inan
tly
poly
prop
ylen
e(C
odeS
)an
d,at
the
one
faci
lity
inte
rvi
ewed
that
still
bale
sit,
mix
edpl
astic
s(C
odes
3-7)
,as
ther
ear
ero
bust
dom
esti
cm
arke
tsfo
rPE
T(C
ode
1)an
dH
OPE
(Cod
e2)
.
Mor
ege
nera
lly,
ther
eis
som
eca
utio
nam
ongs
tM
RF
oper
ator
sab
oct
how
mar
ketc
ondi
tion
sm
ayco
ntin
ueto
fluc
tuat
ean
dth
eim
pact
sth
ism
ayha
veon
thei
rbusi
ness
.Cur
rent
ly,
the
only
plas
ticre
sins
that
can
besa
idw
ithco
nfid
ence
toha
vehe
alth
y,st
able
mar
kets
are
PET
and
HO
PE. T
hem
arke
tfo
rPP
, acc
ordi
ngto
one
oper
ator
,is
teet
erin
gon
the
edge
ofvi
abili
ty.
Bes
ides
nich
eca
ses,
asaf
orem
enti
oned
,ot
her
cate
gori
esof
plas
ticar
eno
tge
nera
llyec
onom
ical
lyvi
able
tore
cove
rin
Los
Ang
eleu
Cou
nty.
An
impo
rtan
tel
emen
tof
the
Nat
iona
lSw
ord
regu
lati
onis
that
itde
mon
stra
ted
toop
erat
oru
that
mar
ketco
ndi
tions
for
reco
vere
dpl
astic
can
chan
geun
pred
icta
bly,
quic
kly,
and
dras
tical
ly.
One
oper
ator
expr
esse
dco
ncer
nth
atco
mpa
nies
may
enda
nger
them
selv
esby
inve
stin
ghe
avily
inha
rdw
are
and
faci
litie
sto
reco
ver
cert
ain
ma
teri
als
—su
chas
plas
tics
like
PET
with
acu
rren
the
alth
ym
arke
t—
only
for
cond
itio
nsto
chan
geag
ain
and
leav
eth
emin
anun
tena
ble
posi
tion.
Whi
lecl
iché
,thi
su
nd
ersc
ores
the
impo
rtan
ceof
cert
ainl
yto
busi
ness
es,
and
shou
ldbe
cons
ider
edin
any
futu
repo
licy
deci
sion
sm
ade
byth
eC
ount
y.
plas
tic
was
tege
nera
tion
and
litte
r,
Inth
isse
ctio
nw
efo
cus
onth
etw
om
ain
cate
gori
esof
alte
rnat
ives
tosi
ngle
-use
plas
ticfo
odse
rvic
em
are:
reus
able
war
ean
dco
mpo
utab
ledi
spos
able
s.W
ithre
spec
tto
the
form
erw
edi
scus
sho
wlif
etim
een
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
com
pare
topl
astic
s,th
eec
onom
icra
mif
icat
ions
ofin
crea
sed
adop
tion
,an
dso
me
impo
rtan
tco
nsi
der
atio
nsun
ique
toa
tran
siti
onto
reus
able
s.Fo
rthe
latte
r,w
edi
scus
sth
ena
ture
ofco
mpo
stab
lean
dbi
odeg
rada
ble
mat
eria
ls,
incl
udin
gso
me
spec
ific
type
s,an
dpe
rfor
ma
sim
ilar
com
pari
son
ofth
elif
etim
eim
pact
sof
thes
epr
oduc
tsto
plas
tics
whe
nus
edfo
rfo
odse
rvic
ew
are.
We
iden
tify
part
icul
arch
alle
nges
rela
ted
toth
edi
spos
alof
such
item
san
dre
view
the
econ
omic
ram
ific
atio
nsof
incr
ease
dus
age.
Key
Fin
ding
s:
•Util
izin
gre
usab
lefo
odse
rvic
em
are
inpl
ace
ofdis
pos
able
opti
ons
has
the
grea
test
pote
ntia
lto
redu
ceth
ene
gati
veim
pact
sas
soci
ated
with
plas
ticw
aste
inLo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y,am
ong
the
alte
rnat
ives
avai
labl
e.
•Inc
reas
edad
opti
onof
com
post
able
item
sm
aybe
bene
fici
al,
but
man
yfa
ctor
sco
mpl
icat
ese
lect
ion
ofap
prop
riat
eal
tern
ativ
esw
ithin
thiu
prod
uct
cate
gory
.
•Ava
ilabl
eev
iden
cein
dica
tes
that
thre
ats
tobu
sine
sses
and
the
econ
omy
over
all
pose
dby
tran
siti
ons
topla
stic
alte
rnat
ives
are
smal
l,if
any.
Ava
ilabl
eev
iden
cesu
gge
sts
that
food
vend
ors
may
bene
fit f
isca
llyfo
llow
ing
vi.an
alys
isof
adop
tion
ofre
usab
leite
ms
and
that
redu
cing
plas
ticw
aste
will
low
erco
sts
onop
erat
oru,
mun
icip
algover
nm
ents
,an
dra
tepa
yeru
.H
omev
eçsp
ecif
icqu
antif
iabl
epr
edic
tion
sin
this
area
are
diff
icul
t to
mak
e.
Reu
sabl
eA
lter
nati
ves
Bas
edon
avai
labl
ein
form
atio
n,in
crea
sed
usag
eof
reu
sab
lew
are
inth
eLo
uA
ngel
esC
ount
yfo
odse
rvic
ese
ctor
wou
ldlik
ely
bea
nun
equi
voca
lne
tbe
nefi
t.Po
tent
ial
aven
ues
for
such
atr
ansi
tion
incl
ude
mor
eco
nsis
tent
usag
eof
reus
able
item
sat
dine
-in
food
serv
ice
loca
tions
,in
crea
sing
the
freq
uenc
yw
ithw
hich
cust
omer
spu
rcha
sebe
vera
ges
inre
usab
lecu
psor
trav
elm
ugs,
and
adop
ting
mod
els
that
allo
wfo
rfo
odan
dbe
vera
geto
bepl
aced
inre
usab
leco
ntai
ners
.
Reu
sabl
ew
are
avoi
dum
any
pote
ntia
lpi
tfalls
and
chal
leng
espo
sed
byth
ene
edfo
rdi
spos
al.
With
rega
rdto
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
s,th
eav
aila
ble
rese
arch
stro
ngly
favo
rsre
usab
lefo
odse
rvic
eite
ms
havi
nglo
wer
impa
cts
than
equi
vale
ntdi
spos
able
item
sov
erth
eco
urse
ofa
prod
uct’
slif
etim
e.M
ore
soth
anal
tern
ativ
edi
spos
able
item
s,ho
wev
eçin
crea
sed
adop
tion
ofre
usab
les
wou
ldin
man
yca
ses
requ
ire
inve
stm
ent
inne
meq
uipm
ent
and
rew
orki
ngev
eryd
aypr
acti
ces
bybu
sine
sses
,in
addi
tion
tora
isin
gpo
tent
ial
issu
esre
gard
ing
com
plia
nce
with
heal
thco
dein
the
case
ofcu
stom
er-o
wne
dre
usab
leite
ms.
plas
tical
tern
ativ
esA
lter
nati
ves
topl
astic
pack
agin
gha
vepr
olif
erat
edin
rece
ntye
ars:
Opt
ions
for
com
post
able
pack
agin
gha
veex
pand
ed,
part
icul
arly
inth
efi
eld
ofdi
spos
able
food
serv
ice
war
e,an
dse
v
eral
citie
sin
Cal
ifor
nia
have
enac
ted
polic
ies
desi
gned
toin
crea
seus
age
ofre
usab
leit
ems
by
food
vend
ors
and
thei
rcu
stom
ers.
How
ever
,it
cann
otbe
assu
med
that
any
alte
rnat
ive
will
have
low
erim
pact
san
db
ette
rdi
spos
alop
tion
sth
anpl
astic
.It
isth
eref
ore
impo
rtan
t for
the
Cou
nty
toev
alua
teth
epr
osan
dco
nsof
thes
eop
tion
sas
itco
nsid
ers
polic
yop
tion
sto
redu
ce
Mro
aeie
i,Pi
per
(251
9).
As
carf
ore
jas
rery
riir
gin
dust
ryss
rogg
les,
com
pani
esan
dro
risu
mer
sar
efo
rced
toad
apt.
Lxs
Ang
eles
Tim
esS
eir
ieue
dJa
xuar
xZ
2020
frxm
http
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lati
mes
xo
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iro
emee
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ery
clin
g-i
edu
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stir
s.ch
iea
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id.
schu
ssle
r.A
nna
(201
8)w
her
ede
nsit
go?
The
Oai
iyJo
urna
l.ue
trie
ued
Jana
arv
8.20
20,
from
hiip
s://
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uo
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ems/
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e-d
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e-909a-
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hib
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e.htm
l
Mah
aney
,rr
ika
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eerv
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gch
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aten
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carb
age
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ease
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oete
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ieu
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onm
erey
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eam
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ceh
a,Je
sen
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019)
Sixi
uxcit
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iirg
rate
sin
crea
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city
lead
ers,
reuy
xfer
deb
ate
eu’m
nra
ntB
ayT
imes
.un
trie
xed
Janu
ary
8,20
20,
from
hrtx
s//m
oma
east
bayt
imes
cew
/20t
9/05
/30/
unix
n-ri
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ing-
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s-in
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erde
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eryr
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deba
te-r
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ith,
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9(ci
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srra
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ixg
tacl
ean
upcu
rbsi
dere
cscf
ing
inuc
abe
ofch
ina
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The
San
Die
goun
ian-
Ttib
une
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ieue
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2020
.fr
om
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
LO
SA
NcE
LE
SC
OU
NT
YA
NA
LY
SIS
OF
PLA
STIC
AL
FE
eNA
TIv
E5
,ii
Co
mp
arat
ive
Lif
eC
ycle
Impac
tsof
Reu
sab
les
Acr
oss
mos
ten
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ctca
tego
ries
.ec
istir
sg
rese
arch
show
sa
coss
essu
sth
ata
reus
able
food
serv
ice
war
epr
oduc
t—
give
nre
ason
able
assu
mpt
ions
abou
tits
lifet
ime
uses
—w
illha
vea
smal
ler
foot
prin
tth
andis
posa
ble
opti
ons.
The
esac
tbr
eak-
even
poin
tcan
vary
som
ewha
tam
ong
prod
uct
type
s,de
pend
ing
onp
rod
uc
tion
inpu
tsan
dra
tes
oflo
ss,
thef
t,or
brea
kage
.E
stim
ates
may
also
vary
base
don
the
exac
tm
etho
dsre
sear
cher
s
use.
The
mai
n(b
utno
tex
haus
tive)
cate
gori
esby
whi
ch
reus
able
san
ddi
upos
able
sha
vebe
enhi
stor
iral
lyco
m
pare
dar
egr
eenh
ouse
gas
emis
sion
s,en
ergy
inpu
ts,w
ate
rus
e,ec
osys
tem
impa
cts,
and
solid
was
tege
nera
tion
.
Even
acco
unti
ngfo
rva
ryin
gm
etho
dolo
gies
,re
usab
leite
ms
resu
ltin
low
erlif
etim
eim
pact
sth
andi
spos
able
s.In
one
ofth
em
ost
heav
ilyst
udie
dco
mpa
riso
ns—
cera
mic
coff
eecu
psve
rsas
disp
osab
lepa
per
orpo
lyst
yren
ecu
ps—
esti
mat
eson
lifet
ime
uses
for
the
form
erto
outp
erfo
rmdi
spos
able
sra
nge
from
aslo
was
18(v
spa
per)
or70
(vs
poly
styr
ene)
toa
few
hund
red.
vTo
putt
hese
num
bers
inco
ntex
t,lif
etim
eus
esof
dish
war
ein
afo
odse
rvic
ese
ttin
gca
nbe
inth
eth
ousa
nds.
°is
isal
sow
orth
noti
ngth
at,
asa
gene
ral t
rend
,m
ore
rece
ntst
udie
sin
this
area
tend
tofin
dlo
wer
brea
k-ev
enpo
inty
—th
atis,
reus
able
sse
emto
beco
me
mor
ead
vant
ageo
usco
mpa
red
sodi
spos
able
sov
erti
me.
Itis
likel
yth
atin
crea
ses
inth
een
ergy
and
wat
eref
fici
ency
ofdi
shw
ashi
ngp
roce
sses
bear
som
ere
spon
sibi
lity
for
this
tren
d,an
dth
atit
will
cont
inue
asde
carb
oniz
atio
nof
she
elec
tric
ity
grid
cont
inue
sY2
Inth
eca
seof
othe
rre
usab
lefo
odse
rvic
ew
are
item
s—
incl
udin
gw
ater
cont
aine
rs,
food
clam
shel
ls,
trav
elm
ugs,
and
uten
sils
—re
usab
les
cont
inue
toex
hibi
tlo
wer
lifet
ime
impa
cts
than
func
tiona
llysi
mila
rdi
spos
able
prod
ucts
.W
hile
life
cycl
ean
alys
isre
sear
chon
thes
eite
ms
isle
sspr
eval
ent t
han
stud
ies
com
pari
ngce
ram
icm
ugs
and
disp
osab
lecu
ps,w
hat d
ata
isav
aila
ble
tend
sso
show
grea
ter
bene
fits
and
low
erbr
eak-
even
poin
tsfo
rre
usab
les
:nth
ese
cate
gori
es.
Lif
etim
eus
esfo
rth
ese
prod
acts
may
need
tobe
aslo
was
to-s
o(p
late
san
dbo
wls
),55
-30
(cla
msh
ells
),or
two
(fla
twar
e/ut
ensi
ls)
tobe
pref
erab
leto
thei
rdi
spos
able
coun
serp
arss
Y’
Find
ings
ofre
usab
lepr
efer
abili
tyho
ldfo
rite
ms
that
are
com
mon
lycu
stom
er-o
wne
d,su
chas
plas
ticor
stai
nles
sst
eel
trav
elm
ugs
and
to-g
ofo
odbo
xes
mad
efr
omm
ater
ials
like
poly
prop
ylen
e.
Perh
aps
she
mos
tim
pacs
ful
effe
ctof
repl
acin
gdis
pos
able
food
serv
ice
war
ew
ithre
usab
les
isin
the
area
ofso
lid
was
te.
Past
asse
ssm
ents
and
case
stud
ies
have
foun
dth
attr
ansi
tion
ing
tore
usab
les
from
disp
osab
les
inbo
thth
efo
odse
rvic
ese
ctor
and
othe
rar
eas
(e.g
.,dr
inki
ngw
ater
)dr
astic
ally
redu
ces
wei
ght
and
volu
me
ofso
lid
was
tege
nera
tedY
4In
aca
sest
udy
(alb
eit f
rom
the
earl
ytQ
9Os)
ofho
spita
lfo
odse
rvic
e,re
plac
ing
disp
osab
leite
ms
with
reus
able
dish
esre
duce
dso
lidw
aste
gen
era
tion
by99
%?
Des
pise
avai
labl
ere
sear
chco
nsis
tent
lyfa
vori
ngre
usab
lefo
odse
rvic
ew
are
item
sov
erdi
spos
able
sin
term
sof
lifet
ime
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
,th
ere
are
two
impo
rtan
tca
veat
s:
A.
Impa
ctC
ateg
orie
s:W
hile
reus
able
sge
nera
llyou
tper
form
disp
osab
les
inlif
etim
een
ergy
inpu
tsan
dgr
eenh
ouse
gas
emis
sion
s,ot
her
cate
gori
esca
nde
liver
mis
edre
sults
depe
ndin
gon
the
spec
ific
prod
uct.
For
inst
ance
,an
asse
ssm
ent
ofre
usab
leco
ffee
cont
aine
rsby
CIRA
ICfo
und
that
,whi
lest
illa
bett
erop
tion
over
all,
trav
elm
ugim
pact
sw
ere
sim
ilarly
seve
reor
wor
sein
the
Qua
lity
ofE
cosy
stem
san
dW
ater
Con
sum
ptio
nca
tego
ries
YIn
part
icul
atw
ater
usag
eas
soci
ated
with
clea
ning
prac
tice
siv
anim
port
ant
cons
ider
atio
n,th
ough
one
that
can
beam
elio
rate
dth
roug
hin
crea
sed
effi
cien
cy.
Neg
ativ
eim
pact
sof
reus
able
prod
ucts
can
also
bele
ssen
edby
adop
ting
thos
eth
atus
ele
ssm
ater
ial
inth
eir
man
ufa
ctur
ing
proc
ess
whi
lem
aint
aini
ngdu
rabi
lity.
8.Pu
blic
Eve
nts:
Som
est
udie
sha
vefo
und
mis
edre
sults
whe
nco
mpa
ring
the
impa
cts
ofre
usab
les
vers
usdi
spos
able
sin
cert
ain
sett
ings
. The
prim
ary
esam
ple
ispu
blic
even
ts, w
here
com
pari
sons
ofdi
ffer
ent f
ood
serv
ice
war
ecu
pop
tion
sha
veyi
elde
din
conc
lusi
vere
sults
onw
hich
ism
ost
desi
rabl
efr
oman
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
stan
dpoi
nt.9
7Sm
all-
scal
e
Tab
le2:
Rel
ativ
eIm
pac
tsof
Pla
stic
Foo
dS
ervi
ceW
are
and
Alt
ernat
ive
Usa
ge
cold
beve
rage
cops
/lid
s;ho
sL
imite
dfl
eas
Eio
plas
siu
PLA;
PHA
beve
rage
uop
resi
ssao
ue;
•0-
OS.
lieio
gs; u
lam
-co
dof
life
disp
osal
shel
ls:
stra
ws
Upo
eceq
oest
N/A
usoe
sds,
stra
ws,
Nav
e°
55
$
crea
se;
dura
bilie
g;
100%
Mol
ded
palp
;cl
amsh
ells
;ab
sorp
tioo
;
Fb
-b
bam
boo;
oseo
sils
;pl
ates
!rh
emlc
alco
atio
gs5
5$$
ier
asba
gass
ebo
wls
/tra
ys;
(e.g
..W
As)
;co
dof
life
disp
osal
ar-
srai
oles
sst
eel;
ITr
avel
wag
s;H
ealth
uodo
;aaa
$I
Iow
oed)
polv
prop
yfon
eto
-go
booe
sco
ltara
loo
rms
‘ca
pisa
lio
oest
moo
ti
finf
rast
ruos
ore,
Sho
rn-t
erse
:
j,a
ro
ic.
Dio
iogm
are
egai
pmeo
t,ice
ws)
;*0*
Loss
g-R
erm
r58
$
Inge
epre
ting
imp
acts
:•
lodi
cate
sst
ates
qeo
.E
oeir
oom
eosa
lbo
oefi
ss(e
.g.,
redo
ced
ecol
ogic
alha
rm,
low
erem
issi
ons)
ofsc
eoar
ios
com
par
edto
stas
esgee
:w
argi
oal
impr
ovem
eot;
**
mo
der
ate
impr
ovem
ent;
maj
oriw
pro
new
eet.
Eco
oom
icim
pact
s(e
.g.,
porc
hasi
ogco
sts,
op
erat
ing
cost
s,w
aoic
ipal
eop
oed
iser
es):
red
•lo
crea
sed
cost
s;g
reen
—re
doun
dco
sts.
$sm
all
chan
ge;
$$m
od
erat
echange;
$$$
maj
orch
ang
e.
Shee
han,
fill
1201
71cr
eevh
ouse
cas
Impa
cts
ofSi
syvs
ablv
vsse
usab
lefo
odse
rvic
ofr
odvv
tscl
oav
Wat
erA
rtiv
o/C
leao
Wat
erfu
nd.
Ret
riev
edD
ecem
ber
12,2
019
from
blIp
s//
ivw
wcl
eanw
ater
acti
on
org/
site
s/de
faul
t/hl
es/c
A_s
eTb,
j:rs
vw_c
Ht_
F1N
AL
Opd
lci
tyof
Port
land
sust
aina
bilis
vat
wor
k(2
5t9l
.fe
usab
leD
ishm
aro
lwhv
switc
h’)
The
city
offv
rrla
odO
rego
nSe
srai
naki
lirv
atW
ork
felr
ieve
dD
ecem
ber1
2.20
19,
from
hntp
s://
wiw
c.po
rtla
rdor
egoo
.gov
/sus
taio
akil
irva
rmor
k/ar
ticl
e/55
7450
woo
ds.
Laur
aao
dR
haoi
kR.
fabs
h,(2
514)
.fe
usab
levs
disp
osab
lecu
psre
visi
ted
tuid
ance
inlif
euv
vlo
com
eari
sons
addr
ess,
ogsc
eoan
o,m
odel
,ao
dya
ram
orer
unce
rlai
nicv
‘or
the
usce
nssm
er.
TIr
eio
lern
ar:o
eal
Jouro
alof
Lif
ecy
cle
Acu
ecsm
eo’l
931-
940
doil
y‘0
s7/s
lt3h7
-v13
-0b9
7-7
fot’
,oved
Dec
embe
r12,
2el
yfr
omhtr
ss’/
/lro
b.s
prr
og
erco
in/a
nic
le/l
O10
57/s
113k
7-v1
3’ch
97-7
froc
a,M
ita(2
008)
Aco
mpa
rat
yean
alys
isof
the
eooi
room
oo:a
lim
pact
sof
cera
mic
plat
esan
dbio
deg
radab
levl
ares
)m.r
deof
corn
star
ch)
usin
gLi
fecy
cle
Ana
lysi
sO
evar
rrne
vrof
Nat
ural
Ses
vvrc
esry
eiii
oive
rcir
yR
etri
eved
from
htt
p:/
/su
sta:
nab
rl:t
yta
hs
edo
/mp
-co
nte
en/u
plo
adr/
Lif
ecvc
leA
naly
s:nf
fast
icP
lare
vsce
ram
ic.p
df;
copef
aod,
Aud
rey
M..
Alis
ooA
.O
rmsb
y,A
vdre
aM
.wil
ling
ham
(20s
f).
Ass
esvm
eos
and
co
wy
ara
live
Ana
lysi
sof
a5o
osab
lcv
erse
sD
ispo
sabl
eno
-Co
Sgs
tem
.S
vsra
:oab
ihry
:rI
teJo
urna
lof
eeco
rdb(
b).
ktrs
v://
doi.
org/
fO.1
059/
sus.
25’3
.953
2,S
kee
’an.
811)
2017
).cr
een
ho
use
cay
impa
cts
ofD
ispo
sabl
evs
Reu
sabl
eP
oods
ervi
coP
rodu
cts,
clea
nW
aler
avti
oo/c
leav
Wal
erfu
od,
Ret
riev
edD
ecem
ber1
2,20
19,
from
hit
ps:/
/ec
clea
nm
arer
acli
on
.org
/sre
s/d
efaa
lr/s
len
/cA
_R
eTh
Lir
ewac
Hcf
iNA
L_
5.p
df
frao
blio
Ass
ocia
tes
(200
9).
Life
cycl
eA
sses
smen
tof
Dri
nkin
gw
ater
Sys
tem
s:fo
tlle
wal
er,
Tap
wal
er,
and
Hom
e/O
ffic
eD
eliv
ery
wal
er,
slat
eof
Dre
goo
Deg
arlm
eel
offo
erro
nm
eola
lO
valr
y.R
etri
eved
Dec
embe
r12,
2019
,fr
omhll
ps:
//m
acm
.ore
goo.t
ou/d
eg/P
ille
rDocs
/mprL
tvcl
oel
.se
ssO
wpd
f;ic
eofe
iar.
Gre
gory
A.
ane
Dan
fstc
ccrc
v(N
O?)
Dis
posa
ble
vsR
cuva
nle
svcs
ews’
‘Iw
oS
ourc
ese
ducs
ron
case
Slu
dies
Jour
nal
ofE
vwro
nmen
ral
Sys
lem
s20
)4),
a43’
aSP
do
r10
2190
/P25
u-H
NA
t-7D
81-i
AP
vK
eole
ran,
Gre
gory
A.
aed
Dan
Meo
erev
(199
2)D
ispo
sabl
evs
Reu
sabl
eS
yste
ms
Tw
oso
urc
eR
educ
tion
case
siad
ies
Jour
nal
ofto
vir
oem
eera
lsy
stem
s20
)4),
3a3-
35T
do:’
Is21
90/P
20u-
HN
AR
-pcg
l-JA
py
clA
NG
&R
ecvc
-Qae
bec
(201
9).
Life
cycl
eas
sess
men
t)L
CA)
ofre
usab
leao
dsi
ngle
-use
coff
eeca
psci
eeic
acd
flec
yc’Q
uebe
c.S
erri
eved
De
cem
ber
12,
2019
.fr
omhtr
ps’
//m
.recvc-q
sebec
gouv
.qc
ca/s
ites
/def
arsl
s/fl
les/
docu
men
rs/a
co-r
avse
s-ca
fe-r
esom
e.en
gli
shPd
)ve
rcal
srer
ce,
An,
caro
lin
spir
incb
s,T
hee
Gee
rkeo
(201
0).
‘Lif
eco
de
asse
ssm
eol
and
eco-
effi
cien
cyao
alvs
rsof
drro
kiog
cups
used
atpu
blic
even
ts’
rlre
lore
roal
ioval
Joury
alof
Life
Cyc
leA
sses
uweo
tls
)2),
22l2
30.
DO
f:l0
.100
7/st
1357
-009
-014
3-c.
Ret
riev
edD
ecem
ber
12,
2019
,fr
oirr
htr
ys:
//m
ww
.info
va.
pl/
resv
urc
e/bw
mel
al.e
lein
eots
gri
egel
-9524e2
4v-4
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fasc
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c
AN
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YSI
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ICA
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ER
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ES
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LO
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NC
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UN
TY
1!IiiII
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I ‘Ii Ii1
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I
FI tI i4
Ii1”ItIII’
foun
dno
seve
rely
detr
imen
tal
effe
cts
ofex
istin
gba
nson
the
rest
aura
ntin
dust
ry.’
’T
here
wer
eno
repo
rts
ofan
yfo
odes
tabl
ishm
ent
goin
gou
tof
busi
ness
beca
sve
ofan
espa
nded
poly
styr
ene
ban
and,
whi
lem
ost
citie
sof
fere
dso
me
form
offi
nanc
ial
hard
ship
exem
ptio
n,no
fina
ncia
lha
rdsh
ipap
plic
atio
nsw
ere
repo
rted
.Sc
enar
ioan
alys
isof
prof
itm
argi
nsfo
rfu
ll-an
dlim
ited-
serv
ice
rest
aura
nts
foun
dno
case
inw
hich
anes
tabl
ishm
ent w
ould
have
apo
st-b
anpr
ofit
mar
gin
belo
wze
ro,s
ugge
stin
gth
atw
hile
the
cost
incr
ease
will
impa
ctfo
odve
ndor
sus
ing
evpa
nioe
dpo
lyst
yren
e,th
eim
pact
isof
insu
ffic
ient
mag
nitu
deto
rend
erth
eve
ndor
fina
ncia
llyun
sust
aina
ble.
uii
Fur
ther
mor
e,an
alys
isof
cust
omer
elas
ticiti
esin
resp
onse
topr
ice
incr
ease
sat
rest
aura
nts
foun
dth
atth
ere
isgen
eral
lyan
inel
astic
cust
omer
dem
and
topr
ice
incr
ease
san
da
gene
rally
elas
ticde
man
dfo
rdi
ffer
entre
stas
rant
s.im
This
mea
nsth
atan
yin
crea
sein
pric
esin
stit
uted
bya
food
vend
orto
cove
rin
crea
sed
food
serv
ice
war
eco
sts
wou
ldlik
ely
not
resu
ltin
asi
gnif
ican
tre
duct
ion
incu
stom
ers.
VII.
polic
ypr
oces
san
dde
sign
less
ons
from
citie
sw
ithex
istin
gpl
astic
spo
licie
sIn
Cal
ifor
nia,
135
citi
esan
dco
unti
esha
vead
opte
dor
dina
nces
rela
ted
tosi
ngle
-use
plas
tic
redu
ctio
n.i2
0W
epe
rfor
med
exte
nsiv
ere
sear
chto
bet
ter
anal
yze
the
hist
ory
and
effe
ctiv
enes
s
ofth
ese
polic
ies.
Tofu
rthe
rev
alua
teex
isti
ngre
gula
tion
inth
est
ate,
we
cond
ucte
da
seri
esof
eigh
tin
terv
iew
sw
ithci
tyof
fici
als
who
have
impl
emen
ted
plas
tic
polic
ies
toga
inm
ore
insi
ght
into
the
polic
ypr
oces
san
dde
sign
,as
wel
las
the
less
ons
lear
ned
from
thei
rex
peri
ence
. To
enha
nce
the
qual
ity
ofin
form
atio
nob
tain
ed,
iden
titi
esof
city
offi
cial
sre
mai
nco
nfid
enti
al
thro
ugho
utth
isre
port
.
Inth
isse
ctio
n,w
epr
ovid
eba
ckgr
ound
info
rmat
ion
rela
tin
gto
the
gene
ral
hist
ory
ofC
alif
orni
apl
astic
sre
gula
tion
both
stat
ewid
ean
dci
tyw
ide,
nota
bly
conc
erni
ngpl
astic
bags
and
poly
styr
ene/
expa
nded
poly
styr
ene
ordi
nanc
es.
Nex
t,w
edi
scus
sou
rqu
alita
tive
city
inte
rvie
wfi
ndin
gs,
firs
texa
min
ing
resp
ecti
vepo
licy
deve
lopm
ent a
ndra
tio
nale
then
tran
siti
onin
gto
polic
yim
plem
enta
tion
.T
rans
i
publ
iced
ucat
ion
are
the
spec
ific
focu
ses
ofan
alys
ishe
re.
Onc
ede
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tati
onar
eid
entif
ied,
we
disc
uss
citie
s’po
licy
exec
utio
nin
clud
ing
chal
leng
esan
dar
eas
for
impr
ovem
ent,
post
-pol
icy
effe
cts
and
sub
sequ
ent
impa
cts
onaf
fect
edbu
sine
sses
.
Key
Fin
din
gs:
Plas
ticba
nsha
vebe
enpr
oved
tobe
effe
ctiv
eat
redu
cing
plas
ticw
aste
,with
resu
ltsfr
omS
enat
eBi
ll27
0’s
plas
ticba
gba
nre
veal
ing
asi
gnif
ican
tde
crea
sein
plas
ticba
gus
ein
Cal
ifor
nia.
All(
eigh
tof
eigh
t)ci
tyin
terv
iew
ees
note
dne
gativ
een
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
and
litte
rus
the
two
mai
nra
tion
ales
behi
ndall
resp
ecti
vepl
astic
ordi
nanc
es.
The
lack
ofre
cycl
abili
tyfo
rm
any
plas
tics,
espe
cial
lypo
lyst
yren
e,w
asan
adde
dju
stif
icat
ion
bym
any
citie
s.
-Po
licy
enfo
rcem
ent
prov
edto
beth
em
ain
chal
leng
efo
rm
any
earl
y-ad
opte
rci
ties.
No
nega
tive
effe
cts
wer
ere
port
edby
any
city
offic
ial
we
inte
rvie
wed
post
-im
plem
enta
tion
ofth
eir
polic
y.
His
tori
cally
,po
licie
sde
sign
edto
redu
cepl
astic
was
tein
Cal
ifor
nia
have
pred
omin
antl
yfo
cuse
don
two
cate
go
ries
ofpr
oduc
ts:
ligh
twei
ght
plas
ticba
gsan
dpo
lyst
yre
ne.
Plas
ticba
gba
nsw
ere
firs
tim
plem
ente
din
vari
ous
citie
sth
roug
hout
the
stat
ein
2008
and
have
beco
me
high
lypu
blic
ized
inye
ars
sinc
e.00
Due
toth
epo
sitiv
eef
fect
sof
thes
eci
tyw
ide
initi
ativ
es,
Cal
ifor
nia
beca
me
the
firs
t sta
teto
pass
aS
ingl
e-us
eC
arry
out
Bag
Ban
(SB
270)
in20
th,
with
clos
eto
iSO
citie
sha
ving
alre
ady
adop
ted
som
eso
rtof
plas
ticba
gre
stri
ctio
npr
ior
toth
est
atew
ide
rule
.’°SB
270
proh
ibits
groc
ery
stor
es,
cert
ain
reta
ilst
ores
,co
nven
ienc
est
ores
,an
dliq
uor
stor
esfr
ompr
ovid
ing
sing
le-u
sepl
astic
carr
yout
bags
tocu
stom
ers.
Inlie
uof
plas
tic, t
heaf
fect
edst
ores
can
inst
ead
prov
ide
Eco
nom
ic&
Piav
ving
syst
ems,
ins.
12et
21E
cono
mic
impa
ctA
oaiy
iis
ofcp
uFe
odw
are
cost
s.ib
id.
ibid
.
(C.
cadw
ayad
,-r,
pers
onal
com
mon
ican
ion,
Janu
ary
6,20
201
List
ofLo
cal
Bag
Ban
s.(c
dl.
Entri
s-ve
dD
ecem
ber
ta,2m
y,fr
nmht
sps.
//wam
a.ca
wre
cycl
es.e
rg/I
isi-
of-I
ncal
-bag
-ban
sti
ngle
-use
Car
rynu
sBa
gBa
nItS
2701
.mdl.
tein
inue
dD
ecem
ber
ia,20
19,f
rom
http
s://
mw
w.c
aire
cycl
e.ca
.gou
/pia
siic
s/ca
rrpo
uiba
gs
tion
peri
ods,
the
stak
ehol
der
enga
gem
ent
proc
ess,
and
SB27
0S
ets
aP
last
icP
rece
den
tin
Cal
ifo
rnia
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
LOS
AN
OE
LE
Sco
uN
Ty
POL
ICY
PR
OC
ES
SA
ND
DE
5IO
NL
ES
SO
NS
PO
MC
ITIE
SW
ITH
ExI
ST
1NO
PL
AS
TIC
SP
OL
ICIE
S
cust
omer
sw
itha
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able
tote
orre
cycl
edpa
per
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for
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32
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ss-e
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atio
nst
udy
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ucte
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ycle
reve
als
sign
ific
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ctio
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tes
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age
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With
ina
six-
mon
thpe
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ose
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mill
ion
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able
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and
45m
illio
nre
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wer
ere
port
edly
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h1
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appr
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atel
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5m
illio
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6m
illio
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per
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wer
eso
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omer
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fore
polic
yim
plem
enta
cion
2’T
hese
num
bers
rep
rese
ntan
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ease
inth
enu
mbe
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plas
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omer
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Posi
tive
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cts
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edre
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Pre-
polic
y,B-
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tter
edite
ms
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ecte
din
Cal
ifor
nia
wer
epa
per
orpl
astic
bags
.In
2017
post
-pol
icy,
the
perc
enta
geof
plas
tican
dpa
per
bags
coll
ecte
dde
crea
sed
to3.
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ofth
elit
ter
ssre
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t Are
port
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ased
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inpa
rtne
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ithth
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ityof
Los
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eles
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ofSa
nita
tion
esti
mat
edth
atcl
ose
to11
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ter
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eas
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astic
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’2T
hese
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ings
dem
onst
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that
larg
e-sc
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Sin
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-Use
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ula
tio
nin
Cal
iforn
iaC
itie
s
Inad
ditio
nto
plas
ticba
gba
ns,
seve
ral
citie
sha
vead
opte
dot
her
polic
ies
tore
duce
plas
ticin
clud
ing,
bat
not
limite
dto
,ba
nson
late
xba
llons
,ex
pand
edpo
lys
tere
ne,
and
plas
ticst
raw
s(o
rst
raw
spr
ovid
edup
onre
ques
ton
ly).
InC
alif
orni
a.th
ere
are
curr
entl
y13
5lo
cal
ordi
nanc
es,
eith
erci
tyor
coun
tyw
ide,
rest
rict
ing
pla
stic
s.H
isto
rica
lly,
the
maj
ority
ofth
ese
polic
ies
have
focu
sed
onex
pand
edpo
lyst
yren
eor
poly
styr
ene
prod
ucts
(see
App
endi
xA
and
C))
wM
any
ofth
ese
polic
ies
have
been
inpl
ace
for
alo
ngtim
e,w
ithB
erke
ley
bein
gth
efi
rst
city
topa
ssan
expa
nded
poly
styr
ene
ban
in19
BB.d
v
With
inL.
A. C
ount
y,13
citie
sha
vean
expa
nded
poly
sty
rene
orpo
lyst
yren
eba
n(s
eeA
ppen
dix
B).S
ever
alci
ties
have
tran
scen
ded
anin
itial
expa
nded
poly
styr
ene
ban
and
impl
emen
ted
mor
est
ring
ent
polic
ies
conc
erni
ngsi
ngle
-use
plas
tics.
The
deve
lopm
ent o
fre
cent
ord
inan
ces
has
dem
onst
rate
dci
ty/c
ount
yef
fort
sto
dram
atic
ally
redu
cere
gion
alw
aste
and
deve
lop
mor
esu
stai
nabl
eso
lutio
nsto
she
chal
leng
espo
sed
bypl
astic
s.
Inte
rvie
ws
Wit
hC
ity
Off
icia
lsW
eco
nduc
ted
eigh
tin
terv
iew
sw
ithC
alif
orni
aci
tyof
fici
als
who
have
enac
ted
stri
ngen
tsi
ngle
-use
plas
ticre
duct
ion
polic
ies
inor
der
soga
inin
sigh
tin
tore
spec
tive
proc
esse
san
dle
sson
sle
arne
d.O
ffic
ials
from
five
citie
sin
Los
Ang
eles
Coa
nty
wer
ein
terv
iew
edin
addi
tion
too
ffic
ials
from
thre
eci
ties
outs
ide
the
Cou
nty.
Info
rmat
ion
was
gath
ered
rega
rdin
gpo
licy
deve
lopm
ent,
impl
emen
tati
on,
and
exec
utio
npr
oces
ses.
We
wer
eal
soab
leto
gath
erin
form
atio
nre
late
dto
post
-pol
icy
effe
ctiv
enes
san
dcu
rren
tch
alle
nges
/are
asfo
rim
prov
emen
t.
1P
olic
yD
evel
opm
ent
and
Res
pec
tive
Rat
iona
le:
‘Ne
noug
htto
unde
rsta
ndth
era
tion
ale
behi
ndth
ese
polic
ies
tofu
rthe
rde
term
ine
initi
alpu
rpos
ean
dul
tim
ate
effe
ctiv
enes
s.U
nsur
pris
ingl
y,lit
ter
and
itssu
bseq
uent
impa
cton
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ents
was
note
das
prim
ary
mot
ivat
ion
for
polic
yde
velo
pmen
tfr
omall
city
repr
esen
tati
ves,
mos
tcr
ucia
llyby
the
two
coas
tal
citie
sth
atw
ere
inte
rvie
wed
.E
cono
mic
inte
rest
sw
ere
addi
tiona
llyre
fere
nced
byal
l,ei
ther
rela
ted
tocl
eanu
pco
sts
orto
uris
mre
venu
elo
ssco
ncer
ns.
Ala
ckof
recy
club
ility
for
man
ypl
astic
s,es
peci
ally
poly
styr
ene,
was
cite
das
addi
tiona
lpo
licy
just
ifi
catio
nby
seve
ral
citie
s.O
ffic
ials
disc
usse
dth
ela
ck
ofa
mar
ketf
orpo
lyst
yren
ean
dot
hers
,st
ress
ing
econ
omic
inef
fici
ency
for
loca
lre
cove
ryfa
cilit
ies
tore
cycl
eth
em
ater
ial.
Whi
lea
few
offi
cial
sst
ated
that
the
nega
tive
impa
cts
ofpl
astic
onhu
man
heal
thw
ere
ato
pic
ofdi
scus
sion
,on
lyon
eci
tyof
ficia
lst
ated
thus
heal
th-r
elat
edim
pact
sw
ere
enou
ghof
anim
petu
sfo
rpo
licy
impl
emen
tati
on.
Not
ably
,ho
wev
eça
hand
ful
ofci
ties
agre
edth
ata
redu
ctio
nin
nega
tive
heal
thim
pact
sw
ould
prov
ean
adde
dbe
nefi
tre
sulti
ngfr
omth
epo
licy.
2.P
olic
yIm
ple
men
tati
on:
Man
yci
ties
prov
edto
shar
esi
mila
rpo
licy
impl
emen
tati
onpr
oces
ses
incl
udin
gtr
ansi
tion
peri
odm
anda
tes,
exte
nsiv
est
akeh
olde
ren
gage
men
t,an
ded
ucat
ion/
awar
enes
sca
mpa
igns
.
a.T
rans
itio
nP
erio
ds:
Allc
ities
inte
rvie
wed
gran
ted
am
inim
umsi
x-m
onth
“gra
cepe
riod
”in
orde
rto
give
busi
ness
esen
ough
tim
eto
use
upth
eir
cur
rent
stoc
kof
prod
ucts
and
tode
velo
pa
plan
for
tran
siti
onin
gto
com
plia
ntal
tern
ativ
es. T
his
dela
yal
low
edfo
rin
tern
alad
apta
tion
,es
peci
ally
con
cern
ing
subs
eque
ntm
odif
icat
ions
tobu
sine
sso
per
atio
ns,
for
one
city
,she
tran
siti
onpe
riod
prov
edm
uch
long
er(a
lmos
ttri
ple
inle
ngth
)an
dw
asst
rong
lyad
vise
dag
ains
t.fo
rth
eci
ties
with
the
mos
tst
ring
ent
plas
ticpo
licie
s,m
any
empl
oyed
aph
ase-
inap
proa
chco
mpr
isin
gan
initi
alpo
licy
that
bann
edon
lyex
pand
edpo
lyst
yren
eor
poly
styr
ene
food
serv
ice
mar
e,fo
res
ampl
e,th
ena
seco
ndph
ase
bann
ing
the
resa
ilsa
lean
ddi
stri
buti
onof
mos
tpo
lyst
yren
epr
oduc
ts.
b.S
tak
eho
lder
En
gag
emen
tP
roce
ss:
Seve
ral
citie
sto
oka
proa
ctiv
eap
proa
chto
the
stak
ehol
der
enga
gem
ent
proc
ess.
Pre-
polic
yim
plem
enta
tion
,m
any
offi
cial
sno
ted
citiz
ens
and
busi
ness
esm
ere
prov
ided
with
ampl
ere
sour
ces
need
edto
un
ders
tand
the
purp
ose
ofth
epo
licy
asw
ell
asth
ere
leva
ntde
tails
and
timel
ine.
Onc
epa
ssed
,m
any
cisi
esse
ntm
aile
rsto
all a
ffec
ted
stak
ehol
ders
tora
ise
awar
enes
sof
initi
alpo
licy
impl
emen
tati
on.
Wor
ksho
psw
ere
also
used
asan
educ
atio
nal
tool
,pr
ovid
ing
busi
ness
esw
ithco
mpl
iant
prod
uct
sam
ples
orbr
ochu
res
incl
udin
ga
listo
f com
plia
ntm
ater
ials
bypr
oduc
tca
tego
ry.
One
uniq
uest
ras
egy
desc
ribe
dw
asth
ecr
eati
onof
anes
plan
ator
y
vide
ofo
raf
fect
edbu
sine
sses
,di
stri
bute
dal
ong
with
abr
ochu
reof
com
plia
ntpr
oduc
ts.
c.P
ubli
cE
duca
tion
and
Aw
aren
ess:
Publ
iced
uca
tion
and
outr
each
wer
ea
top
prio
rity
for
allci
tyof
fici
als
inte
rvie
wed
. To
max
imiz
epu
blic
awar
ene
ss,
seve
ral
city
team
scr
eate
dex
plan
ator
yfl
yers
inm
ultip
lela
ngua
ges
for
dive
rse
cons
titu
ents
.T
hem
ajor
ityof
the
citie
sst
ated
that
the
publ
icre
cept
ion
has
been
mos
tlypo
sitiv
ean
dth
atm
ost
peop
lein
the
com
mun
ity
have
been
infa
vor
ofth
eor
dina
nce.
Seve
ral
men
tion
edth
atth
eir
citiz
ens
wel
com
edth
eor
dina
nce
asth
eyw
ante
dto
help
mak
ea
posi
tive
impa
cton
thei
rco
mm
unity
.
3.C
hall
enge
san
dA
reas
for
Impro
vem
ent:
City
off
ici
als
expr
esse
da
shar
edpr
imar
ych
alle
nge
conce
rnin
gpo
licy
enfo
rcem
ent.
Ens
urin
gco
mpl
ianc
efo
rbu
sine
sses
prov
esdi
ffic
ult
and
dem
andi
ngco
nsi
der
ing
the
shee
rnu
mbe
rof
firm
san
dva
riet
ies
inon
ere
gion
. With
ala
ckof
reso
urce
sno
tabl
yin
clud
ing
tim
ean
dst
aff,
mos
tci
ties
have
been
unab
leto
mon
itor
com
plia
nce.
Inst
ead,
man
yci
tyof
fici
als
inte
rvie
wed
rely
ona
sim
ple
com
plai
nt-b
ased
syst
em,
tran
sfer
ring
resp
onsi
bilit
yto
loca
lcu
stom
ers
and
empl
oyee
s.O
neci
tyal
low
sci
tizen
sto
repo
rtvi
ola
tion
sth
roug
han
app,
mak
ing
the
com
plai
ntpr
oces
sea
syan
dco
nven
ient
.
The
city
exhi
bitin
gth
est
rict
est
enfo
rcem
ent
syst
emha
san
insp
ecto
rpe
rson
ally
“aud
it”ev
ery
rest
aura
ntto
ensu
rebu
sine
sses
are
com
plyi
ngw
ithth
eor
dina
nce,
yet
due
toth
eti
me-
cons
umin
gpr
oces
sth
atth
isre
quir
es,
insp
ecto
rsha
veye
tto
visi
tev
ery
affe
cted
esta
blis
hmen
taf
ter
mor
eth
antw
oye
ars
sinc
eth
epo
licy’
sen
actm
ent d
ate.
Add
ition
ally
,ch
alle
nges
rega
rdin
gci
tybo
rder
sw
ere
rais
ed,
part
icul
arly
whe
nne
ighb
orin
gci
ties
dono
tha
vea
polic
yin
plac
e.Po
odtr
uck
vend
ors
are
espe
cial
lyim
pact
edin
this
capa
city
and
com
plia
nce
assu
ranc
eis
near
lyim
poss
ible
give
nth
atm
any
ven
dors
cros
sci
tybo
rder
sda
ily.
Mul
tiple
offi
cial
sal
sono
ted
that
alth
ough
they
have
seen
posi
tive
effe
cts
from
thei
rre
spec
tive
polic
ies,
due
tova
riab
ility
byci
ty,c
onfu
sion
for
citiz
ens
and
busi
ness
esca
nen
sue.
ibid
na27
0ee
pu’i
iesv
eL
ep,s
iatv
re:
isss
piem
evta
tiev
upda
teuv
dP
oiv
pca
vsid
erai
’ens
for
Man
agem
ent
ofee
usab
iecr
erer
yaa
gaiv
cauf
ervi
a.(z
oiv,
Peb
ruar
yzs)
.4u
.ib
idib
id.
ibid
.ib
id.
cityo
fcm
,svv
eies
Zer
ow
asrr
Prog
ress
evpv
rs(2
053)
.Ip
asi.
Tabi
evi
ewPu
Ord
ivoo
ce.
Iv.d
.I.Se
srie
ved
Oer
vwbe
rib
, zow
,Ire
mhi
tps:
//w
.raw
recp
sies
.esg
/pso
rdiv
avve
sabi
eB
eske
ieyi
l.pdl
.lv
.d.l.
tetr
ieve
dhu
mvt
tps:
//w
wvr
vdvp
ubli
shiv
g.ce
wlc
b/te
rkei
ey/h
twi/
pdIs
/Ber
beie
vlt.
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
Lot
AN
GE
LE
5cO
uN
TY
POL
ICY
PR
OC
ES
SA
ND
DE
SIG
NL
ES
SO
NS
CO
WC
ITIE
SW
ITH
EX
IST
ING
PL
AS
TIC
SPO
LIC
IES
.47
Ano
ther
issu
edi
scus
sed
was
the
pref
erre
dal
tern
ativ
eto
the
bann
edfo
odse
rvic
ew
are
mat
eria
ls.W
hile
one
city
offic
ial
cite
d10
0%fi
ber-
base
das
apr
efer
red
alte
rnat
ive,
anot
her
was
conc
erne
dth
atth
ese
prod
ucts
can
Con
tam
inat
eth
ere
cycl
ing
stre
amif
not
disp
osed
ofco
rrec
tly.
How
ever
,it
isun
likel
yth
atsu
chpr
oduc
tsw
ould
repr
esen
ta
mar
gina
lin
crea
sein
the
cont
amin
atio
nof
recy
clin
gco
mpa
red
toth
est
atus
quo,
even
ina
wor
st-c
ase
scen
ario
.
4.P
olic
yE
xecu
tion
and
Eff
ects
:It
isim
port
ant t
ono
te,
for
the
purp
ose
ofth
isre
port
,th
atw
ew
ere
unab
leto
acce
ssci
ty-s
peci
fic
quan
tita
tive
data
pert
aini
ngto
post
-pol
icy
effe
cts
ofre
spec
tive
ordi
nanc
es.
Alth
ough
stat
istic
sar
elim
ited,
city
offi
cial
sob
serv
ed
are
duct
ion
inlit
ter
base
don
anec
dota
lev
iden
ce,
espe
cial
lyw
ithre
gard
topo
lyst
yren
e.Th
isin
form
atio
nha
sno
tbe
enhi
stor
ical
lytr
acke
dby
mun
ici
palit
ies,
inpa
rtdu
eto
logi
stic
aldi
ffic
ultie
s,an
din
form
atio
nav
aila
ble
thro
ugh
nong
over
nmen
talo
rga
niza
tion
sca
nbe
inco
nsis
tent
inits
met
hodo
logy
.
The
lack
ofqu
anti
tati
velit
ter
data
pre-
and
po
st-p
ol
icy
prov
eda
com
mon
issu
efo
rm
any
offi
cial
sw
esp
oke
with
,m
akin
git
diff
icul
tto
accu
rate
lyas
sess
how
effe
ctiv
eth
epo
licy
has
been
atre
duci
ngpl
astic
was
te.
S.E
cono
mic
Impa
cton
Aff
ecte
dB
usin
esse
s:G
iven
that
thes
epo
licie
sdi
rect
lyim
pact
loca
lfi
rms,
impa
cts
onaf
fect
edbu
sine
sses
wer
eto
pof
min
dfo
ra
maj
ority
ofth
eci
tyof
fici
als
inte
rvie
wed
. Sev
enof
the
eigh
tci
ties
inte
rvie
wed
curr
entl
yof
fer
afi
nan
cial
hard
ship
wai
ver
for
busi
ness
es,
allo
win
gth
emto
expr
ess
ast
ate
offi
nanc
ial
dist
ress
and
need
for
addi
tiona
lti
me
topu
rcha
seco
mpl
iant
pro
duc
tal
tern
ativ
es.
Are
ques
tlo
ran
exem
ptio
nm
ust
befi
led
inw
ritin
gan
dse
ntto
the
appr
opri
ate
city
man
aget
alon
gw
ithdo
cum
enta
tion
that
prov
esfi
nanc
ial
hard
ship
inor
der
tobe
cons
ider
ed.
The
only
city
inte
rvie
wed
that
did
not
incl
ude
afi
nan
cial
hard
ship
wai
ver
inits
ordi
narc
eco
nduc
ted
anal
tern
ativ
eco
st-e
valu
atio
nst
udy,
conc
ludi
ngth
aton
lyhi
gh-v
olum
efo
odpr
ovid
ers
excl
usiv
ely
usin
gex
pand
edpo
lyst
yren
ew
ould
besi
gnif
ican
tlyim
pact
ed.
This
city
furt
her
dete
rmin
edth
ese
vend
ors
tobe
outli
ers.
Our
stud
yul
timat
ely
reve
aled
that
few
fina
ncia
lha
rdsh
ipw
aive
rap
plic
atio
nsha
vebe
ensu
bmit
ted
inall
citie
sin
terv
iew
ed,
wtH
wai
vers
bein
ggr
ante
don
lyin
one-
off
circ
umst
ance
s.M
ost
citie
sha
vein
stea
dbe
ensu
cces
sful
infi
ndin
gaf
ford
able
alte
rnat
ive
solu
tions
for
busi
ness
esth
atar
eea
sily
adop
tabl
e.A
dditi
onal
ly,
allci
ties
allo
wex
empt
ions
for
busi
ness
esw
ithno
exis
ting
com
plia
ntal
tern
ativ
e.O
nly
one
city
offic
ial
men
tion
edth
eyha
vebe
enun
able
tofin
dan
alte
rnat
ive
for
ave
rysp
ecif
icpro
duc
tun
ique
toa
cert
ain
busi
ness
.M
ost
nota
bly,
none
gativ
eef
fect
sfo
rbu
sine
sses
wer
ere
port
edby
any
city
offic
ial
post
-im
plem
enta
tion
ofth
eir
polic
y.
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thL
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ided
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take
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rs.
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hat
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ifor
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EIN
LO
SA
NG
EL
ES
CO
UN
TY
44A
PP
EN
DIX
B4S
appe
ndix
cC
alif
orni
aC
itie
san
dC
ounti
esW
ith
Var
ious
Pla
stic
sR
estr
icti
on
Pol
icie
s
Ala
med
a(2
008/
2017
)D
ana
Poi
nt(2
012)
Lag
una
Hill
s(2
008)
Mou
ntai
nV
iew
(201
4)Sa
nA
nsel
mo
(201
8/20
19)
Seb
asto
pol
(201
9)
Ala
med
aC
ount
y(2
015)
Dav
is(2
017)
Lag
una
Woo
ds(2
012)
New
port
Bea
ch(2
008)
San
Bru
no(2
009)
Sol
ana
Bea
ch(2
015)
Alb
any
(200
8)D
elM
ar(2
019)
Liv
erm
ore
(201
0/20
18)
Nov
ato
(201
3/20
14)
San
Car
los
(201
2)S
onom
aC
ity(1
989)
Alis
oV
iejo
(200
4)D
elR
ayO
aks
(200
9)L
ong
Bea
ch(2
018)
Oak
land
(200
6)Sa
nC
lem
ente
(201
1)S
onor
naC
ount
y(1
989)
Arc
ata
(201
5)D
ublin
(201
9)Lo
sA
ltos
(201
4)O
jai
(201
4)Sa
nD
iego
(201
9)S
outh
Lak
eT
ahoe
(201
8)
Arr
oyo
Gra
nde
(201
6)El
Cer
rito
(201
3)Lo
sA
ltos
Hill
s(2
012)
Ora
nge
Cou
nty
(200
6)Sa
nF
ranc
isco
Cit
y/C
ount
y(2
006/
19)
Sou
thP
asad
ena
(201
6)
Ata
scad
ero
(201
9)E
mer
yvil
le(2
007)
Los
Ang
eles
City
(198
8/20
08)
Paci
fic
Gro
ve(2
008)
San
Jose
(201
3)S
outh
San
Fra
ncis
co(2
008)
Ava
lon
(201
7)E
ncin
itas
(201
6)Lo
sA
ngel
esC
ount
y(2
008)
Paci
fica
(200
9)Sa
nJu
anC
apis
tran
o(2
004)
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nyva
le(2
013)
Bel
mon
t(2
012)
Fair
fax
(199
3)Lo
sG
atos
(201
4)Pa
loA
lto(2
009/
16/1
9)Sa
nL
eand
ro(2
011)
Uki
ah(2
014)
Ber
kele
y(1
988/
2019
)Fo
rtB
ragg
(201
4)M
alib
u(2
005/
16/1
8)P
asad
ena
(201
6)Sa
nLu
isO
bisp
oC
ity(2
01S)
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onC
ity(2
016)
Bri
sban
e(2
014)
Fos
ter
Cis
y(2
011)
Man
hatt
anB
each
(198
8/20
19)
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Rob
les
(201
9)Sa
nLu
isO
bisp
oC
ount
y(2
019)
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tura
Cou
nty
(200
4)
Bur
ling
ame
(201
1)F
rem
ont
(199
0/20
10)
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nC
ount
y(2
009)
Pet
alum
a(2
019)
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Mat
eoC
ity(2
013)
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nut
Cre
ek(2
014)
Cal
abas
as(2
007)
Gon
zale
s(2
014)
Mar
ina
(201
1)P
inol
e(2
018)
San
Mat
eoC
ount
y(2
008/
11)
Wat
sonv
ille
(200
9/14
/19)
Cam
pbel
l(2
014)
Gre
enfi
eld
(201
4)M
arti
nez
(199
3)Pi
smo
Bea
ch(2
015)
San
Pab
lo(2
014)
Wes
tH
olly
woo
d(1
990)
Cap
itol
a(2
009/
2011
)G
rove
rB
each
(201
8)M
endo
cino
Cou
nty
(201
4)P
itts
burg
(199
1)Sa
nR
afae
l(2
012)
Hig
hlan
d(1
988)
Car
mel
(200
8/20
17)
Hal
fM
oon
Bay
(201
1)M
enlo
Park
(201
2)P
leas
anto
n(2
013)
San
taB
arba
ra(2
018)
You
ntvi
lle(1
989)
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pint
eria
(200
8/20
17)
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war
d(2
010)
Mil
lbra
e(2
007)
Poi
ntA
rena
(201
0)S
anta
Cla
raC
ity(2
014)
**Pa
ssed
onJa
nuar
y7
2020
Col
ma
(201
3)H
ercu
les
(200
8)M
illV
alle
y(2
009)
Por
tola
Val
ley
(201
2)S
anta
Cla
raC
ount
y(2
012)
**
Sou
rces
C.
Cad
wal
lade
r.pe
rson
alco
mm
unic
atio
n,Ja
nuar
y6,
2020
Con
cord
(201
8)H
erm
osa
Bea
ch(2
012/
2019
)M
ilpi
tas
(201
7)R
anch
oC
ucam
onga
(198
8)S
anta
Cru
zC
ity(2
008/
12/1
7)
Con
tra
Cos
taC
ount
y(2
019)
Hig
hlan
d(1
988)
Mon
rovi
a(2
017)
Red
ondo
Bea
ch(2
020)
San
taC
ruz
Cou
nty
(201
2/20
19)
Cot
ati
(198
9)H
unti
ngto
nB
each
(200
4)M
onte
rey
City
(200
9)R
edw
ood
City
(201
1)S
anta
Mon
ica
(200
7/20
18)
Cul
ver
City
(201
7)Im
peri
alB
each
(201
8/20
19)
Mon
tere
yC
ount
y(2
010)
Ria
lto(1
988)
Sau
sali
to(2
007)
Cup
erti
no(2
014)
Laf
ayet
te(2
014)
Mor
gan
Hill
(201
4)R
ichm
ond
(200
9/13
)S
cott
sV
alle
y(2
008)
Dai
lyC
ity(2
012)
Lag
una
Bea
ch(2
007)
Mor
oB
ay(2
016)
Salin
as(2
011)
Sea
side
(201
0)
PLA
STIC
WA
ST
EIN
LO
SA
NG
EL
ES
CO
UN
TY
AP
PE
ND
IXC
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