Kennedy Presidency(1961-1963)

Chapter 28-1,2

U.S.A. in 1960

• ___% of the nation is under 25 in the census of 1960.

• Fear that U.S. was losing the Cold War under Eisenhower• _________________ (1957)• ______ becomes a Communist country (1959)• ______ Incident (1960)

• _________________ runs for Republicans.• Democrats nominate Senator

_______________________

John F. Kennedy

• Wanted to _________ power of the President– Under Ike, Congress set national priorities– Nixon would continue this

• Tackle issues of ____________________________________

• His pro-civil rights stance and backing of Martin Luther King, Jr. won him many votes from African-Americans

The __________________

presidential debates in US

History took place between John

Kennedy and Richard Nixon

The __________________

presidential debates in US

History took place between John

Kennedy and Richard Nixon

These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

Impact of Television on Election of 1960

• _________ people watched the debates

• Millions also listened on the radio

• Polls showed:– Those who listened on the radio thought

___________________ won the debate– Those who watched on television thought

___________________ won the debate

John Kennedy

Won a close and disputed election.

_________________ president to be elected.

First ____________ President.

43 years of age.

Fewer than 119,000 votes separated JFK and Nixon

Inauguration Speech

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xE0iPY7XGBohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s6U8GActdQ&NR=1

The Kennedy Mystique• Kennedy White House known

as Camelot for its glamour, culture, wit

• First Lady, 31-year old _____________________, admired for her elegance

• Invited many celebrities and artists to the White House

• Two young children=JFK is a family man

• Inspired many Americans

KENNEDY PRESIDENCYKENNEDY PRESIDENCY

The Camelot Years

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The Best and the Brightest

• JFK’s ___________ called “the best and the brightest”

• Many of his cabinet were under 40 years old

• Brother Robert Kennedy named ________________

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As a result of close election…

• Because of the close election, Kennedy entered office without a __________________, or public endorsement of his proposals.– In a close election, candidates have to attract more voters– That requires them to become more “_________________”

• Moved from liberal background to the middle– Upset many ______________________– Example: was slow to endorse Civil rights legislation

Kennedy's “New Frontier” Domestic Program

•JFKwanted to inspire Americans to be pioneers and to go into “uncharted areas of science and space”.

Goals:•More Federal funding for _____________•Medical care for the _______________•Halt the recession with ____________________. •End to racial discrimination. •Accelerate ________________ program.•Rebuild rundown urban areas.

Kennedy's “New Frontier” Domestic Program

•JFKwanted to inspire Americans to be pioneers and to go into “uncharted areas of science and space”.

Goals:•More Federal funding for _____________•Medical care for the _______________•Halt the recession with ____________________. •End to racial discrimination. •Accelerate ________________ program.•Rebuild rundown urban areas.

New Frontier Continued

Established• Alliance for Peace and ____________________ to help the

impoverished in other countries• President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end

racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees.New Frontier Failures• Due to conservative Congress, only partially successful. • Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic

Party.• New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society"

JFK and Economy

• JFK inherited a ___________ from Ike

• Believed in _____________________– ________ spending to get out of recession– ____________________ taxes

• Deficit spending hurt his popularity among conservatives

The Space Program

• In April 1961, Soviet astronaut ________________ became the first human to travel in space. Americans worried that their technology was falling behind that of the Soviet Union.

• Kennedy’s Response: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g25G1M4EXrQ&feature=PlayList&p=776D2FF204A5DF46&index=0&playnext=1

• Funding for the ___________________________________ was increased. In 1961 and 1962, American astronauts made initial space flights.

• On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.

The Space ProgramThe Space Program•U.S. Astronaut ____________________ standing in front of the spacecraft Friendship 7.

•First astronaut to orbit the earth’s surface 3 times.

Crises over Cuba

The Cuban Dilemma• Revolutionary leader

______________________ declares himself communist- seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations in 1959

• 10% of Cuban population goes into ____________; mostly to _____________

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

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Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

•Secret ______ to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship

•U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the _______________.

•Trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and start an uprising of

Castro’s enemies

•_____________ invasion of Cuba in April of 1961.

•Embarrassment for President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to ___________ their involvement.

Berlin Crisis, 1961Berlin Crisis, 1961

___________________ meet to discuss ___________________ meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear weapons. Khrushchev Berlin and nuclear weapons. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.inexperienced, and can be rolled.

Berlin Crisis, 1961

The Berlin Crisis• By 1961 thousands of Germans flee _______________• Khrushchev wants to close access roads to __________• JFK sends in troops to protect West Berlin because he

feared USSR attack• JFK asks Congress to appropriate __________ more for

defense, armed forces and fallout shelter program.• Supporters: He stood up to the USSR • Opposition: Berlin not worth a possible ____ with USSR.• Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with

____________________________________________ NEXT

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

•1961, Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to force Allies out of West Berlin. Became a symbol of the __________________. Berlin would by be a

divided city.

•Families and friends found themselves

separated and most Berliners were lucky just to

establish visual contact over the

Wall.

•Stretching for more than 100 miles, escape was virtually impossible because of mines, attack

dogs and armed guards with shoot-to-kill orders.

•At least _____________ people attempted to escape by climbing, vaulting, tunneling or crashing through

checkpoints. Others attempted to swim the canals or stow away in cargo shipped across the border.

•Unsuccessful attempts resulted in death, mostly at the hands of East German guards. Official figures show that

more than 400 people have died trying to escape from East Germany; human rights activists, however, estimate the

figure to be closer to 800.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpointCheckpointCharlieCharlie

A New Military Policy• Under Ike, foreign policy was “_____________”• JFK believes we must redefine nation’s nuclear

strategy•____________________ —prepare for a variety

of military responses•Do not have to rely on _________________ for everything

• JFK increases defense spending in three areas:- strengthens conventional forces- creates army ___________________________- _____________________ nuclear capabilities

NEXT

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

Major countries and leaders involvedUS President Kennedy

Cuba Fidel Castro

Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev

•This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and

missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.place.Courtesy of CIACourtesy of CIA

cuban missile2

The Missiles

• USSR had sent missiles and launchers at request of Castro after ___________

• USSR thought it could blackmail US into backing down in ______________

• US had missiles in ________________ pointed at USSR

U.S. on Full Alert

• U.S. response to missiles?

• JFK chooses “__________” of Cuba

• Warns attack on ships or launch of missiles from Cuba would lead to war

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•JFK, Adlai Stevenson and Robert McNamara JFK, Adlai Stevenson and Robert McNamara discussing strategy during Cuban Missile Crisis.discussing strategy during Cuban Missile Crisis.

cuban missile2

•The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would invade Cuba.

USSR Tests “Quarantine”

• USSR demands removal

• USSR sends ships and stops at quarantine line

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cuban missile2Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the

United Nations in November 1962. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxDGtu-aMi0

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

““We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man Russians, and the other man

blinked!”--Sec. of State Dean Ruskblinked!”--Sec. of State Dean Rusk

•U.N. nations supported U.S. after Stevenson speech.

•Khrushchev ordered the ships to turn around.

•Last minute decision made: Soviets would Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for

U.S.______________.U.S.______________.

•U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in ____________________

cuban missile2

•Kennedy and Khruschev both

realized how close they came to nuclear war.

•The “monster” of nuclear war must never be released.

•Both leaders vowed to better communicate

with one another ____________

•US and Soviet Union would sign

their first ________________________ 1963.

•Kennedy and Khruschev both

realized how close they came to nuclear war.

•The “monster” of nuclear war must never be released.

•Both leaders vowed to better communicate

with one another ____________

•US and Soviet Union would sign

their first ________________________ 1963.

Other Results

• JFK emerges as a hero for standing up to USSR

• USSR hounds Khrushchev out of power by mid-1960s

• USSR launches massive program of ________________

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lbj sworn in

lbj sworn in

Walter Cronkite: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP-YKYBfLuU&feature=related

lbj sworn in

___________________________________, “the lone gunman”, killed JFK……..Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snShVwfTStA) two days after JFK’s murder…..

___________________________________, “the lone gunman”, killed JFK……..Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snShVwfTStA) two days after JFK’s murder…..

lbj sworn in

_______________________ takes oath of office

assassination1

assassination2

assassination3

assassination3