. . . 40(2) 366-379 (2555) KKU Sci. J. 40(2) 366-379 (2012)

( ):Kefir: Fermented Milk from Various Microorganisms

1

(Lactobacillus,Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Acetobacter Streptococcus spp.) (Kluyveromyces,Candida, Torulopsis and Saccharomyces sp.)

Lactobacillus sp.

(acetoin)

ABSTRACTKefir is fermented milk drink produced by a mixture of lactic acid bacteria

(Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Acetobacter and Streptococcus spp.) and yeasts(Kluyveromyces, Candida, Torulopsis and Saccharomyces sp.) that produces slimy white oryellow-white grains. The most microorganisms in this are non-pathogenic bacteria, especiallyLactobacillus sp. and yeast. During the fermentation, both of microorganisms can provideseveral of compounds. Thus, kefir is enriched with lactic acid, vitamin, amino acid, carbondioxide, acetonin, alcohol and essential oil which have shown to be healthful benefits. Inaddition, kefir can improve digestive balance and enhance of immune system.

:Keywords: Kefir, Fermented milk

1 44150E-mail: sirirat.d@msu.ac.th

367

Caucacus(Koroleva, 1988a)

(kefir grain)

(symbiotic)

Lactobacillus sp.

(Kosikowski andMistry, 1997)

(triptophan)(bacteriocin)

(Santos et al., 2003)

(kefir grain)0. -3.5

(lactobacilli lactococci leuconostocs)(acetic acid bacteria)

65Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens L. kefir

(Otles andOzlem, 2003; Yokoi et al, 1991)L. kefiranofaciens

L. kefir(Arihara et al., 1990) 20

Acetbacter aceti A.rancecs

(Koroleva, 1988b1

KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2368 Review

A B C1 A) (kefir

grain) B) C)( : A, B: , 2551; C: Farnworth, 2005)

1.

(aerotolerant)

5(Farnworth, 2005)

Lactobacilli

(coccobacilli)3 (Stiles and

Holzapfel, 1997 , 2554)Obligately homofermentative lacto-

bacilli85 Embden-

Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP)(aldolase)

6

(phosphoketolase)5

4 - 7.2L. delbrueckii, L. kefiranofaciens, L.

kefirgranum, L. acidophilus L. helveticus(Stiles and Holzapfel, 1997 , 2554)

1 2 (1)L. delbrueckii

Facultatively heterofermentative lac-tobacilli

EMP

L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L.paracasei L. plantarum (Stiles andHolzapfel, 1997 , 2554)

1Obligately heterofermentative lacto-

bacilli(phos-

369

phogluconate)(C2H5OH) (CO2)(acetaldehyde) (diacetyl)

L. kefir, L. parakefir,L. brevis, L. fructivorans, L. hilgardiic L.fermentum (P ucean and Carmen, 2008)

1Lactococcii

0.5 - 1

L(+)10 45

(Hardie and Whiley, 19952554) 1

Streptococci

0.8 – 1.2L(+)

20 - 41Streptococcus thermophilus2 (3) (Hardie and Whiley, 1995

2554)Enterococci

L(+)

10 45 9.5(NaCl)

6.5 6030

(Devriese and Pot, 19952554)Leuconostocs

lactobacilli

D(-)

(Stiles and Holzapfel, 19972554)

2.Acetobacter spp.

(gram negative aerobic bacteria)(rod) 2 (3)

peritrichous flagella0.6 - 0.8 x 1.0 - 3.0

(aerobic bacteria)

5.3.0 3.

(acetic acid)(oxidation reaction)

(DeLey et al., 1984)A. pasteurianus, A. aceti (Farnworth,

2005) 1 2 (3)A. aceti

3.

(Ascomycetes class)(Basidiomycetes class)

KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2370 Review

(pseudomycelium) (2554)

20-253-3.5 ( 2554)

22 (4) Candida kefyr

1

1.Lactobacilli

Obligately homofermentativelactobacilli

Lactobacillus acidophilus (Farnworth, 2005)Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Koreleva, 1991; Simova et al., 2002)Lactobacillus kefiranofaciensLactobacillus kefirgranumLactobacillus helveticus

(Fujisawa et al., 1988; Takizawa et al., 1994)(Takizawa et al., 1994)(Koreleva, 1991; Lin et al., 1999; Simova et al.,2002)

Facultative heterofermentativelactobacilli

Lactobacillus caseiLactobacilli paracaseiLactobacillus plantarumLactobacillus rhamnosus

(Simova et al., 2002)(Santos et al., 2003; Angulo et al., 1993)(Garrote et al., 2001)(Koreleva, 1991)

371

1 ( )

Obligately heterofermentativelactobacilli

Lactobacillus brevisLactobacillus fermentumLactobacillus fructivoransLactobacillus hilgardiiLactobacillus kefir

(Farnworth, 2005; Simova et al., 2002)(Angulo et al., 1993)(Yoshida and Toyoshima, 1994)(Yoshida and Toyoshima, 1994)(Koreleva, 1991; Pintado et al., 1996; Kandler andKunath, 1983; Takizawa et al., 1994; Garrote et al.,2001)

Lactobacillus parakefir (Takizawa et al., 1994; Garrote et al., 2001)Lactobacillus viridescens (Angulo et al., 1993)

LactococciLactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (Koreleva, 1991; Pintado et al., 1996; Simova et

al., 2002; Yoshida and Toyoshima, 1994; Garroteet al., 2001)

Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (Koreleva, 1991)Streptococci

Streptococcus thermophilus (Simova et al., 2002)Enterococci

Enterococcus durans (Farnworth, 2005)Leuconostocs

Leuconostoc sp.Leuconostoc mesenteroides

(Koreleva, 1991; Lin et al., 1999)(Garrote et al., 2001)

2.Acetobacter sp. (Garrote et al., 2001)Acetobacter pasteurianus (Farnworth, 2005)Acetobacter aceti (Koreleva, 1991)

3.Bacillus sp. (Angulo et al., 1993)Micrococcus sp. (Angulo et al., 1993)Bacillus subtilis (Farnworth, 2005)Escherichia coli (Angulo et al., 1993)

KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2372 Review

2

Brettanomyces anomalus (Farnworth, 2005)Candida friedrichiiCandida pseudotropicalisCandida tenuisCandida holmiiCandida marisCandida lambicaCandida tannoteleransCandida validaCandida kefyrCandida holmii

(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Garrote et al., 2001)(Simova et al., 2002)(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Koreleva, 1991)(Angulo et al., 1993)

Issatchenkia occidentalis (Farnworth, 2005)Kluyveromyces marxianus (Koreleva, 1991; Lin et al., 1999; Simova et al., 2002;

Yoshida and Toyoshima, 1994; Garrote et al., 2001;Angulo et al., 1993)

Saccharomyces sp.Saccharomyces exiguusSaccharomyces turicensisSaccharomyces delbrueckiiSaccharomyces dairensisSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces unisporus

(Garrote et al., 2001)(Iwasawa et al., 1982)(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Farnworth, 2005)(Koreleva, 1991; Simova et al., 2002; Angulo et al.,1993; Pintado et al., 1996; Angulo et al., 1993)

Torulaspora delbrueckii (Koreleva, 1991; Angulo et al., 1993)

373

Lactobacillus delbrueckii (1) Streptococcus thermophilus (2)

Acetobacter aceti (3) Candida kefyr (4)2

: 1. www.magma.ca/~pavel/science/L_bulgaricus.htm2. http://jpkc.njau.edu.cn/spwswx/cankao/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=3143. www.vinegarman.com/zoo_vinegar_eel.shtml4. www.diark.org/diark/species_list?query=Kluyveromyces%20marxianus%20CBS712

(lactic acid bacteria,LAB) (mesophilic LAB)

35-37(thermophilic LAB) 42-45

(lactose fermenting yeast)(non-lactose

fermenting yeast) (Farnworth, 2005)

Kwack et al. (1996)

Farnworth

KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2374 Review

(2005)( - galactosidase)

Streptococcus lactis Leuconostoc sp.

(Farnworth,2005)1.

2(Todar, 2011)

1.1(homofermentation)

( 85(EMP glycolysis pathways)

Lactococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.Pediococcus sp. ATP

2 21

6-

3- 3 2

(pyruvate)3

1.2(heterofermentation)

50(C2H5OH)

(CO2) (CH3COOH)(diacetyl) (acetoin)

(phosphoketolasepathways)

Leuconostoc sp.

65

(glyceraldehydes phosphate)(acetyl-phosphate)

ATP 1 11 1

(Todar, 2011) 3

(P ucean and Carmen, 2008)

375

Homofermentation Heterofermentation

3( : http://textbookofbacteriology.net/lactics_2.html)

2.

Acetobacter spp.

2

(aldehyde)

(alcohol dehydrogenase)

(aldehydedehydrogenase)

( 2532)

Acetic acid

KKU Science Journal Volume 40 Number 2376 Review

3.

dCarmen, 2008)

2NAD+ 2 NADH alcohol dehydrogenaseglucose 2 pyruvate 2 acetaldehyde ethanol

2 ADP 2 ATP 2CO2 2NADH 2NAD+

1-3

. 2554. .[ ] [ 25 2554].

http://www.ebooklibs.com/view.php?file=http://www.freewebs.com/drcharoen/pdf/yeast.pdf. 2554.

. [ ] [ 252554]. http://www.agro

.kmutnb.ac.th/e-learning/5 2 1 3 0 2 / 2

.php2554. 2532..

1. : .110-111.

377

. 2551

. 36-37.2554. [ ] [

25 2554] http://www.tistr.or.th/t/publication/page_area_show_bc.asp?i1=81&i2=8

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