Kaytee Duskin, Dexter Locke and David Seekell

The University of Vermont

Shading

Prevention

Evapo-transpiration

Albedo

Simpson, J. R., & McPherson, E. G. (1998). Simulation of tree shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in Sacramento. Atmospheric Environment, 32(1), 69-74.◦ Developed shading coefficient◦ Found reduction in cooling attributable to shading◦ Found increase in heating demand◦ Calculated costs and benefits (attached $

estimates) ◦ Results were generally consistent with other studies

Simpson, J. R. (2002). Improved estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use. Energy and Buildings, 34(10), 1067-1076.◦ Shading reduces amount of radiant energy

absorbed and stored by built surfaces (related to albedo management)

◦ Look-up tables were developed to assist in decision making regarding expected effects of planting and building energy use

 

Simpson, J. R. (1998). Urban forest impacts on regional cooling and heating energy use: Sacramento county case study. Journal of Arboriculture, 24(4), 201-209.◦ Uses a more regional based approach◦ Investigates costs and benefits from MW avoided

Shashua-Bar, L., & Hoffman, M. E. (2004). Quantitative evaluation of passive cooling of the ucl microclimate in hot regions in summer, case study: Urban streets and courtyards with trees. Building and Environment, 39(9), 1087-1099.◦ Investigates geometry and density of tree

planting for shading and windbreak potential◦ Conducted in Tel-Aviv so there is limited

applicability due to climatic differences◦ Lots of empirical data

Shashua-Bar, L., & Hoffman, M. E. (2000). Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street - an empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy and Buildings, 31(3), 221-235.◦ Cooling effect of green space is perceivable up

to 100m◦ The cooling effect of trees in streets was found

to be significant, with minimal costs relative to other plantings

◦ This study endorses Rosenfeld et al.’s suggestion for at least one shade tree per eligible house to offset some of the cars’ parking effect in the courtyard.

Picot, X. (2004). Thermal comfort in urban spaces: Impact of vegetation growth - case study: Piazza della scienza, milan, italy. Energy and Buildings, 36(4), 329-334.◦ Placed an emphasis on predicting the range of

shading over time after accounting for growth◦ Used a planning/design approach

Pataki, D. E., Alig, R. J., Fung, A. S., Golubiewski, N. E., Kennedy, C. A., McPherson, E. G., et al. (2006). Urban ecosystems and the north American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology, 12(11), 2092-2102.◦ Attempts to look at entire carbon cycle in urban

areas (shading, albedo, soils, sequestration…)◦ There are estimates for annual CO2 reductions are

given per street tree (or park tree) in 7 major U.S. cities.

McPherson, E. G., & Simpson, J. R. (2003). Potential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2(2), 73-86.◦ Existing trees are projected to reduce annual air

conditioning energy use by 2.5% with a wholesale value of $ 485.8 million

◦ Looks at the difference between energy saving trees and non-energy saving trees – an important consideration

◦ Considers the costs of urban forestry too

Jo, H. K., & McPherson, E. G. (2001). Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA. Journal of Environmental Management, 61(2), 165-177. ◦ Building type, materials, aspect and other variables are

analyzed for the usefulness of trees for reducing CO2 emissions. Strategies are developed to maximize carbon related benefits for planting. They are: Plant on the west to obstruct solar gain Don’t plant on the east and/or south – although theses

plantings help with solar avoidance (therefore aid cooling) the net effect is reduced because they impair winter warming.

Dense planting on N, NE, and NW is recommended because of the substantial effects on wind-reduction and evapotranspiration

Plant so as to decrease impervious surfaces. Minimize adverse shading on adjacent properties.

Takebayashi, H., & Moriyama, M. (2007). Surface heat budget on green roof and high reflection roof for mitigation of urban heat island. Building and Environment, 42(8), 2971-2979.◦ Investigates different surfaces for reflectivity and

emissivity. Very interesting but this article has little or no relevance to UTC in NYC and mitigating UHI with trees.

Kumar, R., & Kaushik, S. C. (2005). Performance evaluation of green roof and shading for thermal protection of buildings. Building and Environment, 40(11), 1505-1511.◦ About green roofs◦ The larger the LAI and foliage height, the larger

the cooling effect

Masmoudi, S., & Mazouz, S. (2004). Relation of geometry, vegetation and thermal comfort around buildings in urban settings, the case of hot and regions. Energy and Buildings, 36(7), 710-719.◦ Humorous social commentary on “mans” behavior

in hot urban environments. ◦ discussion of trees and orientation relative to the

sun and buildings ◦ hard surfaces for mitigation UHI

Simpson, J. R. (2002). Improved estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use. Energy and Buildings, 34(10), 1067-1076.◦ Previously mentioned◦ Showed how important evapotranspiration is to

general cooling effects

A few conclusions◦ Trees reduce air conditioning needed but also can

increase demand for heating◦ Carbon and Urban Forestry is complicated

Many factors can be accounted for differently Shading from one tree may benefit one building but

harm another Net carbon depends on management and full life

cycle analysis

Johnson A. D. & Gerhold H. D. (2001) Carbon storage by utility-compatible trees. Journal of Arboriculture 27: 57-68.

Nowak D. J. (2006) Institutionalizing urban forestry as a "biotechnology" to improve environmental quality. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5: 93-100.

Nowak D. J. & Crane D. E. (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389.

Nowak D. J., Stevens J. C., Sisinni S. M. & Luley C. (2002) Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 113-122.

Tratalos J., Fuller R. A., Warren P. H., Davies R. G. & Gaston K. J. (2007) Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services. Landscape and Urban Planning 83: 308-317.

Pataki D. E., Alig R. J., Fung A. S., Golubiewski N. E., Kennedy C. A., McPherson E. G., Nowak D. J., Pouyat R. V. & Lankao P. R. (2006) Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 12: 2092-2102.

Lal R., Follett R. F. & Kimble J. M. (2003) Achieving soil carbon sequestration in the United States: A challenge to the policy makers. Soil Science 168: 827-845.

Brack C. L. (2002) Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest. Environmental Pollution 116.Nowak D. J. & Crane D. E. (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389.

Eatough Jones M., Paine T. D., Fenn M. E. & Poth M. A. (2004) Influence of ozone and nitrogen deposition on bark beetle activity under drought conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 200: 67-76.

Jo H. K. & McPherson E. G. (1995) Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace. Journal of Environmental Management 45: 109-133.

Johnson A. D. & Gerhold H. D. (2001) Carbon storage by utility-compatible trees. Journal of Arboriculture 27: 57-68.

Myeong S., Nowak D. J. & Duggin M. J. (2006) A temporal analysis of urban forest carbon storage using remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 101: 277-282.

Nowak D. J. (2006) Institutionalizing urban forestry as a "biotechnology" to improve environmental quality. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5: 93-100.

Nowak D. J. (1993) Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees. Journal of Environmental Management 37: 207-217

Nowak D. J. & Crane D. E. (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389.

Nowak D. J., Stevens J. C., Sisinni S. M. & Luley C. (2002) Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 28: 113-122.

McPherson E. G. (1998) Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 24: 215-223.

Pouyat R. V., Yesilonis I. D. & Nowak D. J. (2006) Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 1566-1575.

McPherson E. G. (1994) Using urban forests for energy efficiency and carbon storage. Journal of Forestry 92: 36-41.

Rowntree R. A. & Nowak D. J. (1991) Quantifying the role of urban forests in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 17: 269-275.

Pataki D. E., Alig R. J., Fung A. S., Golubiewski N. E., Kennedy C. A., McPherson E. G., Nowak D. J., Pouyat R. V. & Lankao P. R. (2006) Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 12: 2092-2102.

Pouyat R., Groffman P., Yesilonis I. & Hernandez L. (2002) Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 116.

Nowak et al (2002.) found that depending on species, whether fossil fuels are used or not, and the maintenance scheme tree may be net sources of C

Maintenance emissions vary considerbly (0.18 x 10-9 kg yr-1 to 4.27 kg yr-1 per tree depending on the city (McPherson et al. 2005).

Maintenance causes net C emissions unless it increases the trees lifespan (Nowak et al. 2002)

Management decisions will determine whether or not tree planting will be effective in reducing carbon emissions (Pataki 2006)

If disposesd of in landfill minimal decomposition occurs (Nowak et al. 2002)

If composted, the tree becomes a net source of carbon (Nowak et al. 2002)

If burned without reduction in heating emissions then it is a net source of carbon (Nowak et al. 2002)

Pataki, D.E., R.J. Alig, A.S. Fung, N.E. Golubiewski, C.A. Kennedy, E.G. Mcpherson, D.J. Nowak, R.V. Pouyat and P. Romero Lankao. 2006. Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 12:2092-2102.

McPherson, E.G., J.R. Simpson, P.F. Peper, et al. 2005. City of Boulder, Colorado Municipal Tree Resource Analysis. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.

McPherson, E.G., J.R. Simpson, P.F. Peper, et al. 2005. City of Minneapolis, Minnesota Municipal Tree Resource Analysis. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.

McPherson, E.G., J.J. Simpson, P.F. Peper, et al. 2005. Municipal forest benefits and costs in five US cities. Journal of Forestry 103:411-416.

Nowak, D.J., J.C. Stevens, S.M. Sisinni, et al. 2002. Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Arboriculture 28:113-122.

Thank you