Geography notes

5 themes, Location and Region

5 Themes of GeographyM-M17

5 Themes of Geography Location

Where is it? Regions

Areas that share at least 1 common feature

Place Natural and human features

that make it different Movement

How do people, goods, and ideas move from place to place

Interaction Human-environment

interaction, each change and affect each other

5 Themes of Geography Questions

Location Earth, globes,

maps etc.

Location Absolute location

Street Address Longitude and

latitude in degrees Relative location

Referring to a location based on knowledge of its position in comparison to another location

Location Hemispheres

Northern and Southern

Western and Eastern

Location

Line

Longitude

Lateral or parallel

Long way to reach up and down

Latitude

0° N-90° N

0° S-90° S

0° W-180° W 0° E-180° E

Location Special latitude lines

Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle

Special longitude lines 0° Prime meridian

Location How to use a map

Back bulletin board

M8-9

Regions Common climate,

physical features, culture, government (politics), or history

The same area can be in more than 1 region

Regions Political regions:

countries, states, providences, counties, cities

Regions Physical feature

maps:

C1

Unit 1: Toward CivilizationPrehistory-500 BC

Chapters 1-2

Beginnings of Human SocietyChapter 1

Geography and History C1S1I. Intro – Iceman

A. Alps mountain pass, Italian-Austrian border

B. 1991C. Scientists studied

skeleton and possessions to learn about how he lived

1. Dated the Iceman to about 3,000 BC

2. Copper axe was the key to dating,

a. Europeans first used it in 4,000 BC

b. Iceman must be from after that time

Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History:

Humans are curious about our origins

A. Before and After Writing1. 5,000 years ago history started

in Southwest Asia and Africa2. History is the written and

other recorded events of people 3. Prehistory is the time before

history

B. Prehistory: Digging Up the Past

1. Archeologists must dig up the past to learn about past peoples

a. Sift through dirt in prehistoric camps to find tools and other objects

b. Objects help them learn about the people who lived there

Geography and History cont.II. Understanding History cont.

C. History: A Record in Writing1. With the aid of archaeologists,

historians examine written records from humans of that society

2. They also consult records from other societies that refer to them

D. A Record of the Spoken 1. Oral traditions are stories

passed down in families and societies by word of mouth

2. Not all are historically accurate, but many are based on facts

3. Tend to change with each retelling

4. Describe how a society lived and what was important to them

Geography and History cont.III. Linking Geography and

HistoryA. Knowing when something

happened is importantB. Geography is the study

of the Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it

1. It also refers to the features of a place

a. Climate/weatherb. Landscape c. Location etc

Egypt for exampleLast paragraph p.9

PrehistoryC1S2I. Intro

A. Discusses a volcanic eruption B. Humans walked on the thick ash mud, leaving their footprintsC. In 1972 scientists found the footprints

Millions of years ago?

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and

GatheringA. Earliest Human Culture

1. During the Stone Age humans made lasting tools and weapons from stone, wood, and animal bones

2. The Stone Age continued until humans began using

metal for tools3. Stone Age divides into 3 periods

a. Old (hunter gatherers rather than farmers)

b. Middle c. New

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering

cont.B. Fire!1. No one knows how humans began using fire2. We do know that they were terrified by it until they could control it3. This was an important step because people could move to colder climatesC. Settling New Areas1. With the development of tools, humans moved from Africa, spreading over the whole Earth 2. These wanderers were called nomads, people with no settled home

Prehistory C1S2 cont. Nomads were hunter –gatherers P. 18-19

III. The Beginning of FarmingA. Early Farmers

1.Those who began farming entered the New Stone Age (Old Stone Age continued in some places until the 1900s)

2. They realized they could not only gather food, but also replant the seeds

a. Women gardenedb. Men hunted

3. This allowed them to stay in one place

4. Pastoral nomads remained nomads, but raised livestock to eat

Prehistory C1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming

cont.B. Farming Around the World1. Some places in the world are more fertile, rich in substances that plants need to grow, than othersa. warmth, light, rain, growing seasons2. Plants grow best in certain placesa. Rice in Chinab. Corn, beans, and squash in Central America

PrehistoryC1S2 cont.III. The Beginning of Farming cont.

C. Plant Selection1.Plants were domesticated, wild plants that have been adapted for human use2. they looked for the biggest,

best tasting plants and used their seedsD. Raising Animals

1. Animals were domesticated, taming wild animals for human use

a. dogs, sheep, goats, pigsb. hunting, wool, meat, milk, skins (hides)

E. The Challenge of Domestication1. Sometimes animals that have

been domesticated do not breed well in captivity

a. Elephants for battle useb. Cheetahs for hunting

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 I. Intro

A. Early communities built irrigation systems, supplying water from another place using canalsB. This allowed them to dam up the spring flood waters, release the gates to irrigate crops during the dry season

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. II. Advantages of Settled Life

A. The Population Grows1. Surplus is having more than

what is needed2. Important for population

growtha. hunter-gatherers had

only a few childrenb. farming families could

have more3. Population exploded!!

B. Early Villages and Towns1. As the food surpluses

continued, towns grew2. People could do other jobsa. artisan: skilled

worker who made items by hand

b. artisans made baskets, leather goods, tools, pottery, or cloth

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont.III. The Growth of Cities

A. Earliest Cities1. Surplus food + dependable water source + building materials = good location for a city2. Many began next to large rivers: Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Huang, and Indus3. Cities have public buildings for worship, storage, or sales4. People contributed in many ways instead of just farmingB. Government Forms1. As population grew, governments formed to keep order in society and provide services2. Governments also settled disputes and managed public building projects

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations: a

society that has cities, central governments, workers who specialize, and have forms of writing, art, and architectureA. The Bronze Age

1. In 3000 BC, artisans figured out how to

strengthen copper by adding tin to make bronze

2. This allowed them to make more durable

tools, weapons, helmets, and shields

The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations cont.

B. Trade and the Spread of Ideas1. With the surplus of

food, artisans were able to sell their goods

2. This allowed trade between cities to develop

a. people were able to get items not

grown or created in their cities3. Around 3500BC the wheel and axle were invented4. People also began trading goods over water5. This trade also allowed

ideas to travel as well

C. Social Classes Develop1. A social class is a group of people having

similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living

King

PriestsNobles

Common Workers

Slaves

C2

The Fertile Crescent C2

Land Between Two RiversC2S1

Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “land

between two rivers”Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were their life sourceRivers were also terribly

destructive Part of the Fertile Crescent:

region in SE Asia site of the world’s 1st

civilizationsMajor seas in the area:

Mediterranean Sea & Persian Gulf

1st civilization: Sumer

Schools and Writing1st school: 4,oo0

years ago in Sumer Boys (and a few

girls) were taught to write

Scribes: professional writers/recorders

10 years to graduate

Worked for kings and priests

Sumerian CivilizationCities shared a common

language and culture, but not a common ruler City-state: city that is a

separate, independent state Each city had its own

god/goddess, government, and leader (king)

Tour of Sumer Public squares filled with

activity Musicians, acrobats, beggars,

scribes Market places filled with

merchants and their wares to sell

Houses faced inner courtyards where they would eat, play, gather, and sleep on hot nights

Sumerian Religion Polytheism: belief in many

gods/goddesses A temple was called a

ziggurat The giant brick building in

the middle of the city Ramps and stairs for the gods

to descend to earthAll religious, social, and

economic activities met hereMyths: stories about gods

that explain their beliefsGods were honored with

ceremonies with meals as offerings music and incense filled the

air

Fall of SumerWealthCity-states fought

over land and waterConquered by Akkadia

and King Sargonbut only united for 100

more years

In the 1700s BC, Babylonia took control

Babylonia and AssyriaC2S2

Mesopotamia Filled with stories of conquest

“You go and carry off the enemy’s land; the enemy comes and carries off your land”

Those in control of the area gained great wealth from trade and agriculture

2 major civilizations fought over the area The Empires of Babylonia and

Assyria An empire is an area of many

territories and peoples controlled by the same government

The Two Empires of MesopotamiaBabylonian Empire Both Assyrian Empire

Babylon Vicious warriors in quest for riches

Assur, Nineveh

King Hammurabi (code of laws)

Enjoyed their riches by building grand cities

King Sargon II

Conquered Sumer and all the way to Asia Minor (Turkey)

Culture and learning were highly valued.

Open land, easily invaded, lead to skilled warriors (chariot use, slings, archers)

Created a road system to improve communication and trade

Conquered from the Nile River to the Persian Gulf (most of the Fertile Crescent)

Math: 60s (seconds-minutes, minutes-hour)

Invented the battering ram allowing them to smash through city walls

Crossroads of trade (caravans, bazaars)

Were not liked by the people they conquered, many rebelled (Medes and Chaldeans united to defeat Assyria)

Height in 1750 BC, by 1600 BC it has shrunk down and was destroyed

1300 BC – 600 AD

Babylon Rises AgainUnder Chaldeans the

empire was rebornKing Nebuchadnezzar

rebuilt the destroyed city of Babylon and made it even greater The Hanging Gardens

Astronomers charted star paths to discover the length of the year

Raised honey beesWas later destroyed by

the Persian Empire

The Legacy of Mesopotamia C2S3

Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi: ruled

Babylonia from 1792-1750Created

Hammurabi’s code Code: organized list of

laws and punishments Not the first attempt

at laws First organized,

recorded set archeologists have found

Art of WritingTraced back to SumerRecord in clay

Wet clay was shaped into smooth, flat tablets

Letters were carved with sharp tools

When the clay dried, the record was permanent

Larger tablets were reference materials

Smaller tablets were personal messages

Script formed from symbols to depict objects Later ideas were expressed

Cuneiform Groups of wedges

and lines used by scribes

Used to express different languages

Sumerians did not borrow writing ideas from othersSymbols set in rowsRows read left to

rightPage read top to

bottom

Mediterranean CivilizationsC2S4

Phoenicia Coastal regionGrew rich by gathering snails

Tyre Produced a purple dye Highly valued by the rich

Also had dense cedar forestsControlled trade in the

Mediterranean Sea (1100-800BC) Even sailed into the Atlantic

Ocean But told stories of sea monsters to

keep others from attempting to compete for Atlantic trade routes

Tyre and Sidon had massive bazaars filled with expensive and exotic wares from Africa and Europe

Phoenician Alphabet Relied on writing in tradeCreated an alphabet

(symbols that represent the sounds of a language) system with 22 symbolsBasis for alphabets in

many languages including English

Each symbol stood for one consonant sound

Much easier to learn than cuneiform

Trade allowed the language to spread

Israelites/HebrewsNever built a large empire,

but greatly influenced civilization

History is told in the Torah, Hebrew BibleAlso supported with

archeological evidence and other records

Monotheistic: belief in one god

Famine: time with so little food that many people starve

Exile: force people to live in another place or country

Rise of the Israelites Abraham

Mesopotamia

to Canaan

Jacob and sons (Joseph) Canaan

to Egypt

Moses

Egypt to Sinai Peninsu

la Joshu

a

Sinai Peninsu

la to Canaan

Saul

DavidSolomon

Divided Kingdo

m: Judah and

Israel Assyria conque

rs Israel

Israel rebelle

d in 722, Jews

exiled

Babylonia

(Chaldeans) take over

Assyria

Judah rebelled in 587,

Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem and exiles people

to Babylon

JudaismC2S5

BeliefsHistory and religion are

connected, shows God’s plan

God is present everywhere

God knows everythingGod has complete

powerCovenant: promise

made by GodAbraham and later

Moses

Beliefs 10 Commandments

Duties toward God Rules for correct behavior

The Torah had other laws too Everyday matters like food

preparation, crimes, etc. Justice with mercy

Some laws protected women, but women were their husband or father’s property

Prophets: religious teachers who spoke for God Expressed how God wanted them to

live Warned the people to not disobey,

bringing on disaster All people were equal in God’s sight

no matter what they did for a job

Effects Diaspora: the scattering of a group

of people The Assyrians and Babylonians

(Chaldeans) began this process, it continued with the Romans

Where ever the Jews settled, they took their faith and culture with them Even today they celebrate the

Passover which began when they were slaves in Egypt

Both Christianity and Islam are affected by the Jewish faith because their roots are Jewish Monotheistic Honor Abraham, Moses, and the

prophets Same moral point of view