Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai ......Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi...
Transcript of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai ......Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi...
Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s
Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College Vashi, Navi Mumbai
Autonomous College
[University of Mumbai]
Syllabus for Approval
Sr. No. Heading Particulars
1 Title of Course M. Sc. I Microbiology
2 Eligibility for Admission B.Sc. Microbiology
3 Passing marks
4 Ordinances/Regulations (if any)
5 No. of Years/ Semesters One year / Two Semester
6 Level P.G.
7 Pattern Semester
8 Status Revised
9 To be implemented from 2018-2019
Academic year
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AC-2.29 01/09/2018
Item No-
Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s
KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL COLLEGE, VASHI.
NAVI MUMBAI
(AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE)
Sector-15- A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 703
Syllabus for M.Sc. I Microbiology
Program: M.Sc. Microbiology
Course: M. Sc. I Microbiology
(Choice Based Credit, Grading and Semester Systemwith effect from the academic year 2018‐2019)
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Preamble of the Syllabus
With the introduction of Autonomy in the Credit Based Semester and Grading system, the
syllabus in Microbiology has been revised for M.Sc. Semester -I and Semester- II. This
syllabus is implemented with effect from 2018-19. The revised syllabus has been approved
by the concerned authorities of the Autonomous College, Committees formed by the college,
BOS members and Head/ senior teachers from Department of Microbiology.
The syllabus has been designed such that the theory goes hand in hand with the practicals
thus enabling students to develop professional skillsets of a Microbiologist. The topics
included will give hands on practice.
Each paper has been designed emphasizing the need to develop research skills and Critical
thinking/reasoning in students. This will aid the students in their specific area of their
interest/ specialization in particular. Syllabus covers various topics enlisted for entrance
exams i.e. CSIR NET, SET, GATE, PET & entrance tests for other Research Institutes.
This revised syllabus is aimed at equipping students with theoretical foundations and
practical techniques required in R & D, quality control, regulatory function in
pharmaceuticals, environmental sciences, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Advances in
Molecular Biology, Applied & Environmental Microbiology and Applied and Environmental
monitoring and management. Areas covered in Semester I & Semester II will boost
employability of students.
As mentioned in the syllabus, all the courses of theory & practicals are compulsory to M.Sc.
Microbiology
Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. Examine & identify different biomolecules.
2. Justify various differences between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
3. Outline steps in development and differentiation.
4. Discuss cell communication and signaling.
5. Investigate viral samples and explain virus-cell interactions.
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6. Explain and classify viral vaccines.
7. Compare and contrast between organizations and life cycles of different virus types.
8. Explain mechanisms of viral oncogenesis.
9. Differentiate gene expression mechanisms in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
10. Illustrate gene regulation methods in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
11. Describe, evaluate and use different molecular tools in genetics.
12. Analyze genetic structures of populations and measure genetic variation.
13. Elaborate on applications of genetic engineering.
14. Use chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for analysis of biomolecules.
15. Identify organisms using bioinformatics tools.
16. Assess results of research for accuracy and precision.
17. Categorize and communicate ecosystems and explain species interactions.
18. Inspect environment for impact assessment and auditing.
19. Design bioremediation approaches to handle environmental pollution.
20. Compose and recommend waste water treatments.
21. Perform waste water analysis.
22. Inspect emerging microbial diseases.
23. Explain and categorize modern diagnostic tools.
24. Illustrate immunobiology, transplantation immunology and cancer biology.
25. Characterize and classify tumors.
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M.Sc. I Microbiology Syllabus (Semester – I & Semester - II)
Revised for Credit Based and Grading System
To be implemented from the Academic year 2018-19
SEMESTER I
Theory:
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-101 I Introduction to Bioorganic
Advance Cell Biology Chemistry
& Virology II Chemical Composition of Living
Systems 04 04
III Ultrastructure and Organization of
Eukaryotic Cell
IV Advances in Virology-I
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-102 I Gene expression and regulation
Molecular Genetics & II Molecular tools for genetics,
Analytical Techniques Population genetics
I 04 04III Advance Experimental Techniques
in Biophysics
IV Chromatographic & Spectroscopic
Techniques
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-103 I Evolutionary theory
Evolution, Ecology II Population Ecology & Species
and Environmental Interactions
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Microbiology I III Biotechnological Aspects of Ecology 04 04
IV Wastewater treatment system
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-104 I Advances in Medical
Medical Microbiology & Microbiology :Part I
Immunology I 04 04II Clinical Research and Modern
diagnostics
III Recent advances in Immunology
: Immunobiology
IV Cancer Immunology
Practicals:
PGMB-101 Cell Biology and Development Biology-I 02 04
PGMB-102 Molecular Genetics and Analytical Techniques I 02 04
PGMB-103 Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology-I 02 04
PGMB-104 Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I 02 04
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SEMESTER II
Theory:
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-201 I Development And
Advance Cell Biology Differentiation
and Virology - II 04 04II Cell communication and cell
signalling
III Diversity of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic microbes
IV Advances in Virology-II
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-202 I Applications and Ethics of
Molecular Genetics, Genetic Technology
Biostatistics & 04 04II Developmental Genetics
Bioinformatics III Biostatistics
IV Bioinformatics
Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-203 I Molecular evolution
Evolution, Ecology and II Marine ecosystem
Environmental 04 04III Industrial and Biomedical Waste
Microbiology - II Management
IV Environment Impact Assessment
and Auditing
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Course Code UNIT TOPIC HEADINGS Credits L /
Week
PGMB-204 I Advances in Medical
Medical Microbiology & Microbiology :Part II
Immunology- II 04 04II Transplantation Immunology
III Clinical Immunology
IV Experimental Immunology
Practicals:
PGMB-201 Advanced Cell Biology and Virology 02 04
PGMB-202 Population Genetics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics 02 04
PGMB-203 Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology 02 04
PGMB-204 Medical Microbiology & Immunology 02 04
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Scheme of examination for Each Semester
Two Types of Evaluation Patterns:
1. Semester End Examination [SEE] - 60%
[Summative Assessment: Written Examination]
i. Duration - These examinations shall be of three hours duration.
ii. Theory question paper pattern: -
a. There shall be five questions each of 12 marks. On each unit there will be one
question & fifth one will be based on all the four units.
b. All questions shall be compulsory with internal choice within the questions.
Each question will be of 20 to 23 marks with options.
c. Questions may be sub divided into sub questions a, b, c, d & e only & the
allocation of marks depends on the weightage of the topic.
2. Continuous Internal EVALUATION [CIE] - 40%
[Formative Assessment: Various Types]
Class Semester Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV
MSc I Online course - Bioinstrumentation Participation Pathology LabI 20 marks workshop & test- 20 in conference visit- 20 marks
Assignment: 10marks /seminars- 20
Assignment:Assignment: 10
marks
Presentation: Assignment:10
10 Presentation: 10 10 Presentation:
Presentation:10
10
II Bioinformatics Biostatistics Skill based Societalworkshop- 20 workshop- 20 marks courses- 20 responsibility-marks
Assignment: 10marks 20 marks
Assignment: 10 Assignment: Assignment:Presentation: 10
Presentation:10 10
10 Presentation: Presentation:10 10
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M.Sc. (Semester – I & Semester - II) Microbiology Syllabus
Revised According To Credit Based and Grading System
To be implemented from the Academic year 2018-2019
M.Sc. Part - I Microbiology Syllabus
SEMESTER 1
Paper I: Advance Cell Biology & Virology
Paper Code: PGMB-101
Course Code Title Credits
PGMB-101 Advance Cell Biology and Virology (60L) 04
Unit I: (15L) 01
Introduction to Bioorganic Chemistry
A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds
B. Structure of organic compounds
C. Structural theory
D. Types of reactions of organic compounds
E. Concept of pH of weak acids and weak bases, Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, concept of buffer, strength of buffer, buffer value, important
biological buffers (with the help of numerical problems)
F. Principles of biophysical chemistry (thermodynamics)
G. Enzyme Kinetics
Unit II: (15L) 01
Chemical Composition of Living Systems
A. Protein composition and structure
i. Protein folding Mechanism and folded conformations and its stability
ii. Interactions of proteins with other molecules
iii. Protein characterization and identification
iv. 3D structure determination by X ray crystallography and NMR
Spectroscopy, FTIR, Xymography
v. Ramchandran Plot
B. Carbohydrates composition and structure
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i.Complex carbohydrates, Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins
glycolipids and Lectins, Estimation of carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acid Chemistry
i. Background on nucleic acids
ii. Structure of DNA (A, B and Z forms) and Tm value
iii. Structure of t-RNA, r-RNA, and m-RNA
iv. Estimation of nucleic acids
D. Lipid Chemistry
i. Classification of lipids according to chemical structure and function
ii. Storage lipids
iii. Structural lipids in membranes
iv. Lipids as signals, cofactors and pigments,
v. Lipid extraction detection of structure
vi. Estimation of lipids
Unit III: (15L) 01
Ultrastructure and Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
A. Membrane structure and function
i. Lipid bilayer and membrane proteins,
ii. Membrane transport of small molecules
iii. Electrical properties of membranes
B. Intracellular Compartments and protein sorting
C. Intracellular membrane traffic
D. Structural organization and Function of Cytoskeleton and its role in
motility
i. Structural proteins – microfilaments, actins and actin binding proteins
ii. Myosin and actin
iii. Microtubules
iv. Intermediate filaments
v. Cell polarization and migration
E. Events in cell cycle and Regulation of cell cycle
F. Cell Death
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Unit IV: (15L) 01
Recent Advances in Virology-I
A. Diagnostic and detection methods
i. Sampling techniques and Processing of samples – Enrichment and
concentration
ii. Microscopic techniques – light microscopy (inclusion bodies), electron
microscopy and fluorescence microscopy
iii. Diagnostic methods: Immunodiagnosis, hemagglutination and
hemagglutination inhibition tests, Complement fixation, neutralization,
Western blot, Radioactive Immuno-precipitation Assay (RIPA), Flow
cytometry and Imunohistochemistry
iv. Nucleic acid based diagnosis: Nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain
reaction, microarray and nucleotide sequencing, LINE probe assay
v. Infectivity assay for animal and bacterial viruses - plaque method, pock
counting, end point methods, LD50, ID50, EID50, TCID50
vi. Infectivity assays of plant viruses
B. Virus cell interaction
i. Cellular receptors and virus entry
ii. Virus morphogenesis
iii. Mechanism of host cell damage
iv. Cellular gene expression
C. Oncogenic viruses
i. Virus induced cell transformation and oncogenesis
ii. Mechanism of cell transformation by RNA viruses and by DNA tumor
viruses, Retrovirus mediated oncogenesis
D. Bacteriophages
i.Morphology,
ii.Genome organization and life cycles of –
ØX174, Lambda and M13 phages
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REFERENCES
1. Organic chemistry Morrison, Boyd, Bhattacharjee 7th Edition Pearson
2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry J. L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain S. Chand
Publications
3. Biochemistry Voet and Voet 4th Edition Wiley Publications
4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Nelson and Cox
5. Virology Methods Brian W.J. Mahy, Hillar Kangro Elsevier publications
6. Basic Virology Edward Wagner 2nd edition
7. Proteins Structures and Molecular properties Thomas Creighton 2nd Edition
8. Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal
Viruses. S. J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, L. W. Enquist, V. R. Rancaniello, A. M. Skalka
Latest edition / Pub. Date: December 2003 Publisher: American Society
Microbiology.
PRACTICALS: PGMBP- 101 (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Study of Biochemical reagents and Preparation of Buffers.
2. Determination of pK and pI values for an amino acid.
3. Enzyme kinetics:
a. Effect of enzyme (Beta Amylase) concentration
b. Effect of substrate concentration
c. Effect of pH
d. Effect of Temperature
e. Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity
4. Problems on thermodynamics.
5. Qualitative estimation of Biomolecules.
6. Extraction of Total lipids and its estimation.
7. Isolation of cholesterol and lecithin from egg yolk.
8. Identification of fatty acids and other lipids by TLC.
9. Determination of degree of unsaturation of fats and oils.
10. Isolation of lactose from bovine milk.
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11. Estimation of sugar by phenol sulphuric acid method.
12. Purification of extracellular enzyme (Protein).
13. Study of cell cytology using phase contrast microscopy.
14. Isolation of Chloroplasts.
15. Isolation of Mitochondria.
16. Preparation of Protoplast using lysozyme.
17. Study of cell membrane integrity using uptake of neutral red.
18. Egg inoculation and cultivating animal virus in embryonated egg.
19. Visit to research lab (Demonstration of Confocal & fluorescence Microscopy)
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Paper II: Molecular Genetics & Analytical Techniques I
Paper II: PGMB-102
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Molecular Genetics & Analytical Techniques I (60L) 04
102
Unit I: (15L) 01Gene Expression & Regulation
1.1 Gene Expression
A. Transcription-
i- Classes of RNA.
ii- Transcription apparatus, template.
iii- Transcription process in prokaryotes
B. RNA molecules and processing-
i- Gene organization- colinearity of genes, introns & exons ii-
Post transcriptional processing- structure of mRNA, pre-
mRNA processing, addition of 5’cap, addition of Poly (A)
tail, RNA splicing, RNA editing.
iii- tRNAs- structure of tRNA, tRNA gene structure and
processing.
iv- rRNA gene structure & processing.
v- Ribosomes- 3D structure, polyribosomes
vi- Small RNA molecules- RNA interference, types,
processing & function of microRNAs.
C. Translation-
i- Genetic code- important features of genetic code.
ii- Mechanism of translation- charging of tRNA molecules,
initiation, elongation and termination, mRNA surveillance.
iii- Post translational modification of proteins iv-
Exon shuffling
1.2 Regulation of gene expression-
A. Control of gene expression in prokaryotes-
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i- Genes & regulatory elements
ii- Levels of gene regulation
iii- DNA binding proteins
iv- Operons- Lac operon and Lac mutations, trp operon
v- Antisense RNA molecules
vi- Riboswitches
B. Control of gene expression in eukaryotes-
i- Regulation through modification of gene structure- DNase
I hypersensitivity, histone modifications, chromatin
remodeling, DNA methylation.
ii- Regulation through transcriptional activators, Co-
activators & repressors, enhancers and insulators
iii- Regulation through RNA processing & degradation
iv- Regulation through RNA interference
v- Regulation of translation and modification of proteins.
Unit II: (15L) 01
Molecular tools for genetics, Population genetics
2.1 Molecular tools for genetics [9L]
A. Molecular tools for studying genes and gene activity
B. Use of recombinant DNA technology to identify human genes
(Huntington’s diseases, Cystic fibrosis), molecular diagnosis of human
diseases, human gene therapy)
C. Labeled tracers (autoradiography, phosphorimaging, liquid
scintillation counting, non-radioactive tracers)
D. Nucleic acid hybridization (Southern blots, DNA fingerprinting
&DNA typing with their forensic applications, Northern blots, in situ
hybridization), DNA sequencing (Sanger’s chain termination method,
Maxam Gilbert’s sequencing method), Restriction mapping, Site
directed mutagenesis
E. Mapping and quantifying transcripts (S1 mapping, primer extension,
run-off transcription)
F. Measuring transcription rates in vivo (Nuclear run – on transcription,
reporter gene transcription), Assaying DNA –protein interactions
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(filter binding, gel mobility shift, DNase and DMS footprinting,
knockouts)
2.2 Population genetics [6L]
A. Population and gene pool
B. Genotypic and Allelic frequencies
C. Calculation of Genotypic frequencies and Allelic frequencies for
autosomal and X linked loci
D. Problems –calculation of allelic and genotypic frequencies
E. Hardy-Weinberg Law, genotypic frequencies at HWE
F. Implications of the H-W Law
G. H-W proportions for multiple alleles
H. X-linked alleles
I. Testing for H-W proportions and problems
J. Genetic ill effects of in-breeding
K. Changes in the genetic structure of populations:
i. Mutation
ii. Migration and gene flow
iii. Genetic drift
iv. Natural selection
v. Simple problems based on the natural forces
L. Measuring genetic variation:
i. RFLP, DNA sequencing
ii. Protein electrophoresis
Unit III: (15L) 01
Advance Experimental Techniques in Biophysics
A. General Principles of Biochemical Investigation
B. Techniques: Introduction, Principles, Instrumentation and applications of:
i. ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)
ii. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
iii. MS (Mass Spectroscopy)
iv. Radio- isotope Techniques
v. X-Ray Crystallography
vi. ICP-MS
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vii. Imaging Flow Cytometry: Amnis
viii. TEM
ix. FTIR
x. Exposure to softwares associated to Microscopy
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Chromatographic & Spectroscopic Techniques
A. Introduction, Principles, Instrumentation and applications of:
B. Filtration as a tool in Downstream Processing: Tangential Flow Filtration
C. Chromatographic Technique Filtration
i. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
ii. Gas Liquid Chromatography
iii. Gel Permission Chromatography
iv. IC-MS
D. Spectroscopic Techniques
i. Fluorescent Spectroscopy
ii. Flame Photometry
E. Electrophoretic Techniques
i. Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
ii. Immuno-Electrophoresis
REFERENCES
1. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition by Benjamin Pierce.
2. Gene IX- Lewin.
3. Introduction to Spectroscopy
4. (Fifth Edition) by Pavia Lampman & Kriz.
5. Principle of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler, Crouch- 6th Edition
6. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard, Meritt, Dean, Settle- 7th Edition
7. Practical Biochemistry: Principles & Techniques by Keith Wilson and John Walker
8. Biophysics: Principles and Techniques by M.A.Subramanian
9. Biophysics by Vasantha Pattabhi, N.Gautham
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PRACTICALS: PGMBP- 102 (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. β galactosidase assay.
2. Problems on Population Genetics.
3. Restriction digestion.
4. Protein characterization by Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE).
5. Problems on Restriction Mapping.
6. Curing of Plasmid.
7. Visit to Chromatography & Spectroscopy Centre, SIES, Nerul.
8. Gas chromatographic separation of different mixtures.
9. HPLC separation of different formulations (herbal, plasma & modern drugs).
10. FTIR analysis of different products.
11. Elemental analysis using Flame photometry.
12. Estimation of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen & sulphur by CHNS Analyzer
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Paper III: Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Microbiology
Paper Code: PGMB-103
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Evolution , Ecology and Environmental Microbiology (60L) 04
103
Unit I: (15L) 01
Evolution, Evolutionary Theory
1.1. Origin of Life
A. The Evolutionary Theory
i- Significance of evolutionary biology
ii- The scale of chemical and biological Evolution
iii- Evidence of organic evolution (Miller’s experiment)
iv- Ribosomal RNA analysis for tracing microbial evolution
v- Genetic basis of evolution
vi- Origin and evolution of RNA world
vii- Evolution of ribonucleo-protein
1.2 Theories of organic evolution
A. Study of Different theories
i- Lamarckism
ii- Darwinism
iii- Modern synthetic theory
iv- Germplasm theory
v- Mutation theory
B. Darwin’s theory
i- Facts that influences Darwin’s theory
ii- Pangenesis hypothesis
iii- Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection
iv- Critical analysis of Darwinism
v- Neo-Darwinism
vi- Maturation of neo-Darwinism into Modern synthesis
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C. Mutation theory
i- Characteristics of mutation theory
ii- Advantages and objections
1.3 Selection in action
A. Types of selection
i- Directional
ii- Stabilizing
iii- Disruptive or diversifying
iv- Sexual selection
v- Group and Kin selection
B. Examples and types of Natural Selection
i- Melanism in moths or industrial melanism
ii- Resistance of insects to pesticides
iii- Antibiotic Resistance in bacteria
1.4 Evolution above species level
i. Adaptive radiation (Darwin finches, penguins, reptiles)
ii. Microevolution
iii. Macroevolution
iv. Mega evolution
Unit II: (15L) 01
Population Ecology and Species interaction
2.1 Population Ecology
A. Introduction to Ecology
i- Definition and Scope of Microbial Ecology
ii- Microbial ecology in twentieth century
iii- Relation of ecology with other branches
B. Kinds of ecosystem
i- Natural ecosystems
ii- Artificial ecosystems
C. Aquatic Ecosystem
i- Marine ecosystem
ii- Estuary ecosystem
iii- Coral reef ecosystem
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iv- Mangrove ecosystem
v- Freshwater ecosystem
D. Characteristics of Population
i- Intrinsic rate of natural increase
ii- Population growth form and concept of carrying capacity
iii- Population characteristics – Density, Natality, Mortality,
Dispersion, Age pyramids
2.2 Species interaction
A. Types of interactions
a) Interaction within single population
b) Interaction amongst diverse population
B. Interactions with plants
i- Rhizosphere
ii- Mycorrhizae
iii- Nitrogen fixation
a) Symbiotic (N2 fixing association between Rhizobia and
legumes)
b) Non leguminous N2 fixing mutualistic relations)
iv- interaction with aerial plant structure
Unit III: (15L) 01
Biotechnological Aspects of Microbial Ecology
3.1 Introduction : Biodegradation
a. Overall processes of Biodegradation
b. Contaminant structure
c. Genetic Potential
d. Bioavailability
A. Toxicity and Biodegradability
B. Environmental Factors affecting Biodegradation
i- Redox Condition
ii- Organic matter content
iii- Nitrogen
iv- Other (Temperature, pH, salinity and water activity)
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3.2 Microbial interactions with xenobiotics and inorganic pollutants &
their degradation
A. Pollutant source and type (Only tabular form)
B. Recalcitrant Hydrocarbons-
i. Synthetic polymers
ii. Pesticides
iii. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
3.3 Microbial accumulation of heavy metals and Radio nucleotides
3.5 Biosensor: detection of pollutants
3.6 Bioremediation
i- Introduction
ii- Bioremediation – Efficacy Testing
iii- Side effect testing
iv- Approaches to bioremediation
a) Environmental Modification for Bioremediation
b) Microbial Seeding and bioengineering for removal of
pollutant
c) Sequential anaerobic-aerobic degradation
d) Addition of oxygen and other gases
e) Addition of surfactants
f) Addition of nutrients
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Waste Water Treatment Systems
4.1 Waste Water Treatment Systems
A. Introduction- Revision of Conventional Waste Water Treatment
B. Limitations of conventional treatment4.2.Advanced, Combined and Innovative wastewater treatment processes
i) Wastewater treatment system (unit process): Physical screening-
flow equalization, mixing, flocculation, flotation, sedimentation,
granular medium filtration, adsorption, removal of volatile organic
compound by aeration, Oxygen transfer, membrane filtration
process, Gas stripping , Distillation, Ion-Exchange for heavy metal
removal
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ii)Chemical unit process –chemical precipitation, phosphorus
removal, removal of heavy metal ,Disinfection – by using
chlorine , Ozone, UV, dechlorination
iii)Fundamentals of biological treatment- aerobic and anaerobic
suspended and attached growth processes
4.3Sludge Processing-Stabilization methods
a) Anaerobic digestion
b) Aerobic digestion
i. Production of class A biosolids from processed sludge
ii. Composting
iii. Lime and heat treatment
c) Removal of pathogens by sewage process (eg. Modern sewage
treatment plant)
i- Suspended cell sewage treatment
ii- Fixed film sewage treatment
4.4 Methods for determination of organic matter content of waste
water
A. Physical and Chemical Analysis
i- DO
ii- BOD
iii- COD
iv- Permanganate value (PV)
v- Total organic carbon vi-
Total suspended solids vii-
Total dissolved solids
viii-Volatile suspended solids
REFERENCES
1. Evolutionary biology – Mohan Arora
2. Microbial Ecology –Atlas and Bartha
3. Cell biology, Genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution –P. S. Verma V. K. Agarwal
4. Fundamentals of Ecology – Eugene p. Odum
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5. Prescott, Hurley. Klein-Microbiology, 9th edition, International edition, McGraw Hill
6. Cell biology, Genetics Modern Industrial
7. Microbiology& Biotech.-Nduka Okafor
8. Wastewater Engineering- Mecalf & Eddy
9. Water supply and pollution control (6th)- Warren Viessman, Jr., Mark. J. Hammer
10. Biological Wastewater Treatment. Vol. 5. Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm
Reactors. Marcos von Sperling. IWA Publishing. London, New York. © 2007 IWA
Publishing
11. Environmental biotech & Cleaner bioprocesses-Euenia J. Olguin, Gloria Sanchez,
Elizabeth Hernandex
12. Environmental Microbiology- Ian L Pepper, C P Gerba, Terry J Gentry
13. Environmental Microbiology- Maier, Pepper and Gerba
14. Water & waste water technology by Mark J Hammer, Mark J Hammer Junior
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 103) (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Isolation of thermophiles from Hot water spring
2. Study of microbial interaction in-vitro (within single species and diverse population)
3. Soil analysis (Terrestrial ecosystem) - organic matter, calcium carbonate and chloride
estimation
4. Study of biofilm using staining technique
5. Waste water analysis
a. Estimation of nitrogen by Nessler’s method.
b. Manganese estimation by persulphate method.
6. Estimation of dissolved oxygen, BOD by Wrinkler’s method
7. Determination of COD
8. Determination of TS and MLSS.
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9. Ethanol production from various wastes.
References:
1. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan‐2003.
2. Environmental Impact Assessment, R. R. Barthwal, New Age International, Jan‐2002.
3. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. 4th Edition. John Glasson,
RikiTherivel, Andrew Chadwick. Routledge (2012). 416 pages.
4. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. 21st Edition. 2005.
APHA.AWWA.WEF
5. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edvol3d.pdf
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395623/
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Paper IV: : Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I
Paper Code: PGMB-104
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Medical Microbiology & Immunology-I (60L) 04
104
Unit I: (15L)
Advances in Medical Microbiology: Part I 01
1.1 Scientific study of prominent & emerging diseases
1.2 Emerging Diseases: -
1.3 Detailed Study of following infections including Etiology,
Transmission, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab. diagnosis,
Prophylaxis, and Treatment: -
i. Legionellosis
ii. Chickengunia
iii. Helicobactor pylori : Gastroenteritis
iv. SARS
v. Leptospirosis
vi. Campylobacter : Gastroenteritis
Unit II: (15L)
Clinical Research and Modern diagnostics 01
2.1 Introduction to Clinical Research Concepts
2.2 Essential Characteristics of Clinical Research
2.3 Overview of Clinical Research Study Designs
2.4 Commercial identification systems & Automation
A. Nucleic acid based analytic methods for microbial identification
& characterization
2.5 Characterization of microbes beyond identification
2.6 Investigation of strain relatedness
2.7 Automation & advances in Molecular Diagnostic Instrumentation
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2.8 Diagnosis of Viral infections
Unit III: (15L) 01
Recent advances in Immunology: Immunobiology
3.1 Functional Anatomy & development of Immune System
A. Biology of Immune response
3.2 Immunoregulation
3.3 Immunogens & Antigen binding molecules & their detection
3.4 Antidrug Antibody interactions
3.5 Molecular basis of diversity of immunoglobulin molecules
3.6 Multigene organization of Ig genes
3.7 Variable-Region Gene Rearrangements
3.8 Mechanism of Variable-Region DNA Rearrangements
3.9 Generation of antibody diversity
3.10 Manipulations of the immune response
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Cancer Immunology
4.1 Nomenclature & Classification of tumors
A. Characteristics of tumor
4.2 Mechanism & Biology of invasion & Metastasis
A. Epidemiology & predisposition to cancer
4.3 Carcinogenesis:
A. Etiology & Pathogenesis of Cancer
B. Genetic mechanism of Cancer
C. Chemical Carcinogenesis
i. Tests for chemical carcinogenesis
4.4 Pathologic diagnosis of Cancer
4.5 Modern tools in diagnosis of Cancer
4.6 Cancer Immunotherapy
28
REFERENCES
1. General pathology & Pathology of Systems, 6th Edition, Deodhare
2. Essentials of Medical Microbiology, 4th edition , Bhatia
3. https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda
4. Diagnostic Microbiology, 14th edition by Bailey & Scott’s
5. Medical Microbiology, Jawetz
6. Essentials of Medical Microbiology, 4th edition , Bhatia
7. Zinsser Microbiology
8. Kuby Immunology, 6th edition
9.
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 104) (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Diagnosis for Leptospirosis: Spirochaete staining.
2. Identification of phage nucleic acid.
3. Immunoelectrophoresis of proteins – Human serum.
4. Cultivation of macrophage cell lines and study of cell viability
5. UV mutagenesis
6. Acridine orange mutagenesis
7. Ames test
8. Visit to ACTREC.
9. Visit to pathology laboratory. (Demonstration of rapid kit based identification system)
References
1. Principles of epidemiology in public health practices 3rd edition
(www.cdc.gov/training/products/ss1000)
2. Basic lab methods in medical bacteriology, WHO Geniva. 3. Medical laboratory
technology by Godkar.
3. Handbook of Epidemiology- W. Ahrens, I. Pigeot Springer- Verlag Berlin Herdelberg
(2005
4. Epidemiology for Public Health Practice- Robert H Friis& Thomas A. Sellers 3rd
edition- Jones & Bartlett publishers.
5. Textbook of preventive and Community medicine- Park & Park.
6. Infectious disease surveillance by Nikuchia Nikanatha Blackwell Publishing 2005
29
M.Sc. Part - I Microbiology Syllabus
SEMESTER 1I
Paper I: Advance Cell Biology and Virology-II
Paper Code: PGMB-201
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Advance Cell Biology and Virology-II (60L) 04
201
Unit I: (15L) 01
Development And Differentiation
A. Basic concepts of development
i.Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence,
determination and differentiation
ii.Morphogenetic gradients
iii.Cell fate and cell lineages
B. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development
i. Production of gametes
ii. Cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals
iii. Embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants
iv. Zygote formation
v. Cleavage
vi. Blastula formation
vii. Gastrulation: Vertebrate (Xenopus) model systems
viii. Embryogenesis
ix. Establishment of symmetry in plants
x. Seed formation and germination.
Unit II: (15L) 01
Cell communication and cell signalling
A. General Principles of Cell Communication
30
B. Cell signaling
i. Principles of Cell Signaling
ii. Hormones and their receptors
iii. Cell surface receptor
iv. Signaling through G-protein coupled receptors
v. Signaling through enzyme coupled receptors
vi. Signal transduction pathways
vii. Secondary messengers
viii. Regulation of signaling
ix. Signaling in plants
x. Bacterial chemotaxis
C. Cell Junctions and The Extracellular matrix
i. Cell Junctions
ii. Extracellular matrix of Animals
iii. Cell Matrix Junctions
iv. Plant Cell wall
Unit III: (15L) 01
Diversity of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic microbes
3.1 Archaea: Systematics, and occurrence, diversity, characteristic features,
significance and potential applications (eg. biochips, methane generation,
ultrafiltation membranes, production of PHB and PHA, desulphurization of coal
and crude oil, bioleaching of metals, enzymes, compatible solutes and others) of
different groups of archaebacteria (Crenarchaeota, Euarchaeota, Korarchaeota,
Nanoarchaeota).
3.2 Bacteria: Conventional and molecular systematics, and general discussion
on the occurrence, diversity, characteristic features, significance and potential
applications of various groups of bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology.
3.3 Fungal Systematics and diversity: Implications of molecular and
biochemical methods including rDNA analysis, RFLP, RAPD and other
31
fingerprinting techniques, fatty acids, polysaccharides and lipids and role of
secondary metabolites in systematics.
3.4 Fungal endophytes of tropical plants and their applications: Endophytic
fungi, colonization and adaptation of endophytes. Endophytes as latent
pathogens and biocontrol agents.
3.5 Mycorrhizal fungi: Diversity of endo and ecto mycorrhizal fungi. Biology of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: signaling, penetration and colonization inside
roots, culturing and benefits, recent advances in the field of mycorrhiza.
3.6 Agriculturally important toxigenic fungi: Biodiversity, Chemical and
biological characterization of toxic metabolites, toxigenic fungi in sustainable
agriculture with special emphasis on biopesticides.
3.7 Secondary metabolites from fungi: Terpenes, Non-ribosomal peptides,
hydrophobins, peptaibols, indole alkaloids, detailed emphasis on polyketides.
3.8 Genomics and Biodiversity of yeast: Gene duplication leading to adaptation
and biodiversity, functional evolution, diversity in central metabolism, case of
aerobiosis/anaerobiosis, changes in regulatory circuits for adaptation to new
environments and physiology.
3.9 Antagonistic interactions in yeasts: Mycocinogeny and diversity of
mycogenic yeast strains, characteristics of mycocins, mode of action, genetic
basis of mycocinogeny, important mycocins, applications of antagonistic yeasts.
3.10 Biotechnological applications of yeasts: Yeasts as producers of bioactive
molecules such as pigments, lipids, organic acids and EPS, yeasts as probiotics,
yeasts in bioremediation, yeasts in alcoholic fermentations.
3.11 Algal diversity from morphology to molecules: Importance of algae in
production of algal pigments, biofuels, hydrogen production, important bioactive
molecules, role of algae in sustainable environment.
3.12 Culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches for
understanding microbial diversity in the environment: Understanding
microbial diversity in the environment by culture-dependent approaches and
32
their limitations, and by culture-independent molecular approaches (DNA
heterogeneity by reannealing denatured environmental DNA, ARDRA, analysis
of FAME profiles, measuring metabolic capabilities using BIOLOG microtitre
plates, using DNA probes and PCR primers, G+C analysis, slot-blot
hybridization of community DNA, and fluorescent in situ hybridization of intact
cells)
3.13 Microbial diversity in normal environments: Diversity of microbes in
terrestrial (agricultural and desert soils), aquatic (fresh water and marine),
atmospheric (stratosphere) and animal (cattle, termites, pests such as cockroach
and nematodes, and human being) and their potential applications
3.14 Microbial diversity in extreme environments: Occurrence, diversity,
adaptations and potential applications of oligotrophs, thermophiles,
psychrophiles, barophiles, organic solvent and radiation tolerants, metallophiles,
acidophiles, alkaliphiles and halophiles
01
Unit IV: (15L)
Advances in Virology-II
A. Viral Vaccines
i. Conventional vaccines -killed and attenuated
ii. Modern vaccines—recombinant proteins, subunit vaccine, DNA
vaccines, peptides
iii. Immunomodulators (cytokines)
iv. Vaccine delivery & adjuvants
v. Large scale manufacturing-QA/QC issues
vi. Animal models and vaccine potency testing
vii. Vaccine induced immune response and immune markers of
protection
viii. Interferons, designing and screening for antivirals, mechanisms of
action, antiviral libraries, antiretrovirals-mechanism of action &
drug resistance
ix. Anti-sense RNA, siRNA, miRNA, ribozymes, in-silico
approaches for drug designing
33
B. Virus-cell Interaction
i. Definition, structure and methods of discovery of viral receptors
(polio, herpes, VSV, HIV)
ii. Kinetics of receptor binding
iii. Cellular interactions—clathrin coated pits, lipid rafts, caveolae,
endocytosis and virus uncoating mechanisms
iv. Nuclear localization signals and nuclear pore transit, virus –
cytoskeletal interactions, chaperons
v. Replication sites and their characterization, IRES, replicons,
transport of viral proteins
vi. Host cell ‘shut off’, apoptosis, necrosis, stress response, alteration
of signaling pathways, cellular basis of transformation, types of
cenotaphic effects, ultrastructural cytopathology
REFERENCES
1. Gilbert Scott F. (2003) Developmental Biology. 7th Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc. Mass.
USA.
2. Muller W.A. (1997) Developmental Biology, Springler – Verlag, New York, Inc.
3. Wolpert Lewis. (1998). Principles of Development. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
4. Molecular biology of The Cell Bruce Alberts 4th Edition
5. Molecular biology of The Cell Bruce Alberts 6th Edition
6. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals And Applications, 4/E Ronald M. Atlas Pearson
Education India, 1998
7. Antiviral Agents, Vaccines, and Immunotherapies. Stephen K. Tyring. Latest edition /
Pub. Date: October 2004. Publisher: Marcel Dekker.
8. Vaccines. Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter A. Orenstein. Latest edition / Pub. Date:
September 2003. Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
9. Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal
Viruses. S. J. Flint, V. R. Racaniello, L. W. Enquist, V. R. Rancaniello, A. M. Skalka
Latest edition / Pub. Date: December 2003 Publisher: American Society
Microbiology.
10. Molecular Aspects of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Malcolm A. McCrae (Editor), J. R.
Saunders (Editor), C. J. Smyth (Editor), N. D. Stow (Editor) Latest edition / Pub.
Date: September 1997. Publisher: Cambridge University Press.
34
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 201) (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Study on bacterial chemotaxis by Agar Plug assay
2. Chick embryonic stages – 18hour, 24hour, 36hour, 48 hour and 72 hour embryo
3. Temporary squash preparation of onion/garlic root‐tip cells to study stages of
mitosis.
4. Effect of growth promoters & inhibitors (one each) on plant growth
5. Estimation of soluble proteins in germinating and non-germinating seeds by
Lowry / Bradford’s method
6. Estimation of total amino acids in germinating and non-germinating seeds
7. Effect of temperature on cell viability in pollen grains/yeast using Trypan blue/
acetocarmine
8. Study of different types of chromosome banding techniques
9. Cytochrome C- oxidase activity in a developing chick embryo
10. Preparation of Liposomes
11. Isolation of Microorganisms from diverse environment and their identification by
conventional methods
12. Study of dimorphism in yeast
35
Paper II: Molecular Genetics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Paper Code: PGMB-202
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Molecular Genetics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (60L) 04
202
Unit I: (15L) 01
Applications and Ethics of Genetic Technology
1.1 Mapping Human Genes at the Molecular Level
A. RFLPs as Genetic Markers
B. Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs
C. Positional Cloning: The Gene for Neurofibromatosis
D. The Candidate Gene Approach: The Gene for Marfan Syndrome
E. Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene Mapping
1.2 Genetic Disorders: Diagnosis and Screening
A. Prenatal Genotyping for Mutations in the β- Globin Gene
B. Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-Cell Anemia
C. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic Screening
D. DNA Microarrays and Genetic Screening
E. Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas
1.3 Treating Disorders with Gene Therapy
A. Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCRID)
B. Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy
C. The Future of Gene Therapy: New Vectors and Target-Cell Strategies
D. Ethical Issues and Gene Therapy
1.4 DNA Fingerprints
A. Minisatellites (VNTRs) and Microsatellites (STRs)
B. Forensic Applications of DNA Fingerprints
1.5 Genome Projects Use Recombinant DNA technology
A. The Human Genome Project: An overview
B. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program
C. After the Genome Projects
36
1.6 Biotechnology is an Outgrowth of Recombinant DNA Technology
A. Insulin Production by Bacteria
B. Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products
C. Transgenic Crop Plants and Herbicide Resistance
1.7 Marshalling recombinant DNA technology to fight AIDS
Unit II: (15L) 01
Developmental Genetics
2.1 Developmental genetics [5L]
A. Cloning Experiments
B. The Genetics of Pattern Formation in Drosophila
C. Homeobox Genes in other Organisms
D. The Genetics of Flower Development in Arabidopsis
E. Programmed Cell Death in Development
F. Evo-Devo: The Study of Evolution and Development
2.2 The genetic control of animal development [10L]
A. Stem Cell Therapy: A Brave New World?
B. The Process of Development in Animals
i. Oogenesis and fertilization
ii. The Embryonic Cleavage Divisions and Blastula Formation
iii. Gastrulation and Morphogenesis
C. Genetic Analysis of Development in Model Organisms
i. Drosophila as a Model Organism
ii. Caenorhabditis as a model organism
D. Genetic Analysis of Development Pathways
i. Sex Determination in Drosophila
ii. Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis
E. Molecular Analysis of Genes Involved in Development
F. Maternal Gene Activity in Development
i. Maternal-Effect Genes
ii. Determination of the Dorsal-Ventral and Anterior-Posterior
iii. Axes in Drosophila Embryos
G. Zygotic Gene Activity in Development
37
i. Body Segmentation
ii. Specification of Cell Types
iii. Organ Formation
Unit III: (15L)
Biostatistics 01
A. Introduction
B. Sample and population – parameters, sampling techniques
C. Standard Deviation, Variance, Standard error
D. Coefficient of Correlation and Regression Analysis
E. Statistical Hypothesis testing – type 1, type 2 error, levels of significance
F. Parametric tests
i. Z test (Single mean/ Two mean)
ii. t-Test (Single mean, paired and unpaired)
G. Chi- Square test
H. Q-Test, F- Test
I. ANOVA
i. To evaluate standard error and interpretation of results of accuracy
and precision
J. Design of experiment
K. Non-parametric test – distribution free method, sign tests, Wilcoxon test,
Run test
L. SPSS & SAS
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Bioinformatics
A. Definition, aims, tasks and applications of bioinformatics.
i. Internet Basics: Connecting to internet, Email, FTP, www,
Difference between www and internet
B. Basic Cell, Molecular Biology & Biological Data Base:
i. Classification of databases – Raw and Processed Databases; Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary or Composite Databases; Structure and
Sequence Database
ii. Genome information resources:
38
C. Nucleic acid sequence Databases – EMBL, DDBJ, Gene Bank, GSDB,
Ensembl and Specialized Genomic Resources
D. Specialized Genomic Resources
i. Protein sequence Database - PIR, SWISS-PROT etc
E. Specialized Databases – Protein pattern/motifs databases, TrEMBL NRL
– 3D
F. Proteinstructureandclassificationdatabases
(CATH/SCOP/PROSITE/RINTS/BLOCKS/KEGG)
i. Protein structure visualization software
G. BLAST and Sequence alignment
i. BLAST and its type
ii. Retrieving sequence using BLAST
iii. Pairwise alignment
H. Identity and similarity alignment
I. Global and local alignment
J. Pairwise alignment
i. Multiple Sequence Alignment
K. Goal, computational complexity, manual methods, simultaneous methods,
progressive methods, databases of multiple alignment, secondary
database searching, analysis packages, MSA and phylogenetic trees
(analysis)
L. FASTA
M. Brief introduction to transcriptome, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics,
annotation
N. Docking
O. Patch dock, Z dock server, Docking using Hex
P. Protein-protein interaction
REFERENCES
1. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition by Benjamin Pierce
2. Gene IX- Lewin.
3. Introduction to Biostatistics, Ronald N. Forthfer, EunSul Lee.
39
4. Biostatistics – Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, Wayne W. Daniel.
5. Methods in Biostatistics for Research workers & Medical Students, B. K. Mahajan,
7th edition.
6. Textbook of Biostatistics, A. K. Vashistha
7. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan & Khanum.
8. Bioinformatics – Methods & Applications in Genomics, Proteomics & Drug
Discovery, S. C. Rastogi.
9. Bioinformatics – Sequence & Genome Analysis
10. Bioinformatics by C. S. V. Murthy.
11. Bioinformatics – A Practical Approach, Shui Ging Ye.
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 201) (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Visit ATC lab(Demonstration of normal cells & Cancer cell lines)
2. Determination of Phagocytic index.
3. Phage assay
4. Isolation of host range mutants
5. Gene cloning in bacteria.
6. 2D Gel Electrophoresis.
7. Problems on bioinformatics
8. Problems on biostatisitcs
40
Paper III: Molecular Evolution
Paper code: PGMB-203
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Molecular Evolution (60L) 04
203
Unit I: (15L) 01
Molecular Evolution
1.1 Molecular Evolution
A. Introduction
B. Study of Molecular Evolution
i- Driving forces behind evolutionary process
ii- Effects of various molecular mechanism on structure of genes,
proteins, genomes
iii- Dynamics of genes in populations (Changes in allele
frequency)
iv- Natural selection (codominance, Dominance, Overdominance,
underdominance)
v- Random genetic drift
vi- Patterns and modes of substitutions (Evolutionary change in
nucleotide sequence, proteins and DNA sequence, Sequence
alignment, rates of nucleotide substitution)
vii- Variation of evolutionary rates within genes
viii- Molecular evolution of Proteins (Examples: insulin,
hemoglobin, cytochrome C)
ix- Evolution by Transposition
x- Genome evolution
xi- Molecular phyllogenetics- phyllogenetic trees
xii- Molecular clocks
xiii- Rates of evolution in mt DNA
Unit II: (15L) 01
Marine Ecosystem
41
2.1 Study of marine ecosystem
A. Physical and chemical characteristics of marine water
B. Marine communities
i- Marine microbial flora
ii- Study of halophiles
iii- Aquatic mos. in the news
iv- Giant marine bacteria
C. Deep sea hydrothermal vents
D. Marine microorganisms and their roles in changing ocean
E. New images of marine microorganisms
F. Coral Reefs as a specialized oceanic ecosystem
G. Mangroves and its ecological values
i- Mangroves management
ii- Endangered mangrove coastlines
Case study of – Bioremediation of
A. Marine oil pollution- Exxon Valdes Alaskan oil spill
Unit III: (15L) 01
Industrial and Biomedical Waste Management
3.1 Industrial Waste Management
A. Introduction to Industrial waste management
i. Objectives of industrial waste management
B. Constituents of industrial waste, classification of industrial waste
C. Treatment and disposal of effluent
i- Lagoons (oxidation ponds)
ii- Spraying
iii- Land filling
iv- Incineration
v- In Sewers
vi- Composting process
vii- Analidic conversion
vii- Eutrophic fermentation
viii- Decolourisation of industrial waste
42
D. Wealth from waste
i. Waste utilization from fruit & vegetable industry in India
ii. Waste from fermentation industry & it’s use as feedstuff &
fertilizers
iii. Dairy waste treatment, disposal & reuse
iv. Waste from chemical processing & allied industries
E. Waste minimisation in textile industry
3.2 Biomedical Waste Management
A. Introduction
i- What is biomedical waste
ii- Constituents of Biomedical waste
B. Classification of Biomedical waste
C. Steps of Biomedical waste Management
D. Transportation and storage, transportation at final disposal site
E. Disposal of biomedical waste
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Environmental Impact Assessment And Auditing
4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment
A. Introduction
i- What is Environmental Impact Assessment
ii- Legal Policy & Institutional framework
iii- National legislations
B. EIA
i- Goals
ii- EIA Guiding principles
iii- Initial environmental examination
iv- General procedure
v- EIA Cycle
vi- Impact analysis, prediction and Significance of Impact
vii- Mitigation and Impact Management
viii- Effective EIA follow up
4.2 Environmental Auditing
43
A. Introduction
i- What is Environmental Auditing
B. Objectives of EA
C. Steps involved in Environmental Auditing
i- Pre-audit activities
ii- Site activities
iii- Post –audit activities
iv- EA Cycle
v- Place of EIA and EA in project cycle
D. Methodologies for predicting Impact in an EIA – Batell Method
(Water resource development, Ecology, Pollution, Aesthetics & human interest)
E. Procedures for carrying out EIA and EA
REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of Molecular evolution –Dan Graur
2. i-genetics A Molecular approach- P.J.Russel,3rd edition Introduction To Spectroscopy
3. Environmental microbiology –R. Maier, L. Pepper, C. Gerba
4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org
5. http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/india_industrial_wastes.html
6. https://orkustofnun.is/gogn/unu-gtp-sc/UNU-GTP-SC-05-28.pdf
7. https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P508_EAEMS_K3736-
Demo/unit1/page_14.html
8. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/V9933E/V9933E02.html
9. http://nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/en1466684871-EIA%20PROCEDURE.pdf
10. Cell biology ,Genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution –P. S. Verma V. K. Agarwal
11. Environmental Biotechnology, Gareth M Evans & Judith C Furlong.
12. Wealth from Waste, S. C. Bhatia
13. Textbook of Biotechnology, R. C. Dubey
14. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. 4th Edition. John Glasson, Riki
Therivel, Andrew Chadwick. Routledge (2012
15. Environmental Impact Assessment. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan 2003.
16. . Environmental Impact Assessment R R Barthwal New Age International, Jan 2002.
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308294194_Biomedical_waste_and_its_ma
nagement.
44
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 203) (60 Contact Hrs)
List of practicals:
1. Study of Marine microflora
2. Isolation of halophiles from salt pan/ sea water sample
3. Study of organisms from Mangrove sample
4. Setting up a laboratory experiment to assess degradability of synthetic waste water.
5. Enrichment & isolation of pesticide degraders
6. Enrichment & isolation of chitin degraders
7. Enrichment & isolation of cellulose degraders
8. Estimation of pesticide
9. Pollutant analysis :
a. Chromium estimation
b. Estimation of nitrate by phenol disulphonic acid method
c. Estimation of sulphate by turbidimetric method
d. Estimation of oil & grease by partition gravimetric method.
e. Estimation of chloride by argentometric method
10. Microbial Conversion of Vegetable Wastes for Bio fertilizer Production
11. EIA of industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant and preparation of facts report
References:
1. A. K. Shrivastava. APH Publishing, Jan‐2003
2. M.Sc. Journal 2004
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242270073_Environmental_Impact_Assess
ment_of_the_Waste_Water_Treatment_Plant_for_City_of_Skopje for EIA
4. APHA for assessing degradability of synthetic waste water
45
Paper IV: Medical Microbiology & Immunology-II
Paper Code: PGMB-204
Course Title Credits
Code
PGMB- Medical Microbiology & Immunology-II (60L) 04
204
Unit I: (15L) 01
Advances in Medical Microbiology :Part II
A. Emerging Diseases:-
Detailed Study of following infections including Etiology, Transmission,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab. diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and
Treatment.
i. Dengue
ii. Listeriosis
iii. VRE (Vancomycin Resistant enterococci)
iv. Hepatitis non A
v. Swine flu
vi. Conditions caused by prions
Unit II: (15L) 01
Transplantation Immunology
A. Immunologic Basis of Graft Rejection
B. Clinical Manifestations of Graft Rejection
C. General Immunosuppressive Therapy
D. Specific Immunosuppressive Therapy
E. Immune Tolerance to Allografts
F. Clinical Transplantation
Unit III: (15L)
Clinical Immunology 01
A. Immunity to infection – immune mechanisms to intracellular and extra-
cellular infectious agents (with examples of bacterial, protozoan and
parasitic infections, strategies for vaccine development)
B. Immunodeficiency disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)
46
–
i. Infective disorders: HIV-AIDS, Herpes infections
ii. Non-infective disorders: Phagocytic deficiencies, humoral
deficiencies, T-cell deficiencies, and combined deficiencies,
complement deficiencies
C. Hypersensitivity disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)
i. Asthma
ii. Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)
iii. Myasthenia gravis
D. Therapeutic aspects in immunopathology
i. Chemotherapy
ii. Strategies for immunotherapy (cytokine and vaccine therapy)
iii. Stem cell therapy
Unit IV: (15L) 01
Experimental Immunology
A. Experimental Animal Models
B. Cell Culture Systems
C. In vitro systems –
i. Kinetics of antigen antibody reactions
ii. Hemolytic plaque assay
iii. ELISPOT assay
iv. ELISA & Multiplexing Technology
v. Functional assays for phagocytosis
D. In vivo systems – Experimental animals in immunology research
i. Inbred animal strains ii. Transgenic animals
REFERENCES
1. Clinics in laboratory medicine, Emerging Infections and their causative agents. September
2004 vol. 24 no. 3.
2. Textbook of Microbiology 8th edition 2009-Ananthnarayan & Paniker-University press.
47
3. Textbook of clinical trials- editors David Machim, Simson Day & Sylvan Green-John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Management of Data in Clinical Trials- Eleanor McFadden M.A. - John Wiley & Sons.
5. Clinical Trials- Issues and Approaches- Edited by Stanley H. Shapiro, Thomas A.
LouisMarcel Dekker Inc. New York.
6. Immunology- Kuby 6th edition W. H. Freeman and company- New York.
7. The Elements of immunology- Fahim Khan- Pearson Education.
PRACTICAL (PGMBP 104) (60 Contact Hr)
List of practicals:
1. SRID: For detection of immune deficiency and Complement deficiency.
Immunodeficiency disorders (pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis)
2. Collection of human blood & separation of mononuclear cells by ficoll hypaque
density gradient centrifugation.
3. CD4 lymphocyte count for AIDS
4. Study of virulence factors-Phagocytosis & Phagocytic index
5. ELISPOT assay
6. ELISA
References
1. Clinics in laboratory medicine, Emerging Infections and their causative agents. September
2004 vol. 24 no. 3.
2. Textbook of Microbiology 8th edition 2009-Ananthnarayan &Paniker-University press.
3. Textbook of clinical trials- editors David Machim, Simson Day & Sylvan Green-John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Management of Data in Clinical Trials- Eleanor McFadden M.A. - John Wiley & Sons.
5. Clinical Trials- Issues and Approaches- Edited by Stanley H. Shapiro, Thomas A. Louis
Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.
6. Immunology- Kuby 6th edition W. H. Freeman and company- New York.
7. The Elements of immunology- FahimHalim Khan- Pearson Education.
48