Kappaphycus alvarezii extract as an attractant to Aedes aegypti

7/23/2019 Kappaphycus alvarezii extract as an attractant to Aedes aegypti

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Kappaphycus alvarezii (Red Seaweed) extract as an attractant for Aedes

aegypti mosquito

Ma. Angelica G. Dela Cruz

Evan Nathaniel T. Gumapac

Charmane Lizette S. Tarcena

September 201



Tale of !ontents

Ab!tract i

Chapter 1" #ntr$%ucti$n 1&'

#ntr$%ucti$n 1&2

(ac)gr$un% $* the Stu%+ 2&,

Statement $* the -r$blem

Signi*icance $* the Stu%+ &

Sc$pe an% Delimitati$n! '

Chapter 2" /evie $* /elate% Literature an% /elate% Stu%ie! &11

#ntr$%ucti$n

Li*e C+cle

&

Egg &3

Larvae 3&

-upae

A%ult

Appearance &10

(ehavi$r 10&11

Attractant 11

Chapter ," Meth$%$l$g+ 12&1

#ntr$%ucti$n 12

/e!earch meth$% u!e% 12



-r$ce%ure! u!e% 12&1

E4perimental De!ign 1

Chapter " -re!entati$n5 Anal+!i!5 an% #nterpretati$n $* %ata 1&1

Chapter " Summar+5 C$nclu!i$n5 an% /ec$mmen%ati$n 20&21

Summar+ $* 6in%ing! 20

C$nclu!i$n 20&21

/ec$mmen%ati$n 21

Ac)n$le%gement ii

(ibli$graph+ iii

Appen%ice! iv



iii

A " S T R A ! T

The extract of Kappaphycus alvarezii, a species of red algae

seaweed, is largely cultivated here in the Philippines and carrageenan

is extracted from it for commercial uses. The waste products from the

processed seaweed has no use and could pollute the environment if

not properly disposed, but there might be another use for this

extracted waste product. The extract has shown nutrients and minerals

that are important for biological growth. This makes the extract

favourable for bacteria to grow and produce gases such as carbon

dioxide and ammonia. Because of these variables present, the extract

could be a possible attractant for edes aegypti, a mos!uito that

spreads diseases such as dengue and yellow fever. "or the

experimentation, the researchers have prepared three setups and each

setup has three replicates. #etup consists of $%%& water, #etup B

consists of '(& solution and )(& water, and #etup * consists of (%&

solution and (%& water. The nine containers were placed in the same

location and were observed for six days. +n the sixth day, #etup has

an average of $ eggs, #etup B has an average of - eggs and #etup *

has an average of -/ eggs. Based on the observations of the

experimentation of the researchers, it was concluded that '(& solution

of Kappaphycus alvarezii extract is the most favourable nesting place

for edes aegypti compared to $%%& water and (%& solution.



iii



$

!#A$T%R &

&'TR*!T&'

The -hilippine! i! an archipelag$ that i! l$cate% 7u!t ab$ve the e8uat$r9 thi!

ma)e! the -hilippine! a tr$pical c$untr+. #t i! !urr$un%e% b+ va!t b$%ie! $* ater

an% ha! plent+ $* river! an% !tream!. The river! an% !tream! c$me *r$m heav+

rain! that are ver+ abun%ant thr$ugh$ut the +ear5 e!peciall+ %uring the et !ea!$n.

:ith all $* the!e *act$r! pre!ent in $ur c$untr+5 thi! ma)e! the -hilippine! a

tr$pical para%i!e5 per*ect *$r man+ plant an% animal li*e&*$rm! t$ thrive

thr$ugh$ut the i!lan%!. Animal li*e&*$rm! c$n!i!t $* a variet+ $* !pecie! $*

mammal!5 bir%!5 *i!he! an% in!ect!. #n!ect! u!uall+ *av$r the climate in $ur

c$untr+ becau!e it pr$vi%e! them ith abun%ant *$$% an% arm temperature help!

them in their li*e&c+cle.

Alth$ugh the -hilippine! have a large bi$%iver!it+5 n$t all $* the !pecie! are

actuall+ benev$lent an% !$me c$ul% cau!e harm an% even %eath!. ;ne $* the

%ea%lie!t !pecie! pre!ent an% i! abun%ant in the -hilippine! i! !urpri!ingl+ n$t a

giant m$n!tr$u! bea!t5 but in!tea% i! a !mall *l+ing in!ect. Thi! in!ect i! )n$n a!

the Ae%e! aeg+pti5 m$re c$mm$nl+ )n$n a! the %engue m$!8uit$ $r the +ell$

*ever m$!8uit$. Thi! !pecie! $* m$!8uit$ ha! been rep$rte% t$ cau!e 2500 ca!e!

$* %engue *ever an% 200 %eath! a! $* <une 201,. The number $* ca!e! here in the

-hilippine! i! relativel+ high c$mpare% t$ $ther S$uthea!t A!ian c$untrie!. A*ter

t+ph$$n =ai+an !tr$)e! the >i!a+a! an% !$uthern Luz$n regi$n5 epi%emic! have

been rep$rte% ar$un% the!e area! %ue t$ !tagnant ater! pre!ent in the le*t$ver! $*



)

the t+ph$$n. The %engue m$!8uit$ i! relativel+ m$re intelligent an% a%apte%

c$mpare% t$ $ther !pecie! $* m$!8uit$. ?$u c$ul% n$t get ea!il+ ri% $* the egg!

becau!e it c$ul% !urvive *$r $ne +ear ith$ut ater an% c$ul% !till !urvive hen

a!he% up. The egg! are al!$ lai% !eparatel+5 unli)e $ther !pecie! $* m$!8uit$e!

that la+! it! egg! in $ne bun%le. #t al!$ ha! a !trateg+ $* attac)ing *r$m behin% an%

c$ul% le!!en it! humming !$un% in $r%er t$ av$i% it *r$m being n$tice%.

The climate $* the -hilippine! i! per*ect *$r the li*e c+cle $* the %engue

m$!8uit$. #t c$ul% 7u!t ta)e m$re $r le!! $ne an% a hal* ee)! *$r it! li*e&c+cle t$

be c$mplete%5 unli)e $ther regi$n! $* the $rl% that $ul% ta)e ee)! $r even

m$nth! *$r the %engue m$!8uit$ t$ c$mplete it! li*e c+cle. (ecau!e $* the

per*ectl+ a%apte% trait! $* the m$!8uit$ an% the *av$rable tr$pical climate $* the

-hilippine!5 it i! ver+ %i**icult t$ c$ntr$l the p$pulati$n $* Ae%e! aeg+pti. The

$b7ective $* thi! re!earch i! t$ *in% an$ther a+ t$ c$ntr$l the p$pulati$n $* Ae%e!

aeg+pti. #t aim! t$ u!e the e4tract $* the re% !eaee% @appaph+cu! alvarezzii t$

attract the m$!8uit$e! an% la+ their egg! in the attractant. #n thi! a+5 it $ul% be

much ea!ier t$ get ri% $* the egg! $* the m$!8uit$5 there*$re ma)ing it ea!ier t$

c$ntr$l the p$pulati$n $* the %engue m$!8uit$.

"ac+ground of the Study

M$!8uit$e! are tin+ *l+&li)e in!ect! hich are pre!ent in alm$!t all

h$u!eh$l%!. Specie! $* thi! in!ect are m$!tl+ harm*ul. Similar t$ $ther *ile!5 a

m$!8uit$! li*e c+cle un%erg$e! *$ur !tage!. The c+cle ma+ !tart at the egg! being

lai% m$!tl+ in a8uatic $r %amp area!. =$ever5 !$me a%ult m$!8uit$e! la+ egg!



i

var+ing *r$m $ne an$ther. Each $* the !pecie! c$n!i%er! the ater! !ituati$n.

:hen the egg! hatch the+ ill turn int$ larvae an% hen it mature!5 it ill

bec$me a pupa. S$me !pecie! are harmle!! but m$!t are n$t. ;ne $* the m$!t

harm*ul an% )n$n !pecie $* m$!8uit$e! i! the Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$. #t c$ul%

be %i!tingui!he% ea!il+ %ue t$ the hite mar)ing! that c$ul% be *$un% in it! leg!

an% b$%+. Thi! m$!8uit$ came *r$m A*rica. =$ever5 it c$ul% n$ be m$!tl+

*$un% in tr$pical an% !ubtr$pical area! ar$un% the $rl%. Thi! !pecie !erve% a! a

vect$r t$ m$!t )iller %i!ea!e! n$a%a+!. ;ne $* the m$!t !eri$u! ca!e! i! the

%engue *ever. Thi! i! a m$!8uit$&b$rne t+pe $* %i!ea!e5 cau!e% b+ a %engue viru!5

that i! pre!ent in m$!t tr$pical regi$n! li)e the -hilippine!. Ae%e! aeg+pti i!

c$n!i%ere% a! the principal tran!mitter $* the !ai% %i!ea!e. Acc$r%ing t$ the

Department $* =ealth $* the -hilippine!5 a! $* <ul+ 25 201 m$re $r le!! ,15033

%engue ca!e! have been rep$rte%. Alth$ugh there a! a huge %ecrea!e in

c$mpari!$n t$ the number $* ca!e! in 201,5 the *igure! are !till big t$ be n$t ta)en

!eri$u!l+. A l$t $* preventi$n! an% reme%ie! are being mea!ure% an% c$n!i%ere%

regar%ing thi! matter. ;ne $* the m$!t a+! t$ en!ure e**ectivit+ in preventing the

!prea%ing $* m$!8uit$e! i! ith the u!e $* an attractant. An attractant $r)! li)e a

magnet t$ m$!8uit$e! *$r them t$ la+ egg!. M$!8uit$e! have a characteri!tic

here the+ %$ n$t la+ all their egg! in $ne placeBthi! i! calle% a! !elective

$vip$!iti$n. (+ the u!e $* an attractant5 $ne c$ul% be able t$ c$ntr$l the

envir$nment! hich are m$!tl+ a8uatic that m$!8uit$e! bree% in. An attract c$ul%

be an+ !$luti$n $r li8ui% that ha! bacteria hich i! capable *$r larvae t$ *ee% in. in

thi! ca!e5 it i! be!t t$ u!e !$mething that i! an e4ce!! $r a le*t&$ver *$r practicalit+.



i-

The re!earcher! ma%e u!e $* @appaph+cu! alvarezii hich i! a !pecie! $* re% alga

that i! m$!tl+ +ell$ $r green in c$l$r. Thi! i! c$n!i%ere% a! $ne $* the main

!$urce! $* carrageenan hich i! c$mmerciall+ nece!!ar+ *$r applicati$n! !uch a!

in c$!metic! an% in%u!trial applicati$n!. There *$r thi! particular !pecie! $* re%

alga i! c$mm$nl+ u!e%. M$!t $* the time5 the !eaee% un%erg$e! a %r+ing pr$ce!!

t$ be able t$ e4tract carrageenan herein the re!i%ue $r e4ce!! i! *iltere%. Thi!

e4ce!! i! the %ripping! hich the re!earcher! utilize t$ be able t$ achieve a

!$luti$n hich !erve% a! an attractant.

Statement of the prolem

The !tu%+ @appaph+cu! alvarezii e4tract a! an attractant *$r Ae%e! aeg+pti

m$!8uit$e! primaril+ aim! t$ %evel$p an attractant utilizing @appaph+cu!

alvarezii %ripping! t$ c$ntr$l the envir$nment $* Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! hen

bree%ing.

Speci*icall+5 the re!earcher! !ee) t$ %etermine the an!er! t$ the 8ue!ti$n! a!

*$ll$"

1. #! !eaee% e4tract capable t$ magnet $r attract Ae%e! aeg+pti

m$!8uit$e!

2. :ill there be an+ !igni*icant %i**erence $* having an attractant in the

bree%ing $* Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! in c$mpari!$n t$ n$rmal ater

,. :hat $ul% be the m$!t re!p$n!ive c$ncentrati$n $* !$luti$n

100 ater

!eaee% !$luti$n



i(

0 !eaee% !$luti$n

Significance of the study

The !tu%+ F@appaph+cu! alvarezii e4tract a! an attractant *$r Ae%e!

aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! ill bene*it bi$l$gi!!t5 ent$m$l$gi!t!5 th$!e h$ are incline%

ith pe!t c$ntr$l5 pe$ple *r$m the !eaee% in%u!tr+ an% $r%inar+ pe$ple in the

re!earcher! l$cale !ince it inclu%e! the trapping $* Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! that

c$ul% be %$ne in a !imple !etup but !till c$ul% attain g$$% re!ult!. M$re$ver5 the

attractant can be a great c$ntr$lle% envir$nment *$r Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e!.

C$n!i%ering the F!elective $vip$!ti$n characteri!tic $* Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e!

herein the+ la+ their egg! in %i**erent area! *$r the egg! t$ !prea%. (earing that

in min%5 there i! a g$$% p$!!ibilit+ that the pr$ce!! $* curing the !prea% $* the

m$!8uit$e! ill be much har%er t$ han%le. (+ attracting the m$!8uit$e!5 $ne

c$ul% ea!il+ limit the repr$%ucti$n $* a%ult m$!8uit$e! b+ )illing it b+ the time it

reache! the larvae !tage. Dictating the area here the Ae%e! aeg+pti $ul% attach

their egg! ill ma)e it e**$rtle!! t$ prevent the range $* the regi$n! t$ increa!e.

Scope and elimitation

The re!earch ill utilize the *$ll$ing material!" piece! $* large

micr$avable c$ntainer!5 piece! $* *ilter paper cut int$ !trip! '2 4 cm5 1 mL

@D 6ertilizer5 an% 2L $* :il)in! %i!tille% ater. The micr$avable c$ntainer! an%

*ilter paper! ere b$rr$e% *r$m the H- L$! (aI$! cr$p pr$tecti$n lab$rat$r+.

The @D *ertilizer a! !hippe% *r$m Dava$ Cit+ an% the :il)in! %i!tille% ater

a! b$ught *r$m eleven c$nvenient !t$re.



i/

#n preparati$n *$r the !etup5 the e4tract a! %ilute% ith the rati$ $* 1 mL

$* the e4tract J 2L $* %i!tille% ater. A*terar%!5 the %ilute% !$luti$n a! p$ure%

int$ the micr$avable c$ntainer! mea!uring 00 mL per each treatment. The

c$ntainer! ha% the !trip! $* *ilter paper ar$un% the in!i%e. The treatment! ere

then %ivi%e% int$ three gr$up! hich are replicate% thrice. Setup A c$ntaine%

100 ater5 Setup ( c$ntaine% !$luti$n an% 2 ater an% Setup C

c$ntaine% 0 !$luti$n an% 0 ater. Then5 the treatment! ere place% in the

!ame envir$nment an% ere $b!erve% *$r ' %a+!.

The re!earch entitle% F@appaph+cu! alvarezii e4tract a! an attractant *$r

Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! ill $nl+ te!t the *ea!ibilit+ $* the e4tract *r$m

@appaph+cu! alvarezii a! an attractant t$ Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e!. At the !ame

time5 $nl+ c$ncerne% ith the e4tract $* $ne !peci*ic !pecie! $* re% alga&&

@appaph+cu! alvarezii. #n a%%iti$n5 the !tu%+ ill be c$ncerne% ith $ne !peci*ic

t+pe $* !ub7ect5 Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$.

The re!earcher! ill n$ l$nger be c$ncerning ith the !i%e e**ect! $* the

!eaee% e4tract t$ the m$!8uit$e! an% i! criticall+ *$cu!e% in the attractant

pr$pert+ $* the !$luti$n $nl+. At the !ame time5 the re!earcher! are n$ l$nger

re!p$n!ible *$r the $ther *$rmulati$n! $* the e4tract. The re!earcher! %$ n$t claim

applicati$n $* the attractant pr$pert+ $* the !$luti$n t$ $ther !pecie! $*

m$!8uit$e!. Li)ei!e5 the re!earcher! %$ n$t claim the !ame re!ult! in all $r

%i**erent )in% $* envir$nment. La!tl+5 the re!earcher! ha% %epen%e% $n the

acc$mm$%ati$n $* the *in%ing! $nl+.



i'

!#A$T%R &&

Review of Related ,iterature and Studies

&ntroduction

Ae%e! aeg+pti5 c$mm$nl+ )n$n a! the +ell$ m$!8uit$ $r the %engue

m$!8uit$5 i! a %i!ea!e&cau!ing ect$para!ite that c$ul% tran!mit viru!e! an%

micr$$rgani!m! int$ a h$!t an% cau!e %ea%l+ %i!ea!e! Ki.e. +ell$ *ever5 %engue

*ever5 chi)ungun+a5 etc. Thi! !pecie! i! $b!erve% t$ inhabit ever+ c$ntinent

e4clu%ing Antarctica. #t m$!t li)el+ $riginate% *r$m A*rica an% i! m$!t c$mm$n in

tr$pical regi$n!. Ae%e! aeg+pti i! an agent that tran!mit! !everal tr$pical %i!ea!e!.

The *emale i! the $nl+ $ne that bite! mammal!5 inclu%ing human!5 an% !uc) $ut

bl$$% that i! nee%e% *$r it! egg! t$ mature. The *emale Ae%e! aeg+pti c$ul% *in% a

h$!t b+ %etecting !everal c$mp$un%! that are relea!e% b+ mammal! !uch a! lactic

aci%5 carb$n %i$4i%e5 amm$nia an% $cten$l. :hile the *emale m$!8uit$ *ee%! $**

the bl$$% $* the h$!t5 there i! a large ri!) that !everal viru!e! c$ul% enter the b$%+.

,ife !ycle

Egg

A*ter the *emale c$n!ume! the nutriti$u! bl$$% $* the h$!t5 The *emale!

$ul% la+ egg! in clear5 !tagnant ater u!uall+ *$un% in *l$er va!e!5 unc$vere%

buc)et! $r barrel!5 a !mall clear p$n%5 %i!car%e% tire!5 p$t!5 tan)!5 !aucer! etc. The

*emale %engue m$!8uit$ i! u!uall+ m$re m$tivate% t$ la+ their egg! in !tagnant

b$%ie! $* ater $r c$ntainer! that have !u**icient am$unt! $* a !peci*ic t+pe $*

*att+ aci%! that i! a!!$ciate% ith !everal !pecie! $* bacteria that %egra%e! leave!



i

$r $rganic matter in ater. ;n average5 the *emale Ae%e! aeg+pti c$ul% la+ 100 t$

200 egg! per batch5 %epen%ent $n the am$unt $* bl$$% it ha% c$n!ume%. A *emale

m$!8uit$ ha! the capacit+ t$ la+ up t$ batche! $* egg! in her li*etime. Hnli)e

m$!t !pecie! $* the *amil+ Culici%ae that u!uall+ la+! it! egg! in clu!tere% batche!5

the Ae%e! aeg+pti la+! it! egg! !eparatel+. #n!tea% $* la+ing the entire clutch $*

egg! in 7u!t $ne l$cati$n5 the *emale m$!8uit$ $ul% la+ the egg! in !everal

%i**erent l$cati$n!. The number $* l$cati$n! %epen%! $n the 8ualit+ an%

availabilit+ $* ater. The !hape $* the egg! i! l$ng an% $vular. The+ are hite in

appearance hen lai% but $ul% turn blac) a*ter a *e minute!. The egg! c$ul%

%evel$p ithin t$ %a+! in arm5 tr$pical area! but $ul% ta)e m$re $r le!! than

a ee) in le!! temperate regi$n!. #* the !uppl+ $* ater %rie% $ut5 the egg! c$ul%

!urvive *$r a +ear. ;nce the egg i! !ubmerge% in ater5 it $ul% imme%iatel+

hatch. Thi! uni8ue !urvival mechani!m $* the %engue m$!8it$ ma)e! the c$ntr$l

$* it! p$pulati$n %i**icult.

Larvae

:ithin 2 %a+! $r a ee)5 given that there i! n$ %i!turbance $* the me%ium

here the egg! are lai%5 the larvae $* the m$!8uit$5 calle% riggler! $r F)iti )iti

in tagal$g5 $ul% hatch *r$m the egg. #t *ee%! $** the $rganic particle! in the

ater. 6$r m$!t $* it! larval !tage5 the riggler !pen%! ithin the !ur*ace $* the

ater but it $ul% !im t$ the b$tt$m $* the b$%+ $* ater hen it *ee%! $r hen

it i! %i!turbe%. The %evel$pment $* the larvae i! %epen%ent $n it! gen%er an% the

temperature $* the envir$nment. Male riggler! u!uall+ %evel$p *a!ter than

*emale riggler!9 there*$re it $ul% g$ thr$ugh the pupae !tage *ir!t. The armer



i0

the temperature5 the *a!ter the riggler $ul% %evel$p. #* the temperature i!

arm5 it $ul% ta)e up t$ ,& %a+! *$r the riggler t$ %evel$p int$ it! pupae

!tage. (ut i* the temperature i! c$$l5 it $ul% ta)e ee)! $r even m$nth! *$r the

riggler! t$ %evel$p a! l$ng a! ater !uppl+ i! !u**icient. The larvae have *$ur

in!tar!9 i* it ent thr$ugh it! *$urth in!tar5 hich $ul% ta)e three %a+!5 it c$ul%

mea!ure up t$ eight millimeter!.

-upae

A*ter the *$urth in!tar $* the riggler5 it i! time *$r the larvae t$ %evel$p

int$ it! pupae !tage. The larvae5 l$cate% $n the !ur*ace $* the ater5 $ul% !he% it!

!)in be*$re curling it!el* an% turning int$ pupae. The pupae re!p$n%! t$ !timuli5

there*$re i! m$bile. #* %i!turbe%5 it $ul% !im t$ the b$tt$m $* the b$%+ $* ater

$r c$ntainer. Alth$ugh it i! m$bile5 the pupae cann$t *ee%. #t $ul% ta)e

appr$4imatel+ t$ %a+! *$r the pupae t$ %evel$p i* the temperature i! arm an% i*

there $ul% be n$ %i!turbance.

A%ult

A*ter t$ %a+!5 the a%ult m$!8uit$ $ul% emerge *r$m the c$c$$n. #n

$r%er t$ hatch5 the a%ult $ul% ta)e air in it! ab%$men !$ it $ul% e4pan%. A! it!

ab%$men c$ntinue! t$ e4pan%5 the c$c$$n $ul% brea) an% the hea% $ul% c$me

$ut *ir!t. A*ter hal* an h$ur $r !$5 the a%ult m$!8uit$ ha! *ull+ emerge% *r$m the

c$c$$n but i! n$t rea%+ t$ *l+ +et. #t $ul% re!t $n t$p $* the !tagnant ater *$r it!

e4$!)elet$n t$ har%en. A*ter thi!5 it $ul% *in% a !a*e place *$r it! ing! t$ %r+.



i$%

6inall+5 the a%ult Ae%e! aeg+pti i! rea%+ *$r *light an% $ul% *in% a h$!t Ki* it i! a

*emale *$r the c+cle t$ !tart ane.

ppearance

dult edes aegypti is relatively small compared to other

species in the family *ulicidae, having a size of three to four

millimetres in length excluding the legs. edes aegypti could be

distinguished from other mos!uitoes by the appearance of white scales

that appears like white stripes on the 1oints and white spots on the

thorax, abdomen and head of the mos!uito. 2ale and female edes

aegypti mos!uito could be distinguished by its size, the antennae,

palps and the patterns of the white stripes and spots. "emale edes

aegypti are larger in size compared to the male. The antennae of the

male are attractive compared to that of the female3s antennae. The

palps of the females are white tipped and the proboscis is all black.

The wings of the dengue mos!uito is translucent. 4ts legs are curved at

rest, 1ust like other mos!uitoes.

Behavior

The edes aegypti is relatively more intelligent and well adapted

compared to other species of mos!uito. 4t has learned to live in the

environment of humans and has adapted to lay its eggs in man5made

containers. 6engue mos!uitoes does not live far away from human

environments, only going as far as 0% meters. edes aegypti prefer

human blood and would not consume animal blood unless human



i$$

blood is not present. 7nlike other mos!uitoes that would attack on the

head or on the arm and be easily noticed, dengue mos!uitoes attack

from behind and would bite on the ankles, elbows or other regions of

the body where it would not be easily noticed. 4t has also developed to

decrease its humming sound, unlike other mos!uitoes that have an

irritating buzz. The manner of the dengue mos!uito laying its eggs is

also di8erent. 2ost mos!uitoes would prefer to lay their eggs in

stagnant polluted waters, but edes aegypti would lay its eggs in clear

water in order to avoid other organisms in the body of water that might

prey on the mos!uito or the eggs. 4nstead of laying its egg in closely5

bundled clusters, it lays its eggs in separately and in di8erent

locations.

Kappaphycus alvarezii

Kappaphycus alvarezii is a species of red algae seaweed that is

important for many commercial products because of the cell wall

polysaccharide and the carrageenan extracted from it. The

carrageenan of the red seaweed could be used products such as

chocolate, frozen desserts, cheese, pharmaceutical products etc. The

species of Kappaphycus are the largest among the red algae and has a

very fast growth rate that could increase its biomass twice in 1ust as

less as 9fteen days. Kappaphycus alvarezii is native here in the

Philippines and is largely cultivated in seaweed farms. The seaweed is

used in many commercial products and as it is processed in factories, it

results in waste products that is 1ust thrown away.



i$)

ttractant

4n order to understand how mos!uito attractants work, it must

be 9rst understood on how mos!uitoes behave, how they bite and

what compounds they are attracted to. 2os!uitoes use complex set of

cues in order to detect humans. These are short5range, mid5range and

long5range. The main diet of most mos!uitoes are usually fruit and

nectar, but females in most species of mos!uitoes feed on the blood of

mammals in order for the eggs to mature and be nourished.

2os!uitoes usually rest in discreet areas or underside of foliage. "light

is activated when a mos!uito receives a cue from a host. common

example is carbon dioxide, which hosts usually release. human

breath consists of -& carbon dioxide and humans could breathe up to

)(%ml of carbon dioxide per minute. *arbon dioxide could be a mid5

range or a long5range cue. s soon as the mos!uito detected the cue,

it slowly :ies upwind and heads towards host which serves as the

source of carbon dioxide. *ommon household mos!uito attractants

could emit (%ml to -(%ml of carbon dioxide per minute. The fouler

the attractant, the greater chance it could attract more mos!uitoes.

"ouler attractants usually mean more carbon dioxide to be released.

Related Studies

(ecau!e $* the pr$gre!!ivel+ increa!ing p$pulati$n $* m$!8uit$e! here in

the -hilippine!5 the Department $* Science an% Techn$l$g+ ha! ma%e !everal

e**ective m$!8uit$ attractant!. ;ne $* the!e attractant! i! the ;vicical&Larvical

M$!8uit$ Trap. A h$le !et $* thi! m$!8uit$ trap c$n!i!t! $* a piece $* pl+$$%



i$

!tic) !imilar t$ that $* a $$%en ice cream !tic)5 A blac) cup $r a blac) c$ntainer

an% *$ur pac)! $* pellet!. The blac) c$l$r $* the c$ntainer c$ul% attract !$me

!pecie! $* %i!ea!e&carr+ing m$!8uit$e! !uch a! the %engue viru!. The ;L !$luti$n

c$ul% al!$ attract %i!ea!e&carr+ing m$!8uit$e! etc.

There have al!$ been !everal !tu%ie! ab$ut %i**erent plant !pecie! an% their

e**ect! t$ m$!8uit$e!5 !uch a! the !tu%+ $* Geral%ine Marc$! an% Deni!e -ac$l

hich !tate! the larvici%al e**ect $* Lantana camara lea* e4tract $n m$!8uit$. #t i!

!tate% in the %ata anal+!i! that there i! a !igni*icant %i**erence am$ng the e4tract

that i! *$rmulate% an% percentage $* m$rtalit+ $n m$!8uit$. The re!earcher! $*

thi! !tu%+ have c$nclu%e% that Lantana camara e4tract c$ul% be u!e% a! a larvici%e

*$r m$!8uit$e!.

There ha! al!$ been an$ther !tu%+ regar%ing the pr$pertie! $* zadirachta

indica . ;uss as a mos!uito repellant. The neem leaaf has always been

used as a treatment for malaria through oral use. The researchers of

this study have concluded that the neem extract has no side e8ects on

the skin of pigs. The researchers of this study have also concluded that

the e8ectiveness of the extract decreases as time passes.

There have also been many studies about decaying leaves as

an attractant to mos!uitoes and this is also considered as a common

mos!uito attractant. The fallen leaves are exposed in water and are

left there for several days in order for bacteria that produce carbon



i$-

dioxide which is a natural attractant to mos!uitoes. The bacteria is also

favorable to the mos!uitoes because it serves as food for the larvae.

There are also studies regarding the di8erent compounds that

the mammals release. <xamples of these compounds are lactic acid,

sweat and carbon dioxide. These serves an cues to mos!uitoes which

helps them 9nd mammals



i$(

!#A$T%R &&&

R%S%AR!# -%T#,./

Thi! chapter $utline! the pr$ce%ure! an% e4perimental %e!ign u!e% in the

!tu%+ t$ %etermine the !igni*icant relati$n!hip beteen the am$unt! $* /e%

Seaee% e4tract K Kappaphycus alvarezii an% the number $* egg! t$ be lai% $** b+

?ell$ 6ever m$!8uit$ K Aedes aegypti.

-aterials

piece! $* large micr$avable c$ntainer!

piece! $* *ilter paper cut int$ !trip! '2 4 cm

1 mL @D 6ertilizer

2L $* :il)in! %i!tille% ater

Research -ethod used

Thi! !tu%+ u!e% the 8ualitative an% 8uantitative meth$%! $* re!earch. The

8ualitative meth$% inclu%e! the %e!cripti$n $* the ph+!ical an% chemical

pr$pertie! $* re% !eaee% e4tract be*$re the e4periment. Thi! !tu%+ empha!ize!

the imp$rtance $* the ph+!ical pr$pertie! $* an attractant *$r m$!8uit$!.

uantitative meth$% *$cu!e% $n the %iluti$n $* re% !eaee% e4tract in ater5



i$/

am$unt $* ater an% re% !eaee% e4tract in a c$ntainer5 number $* replicate! *$r

each treatment an% the number $* egg! that are $b!erve% $n the *ilter paper.

$rocedures *sed

The !tu%+ inv$lve! the e4tracti$n $* re% !eaee% e4tract *r$m the re%

!eaee%5 %iluti$n $* the e4tract5 preparati$n $* the attractant an% the anal+!i! $*

the e4perimentati$n.

01 $rocessing of Kappaphycus alvarezii %xtract

The @. Alvarezii e4tract u!e% in the !tu%+ ere $btaine% *r$m the

-r$vince $* Dava$. The e4tract a! purcha!e% *r$m a pr$*e!!$r in a

Hniver!it+ in Dava$. The pr$*e!!$r u!e% the e4tract a! a *ertilizer *$r her

re!earch. The e4tract a! e4tracte% manuall+. The @. Alvarezii a! place%

$n a net an% there a! a c$ntainer bel$ the net. Thi! !et up a! place%

$ut!i%e t$ be e4p$!e% un%er the !un. The !eaee% a! e4p$!e% un%er the

!un *$r three %a+! *$r it t$ %r+. The %ripping! ere c$llecte% b+ the

c$ntainer un%er the net. A*ter three %a+!5 the %ripping! ere gathere% an%

a! treate% ith %i**erent chemical!. #t a! te!te% in a lab$rat$r+ *$r

chemical anal+!i!.

21 ilution of the Red Seaweed %xtract

Acc$r%ing *r$m the revie $* relate% literature5 m$!8uit$! ten% t$ la+

$** $n tran!parent !$luti$n! li)e !tagnant ater!. The ph+!ical pr$pertie! $*

the e4tract a! c$n!i%ere% in the !tu%+. The e4tract ha! a tran!lucent *eature. #t



i$'

a! %ilute% in ater t$ be an e**ective attractant. The c$ncentrati$n a! in the

rati$ $* 1 ml $* e4tract in 2000 ml $r 2 liter! $* %i!tille% ater.

31 $reparation of the %xperiment

Nine !terilize% c$ntainer! ere u!e% in the !tu%+. 6$r each c$ntainer

ha! $ne *ilter paper mea!uring '2 4 cm. The am$unt $* var+ing !$luti$n!

t$ be place% in!i%e the c$ntainer i! 00 ml. The !tu%+ u!e% three !et up!

hich there are $ne c$ntr$lle% an% t$ e4perimental gr$up. Each treatment

ha! three replicate!.

41 $reparation of the Set up

There are %i**erent c$ncentrati$n *$r each !et up. The *ir!t !et up a!

100 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n. The !ec$n% !et up a! %ilute% !eaee%

e4tract !$luti$n an% 2 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n. The thir% !et up a! 0

%ilute% !eaee% e4tract !$luti$n an% 0 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n. Each !et

up ha! three replicate!. The e4perimentati$n a! c$n%ucte% *$r !i4 %a+!

un%er r$$m temperature an% a! place% in!i%e a r$$m .The number $* egg!

pre!ent $n the *ilter paper a! rec$r%e% $n the ,r% an% 'th %a+ $* the

e4perimentati$n. The rec$r%e% %ata ill be u!e% in the !tu%+ t$ %etermine

the e**ectivene!! $* the attractant.

51 isposal of Solution



i$

A*ter the !i4th %a+ $* $b!ervati$n an% e4perimentati$n5 the *ilter

paper! ith m$!8uit$ egg! ere c$llecte%. The c$llecte% *ilter paper! ere

%rie% $**. An alc$h$l !$luti$n a! place% $n the attractant !$luti$n t$ )ill the

m$!8uit$e! in larva !tage be*$re it turn! int$ a%ult. The re!earcher! ill get

the mean $* the number $* egg! *$r each !$luti$n $n the , r% an% 'th %a+. H!ing

thi! *$rmula"

:here" mean

*4 am$unt $* egg! *$r each replicate in the !ame !$luti$n

* the number $* replicate! in a !$luti$n

%xperimental esign

The re% !eaee% e4tract attractant *$r m$!8uit$ e4periment a! c$n%ucte%

u!ing three %i**erent !et up. 1 ml $* the !eaee% e4tract a! a%%e% t$ 2000 ml $*

%i!tille% ater *$r %iluti$n. 6$r repeatabilit+5 each e4perimental !et&up a!

repeate% , time!. Each !et&up c$ntain! a 00 ml !$luti$n. A *ilter paper a! place%

in!i%e each c$ntainer. The three c$n%iti$n! ere 100 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n5

%ilute% e4tract an% 2 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n5 an% 0 %ilute% e4tract an%

0 %i!tille% ater !$luti$n. The e4periment ere $b!erve% *$r !i4 %a+! an% the

rec$r%ing $* the %ata a! $n the thir% an% !i4th %a+ $* the e4periment. 6ilter

paper! ere c$llecte% an% %rie% $**. An alc$h$l !$luti$n a! place% in ever+

attractant !$luti$n *$r pr$per %i!p$!al.



i$0

!#A$T%R &6

&S!*SS&' 7 R%S*,TS

&ntroduction

The purp$!e $* thi! !tu%+ i! t$ %etermine the *ea!ibilit+ $* @appaph+cu!

alvarezii e4tract a! an attractant *$r Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e!. The re!ult!

regar%ing the number $* egg! pre!ent in the !ample! ill be %i!cu!!e%. The

%ata c$llecte% a! ell a! the average $* each !ample an% the !igni*icant

%i**erence are pre!ent in thi! chapter.

The %ata ha! been c$llecte% b+ c$unting the egg! that ere vi!ible in the

*ilter paper. Ae%e! aeg+pti m$!8uit$e! c$ul% be %i!tingui!he% becau!e the

egg! are blac) hen the+ are attache% t$ the *ilter paper. The e4tract i! in a

li8ui% !tate an% i! %ar) br$n in c$l$r. The e4tract ha! been %ilute% !ince the

tran!parenc+ i! $ne $* the re8uirement! $* being an attractant. The

mea!urement *$r each !ample i! 00 ml. There ha! been three !etup! that ere

replicate% thrice. The !$luti$n u!e% ha! been %ilute% an% ha! a rati$ $* 1 mL

$* e4tractJ 2L $* =2;. The !$luti$n ha! been %ilute% !ince the ph+!ical

appearance $* the ater a! c$n!i%ere%.



i)%

Table 1a. Number $* egg! $* lai% b+ %engue m$!8uit$5 Aedes aegypti in

!eaee% e4tract! an% ater at , %a+! a*ter trapping.

TreatmentJAttracta

nt

/ E - L # C A T # ; N Mean

# ## ###

Seaee% E4tract O

0

,3 , 1 ,3.' a

Seaee% E4tract &

2 20 1 20.,, b

C$ntr$l K:ater 0 10 , .,, c

ANAL?S#S ;6 >A/#ANCE KC$mpletel+ /an%$mize% De!ign

S$urce $*

>ariati$n

Degree!

$*

6ree%$m

SS MS 6&

C$mpute

%

6&Tabular

1

Treatment 2 10.3 33. ,'.,PP .1 10.,

Err$r ' 1'.0

0

2.,

,

T$tal 3 11'.3



i)$

C$mputati$n ba!e% $n tran!*$rme% value!5

PP & highl+ !igni*icant %i**erence

Table 1b. Number $* egg! $* lai% b+ %engue m$!8uit$5 Aedes aegypti in !eaee%

e4tract! an% ater at ' %a+! a*ter trapping.

TreatmentJAttracta

nt

/ E - L # C A T # ; N Mean

# ## ###

Seaee% E4tract O

0

.'

Seaee% E4tract &

30 ' 1 .'

C$ntr$l K:ater 0 20 ,1.,,

ANAL?S#S ;6 >A/#ANCE KC$mpletel+ /an%$mize% De!ign

S$urce $*

>ariati$n

Degree!

$*

6ree%$m

SS MS 6&

C$mpute%

6&Tabular

1

Treatment 2 '.22 2,3.11 0.2 n! .1 10.,

Err$r ' ,'.00 322.'

T$tal 3 12.22

C> K C$mputati$n ba!e% $n tran!*$rme% value!5

n! O N$t !igni*icant

Table 1a.

Signi*icantl+ highe!t number $* egg! ere lai% b+ a%ult %engue m$!8uit$

in 0 !eaee% e4tract hich c$n!titute ab$ut '1.0' K,3.' J ',.,, 4 100 $*

the t$tal number $* egg! lai% at , %a+! a*ter trapping KTable 1a. Thi! a!

*$ll$e% b+ !eaee% e4tract here ab$ut ,2.10 K20.,, J ',.,, 4 100 $*



i))

the egg! ere lai%. Thi! in%icate! that it i! better t$ u!e 0 !eaee% e4tract !ince

a!i%e *r$m being m$re ec$n$mical5 !igni*icantl+ higher number $* egg! ere lai%

b+ the %engue a%ult m$!8uit$. #n c$ntra!t5 $nl+ ab$ut '.3 K.,, egg! $* the

egg! ere lai% in ater al$ne. Thi! !ugge!t! that in the pre!ence $* $vip$!iti$n

attractant5 the %engue m$!8uit$ a%ult! ill la+ ma7$rit+ $* their egg! in ater ith

!eaee% e4tract a! attractant.

Table 1b.

At ' %a+! a*ter trapping5 !igni*icantl+ the !ame number $* egg! ere lai%

in the %i**erent c$ncentrati$n! $* !eaee% e4tract! an% ater al$ne K,'.'1 $*

egg! ere lai% in 0 Seaee% e4tract5 ,3.2' egg! in e4tract an% 2.1,

in ater al$ne hich mean! that the three treatment! ere e8uall+ attractive t$

the a%ult %engue m$!8uit$. =$ever5 the re!ult! *$r ater *$r the %i**erent

replicati$n! i! 8uite inc$n!i!tent herein in /eplicati$n #5 n$ egg! ere lai%

hile in /eplicati$n ###5 egg! ere c$unte%. Since the c$ntainer! are place%

ver+ cl$!e am$ng each $ther5 there i! %iluti$n $* $%$r hence the a%ult m$!8uit$

c$ul% n$t %elineate hich c$ntainer! ha% the attractant. #n $r%er t$ reme%+ thi!

pr$blem5 there i! a nee% t$ place the c$ntainer! at lea!t 1 meter apart an% the

number $* replicati$n! c$ul% be increa!e% t$ a! man+ a! 10.

Thi! e4periment !h$ul% have been c$n%ucte% in c$mbinati$n ith the

relea!e $* ater bug K Diplonychus rusticus5 a v$raci$u! *ee%er $* m$!8uit$

riggler!. =$ever5 %ue t$ time c$n!traint5 thi! a! n$t un%erta)en. /e!ult! $*

the e4periment in%icate that in!tea% $* u!ing plant! t$ )ill the %engue m$!8uit$5 it



i)

i! p$!!ible t$ attract them an% relea!e pre%at$r li)e ater bug hich c$ul%

c$n!ume alm$!t all riggler! pre!ent in the c$ntainer. The techni8ue $* attracting

%engue m$!8uit$ a%ult! t$ la+ ma7$rit+ $* her egg! in the $vip$!iti$n attractant

an% !ub!e8uent relea!e $* ater bug c$ul% be a n$vel appr$ach in !igni*icantl+

re%ucing the p$pulati$n $* %engue m$!8uit$ !ince it i! envir$nment *rien%l+ an%

!a*e t$ human!.

!hapter 6



i)-

S*--AR/8 !'!,*S&'8 A' R%!--%'AT&'

Thi! chapter !tate! the !ummar+ pr$ce%ure5 the c$nclu!i$n an% the

rec$mmen%ati$n. The !ummar+ pr$ce%ure i! a !h$rt %e!cripti$n $* the

meth$%$l$g+ $* the re!earch !tu%+. The c$nclu!i$n i! the an!er t$ the 8ue!ti$n

FC$ul% @. alvarezii e4tract be u!e% a! an attractant t$ A. aeg+pti m$!8uit$ an%

F:hat !$luti$n i! m$!t e**ective in attracting A. ae+pti m$!8uit$. The

rec$mmen%ati$n !tate! the !ugge!ti$n! $* the re!earcher! $n the c$ntinuati$n an%

the *urther u!e $* the !tu%+. #t al!$ !tate! $ther p$!!ible u!e! $* the @. alvarezii

e4tract.

Summary $rocedure

6ir!t $**5 the re!earcher! $ul% c$llect the !eaee%5 %r+ it5 an% c$llect it!

%ripping!. Then5 chemical c$mp$un%! $ul% be a%%e% t$ the %ripping! t$ ma)e

the *ull chemical c$mp$!iti$n $* the e4tract. The re!earcher! $ul% %ilute the

e4tract in %i!tille% ater ith the mea!urement $* 1ml $* !eaee% e4tract t$ 2

liter! $* %i!tille% ater. The re!earcher! $ul% ma)e , !etup! each having ,

replicate!. 6ilter paper $ul% be !u!pen%e% in the c$ntainer!. Setup A c$ntain!

100 %i!tille% ater5 Setup ( c$ntain! !$luti$n an% Setup C c$ntain! 0

!$luti$n. The!e Setup! $ul% be place% in a !imilar area. The number $* m$!8uit$

egg! $ul% be rec$r%e% at the thir% an% !i4th %a+ $* the e4perimentati$n. A*ter

the !i4th %a+5 the m$!8uit$ egg! $n the *ilter paper $ul% be pre!erve% an% the

larvae $ul% be )ille% b+ the u!e $* 0 eth+l alc$h$l.



i)(

!onclusions

The re!earcher! have c$nclu%e% that @appaph+cu! alvarezii e4tract i! an

e**ective m$!8uit$ attractant %ue t$ the re!ult!. The re!ult! !h$ that the !eaee%

e4tract !$luti$n c$ntain! m$re egg! in the thir% an% !i4th %a+ $* the

e4perimentati$n c$mpare% t$ that $* the 100 %i!tille% ater.

The re!earcher! have al!$ c$nclu%e% that !$luti$n $* @. alvarezii

e4tract i! the m$!t e**ective !$luti$n that i! able t$ attract A. aeg+pti m$!8uit$

ba!e% $n the c$mpute% mean a! $* the !i4th %a+.

#t i! c$nclu%e% b+ the re!earcher! that the number $* egg! a! $* thir% %a+

ha! a !igni*icant value $* the number $* egg! becau!e the number $* egg! in each

replicate in a !etup i! *ar *r$m the $ther replicate! $* %i**erent !etup!. The number

$* egg! a! $* the !i4th %a+ ha! an in!igni*icant value becau!e the number $* egg!

in each replicate in a !etup i! n$t *ar *r$m the $ther replicate! $* %i**erent !etup!.

The re!earcher! have c$nclu%e% that the %i**erent !cent $* each e4tract are mi4e%

up becau!e each !etup %i% n$t have appr$priate %i!tant *r$m the $ther !etup!5

re!ulting t$ the in!igni*icant value a! $* the !i4th %a+.

Recommendation



i)/

The re!earcher! rec$mmen%ati$n! *$r the c$ntinuati$n an% the *urther u!e $* thi!

!tu%+ are"

• The u!e $* ater bug! $r $ther pre%a$r! that c$ul% )ill the Ae%e! aeg+pti

in the c$ntr$lle% c$ntainer a! l$ng a! it %$e! n$t emerge t$ the a%ult !tage.

• The u!e $* chemical! that c$ul% )ill the Ae%e! aeg+pti in the c$ntr$lle%

c$ntainer a! l$ng a! it %$e! n$t emerge t$ the a%ult !tage.

• The *urther !tu%+ an% !peci*icati$n $* the c$mp$un%! $r element! ithin

the e4tract that attract! a%ult Ae%e! aeg+pti.

• The *urther !tu%+ $* the behavi$r $* Ae%e! aeg+pti ithin the c$ntr$lle%

c$ntainer.• ;ther c$mp$un%! that might be a%%e% t$ the e4tract that c$ul% attract

m$re m$!8uit$e!.

The re!earcher! al!$ rec$mmen% $ther p$!!ible u!e! $* the @appaph+cu! alvarezii

e4tract"

• The u!e $* @. alvarezii e4tract a! an attractant t$ $ther !pecie! $*

m$!8uit$.

• The u!e $* @. alvarezii e4tract a! a gr$th enhancer.

• The u!e $* @. alvarezii e4tract a! a pe!tici%e.

• The u!e $* @. alvarezii e4tract a! a me%ium *$r bacterial gr$th.

Ta)e n$te $* the *$ll$ing"

• #* ever the e4periment i! t$ be re&c$n%ucte%5 there mu!t be a %i!tance $*

$ne meter *$r each !etup. Thi! i! %$ne in $r%er t$ av$i% the mi4ing $* the

!cent $* the !$luti$n!5 hich c$ul% a**ect the !elective $vi&p$!iti$n $* the

A. aeg+pti m$!8uit$.



i)'

"iliography

<$hn!$n5 <. K13. Biology Visualizing Life. 6l$ri%a" =$lt5 /inehart5 an% :in!t$n

@lemm5 (.5 /ee%5 A.5 -$ttenger5 6.5 -$rter5 C. Q Speitel5 T. K1. The Living

Ocean: Biology and Technology of the Marine Environent .

=$n$lulu5 =aaii" Hniver!it+ $* =aaii



i)

LRning5 @.5 ?ari!h5 C.5 @ir)man5 =. K10. !ea"eeds: Their Environent#

Biogeography# and Ecophysiology$ %e" &or' : (iley

Chri!t$pher!5 /. K1'0. Aedes Aegypti: the &ello" )ever Mos*uito: +ts life

history# ,ionoics# and structure$. Cambri%ge Hniver!it+ -re!!5

Ne ?$r)5

9eliography:

http"JJen.i)ipe%ia.$rgJi)iJAe%e!aeg+pti

http"JJ.%engueviru!net.c$mJli*e&c+cle&$*&ae%e!&aeg+pti.html

http"JJen.i)ipe%ia.$rgJi)iJ@appaph+cu!alvarezii

http"JJ.be+$n%pe!tici%e!.$rgJm$!8uit$J%$cument!Jm$!8trap!.-D6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti

http://www.denguevirusnet.com/life-cycle-of-aedes-aegypti.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappaphycus_alvarezii

http://www.beyondpesticides.org/mosquito/documents/mosq_traps.PDF

http://www.denguevirusnet.com/life-cycle-of-aedes-aegypti.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappaphycus_alvarezii

http://www.beyondpesticides.org/mosquito/documents/mosq_traps.PDF

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti



i)0

http"JJm%a.mar+lan%.g$vJplant!&pe!t!J-age!Jm$!8uit$e!h$!tattractant!.a!p4

http"JJ.micr$!c$p+u).$rg.u)JmagJart3Jae%r$l.html

http"JJ.%engue.g$v.!gJ!ub7ect.a!pi%12

http"JJ.c%c.g$vJ%engueJre!$urce!J,07an2012Jaeg+pti*act!heet.p%*

http"JJ.micr$!c$p+u).$rg.u)JmagJin%e4mag.html

http"JJ.ec%c.eur$pa.euJenJhealtht$pic!Jvect$r!Jm$!8uit$e!J-age!Jae%e!&

aeg+pti.a!p4

http"JJme%ent.u!+%.e%u.auJph$t$!Jae%e!20aeg+pti.htm

http!"JJ.g$$gle.c$m.phJebhp!$urcei%chr$me&

in!tantQi$n1Qe!pv2QieHT638ae%e!20aeg+pti20male20appearance

Ac+nowledgement

;ur re!earch t$pic c$ul% n$t be p$!!ible ith$ut the help an% !upp$rt

$* $ur bel$ve% auth$rit+ *igure! $* $ur !ch$$l5 univer!itie!5 g$vernment agencie!

http://mda.maryland.gov/plants-pests/Pages/mosquitoes_host_attractants.aspx

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/aedrol.html

http://www.dengue.gov.sg/subject.asp?id=12

http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/aedrol.html

http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx


http://medent.usyd.edu.au/photos/aedes%20aegypti.htm

http://mda.maryland.gov/plants-pests/Pages/mosquitoes_host_attractants.aspx

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/aedrol.html

http://www.dengue.gov.sg/subject.asp?id=12

http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30jan2012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/aedrol.html



http://medent.usyd.edu.au/photos/aedes%20aegypti.htm



i%

an% $ther pe$ple h$ care% en$ugh t$ help u!. The re!earcher! $ul% li)e t$

ac)n$le%ge the *$ll$ing pe$ple an% auth$rit+ *igure! ith utm$!t gratitu%e"

;ur re!earch a%vi!er5

Mr!. D$nabel G. Simp$ri$!5 h$ !upp$rte% an% helpe% u! thr$ugh$ut $ur

re!earch pr$7ect9 !he ala+! came ith u! hen e have t$ g$ t$ %i**erent

univer!itie! an% g$vernment agencie! t$ c$n%uct $ur pr$7ect. She al!$ helpe% u!

in c$ming up ith the i%ea! *$r $ur pr$7ect.

;ur bel$ve% !ch$$l principal5

Sir <a+ Mathia! A. Arellan$5 *$r !upp$rting an% all$ing u! t$ g$ t$

%i**erent g$vernment agencie! an% univer!itie!.

;ur !cience c$$r%inat$r5

M!. Ma. Allen (. Secretari$5 *$r !upp$rting u! an% giving u! permi!!i$n

t$ g$ t$ %i**erent g$vernment agencie! an% univer!itie!.

(i$l$gi!t in (ureau $* 6i!herie! an% A8uatic /e!$urce!5

M!. Dai!+ 6. La%ra5 *$r greatl+ helping u! b+ c$n!ulting an% !ugge!ting

that e c$ul% u!e !eaee% e4tract *$r $ur re!earch pr$7ect.

A pr$*e!!$r *r$m a univer!it+ in Dava$5

M!. Graciella A. Caballer$5 *$r the @. alvarezii e4tract that !he $**ere% t$

u! an% *$r the !ugge!ti$n an% c$n!ultanc+ $* i%ea!.

Dean $* the Hniver!it+ $* the -hilippine!5 L$! (aI$!5

Sir D$ming$ E. Angele!5 *$r giving u! permi!!i$n *$r c$n!ultanc+ an%

!ugge!ting u! pe$ple t$ h$m e c$ul% c$n!ult.



i$

/e!earch pr$*e!!$r an% Deput+ Direct$r $* the Hniver!it+ $* the -hilippine!5 L$!

(aI$!5

Sir -i$ A. <avier5 *$r !ugge!ting u! the i%ea $* @. alvarezii e4tract a! an

attractant t$ A. aeg+pti an% *$r helping u! in $ur re!earch paper. =e i! $ne $* the

m$!t imp$rtant pe$ple h$ helpe% u! becau!e he came up ith the main i%ea $*

$ur re!earch.

;ur cla!! a%vi!er an% a re!earch teacher5

Sir Ale4an%er A. >ivar5 *$r the !upp$rt that he ha! given t$ u! an% *$r

the help in ma)ing letter! *$r g$vernment agencie! an% univer!itie!.

T$ all $* $ur !ub7ect teacher!5 *$r un%er!tan%ing $ur har% $r) an%

e4cu!ing u! *r$m hi!Jher cla!! henever e are $ut $* the !ch$$l *$r $ur re!earch

pr$7ect.

T$ all $* $ur cla!!mate! an% *rien%! h$ !upp$rte% an% enc$urage%

u! in $ur re!earch pr$7ect

T$ $ur parent! an% relative! *$r un%er!tan%ing $ur har% $r) an% *$r

!upp$rting u! thr$ugh$ut $ur re!earch pr$7ect. The+ ere ala+! there hen e

nee%e% help5 gui%ance an% c$m*$rt. The+ al!$ helpe% u! *inanciall+ in $ur pr$7ect

an% gave u! permi!!i$n t$ g$ t$ %i**erent univer!itie! an% g$vernment agencie!.

An% la!t but n$t lea!t5 t$ $ur %ear an% l$ving G$% the *ather becau!e

all $* thi! $ul% n$t be p$!!ible ith$ut =i! help. =e gui%e% u! thr$ugh all $* $ur

trip! an% gave u! )n$le%ge an% i!%$m !$ e c$ul% c$n%uct $ur pr$7ect ell.



i)

Appendices

Appendix A

Table a1" The ra %ata

SA-$,%S A/ 3 A/ ;



i

A0 (0<<= #2<) < <

A2 (0<<= #2<) 0< 2<

A3 (0<<= #2<) 3 >4

"0 (>5= S,*T&') 2> ?<

"2 (>5= S,*T&') 2< 4;

"3 (>5= S,*T&') 04 0>

!0 (5<= S,*T&') 3? 44

!2 (5<= S,*T&') 3> 44

!3 (5<= S,*T&') 40 4@

Appendix "



i-

C$n!ultanc+ $* the re!earch pr$7ect.

Appendix !



i(

Lab$rat$r+ in Hniver!it+ $* the -hilippine!5 L$! (aI$! here the+ bree% larvae

Ae%e! aeg+pti an% aterbug! *$r re!earch purp$!e!.

Appendix

The material! nee%e% *$r the e4perimentati$n.



i/

Appendix %

The %iluti$n $* @. alvarezii e4tract in %i!tille% ater



i'

Appendix 7

The pr$ce!! $* ma)ing the !$luti$n! an% preparati$n $* the !etup!



i

Appendix .

The !etup!



i0

Appendix #



The Ae%e! aeg+pti egg! c$llecte% $n the *ilter paper! a! $* %a+ !i

Kappaphycus alvarezii extract as an attractant to Aedes aegypti

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