Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global...

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Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik Ämnesansvariga: Pär Olsson ([email protected] ) Fysikinstitutionen AlbaNova (C3:3004) 0737-650538 Jack Lidmar ([email protected] ) Fysikinstitutionen AlbaNova (A4:1081) 0737-652021

Transcript of Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global...

Page 1: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020

Fysik

Ämnesansvariga:

Pär Olsson ([email protected])FysikinstitutionenAlbaNova (C3:3004)0737-650538

Jack Lidmar ([email protected])FysikinstitutionenAlbaNova (A4:1081)0737-652021

Page 2: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Projektlista• A1) Exploring absorption in the host galaxies of

Gamma-Ray Bursts• A2) Oupptäckta astronomiska objekt i

röntgenkataloger• A3) Kosmiska neutriner• A4) Background radiation shielding for a

stratospheric balloon telescope• A5) En högupplöst bild av ett svart hål

• N1) Zeeman effect simulator• N2) Monte Carlo-simulering av stråldos• N3) Fission matrix based Monte Carlo

simulations of nuclear reactors• N4) Antimateria som materialprob• N5) Coupling of Nuclear Power Generation with

Greenhouse Gas Capture Technology• N6) Development and experimental

demonstration of the Greenhouse Gas Capture technology

• N7) Synthesis of UN-AlN composites for accident-tolerant nuclear fuel

• H1) Tetrakvarkar• H2) PT-symmetri för neutrinofysik• H3) Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-effekten• H4) Neutrinooscillationer vid ESSnuSB-

experimentet• H5) Styrning av kretskort till uppgraderingen av

ATLAS-detektorn

• S1) Cirkadisk rytm• S2) Protein folding• S3) Diffusion limited aggregation • S4) Heat transport in inhomogenous harmonic

chains• S5) Solid-liquid critical point• S6) Optimering av NP-kompletta problem

• Q1) Topological quantum matter• Q2) Kvantsimuleringar

• M1) Ny metod för att registrera molekylära bilder för att snabbare ta fram mediciner för psykiatriska sjukdomar

• Ytterligare projekt kan tillkomma!

Page 3: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

A1 Exploring absorption in the host galaxies of Gamma-Ray Bursts Supervisors: Josefin Larsson ([email protected]) & Vlasta Valan

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are among the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. They are currently receiving a lot of attention due to their connection with gravitational waves and the beginning of multi-messenger astronomy. In order to understand the emission from GRBs we fit models to observed data. One of the key parameters of the models is the amount of absorption by interviewing matter in the host galaxies. In this work you will analyse X-ray observations from the Swift satellite to check whether this absorption evolves with time. This may occur if the GRBs manage to ionise their surroundings. You will use astronomical spectral analysis software and apply statistical methods to assess the results.

Literature:Pawan,K. and Zhang,B. The physics of gamma-ray bursts and relativistic jets, Phys Reports, V561 (2015) arXiv:1410.0679

Starling, R. et al X-ray absorption evolution in Gamma-Ray Bursts: intergalactic medium or evolutionary signature of their host galaxies, MNRAS, V431 (2013) arXiv:1303.0844

Page 4: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

A2 Oupptäckta astronomiska objekt i röntgenkataloger

Handledare: Dennis Alp ([email protected])

Röntgenastronomi lämpar sig för att studera många av de mest extrema fenomen i universum; till exempel svarta hål, neutronstjärnor, och supernovor. Röntgenobservationer fokuserar ofta på ett givet objekt men fångar ofta ett tiotal andra källor inom samma synfält. Majoriteten av dessa objekt studeras aldrig i detalj och nu finns observationer av tusentals objekt som inte har analyserats. I det här projektet kommer speciellt intressanta sådana objekt att identifieras och sedan studeras i mer detalj. I praktiken kommer projektet innebära enklare programmering (antagligen Pythonskripts) och potentiellt relativt stora datamängder.

Page 5: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

A3 Kosmiska neutriner

Handledare: Mattias Blennow ([email protected])

Neutrinoexperimentet IceCube vid sydpolen gjorde nyligen de första mätningarna av högenergetiska kosmiska neutriner. Ursprunget för dessa, liksom deras sammansättning i termer av olika neutrinosmaker är fortafande okänt. Studera den existerande litteraturen och utför beräkningar av smaksammansättningen för olika antaganden om neutrinokällan.

Referenser:IceCube collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett. 113 (2014) 101101O. Mena, S. Pa

Page 6: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

A4 Background radiation shielding for a stratospheric balloon telescope

Supervisor: Mózsi Kiss ([email protected])

Stratospheric balloons can be used to carry scientific payloads up to altitudes of ~40 km, from where it is possible to observe X-rays and gamma-rays which are otherwise absorbed in the atmosphere. The strong cosmic ray background can pose a challenge to such measurements. This project concerns the testing and optimization of components of an active anticoincidence shield for the balloon-borne hard X-ray telescope "X-Calibur", to be launched in 2021. You will be working with scintillators, photo-multiplier tubes, analog front-end electronics and more, and your work may directly influence the scientific capabilities of the instrument!

Page 7: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

A5 En högupplöst bild av ett svart hål

Handledare: Mats Danielsson ([email protected])

Nyligen har första bilden på ett svart hål presenterats i mikrovågsområdet från Event Horizon teleskopet. Vi vill utreda gränserna för en högupplöst bild i röntgenområdet om man använder ett nytt sätt att fokusera röntgenstrålar som presenterades av vår forskargrupp tidigare i år. Du kommer att använda datormodeller för så kallad ray-tracing för att pröva olika koncept. Målet är att förstå de teoretiska och praktiska gränserna för ett framtida satellitbaserat röntgenteleskop.

Referens: “A stacked prism lens concept for next generation hard X-ray telescopes”, Wujun Mi, Peter Nillius, Mark Pearce and Mats Danielsson, Nature Astronomy volume 3, pages 867–872 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0795-y

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N1 Zeeman effect simulator

Supervisor: Chong Qi ([email protected])

The Zeeman effect refers to the splitting of a spectral line (from a Mercury lamp for example) into several lines in the presence of a magnetic field. It is analogous to the Stark effect which involves the splitting of a spectral line in the presence of an electric field. The Zeeman effect has very important applications including magnetic resonance imaging and Mössbauer spectroscopy.Existing Zeeman and Mössbauer setups can be expensive to buy and difficult to operate, which make it prohibitive to demonstrate the effects in class.In this project the students are supposed to develop a code (with Matlab, Python or other programming language) based on the theoretical framework we worked out to simulate the Zeeman-Stark-Mössbauer effect on a large variety of sources including visible sources like Hg, Cd, Na discharge lamps, HeNe laser as well as radioactive gamma ray sources in the presence of weak and strong electromagnetic field. We will apply the code to study the Zeeman effect in the sunspots and estimate the strength of the magnetic field of the sun. We will also study more complex systems including plasmas and materials at high temperatures. We would also like to study the possible Zeeman effect in the presence of strong laser field in relation to the construction of large-scale laser facility ELI in Europe.This is a project that is not only important for research and education but also has eventual business potential.

Page 9: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N2 Monte Carlo-simulering av stråldos

Handledare: Linda Eliasson, Torbjörn Bäck ([email protected])

Joniserande strålning, t.ex. gammastrålning från radioaktiva preparat, eller från bakgrundsstrålningen, kan påverka människokroppen på flera sätt. I många sammanhang så är det av intresse att kunna uppskatta den absorberade dosen, både helkroppsdosen och dosen fördelat över olika organ.I detta projekt så kommer ni att använda Monte Carlo-mjukvara för att simulera och beräkna stråldos. Mjukvaran tar bl.a. hänsyn till den energiberoende spridning av strålningen. Resultaten kommer att jämföras både med enklare modeller för dosuppskattning samt med mätdata.

Page 10: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N3 Fission matrix based Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear reactorsHandledare: Jan Dufek ([email protected])

Simulations of nuclear reactor can be based on deterministic of Monte Carlo methods. Deterministic methods are fast, but codes that use them require to be tailored to a specific reactor design, which makes them impractical for research and development (R&D) of new reactors. Therefore, R&D of new reactors is commonly done with codes based on Monte Carlo methods that are flexible in their application. Monte Carlo codes, however, require a large computing time. New methods are therefore being developed for the acceleration of Monte Carlo codes.

It has been shown recently that Monte Carlo simulations can be accelerated using the application of the so-called fission matrix. The project aims at analysing the fission matrix based Monte Carlo simulations. The benefits of the method will be weighted against the possible drawbacks.

Page 11: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N4 Antimateria som materialprob

Handledare: Pär Olsson ([email protected])

Antimateria, och speciellt positroner, kan användas i en kraftfull karateriseringsteknik för material eftersom annihilationen av ett elektron-positron-par ger upphov till mycket karakteristiska gammastrålar. Genom koincidensmätning och uppfångning av båda gammorna kan man genom mätning av livstiden och rörelsemängdsdistributionen få reda på vad som finns i materialet. Metoden (positron annihilation spectroscopy – PAS) är särskilt känslig för vakanser (tomrum) i materialen. Genom att beräkna förväntade livstider för olika typer av defekter och kluster av defekter och lösningsatomer (eller orenheter) kan man med teorins hjälp starkt förbättra metodens analytiska förmåga.I det här projektet kommer vi simulera positroners livstid i metaller och jämföra med existerande experiment. Teorin vi kommer använda är tvåkomponents täthetsfunktionalteori.

Referens: F Tuomisto and I Makkonen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 (2013) 1583.

Page 12: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N5 Coupling of Nuclear Power Generation with Greenhouse Gas Capture (NGC) Technology

Supervisors: Pavel Kudinov, Dmitry Grishchenko ([email protected]), Henryk Anglart

Humankind has to urgently find solutions to two major and tightly coupled problems: (i) transition to CO2-free energy and (ii) mitigation of climate change. Both problems are targeted in the UN sustainable development goals and must be achieved by 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. All of the scenarios rely on two- to six-fold increase by 2050 in nuclear energy production and require mass deployment of negative emission technologies, i.e. greenhouse gas capture (GGC). Mass deployment of the GGC technology will need a source of a CO2-free electric power and high-temperature heat. Nuclear energy can provide both.

The goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate solutions for the climate control and CO2-free energy production using nuclear power coupled with GGC technology. A set of approaches will be developed and optimized for coupling between a number (1-2) of GGC technologies with a variety of existing and expressly designed nuclear power installations. The project will work on optimization of energy extraction from a NPP thermal cycle and electricity generation to efficiently support coupled GGC facilities. The work will aim to (i) provide a number of scalable solutions for the deployment of the coupled nuclear-GGC technology, and (ii) develop analytical methods to assess NGC efficiency and long term environmental impact.

The project will help to develop expertise in the fields of nuclear engineering and environmental aspects of GGC. The work will be performed in close cooperation with a related project on development of GGC and separation technology.

Page 13: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N6 Development and experimental demonstration of the Greenhouse Gas Capture (GGC) technology

Supervisors: Pavel Kudinov, Dmitry Grishchenko ([email protected]), Pär Olsson

Humankind has to urgently find solutions to two major and tightly coupled problems: (i) transition to CO2-free energy and (ii) mitigation of climate change. Both problems are targeted in the UN sustainable development goals and must be achieved by 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. All of the scenarios rely on two- to six-fold increase by 2050 in nuclear energy production and require mass deployment of negative emission technologies, i.e. greenhouse gas capture (GGC). Mass deployment of the GGC technology will need a source of a CO2-free electric power and high-temperature heat. Nuclear energy can provide both.

The goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate a method for GGC from the atmosphere. In the course of this project the following tasks will be pursued: (i) a number of methods (1-2) for GGC will be proposed and their efficiency will be tested in a laboratory setup; (ii) kinetics will be measured and optimal thermos-physical conditions for GG capture and separation will be identified. A model for estimation of the GGC rate will be proposed based on the literature and validated against experimental data; (iii) technological requirements for deployment of the technology including requirements to the coupled nuclear power / greenhouse gas capture solution will be formulated.

The project will help to develop expertise in the field the physical-chemistry of GGC and nuclear engineering. The work will be performed in close cooperation with a related project on coupling of GGC technology with a nuclear thermal cycle.

Page 14: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

N7 Synthesis of UN-AlN composites for accident-tolerant nuclear fuel

Handledare: Mikael Jolkkonen ([email protected])

While uranium mononitride (UN) would in several respects be a safer and more economical nuclear fuel material than uranium dioxide, its usefulness in present-day power reactors is severely limited due to its oxidation behaviour in hot aqueous environment. Many concepts have been tried to render it more inert to steam and water at such pressures and temperatures as are found in a reactor core. None of these efforts have so far been totally successful.

One possible concept would be to hot-press a mixture of UN2 or U2N3 and aluminium powder, so that the heat melts the aluminium, the pressure forces it in between the uranium nitride grains, and the excess nitrogen from the nitrogen-rich uranium compound combines with the highly reactive liquid aluminium to form a solid coating of aluminium nitride (AlN, melting point ≈2500 °C).

The proposed study would involve preparing different powder compositions of the respective compounds, fuse and react them (under competent supervision) in a so-called spark-plasma sintering machine, and examine the resulting pellets chiefly by SEM/EDS. By systematic variation of materials composition and manufacturing parameters, the student will determine whether the concept is viable, and what combination of parameters gives the most promising product. If time allows, the pellets will then be subjected to steam up to 500 °C and evaluated with regard to corrosion resistance.

Page 15: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

H1 Tetrakvarkar

Handledare: Tommy Ohlsson ([email protected])

Tetrakvarkar är exotiska hadroner sammansatta av fyra kvarkar. Från 2013 och framåt har det rapporterats resultat från flera experiment om existensen av sådana hadroner. Studera modeller för dessa partiklar i den existerande litteraturen och härled relevanta ekvationer. Beräkna numeriskt masspektrum för partiklarna i dessa modeller. Diskutera också dessa modeller i anknytning till standardmodellen för partikelfysik samt till gruppteori.

Referenser:- Y.-R. Liu et al., Pentaquark and tetraquark states, 1903.11976- G. Cowan and T. Gershon, Tetraquarks and pentaquarks,1808.04153- A. Esposito, A. Pilloni, and A.D. Polosa, Multiquark resonances, 1611.07920- LHCb Collaboration, Observation of …, 1606.07895- H.-X. Chen et al., The hidden-charm pentaquark and tetraquark states, 1601.02092- E. Swanson, Viewpoint: New particle hints at four-quark matter, Physics 6, 69 (2013)- BESIII Collaboration, Observation of a charged charmoniumlike structure …, 1303.5949- Belle Collaboration, Study of …, 1304.0121

Page 16: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

H2 PT-symmetri för neutrinofysik

Handledare: Tommy Ohlsson ([email protected])

Studera PT-symmetri för icke-Hermitsk kvantfysik i allmänhet samt enkla motsvarande Hamilton-operatorer. Vidare studera grundläggande modeller för neutrinofysik. Undersök den existerande litteraturen om PT-symmetri inom neutrinofysik och diskutera om utvidgningar kan göras till den existerande litteraturen. Om möjligt utför någon sådan utvidgning.

Referenser:- T. Ohlsson and S. Zhou, Transition probabilities in the two-level system with PT-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, 1906.01567- J. Alexandre, C.M. Bender, and P. Millington, Light neutrino masses from a non-Hermitian Yukawa theory, 1703.05251- T. Ohlsson, Non-Hermitian neutrino oscillations in matter with PT symmetric Hamiltonians, 1509.06452- J. Alexandre, C.M. Bender, and P. Millington, Non-Hermitian extension of gauge theories and implications for neutrino physics, 1509.01203- C.M. Bender, Making sense of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, hep-th/0703096- C.M. Bender, Introduction to PT-symmetric quantum theory, quant-ph/0501052- C.M. Bender and S. Botcher, Real spectra in non-Hermitian Hamiltonians having PT symmetry, physics/9712001

Page 17: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

H3 Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-effekten

Handledare: Tommy Ohlsson ([email protected])

Studera fenomenet neutrinooscillationer i materia. Härled den s.k. MSW-effekten och diskutera i vilka experimentella sammanhang som den är väsentlig. Illustrera med några exempel där den är av avgörande betydelse. Undersök speciellt neutrinooscillationer för solneutriner men även för neutriner som propagerar genom jorden.

Referenser:- M. Blennow and A.Y. Smirnov, Neutrino propagation in matter, 1306.2903- E.K. Akhmedov, R. Johansson, M. Lindner, T. Ohlsson, and T. Schwetz, Series expansions for three-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities in matter, hep-ph/0402175- E.K. Akhmedov, Neutrino physics, hep-ph/0001264- C.W. Kim and A. Pevsner, Neutrinos in physics and astrophysics, Harwood Academics (1993)- C. Giunti and C.W. Kim, Fundamentals of neutrino physics and astrophysics, Oxford (2007).

Page 18: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

H4 Neutrinooscillationer vid ESSnuSB-experimentet

Handledare: Tommy Ohlsson ([email protected])

Studera neutrinooscillationer och härled formler för sådana i fallet med två neutrinosmaker. Diskutera även utvidgningar till tre neutrinosmaker. Undersök också hur materia påverkar neutrinooscillationer. I Lund byggs just nu ESS och undersöks om denna experimentella anläggning kan utökas med ett neutrinoexperiment som kallas ESSnuSB. Beräkna neutrinooscillationer för ESSnuSB-experimentet och undersök speciellt hur materia och den s.k. CP-fasen påverkar dessa neutrinooscillationer.

Referenser:- M. Ghosh and T. Ohlsson, A comparative study between ESSnuSB and T2HK in determining the leptonic CP phase, 1906.05779- ESSnuSB Collaboration, essnusb.eu/DocDB/public/ShowDocument?docid=205- ESSnuSB Collaboration, 1510.00493- ESSnuSB Collaboration, 1309.7022- E.K. Akhmedov, R. Johansson, M. Lindner, T. Ohlsson, and T. Schwetz, Series expansions for three-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities in matter, hep-ph/0402175- E.K. Akhmedov, Neutrino physics, hep-ph/0001264

Page 19: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

H5 Styrning av kretskort till uppgraderingen av ATLAS-detektorn

Handledare: Jonas Strandberg ([email protected])

ATLAS-detektorn vid den stora hadronkollideraren LHC vid CERN kommer att uppgraderas under åren 2024-2026. En ny detektor, kallad High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), kommer då att installeras. Den experimentella partikelfysikgruppen vid KTH utvecklar mjukvara och firmware (inbyggt program) för att behandla data vid extremt höga hastigheter, bland annat med hjälp av ett så kallat FELIX-kort (bilden). Projektet går ut på att medverka vid tester av FELIX-kortet och att hjälpa till att utveckla mjukvara för styrning av kretskortets funktioner.

Referenser: ATLAS-detektorn: http://atlas.cern/discover/detector

Page 20: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S1 Cirkadisk rytm

Handledare: Jack Lidmar ([email protected])

I stort sett alla organismer innehåller någon form av biologisk klocka, och upptäckten av de molekylära mekanismerna som styr denna sk cirkadiska rytm belönades nyligen med Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin (2017). I detta projekt studeras enkla modeller av gennätverk med återkoppling som ger upphov till oscillationer, t ex den sk represselatorn. Formulera och simulera en matematisk modell av detta och undersök egenskaper såsom stabilitet och synkronisering.

Referens: A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators, M.B. Elowitz & S. Leibler, Nature 403, 335-338 (2000).

Page 21: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S2 Proteinveckning på ett gitter

Handledare: Jack Lidmar ([email protected])

Den tredimensionella strukturen hos proteiner bestämmer många av dess egenskaper. Problemet att förstå hur proteinkedjorna veckar sig är ett svårt men viktigt problem i biofysiken. I det hör projektet undersöks förenklade gittermodeller (t ex HP-modellen) för proteinveckning med hjälp av Monte Carlo simuleringar.

Farris, A. C. K., Wüst, T. and Landau, D. P. (2019) ‘Statistical physics meets biochemistry: Wang-Landau sampling of the HP model of protein folding’, American Journal of Physics, 87(4), pp. 310–316. doi: 10.1119/1.5093292.

Kit Fun Lau, and Ken A. Dill, A lattice statistical mechanics model of the conformational and sequence spaces of proteins, Macromolecules, 1989, 22 (10), pp 3986–3997

Page 22: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S3 Diffusion limited aggregation

Handledare: Mats Wallin ([email protected])

Projektet går ut på att sätta sig in i modellen och dess tillämpningar samt att programmera och simulera  DLA och analysera resultaten.

Physics Today 53, 11, 36 (2000); doi: 10.1063/1.1333284 View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1333284

Page 23: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S4 Heat transport in inhomogeneous harmonic chains

Handledare: Edwin Langmann ([email protected])

Heat transport has been successfully described by the diffusion equation since the times of Fourier. It thus is surprising how difficult it has proved to derive diffusion from microscopic laws: This has been an outstanding problem in mathematical physics since a long time, and recently progress in experimental physics have put it to the forefront of current research.

A famous paper by Riedler, Lieb and Lebowitz demonstrates that heat transport in an integrable system can be qualitatively different from heat transport in conventional systems. You will be guided to extend this model to include a certain type of impurities, and to derive diffusion in this model.

References: E. Langmann and P. Moosavi: Diffusive heat waves in random conformal field theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 020201 (2019).

Background reading: D. D. Joseph and L. Preziosi: Heat waves,  Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 41 (1989)Z. Rieder, J. L. Lebowitz, and E. Lieb: Properties of a Harmonic Crystal in a Stationary Nonequilibrium State, J. Math. Phys. 8, 1073 (2004) 

Page 24: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S5 Solid-liquid critical point

Anatoly B. Belonoshko ([email protected])

The existence of the critical point that interrupts liquid-gas coexistence line is well known.It is commonly believed that the transition between liquid and solid can not be intteruptedby critical point.  This opinion is based on the traditional symmetry argument that an isotropic liquid cannot be continuously transformed into a crystal with a discrete rotational and translationalsymmetry. There are, however, arguments1, that there are materials that can udergo sucha transition. They are based on cases where the solid starts behave in certain respects as a liquid.Recently, this similarity was also observed for iron under extreme pressures and temperatures2,3.You will study the available literature on this subject and provide the criteria which a material mustsatisfy to exhibit such a behavior.

References.

1. M. Elenius and M. Dzugutov, Evidence for a liquid-solid critical point in a simple monatomic system. J. Chem. Phys.    131, 104502 (2009).2. A. B. Belonoshko et al. Stabilization of body-centered cubic iron in the Earth Core. Nat. Geosci. 10, 312-316 (2017).3. A. B. Belonoshko et al. Low viscosity of the Earth Inner Core. Nat. Commun. 10, 1-7 (2019).

Page 25: Kandidatexamensarbeten 2020 Fysik · 2030. Four scoping scenarios aiming to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC were summarized by the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

S6 Optimering av NP-kompletta problem genom simulering av dynamiska system

Handledare: Jack Lidmar ([email protected])

Stora ansträngningar görs för närvarande för att utveckla technologier som på ett effektivt kan hitta lösningar till svåra kombinatoriska problem, sk NP-kompletta problem. Bland annat är detta en av drivkrafterna för att utveckla kvantdatorer, och utvecklingen sker mycket snabbt.Dessa problem kan formuleras så att de blir ekvivalenta med att hitta grundtillståndet hos en växelverkande spin-modell.I detta projekt implementeras och undersöks en simuleringsalgoritm som är inspirerad av kvantteknologi, och som går ut på att simulera tidsutvecklingen hos ett komplext dynamiskt system som under rätt förutsättningar i slutändan kommer att hamna grundtillståndet och därmed ge lösningen på problemet.

Referens:Combinatorial optimization by simulating adiabatic bifurcations in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems,Hayato Goto, Kosuke Tatsumura and Alexander R. Dixon,Science Advances 5, eaav2372 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav2372

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Q1 Domain wall states in topological quantum matter

Supervisors: Julia Hannukainen and Jens H Bardarson ([email protected])

In this project we will explore the physics of boundary states in topological insulators. A topologicalinsulator is a material that is insulating in the bulk but has robust metallic surface states. We will explorethe connection of these boundary states to the Berry phase of the bulk fermion states by exploring a twodimensional model of a massive Dirac fermion. First we will see how the Dirac fermion is characterisedby a topological quantum number, which is the so-called Chern number, which is a certain integral of theBerry phase. This Chern number depends only on the sign of the mass of the Dirac fermion. In a systemwhere this mass can vary in space, one can have a domain wall between a region of positive mass andnegative mass. We will study how there are necessarily massless states that appear at this domain wall.

Reference: János K. Asbóth, László Oroszlány, András Pályi, A Short Course on Topological Insulators, https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.02295

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Q2 Simulering av kvantmekaniska system med hjälp av kvantdatorerHandledare: Jack Lidmar ([email protected])

Ett användningsområde för kvantdatorer är att simulera kvantmekaniska modeller.Dessa problem tar ofta mycket lång tid att lösa för klassiska datorer, men med datorer som jobbar enligt kvantmekaniska principer skulle det gå exponentiellt mycket snabbare. Detta föreslogs för manga år sedan av Richard Feynman och med den snabba utveckling som sker på området finns det stora chanser att det kommer att realiaseras inom en snar framtid.I detta projekt studeras kvantalgoritmer för att simulera växelverkande kvantsystem, till exempel spin-kedjor, och implementera modellen i lämpligt programmeringsspråk t ex Q#.

Referenser:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/R. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 21, 467 (1982).I. M. Georgescu, S. Ashhab, and Franco Nori, Quantum simulation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 153 (2014).

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M1 Ny metod för att registrera molekylära bilder för att snabbare ta fram mediciner för psykiatriska sjukdomar

Handledare: Mats Danielsson ([email protected])

Molekylär avbildning i form PET (Positron Emission Tomography) och SPECT (Single Photon Emission Tomography) är idag det kanske viktigaste hjälpmedlet när man tar fram nya mediciner för psykiatriska sjukdomar som till exempel schizofreni. Nuvarande teknik är baserad på att använda kristaller som omvandlar gammastrålarna till en elektrisk signal och är kraftigt begränsade vad gäller upplösning och effektivitet. Vi föreslår att man byter ut dessa emot halvledare där elektronik och sensorer är integrerade i samma chip. Detta kan ge storleksordningar bättre upplösning och även kraftigt förbättrad effektivitet. En utmaning blir krav på snabb analys av data från den nya sensorn. Arbetet går ut på att med hjälp av datorsimuleringar och analytiska metoder optimera olika geometrier och koncept. Dessutom vill vi uppskatta prestanda för ett planerat instrument för avbildning av mänskliga hjärnan.

Referens: “PET and SPECT in psychiatry: the past and the future”, Marco Pagani, Sara Carletto, Luca Ostacoli, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingSeptember 2019, Volume 46, Issue 10, pp 1985–1987