KAMUS KIMIA SPM
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Alkali A compound that ionises in water to produce hydroxide ion, OH-
strong alkaliA compound which ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
weak alkaliA compound which ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
AcidA compound that ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion, H+
strong alkalicompound which ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
weak alkalicompound which ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
pH A scale which measures the degree the concentration of hydrogen ions,H+ , in a solution
monoprotic acid An acid that dissociate in water to form one hydrogen,H+ ion per molecule of acid
diprotic acid An acid that dissociate in water to form two hydrogen ion, H+ per molecule of acid
ConcentrationQuantity (g or mole) of solute in a given volume of solution
neutralisationA reaction in which an H + ions from acid reacts with OH- ions from alkali to produce water
saltA compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4
+
IsotopesAtoms of the same elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
nucleon number Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
proton numberNumber of protons in the nucleus of an atom
valence electronElectron found in the outermost occupied shell of an atom
molar massmass of one mole of substance in grams
molar volumevolume occupied by one mole of any gas,
molecular formulaformula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
empirical formulaformula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
Acid & baseAcid & base
Acid & base
Structure of atom
Structure of atom
Acid & base
analgesicsubstance that relieves pain
antibioticsubstance produced from micro-organism used to kill bacteria
detergentsodium or potassium salt of alkyl sulphonic acid or alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
hard waterwater that contains calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions, Mg2+
preservativesubstance added to food to slow down or prevent the growth of microorganisms
soapsodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acid
anionions with negative charge
cationions with positive charge
electrolysisprocess whereby an electrolyte is broken down into its constituent elements when electricity is passed through
electrolytesubstance in molten state or aqueous solution that is able to conduct electricity
anodeelectrode where oxidation process takes place (electrons are donated)
cathodeelectrode where reduction process takes place (electrons are accepted)
electroplatingprocess whereby a thin layer of metal is deposited on another metal using electricity
voltaic cellcell from 2 different metals immersed in an electrolyte to produce electrical energy.
melting pointtemperature at which a solid changes into liquid
boiling pointtemperature at which a liquid changes into gas
compoundsubstance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together
matteranything that occupies space and has mass
condensationprocess where gas becomes a liquid
diffusionRandom ovement of particles at from a higher concentration area to lower concentration area
evaporationprocess that change liquid to gaseous state below its boiling point
sublimationprocess where gas becomes a solid
Chemical for Consumer
Chemical for Consumer
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry
Matter Matter
alloyA mixture of metals in a fixed composition that improves the properties of a particular metal
composite materialadvanced material that is formed by combining two or more different material
monomersmall molecule or sub-unit of a polymer
polymerlarge molecule that is made up of many small molecules(monomers)
hydrocarboncompound containing only carbon and hydrogen
saturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon molecules that are made entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
structural formulaformula that shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded together and by what types of bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon molecules containing at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
isomersmolecules with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formulae
homologous seriesorganic compounds which have the same chemical properties
combustionreaction Whereby a substance combines with oxygen to form oxides and gives off heat energy
substitution reactionreaction where an atom replaces a hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule
addition reaction A reaction where two reactants combine to form one product
fatesters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
vulcanizationprocess whereby rubber is reacted with sulphur
Chemical in industries
Carbon compounds
Carbon compounds
Carbon compounds
amphotheric oxideAn oxide compound that exhibits both acidic and basic properties.able to react with both acid and alkali to form salt and water
basic oxideoxide of metal that shows basic properties
groupvertical column of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements
periodhorizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements
covalent bondchemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
ionic bondchemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons
activation energyminimum energy that must be achieved by the colliding particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur
catalystsubstance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged at the end of reaction
effective collisioncollision where the total energy of the colliding particles is equal to or greater than the activation energy and in the correct orientation that will result in a reaction
endothermic reactionreaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings
exothermic reactionreaction that gives out heat to the surroundings
heat of combustionheat released when 1 mole of [fuel] is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions
heat of displacementheat released when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal
Heat of neutralisationheat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali
heat of precipitationheat change when 1 mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solutione
Periodic table
Thermochemistry
Rate of reaction
Periodic table
Thermochemistry
oxidant// oxidising agentsubstance that oxidizes other substance while itself undergoes reduction // accepts electron
oxidationchemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, loses hydrogen, loses electrons or undergoes an increase in oxidation number
redox reactionchemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously
Reductant// Reducing agentsubstance that reduces other substance while itself undergoes oxidation // donates electron
reductionchemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, gains hydrogen, gains electrons or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number
rustingredox reaction whereby iron is oxidized to its ions in the presence of oxygen and water
Redox Redox