1. January 2012 KEY ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

2. Access high quality clinical content written by international experts January 2012 volume 9 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews January 2012 volume 8 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews ROBOTIC UROLOGIC SURGERY How best to train postgraduates and residents in robotic techniques? January 2012 volume 8 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews Molecular biomarkers in bladder cancer Stratifying response to targeted therapies nrurol_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 Mucosal pathogenesis and new concepts in the role of mucosal inflammation Clinical applications of MRI in Crohns disease January 2012 volume 8 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews 13/12/2011 10:31 BIOLOGIC THERAPIES Evaluating the extent of intestinal damage nrgastro_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 07/12/2011 16:34 Influence on cardiovascular risk parameters in RA KISSPEPTINS Metabolic regulation of puberty and fertility Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis nrrheum_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 08/12/2011 11:47 January 2012 volume 8 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews An official publication of Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gut and pancreas Knowledge, advances and controversies METABOLOMICS Relevance and potential applications in kidney disease Diagnostic and treatment options nrneph_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 28/11/2011 15:31 January 2012 volume 9 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews Using breast cancer gene signatures in the clinic NEPHROLOGY Systemic sclerosis CLINICAL ONCOLOGY nrendo_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 nrclinonc_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 RHEUMATOLOGY ENDOCRINOLOGY GERD January 2012 volume 9 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews UROLOGY GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY January 2012 volume 9 no. 1 www.nature.com/reviews MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TRIALS New recommendations for MRI-based monitoring of immunomodulation Time for a rethink to avoid overtreatment of older men and those at low risk 07/12/2011 15:55 nrneurol_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS Role of the autonomic nervous system nrcardio_OFC_JAN12.indd 1 Pathogenesis and diagnosis 02/12/2011 12:49 CARDIOLOGY PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING An official publication of NEUROLOGY Acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma Postural tachycardia syndrome Characteristics, neuroepidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms 13/12/2011 11:42 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation Valves and approaches 24/11/2011 15:32 YOUR DISCIPLINE, YOUR REVIEW JOURNAL Junior doctors keep up-to-date with Research Highlights Busy clinicians appreciate Key point summaries Medical Researchers value in-depth Reviews The January issues are freely available on our website: www.nature.com/reviews Follow us. Download the free app for your phone at http://gettag.mobi Get the free mobile app for your phone http:/ / gettag.mobi

3. design: annette fenner & nicola hawes Cover image: Hippocrates of Cos reflected in the style of the Roman god, Janus. Based on an engraving by Peter Paul Rubens (1638) from ihm.nlm.nih.gov website. Key Advances in Medicine T he articles included in Nature Reviews Key Advances in Medicine were originally published in the February 2012 issues of the eight clinical Nature Reviews journals. The journals editors commissioned international experts to write a short essay highlighting up to five key papers that made the biggest contribution to their field in 2011. Between them, the eight clinical Nature Reviews journals published 43 articles, which are collated in this eBook; if you choose to cite an article, please use the original journal citation rather than citing the eBook. We hope you enjoy reading Nature Reviews Key Advances in Medicine. If you would like to find out more about the Nature Reviews series, please visit: http://www.nature.com/reviews/ Dont miss out on next years Key Advances in Medicine Sign up to free e-ALERTS and be notified when next years Key Advances in Medicine eBook is published. You wont miss out on Nature Reviews collections and Focus issues either! http://www.nature.com/register COPYRIGHT 2012 Nature Publishing Group. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form (electronic or otherwise) without prior permission from the copyright holder. AUTHORIZATION TO PHOTOCOPY material for internal or personal use, or internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Nature Publishing Group to libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided the relevant copyright fee is paid to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. DISCLAIMER: Although every effort is made by the publishers to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinions or statements appear in this collection, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in articles and advertisements herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. The journal does include the personal opinions of the authors; therefore, it is not intended to be relied on solely as a guide to good practice or safe treatment. Accordingly, the publishers, employees, offices and agents accept no liability whatsoever for the consequences of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement. Although every effort is made to ensure that drug doses and other quantities are presented accurately, readers are advised that the new methods and techniques involving drug usage and described within this journal should only be followed in conjunction with the drug manufacturers own published literature. Nature Reviews Cardiology S1 acute coronary syndromes | Walking the tightrope between efficacy and bleeding Payal Kohli and Christopher P. Cannon S3 atrial fibrillation | Stroke prevention in AF Gregory Y. H. Lip S5 heart failure | Heart failure therapytechnology to the fore John J. V. McMurray S7 hypertension | New insightsfrom risk factors to treatment implications George L. Bakris S9 valvular disease | Breakthrough for intervention? Volkmar Falk Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology S11 ovarian cancer | Mutations and non-inferiority analyses show a way forward Maurie Markman S12 prostate cancer | Hitting old targets better and identifying new targets Yu Chen and Howard I. Scher S14 hematological cancer | New therapeutic targets and treatment strategies Paula Cramer and Michael Hallek S16 melanoma | A new paradigm tumor for drug development Alexander M. M. Eggermont and Caroline Robert S18 bone cancer | Prevention and treatment of bone metastases Robert E. Coleman

4. Nature Reviews Endocrinology Nature Reviews Neurology S21 thyroid disease in pregnancy | Thyroid functioneffects on mother and baby unraveled Anthony P. Weetman S55 stroke | Major advances across the spectrum of stroke care Lee H. Schwamm S22 primary aldosteronism | Towards a better understanding of causation and consequences Michael Stowasser S24 polycystic ovary syndrome | Genes, aging and sleep apnea in polycystic ovary syndrome Andrea Dunaif S26 epigenetics and metabolism | Epigenetics, the life-course and metabolic disease Peter D. Gluckman S28 osteoporosis | Osteoporosis therapydawn of the postbisphosphonate era Roland Baron S57 movement disorders | Translating new research findings into clinical practice Christine Klein and Dimitri Krainc S58 multiple sclerosis | Advances in therapy, imaging and risk factors in MS Bianca Weinstock-Guttman and Murali Ramanathan S60 dementia | Microbleeds in dementiasinging a different ARIA Philip Scheltens and Jeroen D. C. Goos S62 epilepsy | Insights into epilepsy treatments and biomarkers Fernando Cendes S30 type 1 diabetes mellitus | Heterogeneity of T1DM raises questions for therapy Paolo Pozzilli Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology Nature Reviews Rheumatology S33 hepatitis c | A new standard of care and the race towards IFN-free therapy Wolf Peter Hofmann and Stefan Zeuzem S65 rheumatoid arthritis | Advances in diagnosis, treatment and definition of remission Gerd R. Burmester S35 hepatocellular carcinoma | Genomics in hepatocellular carcinomaa big step forward Ryosuke Tateishi and Masao Omata S67 juvenile idiopathic arthritis | New takes on categorization and treatment Alberto Martini S36 ibd | Advances in IBD managementtowards a tailored approach Guillame P. Pineton de Chambrun and William J. Sandborn S68 systemic lupus erythematosus | Deciphering the role of NETs and networks in SLE Thomas Drner S38 the gut microbiota | Translating the microbiota to medicine Fergus Shanahan S40 neurogastroenterology | Emerging concepts in neurogastroenterology and motility Keith A. Sharkey and Gary M. Mawe S70 osteoarthritis | Age-related OAa concept emerging from infancy? Thomas Aigner and Wiltrud Richter S72 systemic sclerosis | From mechanisms to medicines Luc Mouthon S74 vasculitis | The renaissance of granulomatous inflammation in AAV Stephan D. Gadola and Wolfgang L. Gross Nature Reviews Nephrology Nature Reviews Urology S43 glomerular disease | New clues to environmental influences in glomerular disease Peter J. Nelson and Charles E. Alpers S77 prostate cancer | Redefining the therapeutic landscape for CRPC Carmel Pezaro and Gerhardt Attard S44 polycystic kidney disease | Connecting the dots toward a polycystic kidney disease therapy Vicente E. Torres and Peter C. Harris S79 bladder cancer | The dawn of personalized medicine Thomas W. Flaig and Dan Theodorescu S46 acute kidney injury | Biomarkers are transforming our understanding of AKI Lakhmir S. Chawla and John A. Kellum S48 nondialysis chronic kidney disease | Progression, prediction, populations and possibilities Adeera Levin S50 dialysis | Can cardiovascular risk in dialysis patients be decreased? Peter Stenvinkel and Peter Brny S52 transplantation | New agents, new ideas and new hope Titte R. Srinivas and Bruce Kaplan S80 sexual dysfunction | Advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment Eric Chung and Gerald B. Brock S82 male factor infertility | Semen quality, sperm selection and hematospermia Amichai Kilchevsky and Stanton Honig S84 kidney cancer | Objectifying risk for localized renal masses Marc C. Smaldone and Robert G. Uzzo

5. CARDIOLOGY ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES IN 2011 Walking the tightrope between efficacy and bleeding Payal Kohli and Christopher P .Cannon Major advances in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have occurred in 2011, but physicians treating ACS still walk the tightrope between efficacy and bleeding. Key publications have shed light on this delicate balance and heralded a new era of novel oral anticoagulants for the treatment of ACS. Kohli, P & Cannon, C.P Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 9, 6971 (2012); published online 20 December 2011; doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2011.206 . . The year 2011 has witnessed an evolution in all aspects of the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The intro uction of d new-generation troponin assays has compli cated the diagnostic dilemma in ACS by increasing the number false positive diagnoses. One of the most-interesting studies of 2011 addressed whether the reduced threshold for detection of myocardial injury translated into improved clinical outcomes. Mills etal. undertook a prospective study of >1,000 patients who presented with possible ACS before and after the introduction of a lower diagnostic threshold (from 0.20ng/ml to 0.05ng/ml) for myocardial infarction (MI) using a high-sensitivity troponin assay with a low coefficient of variability (