K- Go-Around Related Human Factors

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Go-around related human factors

Rome, 21-24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference

Presented byDr. Claire Pelegrin / Director Human Factors & Safety Management System


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AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

Content

Introduction

Before Go-around : anticipation and decision

Effects of Go-around on perception : mechanisms of disorientation

Factors leading to disorientation

Prevention


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Introduction

In normal go-around situations

Flaps and gear are retracted

Full thrust is applied at landing weight

The aircraft pitches to a nose-up attitude

Frequently the aircraft accelerates quite quickly (low weight)

Significant aircraft acceleration might be wrongly interpreted as a developingpitch-up

This is believed to be a contributing factor to serious incident/accident

This presentation focuses on the potential confusion between significantacceleration and pitch-up


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Content

Introduction

Before Go-around : anticipation and decision



Prevention


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Before go-around: Pressures on landing commitment

Economic pressure

Delays and extra-fuel represents extra-costs for the airlines

Cultural pressure

Justification of the reason : most of the time, performing a go-around

is not insignificant The flight crew has to justify it towards the airline

The airline has to justify it towards the airport ground logistics

Peer pressure

he just did it I should do it...


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Before go-around: Pressures on landing commitment

Personal feeling

Pride and professionalism

Go-around even officially accepted may be seen as a sign offailure or weakness

Feeling that everybody will know what has happened to us

Task pressure

Added workload and time management..

New flight plan and reorganisation of approach

Passenger communication

Last segment of the flight especially for long-haul flights

Accumulation of fatigue Night flight/ jet lag

Back home syndrome


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7/19 AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.

Content

Introduction

Before Go-around : anticipation, decision and context



Prevention


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Spatial disorientation and go-around

Man has the ability to perceive orientation in 3-D spacebased on his/her interpretation of the continuous input ofsignals from many sensory receptors

1) Eyes

The brain compares visual inputs transmitted fromthe retina to the brains model of outside world

2) Pressure sensors in skin, muscles, joints- They are sensors for gravity


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4) Otolith (utricule & saccule) are sensors for linearacceleration and tilt

3) Semicircular canals

Are sensors of positive and negativeaccelerations

They sense roll, pitch and yaw accelerationmotion of the head

They detect rotational acceleration

They do not detect linear acceleration orconstant angular velocity


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Effect of acceleration on vestibular system


Sense hairs bent

Pilot sensation = pitching up

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There is a mismatch between different signals

Balance & orientation is performed automatically and unconsciously Attention which includes vision, reasoning and decision making is

performed consciously

Unconscious processing is faster than conscious processing

it is why balance and orientation could be felt more quickly

People require conscious clues to make a distinction between linearacceleration and pitch


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Spatial Disorientation and go-around

Pilot sensationActual

Possible pilot reactionbased on sensation

Pitch-up illusion

Application of go-around power coupled to a slow/low selection of pitchgives rise to an unexpected acceleration leading to the sensation ofpitch up

This may lead to an inappropriate pitch down command


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Introduction




Prevention

Content


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Rome 21 24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference



External factors contributing to disorientation

Acceleration due to full thrust applied at low weight

Combined angular and linear accelerations

Night-ground/sky confusion

IMC/VMC transition

No external visual clues

Visual illusions


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Rome 21 24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference



High workload reduces the ability to resolve perceptual conflict

Too much head movement

Alternating between external visual and instrument cues

Fatigue

End of the flight (especially long range flight)

Night flight and jetlag

Sick

This may increase illusions

Flight experience

Training, experience and proficiency in instrument flight

In particular opposite roll indicators - Knowing the tendencyto revert to previous habits

Internal factors leading to disorientation


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Rome 21-24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference



Content

Introduction


Effects of go-around on perception : mechanisms of disorientation


Prevention


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Rome 21-24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference



Recovering from spatial disorientation

Trust your instruments

Flight conditions & procedures permitting

bring aircraft to straight and level flight and hold for at least 60 sec oruntil disorienting sensations disappear

Apply CRM principle

Coordination, mutual monitoring and call-outs

Apply task sharing: I am disorientated, you have control

Rome, 21 24 March 201117th Flight Safety Conference

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Summary

Be aware of these effects and understand that all

crewmembers could experience the same disorientation

Ensure correct task allocation PF should concentrate on flight instruments and defer non essential

tasks

Trust instruments rather than unconscious body sensations

Consider the use of automation


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AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary d ocument. This document and all i nformation contained herein is the sol e property of AIRBUS S.A.S. No intellectual property rights are granted by thedelivery of this document or the disclosure of i ts content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not beused for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supportinggrounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.

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