Roger Williams University

Justice for All:

A look at returning veterans living with PTSD and media involvement

Luke Branchaud Dr. Scott

Justice Studies Capstone February 25, 2014

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Abstract

This paper examines the concept of justice in returning military, and how social media can be used to aid the reintegration process. This paper puts under a microscope the issues of returning military and finds that public perception of PTSD is negatively affecting the reintegration process immensely. Veterans suffering from symptoms of PTSD are afraid to admit to it for fear of negative labeling, and this in turn is causing more problems. An outlet of anonymous social media use is explored and explained on how it can be useful in successfully assimilating Veterans. Keywords: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans, Social Media, Returning Military, Reintegration, Media.

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Table of Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………......3 Justice is?.............................................................................................................................4 PTSD­ The Facts……………………………………………………………..……………5 Learning from Conflicts……………………………………………………………...……7 A Synonym for Veterans? Prisoners……………………………………………………....9 Where Sickness Thrives, Bad Things Follow…………………………………………....10 To the Victor go no Spoils…………………………………………………………...…..12 Media Backtracking…………………………………………………………………...…14 Social Media, an Anonymous Hero……………………………………………………...15 Conclusion/Recommendations…………………………………………………………..17 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………….21 References…………………………………………………………………………….....24

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Introduction

Carrying out justice in returning military and the invisible wound these soldiers

return with is a discussion that must be had. PTSD, an ailment of the mind is of vital

importance to heal along with any other physical injury. The effect PTSD has reaches all

returning military, family, and friends, whether directly or indirectly and combating this

effect is of grave importance. The difficulties of reintegration into society are hard

enough, along with a wound that cannot be seen to the naked eye only amplifies this

hardship to an unbearable level. Living in the land of the free because of the brave, it

seems only right veterans are cared for to the full extent due to the sacrifices they have

given.

Reintegration to civilian society is one of the most difficult parts for veterans

returning home (Moron, 2011; McMichael, 2012; Institute of Medicine, 2013; The

Mission Continues, 2014). The difficulties extend from returning with PTSD, economic

problems, lack of family support, and inability to find work. With the U.S. Department of

Affairs estimating that almost 21% of soldiers returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan

having PTSD symptoms, and many more that hide the symptoms for fear of scrutiny.

With not all soldiers being treated for PTSD this raises a problem with how to deal with

soldiers who fear the negative stigma attached to having a mental disorder. Civilian and

ex­Military run websites such as Facebook­PTSD Anonymous, Twitter­PTSD Education,

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Terminal Lance, Real Warriors, and Marine Corps Times, Veterans can get information

and talk about their issues.

This paper seeks to examine the concept of justice, within returning Military who

have PTSD, and how various social media sites can aid reintegration. This research will

de­construct the previous mission statement and examine it piece by piece to display why

social media should be incorporated within the healing process of PTSD. The facts and

history of PTSD will first be presented to help further the understanding and underlying

problem of this topic. Ultimately a recommendation will be made that would be a helpful

assistant in healing our Military with this growing problem and carrying out justice, as

they have done across the world.

Justice is….?

Oxford dictionary defines justice as “The fair and just treatment, with law and

authority maintaining this” (2014). This is inarguably a correct literal definition of

justice, but the use of the word justice has a much greater meaning, a more philosophic

meaning than anything. Justice is a foundation of the Criminal Justice System and an

American Military value. But to how far do these values extend? American society is

infatuated with the concept of Justice and the stressing of its importance to maintain

integrity as a society. Throughout American history this simple word has been used to

describe and explain monumental occasions. The United States Constitution opens with

“We the people in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice…”, as well as

President Obama Giving his speech on Osama Bin Laden’s death claiming “We can say

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to the Families that have lost love ones, Justice, has been served”. Using the previously

described oxford dictionary definition lets expand on this notion of justice.

Justice in this context is considered a virtue that is unveiled by the individual

through his or her actions. As well as the individual, Rawls (1971, pg. 64) explains

“Justice is the first virtue in social institutions” which implies justice is universally

encompassing, starting from the individual and expelling into society. So Justice begins

with the individual in their actions but is involved in society as a whole. In Plato’s

Republic (2006) He examines the true morality of justice and presents it as a moral state

rather than an adherence to law, or actions in a court of law. By this Plato means that

justice is involved with people making the moral and “Just” decision because its good

and virtues not because of fear of consequence. The Underlying principle is that justice in

Plato’s conclusion is a matter of morality in the individual’s choice. The definition of

Justice through research and theory of justice is as follows:

Branchaud, L. (2014), Justice: The fair and just treatment of individuals that

effects society as a whole, specifically in the context of A virtuous action which

demonstrates a true belief of doing good to others, and when failing to meet

certain universally agreed upon moral standards, law and authority maintaining

and judging those actions in a just manner.

This Researched and amplified definition of justice will be the foundation of this paper

when examining different sociological concepts of returning military.

PTSD­ The Facts…

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has a multi­layered history from when it happened

to people, when it was recognized, and when it was viewed as a disorder. PTSD has more

likely been around since our species evolved; the U.S. Department of Veterans affairs

points out that attacks from Saber tooth tigers probably generated similar traumatic

experiences like that of a twenty­first century terrorist attack. Human’s have known that

exposure to overwhelming terror can lead to troubling memories and social problems, but

not fully understood why. The Greek poet Homer was even known to write about these

symptoms in some of his epics when telling stories of war (Alford, 1992). The breaking

point of realizing that a real situation can permanently alter human’s psychology was met

with much resistance. Questions such as, is PTSD organic or psychological? Is trauma

subjective to interpretation? Does the trauma cause the disorder or preexisting

vulnerabilities? The amount of questions revolving around the topic of PTSD as a

psychological disorder is enough to dizzy anyone. So Lets take a further look.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is, as it name suggests, triggered by a past

traumatic, horrific, or injury/life threating event (APA, 1994). To be diagnosed with

PTSD, a traumatic event must have occurred and 3 of the listed qualifications (Appendix,

A) must persist for at least a month. Symptoms include “hyper arousal referred to

physiological manifestations, such as insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, hyper

vigilance, and increased startle reactions” (North CS, Nixon SJ, Shariat S. 1999). PTSD

has been a persisting problem but came to fruition in World War I when, as

Audoin­Rouzeau, S & Becker, A (2000) explain “one tenth of mobilized American men

were hospitalized for mental disturbances, and, after thirty­five days of uninterrupted

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combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees”. The US

Department of Veteran affairs estimates that PTSD effectsAlmost 31 percent of Vietnam

veterans, As many as 10 percent of Gulf War veterans, 11 percent of veterans of the war

in Afghanistan, 20 percent of Iraqi war veterans. Soldiers are found to have some of the

highest risk to receive PTSD due to the violent nature of their job (see Table 1). This is

an ongoing problem that effects entire lives of returning military and deserves more

attention than received.

Table 1. Exposure to PTSD

Branchaud, L. (2014)­ Resources used: Girolamo, G; McFarlane, A. (1981). The Nature of Traumatic Stressors and the Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Reactions. The Guilford Press, NY. Pg. 129­147

Learning from conflict…

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PTSD was first truly examined by Sigmund Freud and many others helped build

off of the foundation he laid. This is mostly applicable after WWI came to an end and

psychiatrists tried to start early interventions, however unsuccessfully (Merskey, 1991).

In 1923 was the first time psychiatrists tried to create a theory of war disorders which

when put to the test were also unsuccessful. But this was a major step in the history of

PTSD for the sole reason that people finally understood that traumatic events caused a

significant problem. And although it wasn’t universally accepted, psychiatrists were

beginning to create theories and put them to the test.

When World Way II was beginning to break out Abram Kardiner published The

Traumatic Neuroses of War (1941) (Appendix B). This was a major step in a positive

direction because Kardiner arguably defined PTSD for the remainder of the 20th century.

One such excerpt defines war PTSD by stating:

The nucleus of the neurosis is a physioneurosis. This is present on the battlefield and during the entire process of organization; it outlives every intermediary accommodative device, and persists in the chronic forms. The traumatic syndrome is ever present and unchanged…. And from a psychological point of view a state of readiness for fright reactions. (p. 95, Kardiner) Although this work made great strides, many of the lessons and applications

learned from WWI were forgotten and essentially, had to be rediscovered (McFlarne, A;

Van der Kolk, B; Weisaeth, L. 1996). The United States played a major role in finding

therapeutic methods in helping PTSD victims towards the end of WWII. This time period

is when research became fully examined and progressed to the level of helping victims.

The next major conflict in American history was the Vietnam War, which many

veterans are still suffering from the effects of PTSD. One particular research study that

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was conducted examined 326 Vietnam Veterans. Findings showed that war stress are

consistent predictors of PTSD symptoms. For this paper, the most notable findings were

“The most consistent relationship was between denial of war stress and subsequent

intrusive imagery and numbing symptoms” (Frey­Wouters, E; Gallops, M; Laufer, R.

1985, p. 73). This is a particularly disturbing finding, if soldiers deny there is a problem,

than how can they be helped? Unfortunately this denial of PTSD did not stop with

Vietnam veterans. Moving forward on the time line to the war in Iraq and Afghanistan,

Veterans are still facing the same problems. Soldiers are instructed to be tough in nature,

unbreakable in character, and unshakeable in the hardest of situations. This training is

what makes our Military one of the strongest in the world and has undoubtedly saved

lives, but it also may have a negative impact. Soldiers have admitted anonymously that

they fear seeking help for PTSD for numerous reasons; and many of these reasons seem

to have a direct correlation to the mental training they receive. Along with this training,

negative stigmas of having a mental disorder, and media representation of loose cannon

soldiers has only amplified the problem.

A Synonym for Veterans? Prisoners…

A major issue with all returning Veterans is reintegration into society, and best

results for proper assimilation is to be involved with social institutions. This can be

difficult for returning military without stable families to become fully involved in society.

Getting a job is not only a necessity, but a great option to become involved in these

institutions; however with returning military who are specifically trained in combat,

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finding a job is not that easy. In fact, returning veterans are becoming unemployed at an

unprecedented rate and this number is only expected to grow. A reason for this is

“There’s been an upsurge in young people going into the military and not staying for a

full 20­year career,” says Jane Oates, the Assistant Secretary for Employment; another

reason is the pulling out of Iraq.

This next statement may seem a bit drastic but the comparison of inmates reentry

seems scarily similar to war veterans trying to reintegrate. Problems with reentry of

prisoners are: Employment, Substance Use, Programs and Services, Health, Family,

Community, and Expectations (LaVigne, N. Travis, J. Visher, C. 2004). Problems with

veteran integration in civilian society include: Employment, Health (PTSD), Substance

Use (Stemming from PTSD), Family, Community (Negative Stigmas), and availability of

Programs and Services (Moron, R. 2011). The fact this comparison can even be made

demonstrates the incompetence of society and lack of efforts from the government.

Which leads to the underlying notion of, is justice done to those who served our country

upon returning, or are they merely lost in forgotten?

Where sickness thrives, bad things follow…

With reintegration being a key component in a successful transition from Military

to civilian life it is curious how wide spread the effect of PTSD has on society. There are

several obvious categories of people who are directly or indirectly affected by this

disorder. These include Military in general (through attached stigmas), the family and

friends of those diagnosed with PTSD, as well as those undiagnosed (see Table 2).

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Post­deployment screening questionnaires conducted by the Army brigade combat team

found disturbing statistics involving those undiagnosed with PTSD. Being allowed to

complete the form anonymously, it showed suicide and depression rates were four times

hire than those who were required to put their names on the survey. Physicians in

Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences stated, “Current post­deployment

mental health screening tools are dependent on soldiers honestly reporting their

symptoms. This study indicates that post­deployment health assessment screening

process misses most soldiers with significant mental health problems”. Reversing the

feeling of soldiers being afraid to be honest about their mental state is of dire importance

in helping to move forward in in living with this disorder.

Table 2.

Branchaud. L (2014)­ The reach of PTSD

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There are several means on which someone diagnosed with PTSD can receive

help; this however is useless if those suffering do not admit to living with it. According to

the National Institute of Mental Health, depression is a symptom that comes frequently

with PTSD. When depression is left untreated and the individual suffering from that

continues without any help the risk of suicide is significantly increased. In 2012 more

soldiers committed suicide than were killed in combat operations (U.S. Department

of Defense). Preventing this at all costs should be top priority for returning soldiers. Not

reporting this due to fear of judgment or a harmful effect on their career are issues that

must seriously be examined. Reversing a stigma or complete thought process that

Military has is extremely difficult and could take countless years, if ever.

To the victors go no spoils…

Throughout the history of the world when soldiers would go off to battle and be

compensated for the victories they achieved. Land would be given up to soldiers who

served long, or in times of peace so they can farm, work, and overall contribute to

society. Today our returning hero’s are finding it harder to become employed due to

negative stigmas and the perceived notion of military returning with mental issues

(Moron, 2011). All though most veterans return without PTSD, the ones that do have it

find it immensely difficult to find work. Since this problem has been realized there have

been efforts to diminish this statistic, and although it is in the infant stage, it is a start.

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Spike TV, which is known for being a mainly male demographic television

channel has launched a campaign to help hire veterans. This campaign will launch a

website entitled Hire a Veteran which will seek to get jobs for veterans from main street

to wall street (Potts, 2011). Spike TV President Kevin Kay explains "These young men

and women who have bravely served their country are now making the often difficult

transition from military service to the general workforce. Hire A Veteran is designed to

help in that process." The website is extremely easy to navigate and has a variety of

different services for a truly effective media tool. There are tabs for Veterans to click on

for jobs, as well as companies who look to get involved, as well as blogs about resume

building and interviewing skills.

Other corporations have stepped up to the plate such as JPMorgan, Chase, and

Verizon pledging to hire 100,000 veterans by 2020. Along with this, the updated GI Bill

has helped with paying for some education, a living allowance, and ability to transfer

unused benefits to spouse or children. But with 220,000 soldiers out of work from Iraq

and Afghanistan these efforts will still not be enough (Appendix C). Barker, S. (2013)

explains a vital key to success in Veterans returning is community connectives. This also

goes along with what other scholars deem to be a viable solution in effective reintegration

(Cotton, D; Jackson, J; Sessums, L; Taichman, D; Williams, S; 2013). The reason for

drilling this point in is a simple one; to effectively assimilate with a community having a

job is one of the best social institutions to be involved with. The New York Times article

As wars end, young Veterans are returning to scant jobs, which Veterans explain that

employers are hesitant to hire soldiers, grouping soldiers with the possibility of having

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PTSD. This article interviews Veterans and allows them to describe their hardships upon

return. Jobs seem hard to find without a college degree and employers appear hesitant to

higher veterans, grouping all those returning with the possibility of having PTSD. With

Joblessness being a major issue for Veterans it begs the question what is the government

doing to help them? The Obama Administration has pledged to create “Career ready

veterans” and has hired 85,000 veterans to payroll since 2008. This is a great step

forward not only hiring, but putting into action a plan to prevent soldiers from being

unqualified to begin a career separate from the Military.

Military Benefits, most notably the VA clinic do not fully offer health care to

returning veterans and many times PTSD medication is too expensive. Certain programs

such as the Wounded Warrior Project help raise money to aid these Veterans, but not

enough to combat this issue. Two solutions to help truly battle PTSD have been found,

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, but many

times these come with a high price tag. Depending on the particular healthcare, it may

only cover some of this cost and with veterans having a hard time finding a stable job this

is a vicious cycle of a problem. One way to combat this is to reverse the stigma attached

with returning military, which is arguably the hardest task when seeking to help PTSD

victims. Universally, A major way to reach the masses and have a profound impact on a

specific topic, whether positively or negatively, is through media outlets.

Media Backtracking….

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Media has had a profound effect on labeling and stereotyping veterans and has

been part of the problem that is now at hand. Negative stigmas have been attached to

people with mental health issues, and when reporting PTSD in media this stereotyping

latched on to returning veterans as a whole. Former President Clinton said, “Mental

illness is nothing to be ashamed of, but stigma and bias shame us all” this holds truer

today than when he first said it.

Media’s influence can touch almost everyone’s aspect of life, and unfortunately

not always in the greatest of ways. News sources use titles such as “Shooting by

Troubled Veteran” or CNN’s “Wartime Stress: A defense for murder?” they do nothing

but damage an already fragile matter at hand. With titles such as these that stand out to

the reader it reverses progress made to detach the stigma of a loose cannon Veteran. But

not all news sources are throwing Veterans under the bus; some seek to bring light to the

issue. For example, Fox news backtracked from a previous article and posted another

about the negative effects of these shooters (besides the obvious).

One article posted was Linking Fort Hill shooter to PTSD hurts vets trying to

heal. Fox interviewed Medal of Honor recipient Dakota Meyer who was diagnosed with

PTSD and asked him to shed some light on the subject. Meyer stated “It’s putting a label

on all veterans, that veterans are psychotic or mentally unstable and they’re going to

shoot up places. And they’re not”. Meyer who suffers from PTSD is the first living

Marine to be given the Medal of Honor since 1973. He earned it by extracting for of his

deceased comrades bodies from a firefight, during this time he killed eight Taliban, saved

thirteen American lives, and twenty­three Afghans. Meyer later wrote a book about the

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incident in which he told the world a dark secret. Days after the year anniversary of the

firefight, he tried to commit suicide. Meyer later sought help for PTSD and is currently in

the Marine Reserves and CEO of a construction company. Meyer stated that he believes

the Government is doing what they can, but America needs to do more­ Stop labeling

Veterans with PTSD as dangerous. If they are afraid to come forward then they will not

receive the help desperately needed.

Social Media, an Anonymous Hero…

With Military personnel sometimes unwilling to admit their difficulties when

dealing with PTSD, this brings a difficult challenge in trying to help. Soldiers who were

allowed to remain anonymous in surveys admitting much more than those required to

submit their personal information; anonymity is a subject that should be examined. PTSD

United is a non­profit organization that explains connecting, learning, healing, growing,

and inspiring are important steps in dealing with PTSD. With connecting being the first

step, this should be a piece that a majority of resources and focus should be given.

On PTSD United’s website, they have started an online community called

“Huddl” that is an anonymous online community. The goal is to connect with others, be

heard in your struggles, and inspire and grow with others being affected. Its requirements

are simple, an anonymous screen name and a password to join the group. Other groups

like this exist; Facebook has a PTSD group that is also completely anonymous. The way

it works is individuals send a message to the group, who in turn posts the message in its

entirety to the page for others to view. The level of disturbance when reading the posts is

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a tragedy and is a great example of why this topic deserves a significant amount of

attention. Almost every post discussed the problems the individual was dealing with and

they involved fear of not being anonymous and thoughts of suicide or severe depression.

It was not only individuals suffering from PTSD posting, but family members and

significant others as well. The online community in this group was very supportive and

every post has comments on it giving advice or words of encouragement. In addition to

emotional support there are other sites that give advice and educational support. For

instance, a Twitter account of PTSD has informative tips, and answers questions

anonymously and refers followers to other sites that may help.

In the twenty first century this is a prime example of a bridge solution, with

roughly 500 million people using Facebook, it’s a universally encompassing way to get

people involved. Social Media addresses the problem that individuals are afraid to admit

having symptoms or even already being diagnosed with PTSD. These sites are an

anonymous outlet for people to receive, support, advice and information. Although this

paper’s focus is narrowed to Military PTSD, these sites have posts ranging from sexual

abuse to a traumatic event that may have happened to an average citizen.

Conclusion/Recommendations

Throughout this research it should be determined that justice is not fully served to

our returning military. When an inarguably strong comparison can be made to returning

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military and prisoner reentry into society, it seems obvious that justice is not fulfilled.

Jobs are scarce, and employers are hesitant to hire Veterans due to lack of “work

experience” and of course, the fear they may have PTSD. The stigma of Veterans with

PTSD being loose cannons that has been previously painted by news media has yet to be

reversed. The consequence of this is soldiers are hesitant, even afraid to admit or seek

help for their issues with PTSD. This started with the Vietnam War study when research

found denial of war stress produced the most serious symptoms. Moving forward to our

current soldiers, in 2012 more soldiers committed suicide than were killed in combat

operations. As previously described, depression, especially left untreated has a much

increased risk of suicide. The main problem can be simplified to the fact soldiers are

hesitant to admit or open up about PTSD, for fear of being negatively labeled, and the

adverse affects on their career and personal life.

What then can be done about this issue? The answer seems clear to a certain

extent, soldiers must not be afraid to admit having PTSD, so for this to happen peoples

perceptions must change. Changing the mindset of a nation is no easy task, but it is

possible. Learning from the past it can be concluded that changing the way an individual

thinks and views a topic needs two of the most valuable resources, Education and Time.

As it stands now, there seems to be a viscous cycle that is spinning and keeping

Veterans prisoner to an unsuccessful life after service (see Table 3). Using the research

previously described in this paper, the cycle goes as follows: When reintegrating into

society it has been shown that getting a job is the best social institution to properly

assimilate within a community. Soldiers are having a difficult time finding jobs due to

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negative stigmas attached with returning military. These stigmas are: “returning soldiers

have PTSD and are loose cannons” which have been elegantly created by various news

sources. For Fear of gaining these stigmas those soldiers who might have symptoms of

PTSD may not get help for fear of being labeled. Those who truly have PTSD are not

receiving the help that they need.

Table 3. Cycle of failed military integration

Branchaud, L. (2014)

As discussed, It will take time and education to reverse these ideas attached to

returning military, thinking that all of them have PTSD; As well as even those diagnosed

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with PTSD, understanding it does not make them psychopaths. Until these stereotypes are

detached and soldiers can freely discuss their issues without fear of consequence, than

there is little that can be done. One recommendation that is small, but potentially highly

effective could be a greater implementation of social media sites. If the problem is the

need to remain anonymous because of the listed fears, then social media is a perfect

outlet. What social media does is give individuals the option to talk and express their

problems and in return they receive support and advice. The sites are free to use so lack

of healthcare or finance won’t be an issue and they’re relatively easy to navigate for all

levels of Internet users. All of the problems that stem from military returning can’t be

solved with the use of social media, but they can be addressed. This in essence can divert

the cycle shown in table 3 and produce some positive results until the issue as a whole is

examined and solved.

When speaking with professionals, the tests can’t be confidential to access if an

individual is showing signs of PTSD. But if the soldier agrees to the test and it does

show that he has PTSD there are several outlets that are given. These include different

doctors to visit for medications, or psychiatrists to talk to, and support groups (similar

AA meetings) to attend. These anonymous websites however are not mentioned,

presumably due to the fact that social media sites have never been used as a medical

resource.

The implementation I would recommend would quite literally use social media as

a medical resource, as a therapeutic exercise, similar to seeing a psychiatrist. Although

you don’t receive the professionalism as someone with a PhD, you get to discuss your

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problems and emotions, which individuals are facing with no charge and complete

anonymity. In fact these sites are in essence their own social institution in which a soldier

or anyone for that matter, dealing with issues of PTSD can feel a sense of community.

How this should be implemented is simple, when all soldiers return home after service

they are given a piece of paper, or a broacher in their departing package. All this needs to

have is information that can be used to help aid individuals who may be suffering. This

should include a list of symptoms of PTSD, different medical treatments one can receive,

and lastly different websites of anonymous group chats. This way every soldier coming

home has the knowledge that If they want to remain anonymous for the time being, they

can still talk, as well as if they are ready to get help immediately, the information is all

there. This small step could help break the cycle of failed reintegration and possible save

lives of individuals who felt they had no one to talk to.

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Appendix A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel Disorders, 4th edition, PTSD

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Appendix B

Kardiner, A. (1941). Traumatic Neuroses of War.

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Appendix C

US Department of Veteran Affairs- Unemployment rate for Veterans

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