Just a fling, or the real thing? - Edge Hill University

Just a fling, or the real thing?Just a fling, or the real thing?

Costas GabrielatosCostas GabrielatosLancaster University, TESOL GreeceLancaster University, TESOL Greece

[email protected]@lancaster.ac.uk

www.gabrielatos.comwww.gabrielatos.com

INGED 2003Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey

12th October 2003

http://www.gabrielatos.com

http://www.gabrielatos.com

©© Costas Gabrielatos 2003Costas Gabrielatos 2003 22

What is a corpus?What is a corpus?

How are corpora relevant to ELT? How are corpora relevant to ELT?

How can they be used?How can they be used?


What is a corpus?What is a corpus?

Loose DefinitionLoose Definition

Any Any bodybody of text.of text.

Common DefinitionCommon Definition

A body of A body of machinemachine--readable readable text.text.

Strict DefinitionStrict Definition

A finite collection of machineA finite collection of machine--readable text, readable text, sampledsampled to be maximally to be maximally representativerepresentative of a of a language or variety.language or variety.

Definitions from: McEnery, T. & Wilson, A. (2001, 2nd ed.) Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press.


Types of corporaTypes of corpora

Reference Reference -- MonitorMonitor

General General -- SpecialisedSpecialised

Whole text Whole text SamplesSamples

Spoken Spoken -- WrittenWritten

Native speakers Native speakers -- NonNon--native speakersnative speakers


How are corpora used?How are corpora used?

RawRawPerhaps with sections/paragraphs indicatedPerhaps with sections/paragraphs indicated

AnnotatedAnnotated

Sections/paragraphsSections/paragraphsPart of speechPart of speechForm Form (e.g. singular/plural, tense)(e.g. singular/plural, tense)

Sense Sense (e.g. lexis denoting belief, expectation)(e.g. lexis denoting belief, expectation)

Pragmatic function Pragmatic function (e.g. request, invitation)(e.g. request, invitation)


0006526 910 0006526 910 TheThe 93 AT 0006526 920 93 AT 0006526 920 potentialpotential 03 03 [NN1/94] JJ/6 0006526 930 [NN1/94] JJ/6 0006526 930 ofof 93 IO 0006526 940 93 IO 0006526 940 computercomputer 93 NN1 0006526 950 93 NN1 0006526 950 corpuscorpus 93 NN1 0006526 93 NN1 0006526 960 960 datadata--drivendriven 33 [NN1/72] JJ/28 0006526 970 33 [NN1/72] JJ/28 0006526 970 approachesapproaches 03 [NN2/71] VVZ/29 0006526 971 03 [NN2/71] VVZ/29 0006526 971 ,, 03 , 03 , 0006526 980 0006526 980 presentingpresenting 93 [VVG/99] NN1@/1 0006526 93 [VVG/99] NN1@/1 0006526 990 990 learnerslearners 03 NN2 0006526 000 03 NN2 0006526 000 withwith 93 IW 0006526 93 IW 0006526 010 010 concordancedconcordanced 06 [JJ@/100] VVD/0 VVN@/0 06 [JJ@/100] VVD/0 VVN@/0 0006526 020 0006526 020 samplessamples 93 [NN2/100] VVZ@/0 0006526 93 [NN2/100] VVZ@/0 0006526 030 030 of of 93 IO 0006526 040 93 IO 0006526 040 languagelanguage 03 NN1 0006526 03 NN1 0006526 050 050 forfor 93 [ IF/100] CS%/0 0006526 060 93 [ IF/100] CS%/0 0006526 060 analysisanalysis 03 03 NN1 0006526 061 NN1 0006526 061 , , 03 , 0006526 070 03 , 0006526 070 comparisoncomparison 93 93 NN1 0006526 080 NN1 0006526 080 andand 93 CC 0006526 090 93 CC 0006526 090 discussiondiscussion 03 03 NN1 0006526 091 NN1 0006526 091 ,, 03 , 0006526 100 03 , 0006526 100 isis 93 VBZ 93 VBZ 0006526 110 0006526 110 alsoalso 93 RR 0006526 120 93 RR 0006526 120 beingbeing 93 93 [VBG/100] NN1%/0 0006526 130 [VBG/100] NN1%/0 0006526 130 exploredexplored 93 [VVN/99] 93 [VVN/99] JJ@/1 VVD/0 0006526 131 . JJ@/1 VVD/0 0006526 131 .


How are corpora relevant to ELT?How are corpora relevant to ELT?

LearnerLearner

languagelanguage

analysisanalysis

Corpora asCorpora as

pedagogicalpedagogical

materialsmaterials

Dictionaries

Grammars

Syllabuses

Pedagogical materials

Insights into language learning

TargetTarget

languagelanguage

descriptiondescription


Two additional benefitsTwo additional benefits

Computers are difficult learners Computers are difficult learners They canThey can t handle ambiguity.t handle ambiguity.

Everything has to be Everything has to be explainedexplained clearly clearly and in detail.and in detail.

Annotating corpora, i.e. teaching Annotating corpora, i.e. teaching computers about language, can provide computers about language, can provide insights into insights into

Language structure and use.Language structure and use.

Language teaching.Language teaching.


IntrospectionIntrospection

IntuitionsIntuitions

Data analysisData analysis

QuantificationQuantification


Intuitions are not always dependableIntuitions are not always dependable

About every fourth question in conversation is About every fourth question in conversation is a question tag.a question tag.

Biber et al. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman. (p. 211). Based on the Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus (40 million words).

Question tags, along with bowler hats, mostly Question tags, along with bowler hats, mostly belong to 1960s BBC broadcasts.belong to 1960s BBC broadcasts.

Bradford, R. 2002. Grammar is by Statisticians, Language is by Humans. IATEFL Issues 167 (p. 13).


I f the language information we give I f the language information we give learners is based learners is based onlyonly on intuitions on intuitions

I f the examples/ texts we select are I f the examples/ texts we select are chosen to chosen to reflectreflect our intuitions our intuitions

then we may be presenting our then we may be presenting our personal informal observations about personal informal observations about language, our preferred variety or language, our preferred variety or idiosyncratic usage, as the only idiosyncratic usage, as the only truthtruth ..


I fI f--conditionals in a sample of 740 sentences conditionals in a sample of 740 sentences from the written section of from the written section of the British National Corpusthe British National Corpus

The three basic typesIf + Present Simple will + infinitive

If + Past Simple would + infinitive

If + Past Perfect would + perfect infinitive

The 5-types framework of if-conditionals, as presented in 20 coursebooks

(upper-intermediate to advanced)


2.5%

6.8%

5.6%

85.1%

Third

Second

First

Not covered

14.9%

85.1%


56.3%

1.5%

4.1%

10.8%

11.3%

15.9%

Not covered

Mixed

Third

Second

First

Zero

56.3% 43.7%


Uses of learner corporaUses of learner corpora

Comparing NNS and NS use.Comparing NNS and NS use.

Over/underOver/under--use of featuresuse of features

Contexts of useContexts of use

Error analysisError analysis

Frequent / common errorsFrequent / common errors

Patterns according to L1, age, medium, Patterns according to L1, age, medium, task type/context, genretask type/context, genre


Intuitions as the target of learningIntuitions as the target of learning

IntuitionIntuition, or, or aa feel for the languagefeel for the language, is what , is what learners aim to develop.learners aim to develop.

Native speakers have developed that Native speakers have developed that feelfeelthrough exposure to language in use and the through exposure to language in use and the recognition of patterns.recognition of patterns.

Through this exposure native speakers have Through this exposure native speakers have built the mental equivalent of a corpus.built the mental equivalent of a corpus.

Intuitions can be seen as the results of the Intuitions can be seen as the results of the informal analysis of this informal analysis of this mental corpusmental corpus..


Visualising pattern recognitionVisualising pattern recognition

What are the parallels with teaching?What are the parallels with teaching?

What are the parallels with grammar rules What are the parallels with grammar rules and lexical explanations?and lexical explanations?


A small number of texts:A small number of texts:

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a patterna pattern


some irregularitiessome irregularities

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More texts:More texts:


more irregularitiesmore irregularities

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or an emerging pattern?or an emerging pattern?More texts:More texts:


More texts: a new pattern?More texts: a new pattern?

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More texts will confirmMore texts will confirm


Looks like this is the patternLooks like this is the patternXXXXXXXX

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More texts will confirm More texts will confirm


How can corpora help with How can corpora help with exposureexposure??The example of extensive reading

EFL learners lack opportunities for rich language EFL learners lack opportunities for rich language exposure and recognition of patterns.exposure and recognition of patterns.

Extensive reading is seen as a good way to Extensive reading is seen as a good way to develop intuitions in the same way as native develop intuitions in the same way as native speakers.speakers.

Representative corpora can offer Representative corpora can offer condensedcondensedexposure to such patterns.exposure to such patterns.


Condensed language evidenceCondensed language evidence

One page contains 500 words on average.One page contains 500 words on average.The BNC contains 100 million words.The BNC contains 100 million words.A sixA six--year programme of five hours of teaching year programme of five hours of teaching per week offers a total of 200 lessons.per week offers a total of 200 lessons.

To get the same amount of language evidence To get the same amount of language evidence on a specific lexical or grammatical point on a specific lexical or grammatical point through reading the learner would need to through reading the learner would need to

Examine 165 pages per lesson (intensive Examine 165 pages per lesson (intensive reading)reading)Read 90 pages per day (extensive reading), Read 90 pages per day (extensive reading), or 2or 2--3 books per week.3 books per week.


Corpora in the classroomCorpora in the classroom

Soft versionSoft version

Learners work with corpusLearners work with corpus--derived hardderived hard--copy materialscopy materials

Hard versionHard version

Learners work with corporaLearners work with corpora


Corpora in the classroom: prerequisitesCorpora in the classroom: prerequisites

Teachers informed about corpora and trained Teachers informed about corpora and trained in using corpus software.in using corpus software.

Corpus use incorporated in teacher Corpus use incorporated in teacher preparation programmes.preparation programmes.

Learners trained in corpus use.Learners trained in corpus use.

Investment in corpora and software.Investment in corpora and software.


Corpora in the classroom:Corpora in the classroom:Examples of the Examples of the softsoft versionversion

CollocationsCollocations

Lexical meaning and useLexical meaning and use

Lexical inferenceLexical inference

griefShow Page:1502hq000020M1396ªT10kwicsortSELECT r10641665before0AJgriefSentence View1502hq000020M1396ªT10listsortSELECT r10641665before0AJFrequency list502hq000020M1396ªT1grief051griefkwic10641665SELECT rM1396ªT1AJbeforewordG o !sortgrief106416651502hq000020kwicM1396ªT1allany adjectivepreceding0S u b m itOrder by word Tag restriction: Letter:

>I>><<I<

Your query "grief" returned 1396 matches, thinned with method random selection to 250 hits, sorted by preceding word at position 1 with tag-restriction any adjective (51 hits)

THE LAST OF ENGLAND Ted Walker Jonathan Cape,

griefyears to come. Good _AJ0 CAF8 (73)

!" he exclaimed. "That seems a bit steepgrief"Good _AJ0 BNS 3527 (58)

, we had a practising Buddhist in once to talk to griefshared the secrets of her lifestyle. Good _AJ0 AJT 1046 (26)

.Their handwriting. "We can't read griefthe doctors "comments. Oh, good _AJ0 AA8 615 (7)

and despair room and expression, using them as a

grief, it seems allied with giving the fundamental _AJ0 ARG 1404

4 (39)

comes into play. The symbolism of weeping eczema

grieflink between expressing anger and expressing _AJ0-VVG

G0T 1763

3 (144)

goes. After that my response seems mechanical.griefthere quietly revising my priorities as far as expending _AJ0-VVG

HH0 1551

2 (192)

. On the night we were all united by one griefchildlike behaviour caused by the burden of adult _AJ0-NN1

H9Y 1540

1 (178)

Solution 1 to 50 Page 1 / 2 Processed for lancaster03 at 81.135.71.178. 1 FilenameNo

©© Costas Gabrielatos 2003Costas Gabrielatos 2003 2929571705happiness8

7729030face7

1213123995people6

514570sorrow5

141620526death4

16167332pain3

20203712anger2

19232956joy1

In No. of textsAs collocateTotal No. in the whole BNC

WordNo.There are 1241 different types in your collocation database for There are 1241 different types in your collocation database for "sorrow". (Your query "sorrow" "sorrow". (Your query "sorrow" returned 548 matches in 312 different texts)returned 548 matches in 312 different texts)


Collocations: exercise based on a single textCollocations: exercise based on a single text

Read the text and Read the text and

Find (phrasal) verbs that combine with the Find (phrasal) verbs that combine with the word word dietdiet . .

Put them in some logical order.Put them in some logical order.

prescribetry adoptgo on (2)give up (2)(2)keep up


Examine the concordance and Examine the concordance and

Find (phrasal) verbs that combine with the word Find (phrasal) verbs that combine with the word dietdiet . . Group them in a logical way. Compare your Group them in a logical way. Compare your groups.groups.Does Does diet diet have the same meaning in every have the same meaning in every sentence?sentence?Which combinations seem to be more frequent Which combinations seem to be more frequent with each meaning?with each meaning?Find combinations with similar/opposite meaning.Find combinations with similar/opposite meaning.

Collocations: exercise based on corpus samplesCollocations: exercise based on corpus samples


Hard version: getting more contextHard version: getting more context

Once you have established a Once you have established a dietdiet on which the child on which the child remains well, be careful not to allow too much of any one remains well, be careful not to allow too much of any one foodfood. .

Most children do grow out of their sensitivities gradually, Most children do grow out of their sensitivities gradually, and it is important not to keep them on a restricted and it is important not to keep them on a restricted dietdietany longer than necessary. Retest foods once or twice a any longer than necessary. Retest foods once or twice a year to see if they are still a problem. I f the child has ever year to see if they are still a problem. I f the child has ever had a severe reaction, or suffers from asthma, then the had a severe reaction, or suffers from asthma, then the retesting must be done very cautiously. Parents who have retesting must be done very cautiously. Parents who have had one foodhad one food--sensitive child will want to minimize their sensitive child will want to minimize their chances of having another, and some useful preventive chances of having another, and some useful preventive measures are described in Chapter Thirteen. measures are described in Chapter Thirteen.


Lexical meaning and use: homeworkLexical meaning and use: homework

Examine the sentences with Examine the sentences with sorrowsorrow and and griefgrief

What causes What causes sorrowsorrow or or griefgrief??

What other words/expressions with a What other words/expressions with a similar or opposite meaning can you find?similar or opposite meaning can you find?

What verbs, adjectives and nouns seem to What verbs, adjectives and nouns seem to combine more often with the two words?combine more often with the two words?

Are there any frequent fixed expressions?Are there any frequent fixed expressions?


Teacher manipulation of corpus examplesTeacher manipulation of corpus examples

Writing / SpeechWriting / Speech

Specific genre / text typeSpecific genre / text type

Examples according to level and focusExamples according to level and focus

Amount of context Amount of context


Potential problems: language descriptionPotential problems: language description

Corpus worship Corpus worship discarding intuitions.discarding intuitions.

Corpus studies depend on labelling and Corpus studies depend on labelling and counting counting which, in turn, depend on intuitions which, in turn, depend on intuitions and theories.and theories.

Generalising from nonGeneralising from non--representative corpora.representative corpora.

Generalising from inappropriate corpora.Generalising from inappropriate corpora.


Doing corporaDoing corpora ..

New prescription (e.g. frequency worship).New prescription (e.g. frequency worship).

Focus on lexis and grammar Focus on lexis and grammar neglecting neglecting

language skills development.language skills development.

Focus on awareness Focus on awareness neglecting production.neglecting production.

Low levels?Low levels?

Young learners?Young learners?

Potential problems: language teachingPotential problems: language teaching


Merits of corpora: language description 1Merits of corpora: language description 1

SpeedSpeed

AccuracyAccuracy

RepresentativenessRepresentativeness

Quantification Quantification frequencies frequencies

The big picture The big picture patterns patterns

Increasing availability Increasing availability web accessweb access


Merits of corpora: language description 2Merits of corpora: language description 2

Checking intuitionsChecking intuitions

New insights New insights -- discovering patternsdiscovering patterns

Idiosyncratic uses Idiosyncratic uses diluteddiluted in corpusin corpus

Enough data to examine idiosyncratic usesEnough data to examine idiosyncratic uses

From prescription to descriptionFrom prescription to description


Merits of corpora: learning / teachingMerits of corpora: learning / teaching

From From rulerule to to patternpatternss

Actual rather than madeActual rather than made--up examplesup examples

A wealth of examples in different contextsA wealth of examples in different contexts

Amount of context according to needsAmount of context according to needs

New lease of life for the language labNew lease of life for the language lab

DataData--driven / discovery learningdriven / discovery learning

LearnerLearner--centred methodology: the learner centred methodology: the learner as language researcher/detectiveas language researcher/detective


Corpus use has shown potential to Corpus use has shown potential to

Provide increasingly clear and accurate Provide increasingly clear and accurate descriptions of native and learner descriptions of native and learner language.language.

Empower NNS teachers and researchers.Empower NNS teachers and researchers.

Enhance dataEnhance data--driven / discovery learning driven / discovery learning

Reinforce learnerReinforce learner--centred methodologiescentred methodologies

Just a fling, or the real thing? - Edge Hill University

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