Junior Cert Revision 2 Solids Expansion can damage railway lines.
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Transcript of Junior Cert Revision 2 Solids Expansion can damage railway lines.
Junior Cert Revision 2
Solids• Expansion can damage railway lines
Heat Transfer
Conduction-Transfer
byvibrations
Radiation-Transfer by
Electro-magnetic wave
Convection- Hot air
risingcarrying
theheat up with it.
Water as a Poor Conductor
HEAT
The ice does not melt as the water is a terrible conductor and convection only works up.
Metal Gauze
ICE
Test Tube of water
Example of convection currentSea Breezes
HOT LAND
WARM SEA
Day – On Shore
Heating a solidHeating a solid
Temperature
Time
Melting point
Boiling point
Heating a solidTemperature
Time
Boiling point
Melting point
Melting
Solid
Boiling
Liquid
GasHeat raises
temperature
Latent Heat Only
Photosynthesis
water
Carbon dioxide
Energy from sunlight, with chlorophyll as a
catalyst, is used to combine CO2 and H2O to
form glucose and release O2
chlorophyll
oxygen
glucose
Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Water goes up the Xylem
From root To leaf then
Transpire
Sugar madeIn the leaf
Goes down The Phloem
Properties of an Acid
· Tastes sour· Turns blue litmus paper red
· Has a pH of less than 7· Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples.
ACID
Properties of a Base · Turns litmus paper blue· Has a pH greater than 7· taste bitter and have a slippery feel
· Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis
Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases
p Hp H
A measure of how acidic something is
A measure of how acidic something is
T h e p H S c a l eT h e p H S c a l e
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .
• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .
• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a
p H a b o v e 7 .
IndicatorsThese are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base.
We get them from Plants.
Adding acid to carbonatesCalcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric AcidCalcium Chloride+water+Carbon
Dioxide
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O +CO2
The equation must be balanced
CarbonDioxide
Electromagnet• A soft iron rod has
no magnetic field• When current flows
in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetised so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.
Positive and Negative Charge
Same charges repel
Positive and Negative Charge
Unlike charges attract
Conductors and Insulators
A conductor is a substance through which electric charge flows readily. An insulator is a substance that strongly resists the flow of electric charge.
Conductor
insulator
Effect of Van De Graaf
• Hair is pushed apart as all the electrons on the hair repel each other.
Water Treatment
Screening - Clean water passes through the screen and large objects do not
Sedimentation - Aluminium Sulphate is added allowed to settle.
Filtration – passes through sandAdd chlorine to kill
bacteria and flourine
Hard and soft water• Add soap and mix
Add Soap solution
Add Soap solutionHard
WaterFew
BubblesOily scum
Soft WaterLots of
Bubbles
Where hard water comes fromAcid Rain
Limestone
Water dissolves the limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and the calcium
ions make the water hard
Water that runs off straight to
rivers and lakes is soft water
Sound is Energy
• Sound is caused by the movement of the medium it is travelling in
• Anything that vibrates makes sound
Compressions
in the medium
Loudspeaker
Sound in Space• Sound needs a medium (Air, String and
even water)• We can prove this by sucking all the air
out of a jar with an electric bell inside
When we have sucked out all the air from the jar we can not hear the electric bell
Glass bell jar
Vacuum
Electric Bell
Echo
• A reflected sound wave
If sound takes 2s the get to the cliff and return and sound travels at 340m/s.
Distance = Speed x time=340x2
=680m,
but how far away is the cliff face?
1) Amplitude – this is height of the wave.
2) Wavelength () – this is the distance between two corresponding points on the wave and is measured in metres:
3) Frequency – this is how many waves pass by every second and is measured in Hertz (Hz)
Crest
Trough
Light on cards goes through if the cards are lined up. This also proves light
travels in straight lines
Reflection
Incident ray
Normal
Reflected ray
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Flat Mirror
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Refraction
Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface
The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it
Focal Point
Focal Point
Lenses Two types of lenses
Converging Lens Diverging Lens
Dispersion
• Breaking up of white light into it’s colours
Primary and secondary colours
Ecology…• Study of the relationship between
plants and animals and their environment
Levels of organization - Terms
• Organism – living thing• Population – one species live in one place at one
time• Community – All populations (diff. species) that
live in a HABITAT.
Connections
Primary Producer Primary
Consumer Secondary Consumer
Top of the food chain
• Carnivore eats other animals
• Herbivore eats plants
• Omnivore eats plants and animals
• Adaptation is the development of special characteristics by plants or animals to suit a particular environment.
Adaptation to environment
Parts of a Flowering Plant
Male Parts
Anther
Filament
Together called the STAMEN
Female Parts
Stigma
Style
Ovule
Ovary
Together called the CARPEL
PollenPollen is produced in the ANTHER
The anther explodes and pollen just goes everywhere
Some of the pollen sticks on the STIGMA
The pollen goes down a small tube to the EGG
There are lots of eggs in most plant ovaries.
PollenSexual reproduction is where two different cells meet
Sex cells are called GAMETES
Pollen is the male gamete
The female gamete is the EGG
When the pollen and egg meet this is called FERTILISATION
Ways to Scatter Pollen
Wind Insect
Fertilisation
When the male gamete POLLEN
Gets inside the female gamete or EGG
They form a ZYGOTE
This is the first cell of a new plant
Seed or Fruit Formation
Testa
Food Supply(OIL and STARCH)
Plumule
RadicleThe two together make the
EMBRYO
Seed Dispersal
The carrying of the seed (and its surrounding fruit) as far away from the parent plant as possible
WIND
Dandelion
Sycamore
ANIMALS
EATEN
Berries
STICKY
Thistles
Asexual Reproduction
A plant produces another plant without involving a second plant
No gamete cells are used.
The plant sends out runners
Inside of the eye
pupil
iris
lens
optic
ner
ve
retin
a
Cili
ary
mus
cle
cornea
how the taste buds gather information
humans detectfour tastes: sweet, sour, salt and bitter
sensory nerves bring messages to the brain