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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE An Introduction to the Playwright and his An Introduction to the Playwright and his Play, Play, Julius Caesar Julius Caesar

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WILLIAM SHAKESPEAREWILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

An Introduction to the Playwright and his An Introduction to the Playwright and his

Play, Play, Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

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Biographical InformationBiographical Information�� Born: StratfordBorn: Stratford--Upon Avon, England April 23, Upon Avon, England April 23,

15641564

� Parents, John and Mary (Arden)

� Married Anne Hathaway, November, 1582

� Three children: Susanna, Hamnet, and Judith� Three children: Susanna, Hamnet, and Judith

Shakespeare’s Birthplace

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The BardThe Bard

� Sometime in the 1580's William Shakespeare left his family to pursue a career as a playwright, poet, and actor in London.

� His success was immense. Shakespeare is known to have written 154 sonnets and 37

Playwright, Poet, ActorPlaywright, Poet, Actor

known to have written 154 sonnets and 37 plays.

� In fact, so prolific was Shakespeare as a writer of sonnets, that a sonnet form has been named for him. The Shakespearean sonnet is 14 lines long with a rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef,gg.

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Shakespeare’s TheatreShakespeare’s Theatre

• “The Globe Theatre, also known as the Shakespeare Globe Theatre, was not only one of most famous playhouses of all time, but the play most famous playhouses of all time, but the play house where Shakespeare performed many of his greatest plays. Built from oak, deal, and stolen playhouse frames, the 3 storey, 3000 capacity Globe Theatre, co-owned by William Shakespeare has become almost as famous as the playwright himself.” ( Absolute Shakespeare)

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The Stage The Stage In Shakespeare’s TimeIn Shakespeare’s Time

� A show lasted about 2 ½ hours, usually in open air theatres during the afternoon.

� There were no acts, but frequent intermissions.

� There was no scenery, but elaborate props and costumes to give reality.

� Devices such as trap doors and scaffolds were used to make gods, witches, etc. disappear.

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The Stage The Stage In Shakespeare’s Time (continued)In Shakespeare’s Time (continued)

� There were no actresses. All parts were played by men or boys.

� There were no programs.

� The closeness of stage to the audience led � The closeness of stage to the audience led to use of "asides" and "soliloquies“.

� In front of stage was a big open area where the "penny-public" stood to watch as they could not afford seats.

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Points of Shakespeare's Style:Points of Shakespeare's Style:

� Use of metaphors– comparing something in terms of something else, i.e. "That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder".

� Use of soliloquies– usually longer speeches given by characters when alone on stage– e.g. a given by characters when alone on stage– e.g. a person talking to himself out loud.

� Use of asides– when a character says something to the audience, but the other characters on stage cannot hear it, e.g. like muttering to himself.

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Points of Shakespeare’s Style:Points of Shakespeare’s Style:(continued)(continued)

� Use of sonnets– a very rigid poetic style of writing. Fourteen lines consisting of three sets of four line quatrains and a two line rhyming couplet at the end. Rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, e.g. EFEF GG, e.g.

� Use of puns– humourous plays on words indicating different meanings.

� i.e. the Cobbler says, "A trade, sir, that I hope I may use with a safe conscience, which is indeed a mender of bad soles.” A cobbler is a mender of shoes or a bungler.

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Early RomeEarly Rome

� Rome was established in 753 B.C.� For 200 years ruled by Tarquin kings who were tyrants

� The Tarquins were overthrown by Lucius Junius Brutus in 510 B.C. – an ancestor of Brutus in the Brutus in 510 B.C. – an ancestor of Brutus in the play.

� A democratic republic was then established which lasted until the death of Julius Caesar.

� The Romans were very proud of their democratic system and were repulsed by the thought of being ruled by a king.

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Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

� Gaius Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C.

� He gained power and wealth due to a series of successful campaigns in which he conquered what is now Britain, France, conquered what is now Britain, France, much of central and eastern Europe, and parts of North Africa.

� The quote, “veni, vidi, vici” is aptly credited to Julius Caesar.

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What Did Caesar Do for Rome?What Did Caesar Do for Rome?

� He built roads.

� He developed irrigation systems.

� He financed public parks and buildings.

He even made changes to the calendar.� He even made changes to the calendar.

� Indeed, he was well liked and very powerful.

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What Got Caesar into Trouble?What Got Caesar into Trouble?

� It appears he was much more interested in things other than military conquest.

� After a series of civil wars that lasted until 48 B.C., Caesar declared himself Rome’s 48 B.C., Caesar declared himself Rome’s dictator for life.

� Many people believed that Caesar wanted more than just power; he wanted a powerful title.

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What Got Caesar into Trouble? What Got Caesar into Trouble? (Continued)(Continued)

� Many Romans assumed that Caesar was ready to declare himself King of Rome and eliminate the five hundred year old republic of which the Romans were so proud.

� Remember the Tarquins, the tyrant kings who � Remember the Tarquins, the tyrant kings who ruled over Rome for 243 years? There was no way Romans were going to return to that style of government. Someone had to put a stop to this pursuit of absolute power, and so enter the conspirators.

� ...Beware the Ides of March!

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Play Versus The HistoryPlay Versus The History

� Therefore, there is much historically accurate information, but a story to entertain the audience must also unfold.

� Yes! There is much to learn from the � Yes! There is much to learn from the works of William Shakespeare.

� As we study this play, remember Shakespeare wished not only to inform his audience about the history of Julius Caesar but also to entertain them.

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The Tragedy of Julius CaesarThe Tragedy of Julius CaesarWilliam ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

The setting of this play is ancient Rome.

Shakespeare creates a world full of political intrigue, magical occurrences, and military conquest.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

Caesar, the most powerful man in Rome, has recently returned to the city after months of fighting abroad.fighting abroad.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

Caesar was fighting Pompey, another powerful Roman, and his sons.

Pompey, as well as others in the Roman senate, was disturbed by senate, was disturbed by Caesar’s growing ambition.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

Their fears seem to be valid when Caesar refuses to enter Rome as an ordinary citizen after the war.

Instead, he marches his army on Rome and takes over the government.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

But the people don’t mind—in fact, they love him.

Caesar is made Caesar is made dictator, or ruler—a position that was sometimes been granted for a ten-year term—for the rest of his life.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

Many senators, however, resent Caesar’s for having so much power.much power.

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Julius Caesar: IntroductionJulius Caesar: Introduction

Some senators begin to conspire. . .

Cassius, a greedy and jealous man

Brutus, Caesar’s friend who believes that he must act against Caesar for the good of Rome

to take drastic measures to keep Caesar from winning any more power—

and to take away all that he had!

Casca, who hates the ordinary citizens of Rome yet is jealous of their love for Caesar

Rome

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Julius Caesar : BackgroundJulius Caesar : Background

The Romans believed that omens could reveal the future.

These omens could take the form of unusual weather, flights of birds, or other natural phenomena.

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Julius Caesar: BackgroundJulius Caesar: Background

Animals were seen as indicators of the future.

The Romans often sacrificed animals to the gods, and had their entrails examined by an official called a haruspex. Any called a haruspex. Any abnormalities or imperfections indicated the anger of a god or a particularly bad event about to happen.

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Julius Caesar: BackgroundJulius Caesar: Background

Unusual astronomical and meteorological occurrences were also seen as indicators of future events.

Solar eclipses were believed to portend doom, as was lightning.

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Julius Caesar: BackgroundJulius Caesar: Background

One of the reasons the Senate was concerned by Caesar’s accumulation of power was Rome’s long history as a republic.

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Julius Caesar : BackgroundJulius Caesar : Background

Around 509 B.C., the Romans ended a monarchy by rebelling against the last king of Rome, Tarquinius.

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Julius Caesar: BackgroundJulius Caesar: Background

After this revolution, the Romans established their famous republic, in which all citizens were represented in the Senate.

They were very proud of their non-monarchical government, and were determined to preserve it—until the time of Caesar.

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Julius Caesar : BackgroundJulius Caesar : Background

Shakespeare uses Roman customs and superstition to create spooky conditions to mirror the dangerous plot being planned.plot being planned.

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�� MarullusMarullus and Flavius break up people in and Flavius break up people in the streets gathering to see Caesar.the streets gathering to see Caesar.

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�� Cassius remarks that Brutus has been “not Cassius remarks that Brutus has been “not himself”himself”

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�� Brutus admits that he is afraid that Caesar Brutus admits that he is afraid that Caesar will be crowned King.will be crowned King.

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�� Caesar is stopped by a strange man Caesar is stopped by a strange man (soothsayer) who tells him to “Beware the (soothsayer) who tells him to “Beware the Ides of March”Ides of March”

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�� Caesar tells Antony that he distrusts Caesar tells Antony that he distrusts CassiusCassius

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�� CascaCasca reports that Antony offered Caesar reports that Antony offered Caesar the crown and Caesar denied the crown the crown and Caesar denied the crown three times.three times.

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�� Rome has violent weather.Rome has violent weather.

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�� Brutus finds letters written by Roman Brutus finds letters written by Roman citizens afraid that Caesar has become too citizens afraid that Caesar has become too powerful.powerful.

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�� A council of conspirators decide to A council of conspirators decide to assassinate Caesar.assassinate Caesar.

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�� Portia, Brutus’ wife fears that he is being Portia, Brutus’ wife fears that he is being too distant.too distant.

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�� Caesar’s wife, Caesar’s wife, CalpurniaCalpurnia, has nightmares , has nightmares of a statue of Caesar with blood. She asks of a statue of Caesar with blood. She asks Caesar to stay home.Caesar to stay home.

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�� Decius, a conspirator, convinces Caesar Decius, a conspirator, convinces Caesar that that Calpurnia’sCalpurnia’s dreams are misinterpreteddreams are misinterpreted

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�� …these letters have been forged by …these letters have been forged by CassiusCassius

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�� The Soothsayer again warns Caesar.The Soothsayer again warns Caesar.

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�� ArtemidorusArtemidorus hands Caesar a letter, but he hands Caesar a letter, but he refuses to read it.refuses to read it.

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�� Conspirators bow down at Caesars feet at Conspirators bow down at Caesars feet at the Senate.the Senate.

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�� One by one, they stab him to death.One by one, they stab him to death.

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�� When Caesar sees Brutus, he gives up and When Caesar sees Brutus, he gives up and dies.dies.

�� “Et “Et tutu, Brute?”, Brute?”�� “Et “Et tutu, Brute?”, Brute?”

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�� The murderers bathe their hands and The murderers bathe their hands and swords in Caesar’s blood.swords in Caesar’s blood.

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�� Antony cries over Caesar’s body and Antony cries over Caesar’s body and pledges allegiance to Brutus.pledges allegiance to Brutus.

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�� Antony shakes hands with the Antony shakes hands with the conspirators.conspirators.

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�� Antony swears that Caesar’s death shall Antony swears that Caesar’s death shall be avenged.be avenged.

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�� Brutus declares that he loved Caesar, but Brutus declares that he loved Caesar, but he loves Rome more.he loves Rome more.

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�� Antony sarcastically refers to Brutus as an Antony sarcastically refers to Brutus as an “honorable man”“honorable man”

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�� Caesar’s will bequeaths money to all Caesar’s will bequeaths money to all Roman citizens.Roman citizens.

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�� The crowd calls Brutus and Cassius The crowd calls Brutus and Cassius traitors; they are exiled.traitors; they are exiled.

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�� OctaviusOctavius, Caesar’s , Caesar’s succesorsuccesor, Antony, and , Antony, and Lepidus form a coalitionLepidus form a coalition

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�� Portia, Brutus’ wife, commits suicidePortia, Brutus’ wife, commits suicide

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�� The Ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus.The Ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus.

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�� Cassius has Cassius has PindarusPindarus kill him with a sword kill him with a sword when he analyzes the battlefield when he analyzes the battlefield incorrectly.incorrectly.

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�� Brutus has one of his men hold his sword Brutus has one of his men hold his sword while he impales himself on it.while he impales himself on it.

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�� Antony calls Brutus “the noblest Roman of Antony calls Brutus “the noblest Roman of all”. He will be buried in an honorable all”. He will be buried in an honorable way.way.

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Works CitedWorks Cited“Absolute Shakespeare”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: “Absolute Shakespeare”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available:

http:www.absoluteshakespeare.comhttp:www.absoluteshakespeare.com

“Converse: The Literature Web Site”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: “Converse: The Literature Web Site”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://aspirations.english.cam.ac.uk/converse/about/sitemap.acdshttp://aspirations.english.cam.ac.uk/converse/about/sitemap.acds

Goldberg, Neil Dr. “Rome Project: Maps of the Roman Empire”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Goldberg, Neil Dr. “Rome Project: Maps of the Roman Empire”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://intranet.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMap.htmlAvailable: http://intranet.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMap.html

“Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: “Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://heraklia.fws1.com/http://heraklia.fws1.com/

“Roman Empire Map”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://heraklia.fws1.com/“Roman Empire Map”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://heraklia.fws1.com/

Roy, Ken, ed. Roy, Ken, ed. Julius CaesarJulius Caesar. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987.

Saliani, Dom, Chris Ferguson, and Dr. Tim Scott, eds. Saliani, Dom, Chris Ferguson, and Dr. Tim Scott, eds. Introducing ShakespeareIntroducing Shakespeare. Toronto: International . Toronto: International Thomson Publishing, 1997.Thomson Publishing, 1997.

“Shakespeare’s Birthplace”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: “Shakespeare’s Birthplace”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://www.stratford.co.uk/prop1.asphttp://www.stratford.co.uk/prop1.asp

“Shakespeare Online”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://www.shakespeare“Shakespeare Online”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://www.shakespeare--online.comonline.com


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