Jugaad Technology

7/31/2019 Jugaad Technology

1/15Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1827622

1

THE

JUGAAD TECHNOLOGY

(INDIGENOUS INNOVATIONS)

(A CASE STUDY OF INDIAN ORIGIN)

SANJEET SINGH, LECTURER, BBSB ENGINEERING COLLEGE, FATEHGARH SAHIB, +91-

9915644774, Email [email protected]

GAGANDEEP SHMARMA, HOD, BBSB ENGINEERING COLLEGE, FATEHGARH SAHIB, +91-


MANDEEP MAHENDRU, SR. LECTURER, GYAN JYOTI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, CHD, +91-


ABSTRACT

"Thejugaadmindset is crucial. It's not just jargon."says Ananth Krishnan, chief technology

officer of Tata Consultancy Services. Jugaad or Indigenous innovation is the tool not a jargon

it is the basically a mindset of the innovator. In which he used his/her skills and traits to

make things in productive way. Jugaad is the most economical way to do task or a particular

work. In India there is huge problem of employment in rural as well in urban areas jugaad is

the new opportunity to those youth who has some new ideas and they are willing to do the

work this provide self employment to the youth in their own areas or regions it also helps in

inclusive growth of the India. This study will find the scope of the indigenous innovations

(Jugaads) and work towards the patent of the technology so that everyone can use these as

per in Indian rural areas the scarcity is more for employment as well as for resources. We

used the case study method for the evaluation. The cases are taken from different parts ofrural India.

KEYWORDS : Jugaad, Indigenous innovation, Rural India, Patent.


2/15Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1827622

2

THE JUGAAD TECHNOLOGY (INDIGENOUS INNOVATIONS) (A CASE STUDY OF

INDIAN ORIGIN)

Sanjeet SinghGagan Deep Sharma

Mandeep Mahendru

1. Introduction to the study.

Jugaad or Indigenous innovation is the tool not a jargon it is the basically a mindset of the

innovator. In which he used his/her skills and traits to make things in productive way. Jugaad is

the most economical way to do task or a particular work. Jugaad is mostly used in small scale or

cottage industries in India. In India Jugaad is an Indian philosophy, but it's not unique to India.

"The jugaad mindset is crucial. It's not just jargon." says Ananth Krishnan, chief

technology officer of Tata Consultancy Services.Many forgein companies come to India to for new ideas specially in the field of information

technology they set up their branches in India they see that Indian minds are full of new ideas.

They make close look on the Indian industries to see new innovation or jugaad.

Jugaad is the technique to add value in the product. Jugaad is the different way to do job or task

which may not be performed in the present system or condition. Basically it is brainstorming

process in which many ideas come in mind and taking them into feasible arena weather they are

practical or not after that choosing the best alternative solution for that problem which is

economical at that time.

In jugaad technology the innovator or jugaadee men have to rational in the nature. He has to

thinking new ideas or finding new paths to get the mission completed these path are easy to use

and easy to understand and easy to apply without much changing the current system it is the

process to manage the available resources in a such a way that maximum output can be generated

in many of the cases the jugadee person use the scrap stuff things in such a way that it full fill its

all needs. Jugaad is not used in India but it is globally accepted thing in some nations this is

might be known as innovation but in Indian context it is called as jugaad.

In India there is huge problem of employment in rural as well in urban areas jugaad is the newopportunity to those youth who has some new ideas and they are willing to do the work thisprovide self employment to the youth in their own areas or regions it also helps in inclusivegrowth of the India. Jugaad If we understand the Hindi word jugaad as the ingenuity andimprovisation required to get around, or deal with, prohibitive rules and institutions, Indiasentrepreneurs seems to embody it. Jugaad is shortcut to the approaches but it does not include thein legal work it is done in the four coroner of the law.


3/15

3

The concept of jugaad technology is also related with the innovation. To understand the jugaadproperly there is a need to understand that what is innovation?

First they ignore you, than they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.

Mahatma Gandhi

Innovation can be defined as the application of knowledge to create additional value and wealth.Innovation involves using knowledge to find new ways to create and bring about change for thebetter. This definition of innovation has implications for the types of activities within businessesthat can be considered innovative. First, innovation does not necessarily involve technology andtechnological knowledge. Successful innovation can involve the use of any type of knowledge,provided its application results in additional value and wealth. Second, innovation is notinvention.

Innovation may not even require the creation of new knowledge be it to the world or to thefirm. What it does require is the inspired application of knowledge (old or new) to create

additional value. Given this, it is problematic to equate business innovation with business R&Dexpenditure. R&D involves the creation of new knowledge which can be an important, but is nota necessary component in the innovation process. Moreover, R&D is associated only with thecreation of a specific type of knowledge, while innovative activities can involve the creation anduse of a broader range of knowledge. While R&D is an indicator of scientific knowledge creationit says little about how that knowledge is applied to create value and wealth. For instance, thepotential disconnect between expenditure on R&D and the creation of value was highlighted in arecent global survey of corporate R&D spending by Booz Allen Hamilton which found no directrelationship between R&D spending and significant measures of corporate success. R&D isundoubtedly an important innovative activity in business, but the above analysis calls intoquestion the usefulness of business R&D expenditure as an indicator of total business innovation.This point is borne out in a number of studies that have found little correlation between businessR&D expenditure and the level of reported innovation within firms.

2. Objective of the study.

To understand the benefits of innovation in production. To explore the concept and application of jugaad technology for innovation purposes. To bring out suggestion for making jugaad technology more successful in the global

production scenario.

To find out the available ways for the patent (exclusive rights) of jugaad technology.

3. Need of the study.

It was clearly seems that there are so many researches take places in every field whether it relates

to production, marketing, human resources, fianace, these reserves take place in the western

world or in the east of Asia(Japan) but in the south east Asia there is no such research is done.


4/15

4

Jugaad is most popular thing in India but it has not undergone through the research field. The

innovators or jugadees innovate them and use for self-purpose. This study will find the scope of

the indigenous innovations (Jugaads) and work towards the patent of the technology so that

everyone can use these as per in Indian rural areas the scarcity is more for employment as well as

for resources.

In the northern region i.e. Punjab, Haryana, there are so many villages where the people used the

jugaad as the mean of transport or caring goods one place to the other place. With the help of

their available resources they make the vehicle with the help of Peter engine which is used as the

pump in the farm or in other course of action.

In this I would explore the entire jugadee thing in my research in the context of Indian prospect.

There are so many research take place but no such thing research is done in the jugaad field.This

is exploratory research in which I explain the jugaad is new tool of production which would add

value in the product jugaad is so much helpful to the new entrepreneur jugaad provided new idea

of production which is economical.

4. Scope of the study.

Scope means that where this approach is applicable the scope is jugaad in this research is

basically divided into two parts.

4.1 Geographical area.

In this study geographical means study is done in north region of the India basically it includes

Punjab, Haryana rural area where the people mind set is innovator they used scrape thing into the

used full manner.

4.2 Success measure as innovation.

In this study success is measure as new innovation it means there is no such parameter to

measure the success, but changing to the new environment leads to dynamic of the person which

is new innovation so success is measure as changing in the environment or adjustment in that

system.

5. Research methodology

The research methodology, used for this study, is case study method because this is a new

concept and there were not much study or data available so the exploratory study is the most

suitable for this. I used interview method and interviewed people who are using the jugaad

technology for their agriculture purpose or for others as well.

5.1 Sample


5/15

5

The samples are taken from the rural Punjab. The sample was taken from the farmers or otherpeople who are using jugaad in one way or the other.

5.2 Data Collection

Primary Data: Primary data is that data, which is collected for the first, time and thus happenedto be original in nature.

The primary data has been collected through the personal interviews of the innovators of thejugaads. In the interview I asked them about the story behind that innovation and about theusefulness as well as about the number of people or firms using those innovations (jugaads).

Secondary Data: Secondary data is that data which already been collected and passed throughthe statistical process.

Published Sources such as Newspapers and Magazines etc.

This research is based on both primary data & secondary data. Secondary data are used for threeresearch purposes. First, they till a need for a specific reference or citation on some point perhaps in a research proposal, to demonstrate why the proposed research fills a void in theknowledge base. Research typically calls for early exploration to learn if the past can contributeto the present study. Data from secondary sources to help you decide what further research needsto be done and can be a rich source of hypotheses. Secondly, Secondary data are an integral partof a larger research study or of a research report to justify having bypassed the costs and benefitsof doing primary research. Finally, secondary data may be used as the sole basis for a researchstudy, since in many research situations one cannot conduct primary research because ofphysical, legal, or cost influences Retrospective research often requires the use of published data.

5.3 Data analysis.

In this study only the text tool is applied for the data analysis. Text tool is applied on the case

study method this research study is also a case study on the jugaad technology so no such type of

test can be conducted on this research study.

This research is done by the method of case study, in this I have consider many case where the

jugaad technology is used for the value addiction or to solve the problem in the economical way.

In this study I have to consider only those cases which are relevant to the jugaad technology or

indeed the jugaad technology works in it.

6. Review of literature

Not much research has been done on Jugaad technology or indigenous innovation. There are

only some work done by the Universities and researchers in the same context.


6/15

6

Prasad Kaipa, a former manager atApple's (AAPL) in-house training university, uses jugaadinthe courses he's teaching at Hyderabad's Indian School of Business. The University ofMichigan's Ross School of Business, where high profile Indian-born professor C.K. Prahaladteaches, has opened a research office near Infosys' headquarters in India so faculty members canobserve how Indian software companies come up with ideas. McKinsey consultants have beguntalking up jugaadprinciples with clients, too. Jugaad has been a colloquialism for decadesthroughout India. Sandeep Vij, vice-president and general manager of Cisco Systems inBangalore who heads a new unit that makes energy-monitoring systems, says a good example isan Indian villager who constructs a vehicle to transport goats and cattle by turning an irrigationhand pump into a makeshift diesel engine for a wooden cart. Its application also can be seen inTata Motors' (TTM) much-hyped Nano, a bare-bones subcompact car that the Indian companysells for the equivalent of $2,500 to so-called bottom-of-the-pyramid consumers who had beenpriced out of the auto market. "At Tata Group, we're used to thinking like this," says AnanthKrishnan, chief technology officer of Tata Consultancy Services. "The Jugaadmindset is crucial.It's not just jargon."U.S. companies are starting to put jugaadinto practice. At Best Buy's headquarters, in Richfield,Minn., Kalendu Patel, the retailer's executive vice-president for emerging business, is holdingJugaadworkshops to help store personnel and managers come up with new products or servicesthat could be added easily and inexpensively to generate more sales per store. Among the ideas:home health-care equipment. Top executives at Cisco, which opened what the San Jose (Calif.)company calls a second global headquarters in Bangalore in 2007, are importing the Indianmindset as they meld teams of U.S. engineers with Indian supervisors. "The innovation agenda inIndia is affordability and scale," says Wim Elfrink, Cisco's chief globalization officer, whomoved from San Jose to Bangalore in 2007. "People are masters of managing costs down, butnot creativity. If Indian engineers find out an executive has an MBA, they will say, 'Unlearn, andobserve.' " The effort is beginning to show up in the marketplace. Last January, Cisco acquiredRichards-Zeta Building Intelligence, a 21-year-old company whose software measures a

building's energy usage through wall sensors and displays it via the Web. Although Richards-Zeta still is headquartered in Goleta, Calif., it has been managed from Bangalore, where Cisco'semerging technologies group researches real estate and energy-related software. The Bangalorestaff approaches its work with a different set of assumptions than Americans typically do: thatpower supplies are unreliable and that demand is surging as urban populations expand. Sensing abroader market for the Richards-Zeta technology, the Indian-led teams have, in just a fewmonths, come up with products such as software that allows companies to monitor energyconsumption across all buildings on a campus or even internationally. Clients include Googlewhich is using the program at its Mountain View (Calif.) headquarters, and data-storagecompany Net App, which uses it at all its properties, from Sunnyvale, Calif., to Amsterdam.Other Jugaadproponents such as Kaipa of the Indian School of Business say companies are

adopting Indiastyle innovation without even knowing it. The ex-Apple researcher points out thatthe iPhone maker is a champ at repurposing existing ideas and technologies in simple wayswhich enables it to reduce R&D outlays and produce high-margin products. "Jugaadis an Indianphilosophy, but it's not unique to India," Kaipa says. "Companies in all parts of the world canlearn from it and make it work for them, too."


7/15

7

7. The cases and interpretation

In this chapter I discuss the jugaad technology with the help of various case study along with the

picture of product in which the jugaad is applied. How the value can be added by using the

jugaad technology in the production.

7.1 Juggad in the agriculture

Motorbike to spray pesticide in the farm

A farmer shows with his motorbike to spry pesticide in the farm.

In the upper image Cleary shows that a farmer sprays pesticides with the help of the motorbike.

This is displayed at the exhibition at farmer mela.

Feature of this jugaad.

(a)Cover more area in less time.(b)Economical in use.(c)No harm to health.(d)Easy to drive in the farm.(e) Ideal for medium or small farm those are in 1acre to 5 acre.(f) Benefits in cash crops.(g)No need to refill.

How its works?

In this type there is no need to buy anything new from the market just to manage the current item

in proper way. In above it Cleary shows that using the power of motorbike engine run the pump


8/15

8

and create the air pressure in the tank in which the pesticide kept due to the air pressure it

releases from the nozzle those are behind the rider it very easy to set the set and easy to remove

from the bike for other purpose.

It easy to drive in the small space of the farm, it cover maximum area in the minimum time only

one person can make all the farm pest free in his one shift. There is no need to refill the sprypump in the tradition way only the 25 to 35 liters of drug is carried but in this way capacity is

increased by 4times now without any problem one man can carry 125liters to 150 liters of drug

which save the time as well as the it leads to proper mixing of consternation with the water.

It also helpful in the health of the farmer, in the village most of the people fall to ill and many of

them died due to inhaul the pesticide along the breath. With the use of this jugaad of spray the

person not spent much time in that infected area he just passes out in quick time.

It is also economical to use only one person can spry whole the field in single shift without the

help of other. It save the cost of the farmer which is spent on labour used to spry the pesticide.

In case of cash crop where the number of times of spry is used it ideal for those farmer.

Tool used to pull out the grass out of the paddy.

This is used in the west Bengal region where the main crop is paddy the phases a problem how to

pull out grass from the paddy field rather to use the pesticide in the farm because the most of the

framer are below the poverty line so the hardly manage the seeds to cultivate the farm. So they

make a comb type tool to pull out the grass from the field.

They make this by modification in the tool which is used in dairy farming, this is commonly

known as digging purposes it is very easy to use and there is no maintained cost.


9/15

9

7.2 Jugaad as entrepreneurship

Dharamvir (46), who once used to pull a rickshaw in New Delhi, spent four days at Rashtrapati

Bhawan last week. The middle-aged farmer from Damla was one of the 36 innovators from ruralIndia who were hosted by Rashtrapati Bhawan at the National Grassroots Innovation Exhibitionheld for the first time on its sprawling campus.

As a rickshaw-puller, Dharamvir found the going tough in New Delhi and returned home in1987. However, he had only two acres and a little more. He started growing Aloe Vera, but hadno money to buy even a manual extractor to squeeze out the juice. Extracting the juice manuallywas expensive and time consuming.

The determined farmer resolved to jig a machine for his own use. After several years of hardwork, he came up with a low-cost multi-processing unit, which works as a juicer, grinder, mixer,

steamer and boiler, besides performing other tasks. My multi-processing machine can crush andextract juice or oil from herbs, fruits and vegetables, said Dharamvir.This was of course his firstvisit to Rashtrapati Bhawan, where the innovators were treated as special guests. Overwhelmedafter his visit to the Mughal Gardens and a meeting with President Pratibha Patil and her husbandDevisingh Patil, Dharamvir is even more elated at the response his machine received at theexhibition. Devisingh Patil and Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit evinced keen interest in theunit and wanted to buy a few of these machines. He even received orders for supplying hismachines to several other countries, including Kenya. While he admits to earn Rs 60,000 to Rs80,000 every month, he has provided employment to 30 women in his village, who help himgrow strawberry, Aloe Vera, mushroom and several fruits.

The plantation and juice processing keep them busy while Dharamvir spends time in fine-tuninghis machine.

7.3 Jugaads in Automobiles

Jugaad on wheels


10/15

10

The Jugaad is the funniest looking automobile on the planet. It is manufactured fromdiscarded parts of tractors, cars, and in one case, aircraft tires. It runs on a 5 horse power diesel

engine and it costs under Rs. 10,000 (US $225). But it adequately serves the purpose for which itwas built. It takes produce from the farm to the market. It drops children to school. It transportsold people around the village. The fare is about Rs. 2 (5 cents) and can vary depending on theregion and the distance involved. Its a local transport system for farmers. It was conceived tomeet a transportation need.

However, the jugaad has been banned in Haryana because automobile companies protested tothe government. Madhya Pradesh also banned it, but the ban was ignored after many peoplecomplained. The lobbying for the bans was spearheaded by auto makers on the pretext of safety.That is a difficult argument to understand because the jugaad travels at 5 miles per hour.

In one sense, the jugaad has something that no luxury automobile can claim EVERY jugaadis custom made because there is no individual inventor! Moreover, because it is made from wastematerials, it is good for the environment. Technology must be accessible and controllable. Whentechnology becomes too big, and is not subject to democratic and social controls, it leads to a lotof corruption. One of the greatest technology needs of urban India is non-polluting publictransport that can create millions of jobs.

Jugaad in three wheels


11/15

11

This type is most popular in sub urban area where the first part of motorbike is used as engine

and rest or rear part is the caring trolley it can easily carried five to six person and load up to

1000kg. it solve the two main issue of the villager one is the pickup truck and public transport it

is not band yet because it has engine number and registration vehicle number. Because its first

part is motorbike which full fill the all the obligation.

It cost to 10,000 to 15,000Rs. But in same way they are customized product which means there

prices can be vary to product and feature.

Sugarcane juice extractor in moving trolley

In the summer season this the common seen in the north region a sugarcane extractor is

everywhere but now there is change in that change is that it can run up to the speed of 15km per

hour and it is easily to drive on the road and it can also carries the load which included sugarcane

and other products it full fill the all the requirement of the juice vender.

In this jugaad a peter engine is used which done all the jobs like run the trolley and also run thejuice extractor as well it consumes 5litrs diesel per day which means that it is very economical it

is also certified by the MCD (municipal corporation) it is made of some scrap product it include

parts of cycle and also some part of the motorbike it easily drive on the roads of city as well as

on rural areas also. By using this jugaad a person can easily go to the good point where the sale

can be improved, person can easily earn up to the Rs.300 to 350 per day.

Jugaad on scooter


12/15

12

In the above a juice extractor or oil seed extractor is fitted on the scooter. This rear seen in the

normal day. In this the rear seat of the scooter is removed and a extractor is fitted on the back

seat this is easily carried to one place to another it is run by the power of scooter engine and the

speed is controlled by the race of the scooter. The idea was generated when a person sold his old

scooter to a scrap dealer in between a person also sold a juice extractor to him. On a mean while

a person came and bought both the things and makes them into the value addiction. The wheel of

the juice extractor is connected by a belt with the scooter engine from where it received the

kenotic energy and comes in function.

7.4 Jugaad as shed

This type of shed is made of empty tin of ghee. These are most common in the north west area of

the India this type of shed is made up of couple of empty tin they joined by the wire or same typeof stuff where the empty tin are avail in the scrap it are used for these type of sheds it provide

cool shadow in the days of June and July.

It is based on the significance theory that the hot air goes upward the empty tin contain hot air

and rest of the area is filled with the cold air. These shads are also very durable in the life of use

these are mostly seen in the Rajasthan area where the people are not above the poverty line they

collect the tin tin the scrap and make them into the productive way. This is the basic rule of

jugaad is adding the value in the non productive things.

8. Findings & Conclusion

Jugaad is not new tool in the production, it is not explored or defined by the user who use it first

it is just used for his own, benefits and end at his own home. Jugaad is the economical way of

production and used for value addiction in the production line.


13/15

13

8.1 Findings

Jugaad is very much beneficiary as well as economic. People who are using jugaad save ahuge money by this so that they are earning more profit than the others.

Jugaad is basically the mindset of the jugadee (innovator) and it is the customizedtechnology, which means it is different from place to place. Basically jugaad is the mixture

of art and science because it has no fixed rules but it needs some technical knowhow for

taking its benefits. It is an art in the sense it is used in different situation according to the

condition of the job in this part Jugadee person uses his own traits and skills of the person.

There is a need that we commercialize these jugaads. For doing this there is a need ofgovernment initiative as well as there is a need that the innovators will not just use the

innovations for themselves but provide those techniques for the well-being of the society as

well. There is a requirement from the government that they identify this kind of work and

provide them sufficient funds as well as infrastructure as well because in the country like

India the jugaad will be very beneficiary as well as effective.

8.2 Benefits of marketing Jugaad

In the case study of jugaad as vehicle the cost of that vehicle is so cheaper that it comes in the

Rs.10,000. Because it made from the scrap of tractor parts or old diesel engine parts. In the

market there is huge demand of this product which can easily come in the lower level of income

people. In the most of the villages where single shopkeeper provide all the products such as fooditems, departmental product e.tc. To full fill that demand he used to go nearby towns or city

from where he buys that product. Mostly these people used scooter or bicycle as the medium of

the transport or a loading vehicle. If the jugaad vehicle is marketed to those people who came in

just ten thousand rupees they surely bought those vehicle.

If we consider the case of TATA Ace, or TATA Nano car these product are made to fill the gap

in the market of lower income people. But these products are still very costly to those Indian who

are using the bicycle. Or dreamed about ht motorbike, jugaad fill the gap of the market.

Low cost of maintenance

Jugaad is the low maintenance vehicle because it has no such complication in the operating

laymen can understand all the function of the vehicle it is made up of peter engine which is used

a pump in the farm. If there is any troubleshoot arises the owner or the user can easily rectified

that problem.

Jugaad as the medium of transport


14/15

14

In rural India most of parts are facing the problem of transport facility for their daily use or in

case of medical help to the villagers all the vans are costly but he Jugaad can the solution of their

problem which have the capacity to fit more than 8 to 10 person in one time and the consumption

is fuel is also very low and the cost is also very cheap. It can be easily purchased by the Panchat

of the village.

8.3 Conclusion.

Where there is the will there is the Jugaad.

According to the study the only thing is matter is the will power of the innovator or the Jugadde

person. It is art of manage things in a way, so that the maximum output can be obtained.

Demand is unlimited, but sources are scare, choosing that option which provides the

maximum utility to the user.

Choosing the best one is the jugaad.

Jugaad is the basically the mindset of the jugadee (innovator) and it is the customized technology

means it is different from place to place. Basically jugaad is the mixture of art and science

because it has no fixed rules and but it needs some technical knowhow for take its benefits. Art

in the sense it is used in different situation according to the condition of the job in this part

Jugadee person use its own traits and skills of the person.

Jugaad is the tool not a jargon it is the basically a mindset of the innovator. In which he used

his/her skills and traits to make things in productive way. Jugaad is the most economical way to

do task or a particular work. Jugaad is mostly used in small scale or cottage industries in India. In

India Jugaad is an Indian philosophy, but it's not unique to India.

Jugaad is the technique to add value in the product. Jugaad is the different way to do job or task

which may not be performed in the present system or condition. Basically it is brainstorming

process in which many ideas come in mind and taking them into feasible arena weather they are

practical or not after that choosing the best alternative solution for that problem which is

economical at that time.

In jugaad technology the innovator or jugadee men have to rational in the nature. He has to

thinking new ideas or finding new paths to get the mission completed these path are easy to use

and easy to understand and easy to apply without much changing the current system it is the

process to manage the available resources in a such a way that maximum output can be generated

in many of the cases the jugadee person use the scrap stuff things in such a way that it full fill its


15/15

15

all needs. Jugaad is not used in India but it is globally accepted thing in some nations this is

might be known as innovation but in Indian context it is called as jugaad.

9. References

Bhavan, U. (2006), The National Strategy for Manufacturing, New Delhi National

Manufacturing Competitiveness.

Chandler, A.D. (1990), Scale and Scope: the dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Harvard

University Press.

Cotis, J-P, Elmeskov, J., and Mourougane, A. (1993), Estimates of potential output: benefits and

pitfalls from a policy Perspective. CRISIL Research (2007), Insight in Industry, June 2007.

Feldstein, M. (1996), The Costs and Benefits of Going From Low Inflation to Price Stability,

NBER Working Paper, no.5469.

Heieh, C. and Klenow, P. (2007),Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India,

unpublished memo,University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University.

Labini, P.S. (1995), Why the Interpretation of the Cobb-Douglas production Function Must be

Radically Changed,Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 6, pp. 485-504.

Rodrik, D. and Subramanian, A. (May 2004), From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The

Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition,IMF Working PaperNo. 04/77.

Solow, R. M. (1957), Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, The Review of

Economics and Statistics, Vol. 39, No. 3 pp. 312-320. http://www.sidbi.in/ - The Small Industrial

Development Bank of India works towards empowering Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

Jugaad Technology

Documents

Transcript of Jugaad Technology